Fluorescent proteins• Green Fluorescence Protein (GFP) from jellyfish : Revolutionized medical and

biological science by providing a way to monitor how individual genes are regulated and expressed within a living cell ; Localization and tracing of a target protein

• Widespread use by their expression in other organisms as a reporter • Usually fused to N- or C-terminus of proteins by gene manipulation • Key internal residues are modified during maturation to form the p-hydroxybenzylideneimidazolinon chromophore, located in the central

helix and surrounded by 11 ß-strands (ß-can structure)• GFP variants : BFP, CFP, YFP

• Red fluorescent protein from coral reef : tetrameric, slow maturation - Monomeric RFP by protein engineering

• Quantum yield : 0.17 (BFP) ~ 0.79 (GFP)

History of Fluorescent Proteins

• 1960s : Curiosity about what made the jellyfish Aequorea victoria glow Green protein was purified from jellyfish by Osamu Shimomura in Japan. • Utility as a tool for molecular biologists was not realized until 1992 when Douglas Prasher reported the cloning and nucleotide sequence of wt-GFP in

Gene. - The funding for this project had run out, and Prasher sent cDNA samples to several labs. • 1994 : Expression of the coding sequence of fluorescent GFP in heterologous

cells of E. Coli and C. elegans by the lab of Martin Chalfie : published in Science.

• Although this wt-GFP was fluorescent, it had several drawbacks: dual peaked excitation spectra, poor photo-stability, and poor folding at 37°C.

• 1996 : Crystal structure of a GFP Providing a vital background on chromophore formation and neighboring residue interactions. Researchers have modified these residues using protein engineering (site directed and random mutagenesis) Generation of a wide variety of GFP derivatives emitting different colors ;

CFP, YFP, CFP by Roger Y. Tsien group Applications in many areas including cell biology, drug discovery, diagnos-

tics, genetics, etc. • 2008 : Martin Chalfie, Osamu Shimomura and Roger Y. Tsien shared the No-

bel Prize in Chemistry for their discovery and development of the fluores-cent proteins.

GFP (Green Fluorescent Protein)

• Jellyfish Aequorea victoria• A tightly packed -can (11 -sheets)

enclosing an -helix containing the chromophore

• 238 amino acids• Chromophore

– Cyclic tripeptide derived from Ser(65)-Tyr(66)-Gly(67)

• Wt-GFP absorbs UV and blue light (395nm and 470nm) and emits green light (maximally at 509nm)

GFP and chromophore

- Covalently bonded chromophore : 4-(p-hydroxybenzylidene)imidazolidin-5-one (HBI).- HBI is nonfluorescent in the absence of the properly folded GFP scaffold and exists mainly in the unionized phenol form in wt-GFP.- Maturation (post-translational modification) : Inward-facing side chains of the barrel induce specific cyclization reactions in the tripeptide Ser65–Tyr66–Gly67 that induce ionization of HBI to the phenolate form and chromophore formation. - The hydrogen-bonding network and electron-stacking interactions with these side chains influence the color, intensity and photo-stability of GFP and its numerous derivatives

wtGFP : Ser(65)-Tyr(66)-Gly(67)

Diverse Fluorescent Proteins by Protein Engineering

The diversity of genetic mutations is illustrated by this San Diego beach scene drawn with living bacteria expressing 8 different colors of fluorescent proteins.

Fluorescence emission by diverse fluorescent Proteins

a) Normalized absorption and b) fluorescence profiles of representative

fluorescent proteins: cyan fluorescent protein (cyan), GFP, Zs Green, yellow fluorescent protein (YFP), and

three variants of red fluorescent pro-tein (DS Red2, AS Red2, HC Red). From Clontech.

Absorption and emission spectra