ETIO LOGYFoot-and -mouth disease is

associatedwith an aphthovirus (family

Piconaviridae)which occurs as seven major

serotypes A0 C Southern African Territories

(SAT) 1SAT 2 SAT 3 and Asia 1

bull No cross-immunity between serotypes

bull great changes in antigenicity between developing serotypes

virulence may also change dramaticallybull EPIDEMIOLOGYbull Occurrence FMD affects all cloven-footed animals and is endemic in

Africa Asia South America and parts of Europe The disease generally occurs in the form of an outbreak that rapidly spreads from herd to herd before it is controlled Morbidity and case-fatality rate 100 2 adult 20 young stock

bull Methods of transmission inhalation or by ingestion contact between Animals airborne

bull In cattle the first site of virus infection and subsequent rapid multiplication is the pharynx Following a few days of viremia virus appears in milk and saliva for up to 24 h before vesicles appear in the mouth All other excretions including urine feces and semen may be similarly infective before the animal is clinically ill and for a short period after signs have disappeared

bull Carriers

Occurrence of the disease

bull Endemic infection or disease which are indigenous or normally present among the population of the area

bull Epidemic infection or disease which occurs occasionally and excess of normal expectancy in the population of the area

bull Pandemic Very wide spread disease which may be world wide in distribution

bull Sporadic disease which appeared rarely or occasionally in individual of population

bull Prevalence amount of disease is a known population at particular time

bull Incidence number of new cases that occurred in a known population over a period of time

Pathogenesis

bull Inhalationingestion 1048582 oropharyngeal infection viremia1048582epidermal cells 1048582 signs and lesions enhanced by mechanical trauma Clinical signs Fever profuse salivation vesicles in mouth and feet sudden death in young animal

PATHOGENESISbull Virus particles first attach to mucosal epithelial cells penetrate into

the cytoplasm and replicate until the cells disintegrate This releases more viral particles to infect other cells including macrophages which drain into the efferent lymphatic system and then the blood once infection gains access to the bloodstream the virus is widely disseminated to many epidermal sites probably in macrophages but gross lesions develop only in areas subjected to mechanical trauma or unusual physiological conditions such as the epithelium of the mouth feet and teats Characteristic lesions develop at these sites after an incubation period of 1-21 d (usually 3-8 d in most species) The initial phase of viremia is often unnoticed and it is only when localization in the mouth and on the feet occurs that the animal is found to be clinically abnormal

bull Bacterial complications feet and the teats - lamenessbull and mastitisbull Young animals especially neonates the virus frequently causes

necrotizing myocarditis

CLINICAL FINDINGS

bull fall in milk yield and

bull high fever (40-41C

bull severe dejection and anorexia

bull Acute painful stomatitis

bull salivation the saliva hanging in long ropy strings a characteristic smacking of the lips Vesicles and bullae Rupture within 24 h leaving a raw painful surface

bull vesicles appear on the feet particularly in the clefts and on the

coronetbull Pregnant animals may abort or have stillbirths

bull Occasional cases show localization in the alimentary tract with

dysentery or diarrhea indicating the presence of enteritis

CLIN ICAL PATHOLOGY

bull 1 Identification of the agent in tissue or fluid

bull Virus isolation

bull ELISAbull CFT

bull RT-PCR

bull 2 Serological tests for specific antibody response to FMD structural or nonstructural proteins

bull Virus neutralization (VN)and ELISA

bull 3 Experimental transmission

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

bull Vesicular stomatitis in cattlebull Bluetongue of sheepbull Bovine viral diarrheamucosal diseaserinderpest malignant

catarrhal fever and lumpy skin diseaseNO vesicular ( superficial erosion then develop to ulcer )

bull Pox infections of the mammary gland and foot rot in sheep bull Ingestion of any caustic material may cause oral vesiculation

and salivation

• ETIO LOGY Foot-and -mouth disease is associated with an aphthovirus (family Piconaviridae) which occurs as seven major serotypes A 0 C Southern African Territories (SAT) 1 SAT 2 SAT 3 and Asia 1
• Slide 2
• Occurrence of the disease
• Pathogenesis
• PATHOGENESIS
• CLINICAL FINDINGS
• CLIN ICAL PATHOLOGY
• DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

bull No cross-immunity between serotypes

bull great changes in antigenicity between developing serotypes

virulence may also change dramaticallybull EPIDEMIOLOGYbull Occurrence FMD affects all cloven-footed animals and is endemic in

