Fluids

• pH• conductivity • production mechanism• enzymes• hormones • important signals• isolation tools

Blood

Human BloodpH: 7.35 – 7.45Constituents:• RBC – 45%• WBC – 0.7%• Platelets• Plasma – 54.3%• 92% Water• 8% Blood plasma proteins

Purification: centrifugation

Human Blood

Plasma Analytes:• glucose • amino acids • fatty acids (dissolved or bound)• carbon dioxide• urea • lactic acid

Other Analytes:• Antibodies• Clotting Factors• Lipoprotein

particles

Human Blood

Metabolic Profile:• sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate,

blood urea nitrogen (BUN), magnesium, creatinine, glucose, calcium.

• Cholesterol levels: LDL and HDL cholesterol levels, as well as triglyceride levels.

Human Blood: Diagnostics• blood cell shape – Sickle cell• low red cell number – anaemia• cell numbers and proportions – leukaemia and other

maliganacy precursors• coagulation – heamophilia• contamination – bacteria (sepsis) + viruses (viremia)• dissolved O2, CO2, CO• blood types/rhesus• pressure: systolic: 90-119, diastolic: 60-79 (120/80 as

general average)• pulse rate: 60-100 bpm

Urine

Urine

UrinepH: 4.6-8.0 (7.0 = normal)

Turbidity: calcium phosphate or bacterial infection

Colouration: dehydration!

Specific gravity: ketoacidosis/hydration tate

Good N source when diluted

Urine95% water• urea 9.3 g/L• chloride 1.87 g/L,• sodium 1.17 g/L,• potassium 0.750 g/L, • creatinine 0.670 g/L • other dissolved ions, inorganic and organic compounds

.Urine is sterile until it reaches the urethra, where epithelial cells lining the urethra are colonized by facultatively anaerobic Gram negative rods and cocci

Saliva

Saliva

Amylase= starch -> maltose

SalivapH: 5-8 (7.4 = normal) - low pH disrupts biofilms - buffering capacity - conductivity linked to ovulation • Water – 99.5%• Electrolytes• Mucus ( glycoproteins)• Antibacterial agents (thiocyanate, hydrogen

peroxide, secretory immunoglobulin A)• Enzymes (lipase, amylase)• Growth Factors• Cells + products

SalivaElectrolytes:• 2–21 mmol/L sodium (lower than blood plasma)• 10–36 mmol/L potassium (higher than plasma)• 1.2–2.8 mmol/L calcium (similar to plasma)• 0.08–0.5 mmol/L magnesium• 5–40 mmol/L chloride (lower than plasma)• 25 mmol/L bicarbonate (higher than plasma)• 1.4–39 mmol/L phosphate• Iodine (mmol/L usually higher than plasma, but

dependent variable according to dietary iodine intake)