Africa Asia South America and parts of Europe The disease generally occurs in the form of an outbreak that rapidly spreads from herd to herd before it is controlled Morbidity and case-fatality rate 100 2 adult 20 young stock

bull Methods of transmission inhalation or by ingestion contact between Animals airborne

bull In cattle the first site of virus infection and subsequent rapid multiplication is the pharynx Following a few days of viremia virus appears in milk and saliva for up to 24 h before vesicles appear in the mouth All other excretions including urine feces and semen may be similarly infective before the animal is clinically ill and for a short period after signs have disappeared

bull Carriers

Occurrence of the disease

bull Endemic infection or disease which are indigenous or normally present among the population of the area

bull Epidemic infection or disease which occurs occasionally and excess of normal expectancy in the population of the area

bull Pandemic Very wide spread disease which may be world wide in distribution

bull Sporadic disease which appeared rarely or occasionally in individual of population

bull Prevalence amount of disease is a known population at particular time

bull Incidence number of new cases that occurred in a known population over a period of time

Pathogenesis

bull Inhalationingestion 1048582 oropharyngeal infection viremia1048582epidermal cells 1048582 signs and lesions enhanced by mechanical trauma Clinical signs Fever profuse salivation vesicles in mouth and feet sudden death in young animal

PATHOGENESISbull Virus particles first attach to mucosal epithelial cells penetrate into

the cytoplasm and replicate until the cells disintegrate This releases more viral particles to infect other cells including macrophages which drain into the efferent lymphatic system and then the blood once infection gains access to the bloodstream the virus is widely disseminated to many epidermal sites probably in macrophages but gross lesions develop only in areas subjected to mechanical trauma or unusual physiological conditions such as the epithelium of the mouth feet and teats Characteristic lesions develop at these sites after an incubation period of 1-21 d (usually 3-8 d in most species) The initial phase of viremia is often unnoticed and it is only when localization in the mouth and on the feet occurs that the animal is found to be clinically abnormal

bull Bacterial complications feet and the teats - lamenessbull and mastitisbull Young animals especially neonates the virus frequently causes

necrotizing myocarditis

CLINICAL FINDINGS

bull fall in milk yield and

bull high fever (40-41C

bull severe dejection and anorexia

bull Acute painful stomatitis

bull salivation the saliva hanging in long ropy strings a characteristic smacking of the lips Vesicles and bullae Rupture within 24 h leaving a raw painful surface

bull vesicles appear on the feet particularly in the clefts and on the

coronetbull Pregnant animals may abort or have stillbirths

bull Occasional cases show localization in the alimentary tract with

dysentery or diarrhea indicating the presence of enteritis

CLIN ICAL PATHOLOGY

bull 1 Identification of the agent in tissue or fluid

bull Virus isolation

bull ELISAbull CFT

bull RT-PCR

bull 2 Serological tests for specific antibody response to FMD structural or nonstructural proteins

bull Virus neutralization (VN)and ELISA

bull 3 Experimental transmission

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

bull Vesicular stomatitis in cattlebull Bluetongue of sheepbull Bovine viral diarrheamucosal diseaserinderpest malignant

catarrhal fever and lumpy skin diseaseNO vesicular ( superficial erosion then develop to ulcer )

bull Pox infections of the mammary gland and foot rot in sheep bull Ingestion of any caustic material may cause oral vesiculation

and salivation

• ETIO LOGY Foot-and -mouth disease is associated with an aphthovirus (family Piconaviridae) which occurs as seven major serotypes A 0 C Southern African Territories (SAT) 1 SAT 2 SAT 3 and Asia 1
• Slide 2
• Occurrence of the disease
• Pathogenesis
• PATHOGENESIS
• CLINICAL FINDINGS
• CLIN ICAL PATHOLOGY
• DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

Occurrence of the disease

bull Endemic infection or disease which are indigenous or normally present among the population of the area

bull Epidemic infection or disease which occurs occasionally and excess of normal expectancy in the population of the area

bull Pandemic Very wide spread disease which may be world wide in distribution

bull Sporadic disease which appeared rarely or occasionally in individual of population

bull Prevalence amount of disease is a known population at particular time

bull Incidence number of new cases that occurred in a known population over a period of time

Pathogenesis

bull Inhalationingestion 1048582 oropharyngeal infection viremia1048582epidermal cells 1048582 signs and lesions enhanced by mechanical trauma Clinical signs Fever profuse salivation vesicles in mouth and feet sudden death in young animal

PATHOGENESISbull Virus particles first attach to mucosal epithelial cells penetrate into

the cytoplasm and replicate until the cells disintegrate This releases more viral particles to infect other cells including macrophages which drain into the efferent lymphatic system and then the blood once infection gains access to the bloodstream the virus is widely disseminated to many epidermal sites probably in macrophages but gross lesions develop only in areas subjected to mechanical trauma or unusual physiological conditions such as the epithelium of the mouth feet and teats Characteristic lesions develop at these sites after an incubation period of 1-21 d (usually 3-8 d in most species) The initial phase of viremia is often unnoticed and it is only when localization in the mouth and on the feet occurs that the animal is found to be clinically abnormal

bull Bacterial complications feet and the teats - lamenessbull and mastitisbull Young animals especially neonates the virus frequently causes

necrotizing myocarditis

CLINICAL FINDINGS

bull fall in milk yield and

bull high fever (40-41C

bull severe dejection and anorexia

bull Acute painful stomatitis

bull salivation the saliva hanging in long ropy strings a characteristic smacking of the lips Vesicles and bullae Rupture within 24 h leaving a raw painful surface

bull vesicles appear on the feet particularly in the clefts and on the

coronetbull Pregnant animals may abort or have stillbirths

bull Occasional cases show localization in the alimentary tract with

dysentery or diarrhea indicating the presence of enteritis

CLIN ICAL PATHOLOGY

bull 1 Identification of the agent in tissue or fluid

bull Virus isolation

bull ELISAbull CFT

bull RT-PCR

bull 2 Serological tests for specific antibody response to FMD structural or nonstructural proteins

bull Virus neutralization (VN)and ELISA

bull 3 Experimental transmission

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

bull Vesicular stomatitis in cattlebull Bluetongue of sheepbull Bovine viral diarrheamucosal diseaserinderpest malignant

catarrhal fever and lumpy skin diseaseNO vesicular ( superficial erosion then develop to ulcer )

bull Pox infections of the mammary gland and foot rot in sheep bull Ingestion of any caustic material may cause oral vesiculation

and salivation

• ETIO LOGY Foot-and -mouth disease is associated with an aphthovirus (family Piconaviridae) which occurs as seven major serotypes A 0 C Southern African Territories (SAT) 1 SAT 2 SAT 3 and Asia 1
• Slide 2
• Occurrence of the disease
• Pathogenesis
• PATHOGENESIS
• CLINICAL FINDINGS
• CLIN ICAL PATHOLOGY
• DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

Pathogenesis

bull Inhalationingestion 1048582 oropharyngeal infection viremia1048582epidermal cells 1048582 signs and lesions enhanced by mechanical trauma Clinical signs Fever profuse salivation vesicles in mouth and feet sudden death in young animal

PATHOGENESISbull Virus particles first attach to mucosal epithelial cells penetrate into

the cytoplasm and replicate until the cells disintegrate This releases more viral particles to infect other cells including macrophages which drain into the efferent lymphatic system and then the blood once infection gains access to the bloodstream the virus is widely disseminated to many epidermal sites probably in macrophages but gross lesions develop only in areas subjected to mechanical trauma or unusual physiological conditions such as the epithelium of the mouth feet and teats Characteristic lesions develop at these sites after an incubation period of 1-21 d (usually 3-8 d in most species) The initial phase of viremia is often unnoticed and it is only when localization in the mouth and on the feet occurs that the animal is found to be clinically abnormal

bull Bacterial complications feet and the teats - lamenessbull and mastitisbull Young animals especially neonates the virus frequently causes

necrotizing myocarditis

CLINICAL FINDINGS

bull fall in milk yield and

bull high fever (40-41C

bull severe dejection and anorexia

bull Acute painful stomatitis

bull salivation the saliva hanging in long ropy strings a characteristic smacking of the lips Vesicles and bullae Rupture within 24 h leaving a raw painful surface

bull vesicles appear on the feet particularly in the clefts and on the

coronetbull Pregnant animals may abort or have stillbirths

bull Occasional cases show localization in the alimentary tract with

dysentery or diarrhea indicating the presence of enteritis

CLIN ICAL PATHOLOGY

bull 1 Identification of the agent in tissue or fluid

bull Virus isolation

bull ELISAbull CFT

bull RT-PCR

bull 2 Serological tests for specific antibody response to FMD structural or nonstructural proteins

bull Virus neutralization (VN)and ELISA

bull 3 Experimental transmission

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

bull Vesicular stomatitis in cattlebull Bluetongue of sheepbull Bovine viral diarrheamucosal diseaserinderpest malignant

catarrhal fever and lumpy skin diseaseNO vesicular ( superficial erosion then develop to ulcer )

bull Pox infections of the mammary gland and foot rot in sheep bull Ingestion of any caustic material may cause oral vesiculation

and salivation

• ETIO LOGY Foot-and -mouth disease is associated with an aphthovirus (family Piconaviridae) which occurs as seven major serotypes A 0 C Southern African Territories (SAT) 1 SAT 2 SAT 3 and Asia 1
• Slide 2
• Occurrence of the disease
• Pathogenesis
• PATHOGENESIS
• CLINICAL FINDINGS
• CLIN ICAL PATHOLOGY
• DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

PATHOGENESISbull Virus particles first attach to mucosal epithelial cells penetrate into

the cytoplasm and replicate until the cells disintegrate This releases more viral particles to infect other cells including macrophages which drain into the efferent lymphatic system and then the blood once infection gains access to the bloodstream the virus is widely disseminated to many epidermal sites probably in macrophages but gross lesions develop only in areas subjected to mechanical trauma or unusual physiological conditions such as the epithelium of the mouth feet and teats Characteristic lesions develop at these sites after an incubation period of 1-21 d (usually 3-8 d in most species) The initial phase of viremia is often unnoticed and it is only when localization in the mouth and on the feet occurs that the animal is found to be clinically abnormal

bull Bacterial complications feet and the teats - lamenessbull and mastitisbull Young animals especially neonates the virus frequently causes

necrotizing myocarditis

CLINICAL FINDINGS

bull fall in milk yield and

bull high fever (40-41C

bull severe dejection and anorexia

bull Acute painful stomatitis

bull salivation the saliva hanging in long ropy strings a characteristic smacking of the lips Vesicles and bullae Rupture within 24 h leaving a raw painful surface

bull vesicles appear on the feet particularly in the clefts and on the

coronetbull Pregnant animals may abort or have stillbirths

bull Occasional cases show localization in the alimentary tract with

dysentery or diarrhea indicating the presence of enteritis

CLIN ICAL PATHOLOGY

bull 1 Identification of the agent in tissue or fluid

bull Virus isolation

bull ELISAbull CFT

bull RT-PCR

bull 2 Serological tests for specific antibody response to FMD structural or nonstructural proteins

bull Virus neutralization (VN)and ELISA

bull 3 Experimental transmission

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

bull Vesicular stomatitis in cattlebull Bluetongue of sheepbull Bovine viral diarrheamucosal diseaserinderpest malignant

catarrhal fever and lumpy skin diseaseNO vesicular ( superficial erosion then develop to ulcer )

bull Pox infections of the mammary gland and foot rot in sheep bull Ingestion of any caustic material may cause oral vesiculation

and salivation

• ETIO LOGY Foot-and -mouth disease is associated with an aphthovirus (family Piconaviridae) which occurs as seven major serotypes A 0 C Southern African Territories (SAT) 1 SAT 2 SAT 3 and Asia 1
• Slide 2
• Occurrence of the disease
• Pathogenesis
• PATHOGENESIS
• CLINICAL FINDINGS
• CLIN ICAL PATHOLOGY
• DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

CLINICAL FINDINGS

bull fall in milk yield and

bull high fever (40-41C

bull severe dejection and anorexia

bull Acute painful stomatitis

bull salivation the saliva hanging in long ropy strings a characteristic smacking of the lips Vesicles and bullae Rupture within 24 h leaving a raw painful surface

bull vesicles appear on the feet particularly in the clefts and on the

coronetbull Pregnant animals may abort or have stillbirths

bull Occasional cases show localization in the alimentary tract with

dysentery or diarrhea indicating the presence of enteritis

CLIN ICAL PATHOLOGY

bull 1 Identification of the agent in tissue or fluid

bull Virus isolation

bull ELISAbull CFT

bull RT-PCR

bull 2 Serological tests for specific antibody response to FMD structural or nonstructural proteins

bull Virus neutralization (VN)and ELISA

bull 3 Experimental transmission

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

bull Vesicular stomatitis in cattlebull Bluetongue of sheepbull Bovine viral diarrheamucosal diseaserinderpest malignant

catarrhal fever and lumpy skin diseaseNO vesicular ( superficial erosion then develop to ulcer )

bull Pox infections of the mammary gland and foot rot in sheep bull Ingestion of any caustic material may cause oral vesiculation

and salivation

• ETIO LOGY Foot-and -mouth disease is associated with an aphthovirus (family Piconaviridae) which occurs as seven major serotypes A 0 C Southern African Territories (SAT) 1 SAT 2 SAT 3 and Asia 1
• Slide 2
• Occurrence of the disease
• Pathogenesis
• PATHOGENESIS
• CLINICAL FINDINGS
• CLIN ICAL PATHOLOGY
• DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

CLIN ICAL PATHOLOGY

bull 1 Identification of the agent in tissue or fluid

bull Virus isolation

bull ELISAbull CFT

bull RT-PCR

bull 2 Serological tests for specific antibody response to FMD structural or nonstructural proteins

bull Virus neutralization (VN)and ELISA

bull 3 Experimental transmission

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

bull Vesicular stomatitis in cattlebull Bluetongue of sheepbull Bovine viral diarrheamucosal diseaserinderpest malignant

catarrhal fever and lumpy skin diseaseNO vesicular ( superficial erosion then develop to ulcer )

bull Pox infections of the mammary gland and foot rot in sheep bull Ingestion of any caustic material may cause oral vesiculation

and salivation

• ETIO LOGY Foot-and -mouth disease is associated with an aphthovirus (family Piconaviridae) which occurs as seven major serotypes A 0 C Southern African Territories (SAT) 1 SAT 2 SAT 3 and Asia 1
• Slide 2
• Occurrence of the disease
• Pathogenesis
• PATHOGENESIS
• CLINICAL FINDINGS
• CLIN ICAL PATHOLOGY
• DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

bull Vesicular stomatitis in cattlebull Bluetongue of sheepbull Bovine viral diarrheamucosal diseaserinderpest malignant

catarrhal fever and lumpy skin diseaseNO vesicular ( superficial erosion then develop to ulcer )

bull Pox infections of the mammary gland and foot rot in sheep bull Ingestion of any caustic material may cause oral vesiculation

and salivation

• ETIO LOGY Foot-and -mouth disease is associated with an aphthovirus (family Piconaviridae) which occurs as seven major serotypes A 0 C Southern African Territories (SAT) 1 SAT 2 SAT 3 and Asia 1
• Slide 2
• Occurrence of the disease
• Pathogenesis
• PATHOGENESIS
• CLINICAL FINDINGS
• CLIN ICAL PATHOLOGY
• DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS