fluid flow practical

7/24/2019 Fluid Flow practical

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CAPE PENISULA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGYBELLVILLE CAMPUS

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERINGND : CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

FLUID FLOW

SUBJECT : CHEMICAL PLANT III

LECTURER : Mr L. Kloppers, Mr. W Maree

STUDENT : Richardt Johan Loots

STUDENT NO. : 214196585

Topic Mark

allocation

Mark

Title Page 5

Synopsis 5

Intro!ction 5

Literat!re "e#ie$ an

T%eory &incl!ing in

te't re(erencing)

*+

E'periental Set-!p

an Proce!re*+

"es!lts an isc!ssion

Calc!lations5+

Concl!sions 5

/i0liograp%y *+

Total *++

I certi(y t%at t%is report is y o$n !naie $ork, e'cept (or t%e assistance

recei#e (ro t%e teac%ing sta1. I !nertake not to pass t%is report onto

any ot%er st!ent


2/24

Contents

List o( Sy0ols........................................................................................................................................................ii

I.Synopsis.................................................................................................................................................................i#

*.Intro!ction...........................................................................................................................................................*

2.Literat!re "e#ie$ an T%eory...............................................................................................................................2

2.* 3l!i 4elocity..................................................................................................................................................2

2.2 "eynols n!0er...........................................................................................................................................2

2.2.* Lainar o$...........................................................................................................................................2

2.2.2 T!r0!lent 3lo$.........................................................................................................................................2

2.2.6 Transitional o$......................................................................................................................................2

2.6 Hea Losses..................................................................................................................................................6

2.6.* 3riction Losses........................................................................................................................................6

2.6.2 S%ock Losses...........................................................................................................................................76.E'periental Proce!re........................................................................................................................................8

6.* E'periental Set!p........................................................................................................................................8

6.2 Apparat!s.......................................................................................................................................................8

6.2.* Pipes !se...............................................................................................................................................8

6.2.2 4al#es !se.............................................................................................................................................8

6.6 Proce!re.......................................................................................................................................................9

:. "es!lts an isc!ssion.........................................................................................................................................;

:.* "ecore 4al!es.............................................................................................................................................;

:.2 Calc!late 4al!es.........................................................................................................................................*+

:.6 isc!ssion....................................................................................................................................................**

:.6.* Pipes.....................................................................................................................................................**

:.6.24al#es....................................................................................................................................................**

:.6.6 "eccoenations.................................................................................................................................*2

5. Concl!sions.........................................................................................................................................................*2

7."e(erences...........................................................................................................................................................*6

Appeni'...................................................................................................................................................................A

Pipe Calc!lations..................................................................................................................................................A


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A Cross-sectional area o( pipe 2

d Pipe iaeter

f 3riction (actor iensionless

g =ra#itational acceleration constant >s2

h Hea

h C%ange in Hea

hf 3riction Hea loss in a pipe syste H2?

K Minor loss coe@cients (or 0ens an ttings iensionless

L Pipe lengt%

P Press!re kPa or H2?

P Press!re rop kPa or H2?

Q 4ol!etric o$ rate 6>s

"e "eynolBs N!0er iensionless

# 3l!i #elocity >s

Greek symbols

Pipe ro!g%ness

3l!i #iscosity Pa.s

ensity kg>6

Subscripts

E Cali0rate #al!es Incl!ing error (actor

F 3anning

H2O Properties o( $ater &!i)

arcyBs

6


4/24

I.Synopsis

1.Introduction

3l!i o$ or !i ec%anics is t%e !nerstaning o( $%at in!ences t%e o$ o(

!is or gases It is 0ase on t%e analysis o( t%e 0e%a#io!r o( !is an gases

$%ic% is 0ase on t%e (!naental la$s o( ec%anics an t%eroynaics

$it%in a a close syste.

T%e li(e-cycles o( stars, t%e creation o( atosp%eres, t%e so!ns $e %ear, t%e

#e%icles $e ri#e, t%e systes $e 0!il (or ig%t, energy generation an

prop!lsion all epens in an iportant $ay on t%e ec%anics ant%eroynaics o( !i o$ an t%e interaction o( t%e !i $it% its

s!rro!nings.

In t%is practical it $as set o!t to eterine t%e losses occ!rre $it%in a close

syste o( o$. T%e losses $it%in a pipe epens on t%e "eynols n!0er an

o$ rate o( t%e !i 0eing eas!re. /y kno$ing t%e "eynols n!0er it can 0e

eterine $%at type o( o$ is present an t%e losses can 0e calc!late

accoringly

In t%e in!strial sense or in t%e processing o( !is an transport o( !is t%ese

#al!es are o( !tost iportance an can in!ence #ario!s (actors s!c% as t%eaterials o( constr!ction, t%e sies o( t%e pipes, lengt%s o( pipes, $%ere !is

0!st 0e coole or %eate, $%en !is !st 0e i'e etc. /y kno$ing all t%is t%e

ost e@cient an econoical plant can 0e 0!ilt accoring to t%e specications

an reD!ireents o( t%e !i or gas 0eing processe.

T%e #ario!s (actors t%at play a role on t%e 0e%a#io!r o( a !i or gas $ill 0e

isc!sse in t%e ne't section to o0tain a 0etter !nerstaning o( %o$ !is

0e%a#e $it%in a certain syste an %o$ t%e aterials a1ect t%e o$ o( t%e !i.

:


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2.Literature Review and Teory

2.1 !luid "elocity

3lo$ #elocity in !is is t%e #ector el t%at pro#ies t%e #elocity o( !is at a

certain tie an position. T%e #elocity o( a !i is epenant on #ol!etric

o$rate an t%e area o( t%e pipe. T%e i1erence in press!re ca!se 0y a p!p

ca!ses a !i to o$ in a pipe.

v=QA F*G

$%ere,v=velocity ( ms)

Q=volumetric flowrate(m

3

s )

A=area of pipe(m2)

2.2 Reynolds number

In !i ec%anics, t%e "eynols n!0er, "e, is a iensionless n!0er t%at

gi#es a eas!re o( t%e ratio o( inertia (orces to #isco!s (orces an D!anties t%e

relati#e iportance o( t%ese t$o types o( (orces (or gi#en o$ conitions

N= v d

.F2G

W%ere,=density of the fluid (

kg

m3 )=viscosity of the fluid(Pa. s)

v=Velocity of fluid( ms)

d=diameter of the pipe( ms)

Wit% t%e "eynols n!0er T%e type o( o$ can 0e eterine 0y t%e (ollo$ing

5


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2.2.1 Laminar #ow

?cc!rs $%en t%e !i o$s in parallel layers, $it% no i'ing 0et$een t%e layers.

W%ere t%e center part o( t%e pipe o$ t%e (astest an t%e cyliner to!c%ing t%e

pipe isnBt o#ing at all. T%e o$ is lainar $%en "eynols n!0er is less t%an

26++.

2.2.2 Turbulent !low

In t!r0!lent o$ occ!rs $%en t%e liD!i is o#ing (ast $it% i'ing 0et$een

layers. T%e spee o( t%e !i at a point is contin!o!sly !nergoing c%anges in

0ot% agnit!e an irection. T%e o$ is t!r0!lent $%en "eynols n!0er

greater t%an :+++.

2.2.$ Transitional #ow

Transitional o$ is a i' o( lainar an t!r0!lent o$, $it% t!r0!lent o$ in t%e

centre an lainar o$ near t%e eges o( t%e pipe ."eynols n!0er is in

0et$een 26++ an :+++ (or transitional o$.

2.$ %ead Losses

Hea losses occ!r $%en t%ere is a resistance o( o$ present , $%ic% is al$ays

present in pipes, t%is ca!ses a press!re rop $%ic% can 0e eas!re $it%

anoeters in t%is case it $as eas!re in H2?

Factors afecting head loss

3lo$ "ate Pipe iaeter

Pipe lengt%

4iscosity

"o!g%ness o( pipe $all

Corrosion an scale eposits

Pipe ttings an 0ens

Pipe linearity or straig%tness

&Hyroatic.co, 2+*5)

2.$.1 !riction Losses

3riction losses occo!r !e to t%e nat!re o( t%e aterial it is tra#elling t%ro!g% as

entione a0o#e t%is can 0e !e to t%e ro!g%ness o( a pipe, (riction !e to

eposits in t%e pipe etc.

Calc!lating press!re losses in lainar o$ is ac%ie#e $it% 2 anoetric t!0es

an t$o isplaceent sensors, $%earas calc!lationg press!re losses in t!r0!lent

o$ is ac%ie#e $it% t$o press!re sensors.

T%e calc! lation can 0e one $it% t%e arcyBs (or!la

7


7/24

h f=4 fF v

2

2 gd

.F6G

W%ere, h f=head loss due f riction(m)

=engthof pipe(m)

v=velocity of the fluid (

m

s)

d=diameter of pipe(m)

fF=fanning factor

g=gravitational constant(m

s2)

Wit% t%is (or!la t%e %ea loss can 0e calc!late, in o!r case $e calc!late t%e

(anning (actor.

The Moody Chart

W%en t%e (riction (actor is !nkno$n it can 0e eterine $it% a ooy c%art

gi#en t%at yo! kno$ t%e "eynols n!0er&N"E), t%e iaeter o( t%e pipe&) an

t%e relati#e ro!g%ness & ! /" ) o( t%e pipe. T%is $ill yiel a t%eoretical (riction

(actor i1erent (ro t%e one eterine $it% a kno$n %ea loss.

Absolute roughness( ! )

A0sol!te Pipe "o!g%ness is a eas!re o( pipe $all irreg!larities o( coercial

pipes. ?t%er t%an pipes, it is also !se (or representing ro!g%ness o( ot%er

eD!ipent $alls. a0sol!te ro!g%ness %as iensions o( lengt% an is !s!ally

e'presse in illieter &). &Enggcyclopeia.co, 2+*5)

/elo$ is a ta0le listing a0sol!te ro!g%ness o( soe coon aterials

8


8/24

Table 1 & 'bsolute Rou(ness)

Surface Maer!a" A#$%"ue R%u&'(e$$C%eff!c!e( ) * !( ++

Aluminum, Lead 0.001 - 0.002

ra!n "rass, ra!n #o$$er 0.0015

Aluminum, Lead 0.001 - 0.002

%, %lastic %i$es 0.0015

'i(er)lass 0.005

*tainless steel 0.015

*teel commercial $i$e 0.045 - 0.09

P4C pipes $ere !se in t%e practical

Relatie Roughness ( ! /" )

"elati#e "o!g%ness o( a pipe $all can 0e ene as t%e ratio o( a0sol!te

ro!g%ness to t%e pipe noinal iaeter. &Enggcyclopeia.co, 2+*5)

#elativeroughness=! /"

.F:G

I( t%e relati#e ro!g%ness an a "eynols n!0er is kno$n t%e (riction (actor cant%en 0e eterine (ro t%e ooy c%art.

9


9/24

2.$.2 Soc* Losses

S%ock losses is inor losses !e to ttings, #al#es an 0ens in pipes. W%en a

pipe is connecte to a 0en, #al#e or tting ,to connect one pipe to anot%er,

inor losses $ill 0e present !e to irreg!lar s%ape or geoetry t%at c%anges t%eirection o( t%e o$ $%ic% ca!ses t!r0!lence

T%is is !e to t%e (act t%at all !is %a#e $eig%t an t%!s %a#e oent!.

I( a c%ange in s!r(ace occ!rs in a pipe s!c% as a #al#e or tting t%e irectional

oent! $ill 0e c%ange, t!r0!lence occ!rs an t%!s s%ock losses occ!rs.

W%en a !i o$s aro!n a 0en,t%e !i %as to c%ange irection 0!t its

oent! carries it to t%e o!ter ege o( t%e 0en, t%is e1ecti#ely ecreases t%e

pipe iaeter an increases t%e o$rate an t%is ca!ses an increase in %ea

&Coecogs.co, 2+*5)

T%e general eD!ation (or t%e %ea loss !e to an o0str!ction is as (ollo$s

h=$ v

2

2 g

........F5G

$%ere, h=headl oss due shock

$=shock constant

v=velocity of the fluid (m

s)

g=gravitational constant(m

s2)

$it% t%is (or!la t%e %ea loss can 0e calc!late. Again in o!r case $e

calc!late t%e e'periental s%ock constant K

Shock Constants (!)

T%e K-#al!e represents t%e !ltiple o( #elocity %eas t%at $ill 0e lost 0y !i

passing t%ro!g% a tting or #al#e.

/elo$ is a ta0le o( s%ock constants (or ttings !se in t%e practical

;


10/24

Table 2 & Soc* loss constants

$.+,perimental -rocedure

$.1

+,perimental

Setup

*+

!i(ure 1 & +dibon computer controlled #uid #ow benc

"alve type Soc* Constant

=ate 4al#e, 3!lly ?pen +.*5

=ate 4al#e, *>: Close +.27

=ate 4al#e, *>2 Close 2.*

=ate 4al#e, 6>: Close *8

/all 4al#e, 3!lly ?pen +.+5

/all 4al#e, *>6 Close 5.5

/all 4al#e, 2>6 Close 2++

iap%rag 4al#e, ?pen 2.6

iap%rag 4al#e, Hal( ?pen :.6

iap%rag 4al#e, *>: ?pen 2*


11/24

$.2 'pparatus

$.2.1 -ipes used

*. Soot% pipe &P4C) $it% an e'ternal iaeter o( 2+ an an internaliaeter o( *7.5.2. Soot% pipe &P4C) $it% an e'ternal iaeter o( 62 an an internaliaeter o( 27.5.

$.2.2 "alves used

*. =ate #al#e $it% inner iaeter o( 2+.2. iap%rag #al#e $it% inner iaeter o( 2+.6. /all #al#e $it% inner iaeter o( 2+.

**


12/24

$.$ -rocedure

*. T%e t!0es 0et$een t%e %yra!lic 0enc% an t%e !i o$ 0enc% $ere

c%ecke to ens!re t%at t%ey $ere in orer. It $as iportant t%at t%e t!0e(ro t%e !i o$ 0enc% raine onto t%e tank o( t%e %yra!lic 0enc%.

2. T%e $iring o( t%e !nit $as c%ecke to ens!re t%at it $as connecte an

t!rne on.6. T%e p!p $as s$itc%e on.:. T%e 42 #al#e $as opene an it $as iportant to $ait !ntil all t%e air $as

e'pelle (ro t%e pipe.5. A pipe, to 0e !se in t%e e'perient, $as ientie an t%e inner

iaeter $as note.7. T%e press!re taps o( t%e corresponing anoeter $as connecte to t%e

inlet an o!tlet o( t%e pipe. T%e anoetric t!0es $ere c%osen $%en t%e

$ater col!n i1erences $ere lo$er t%an 9++ .8. T%e o$ rate an press!re rops across t%e pipe $as recore.9. Steps 7 8 $as repeate (or t%ree i1erent o$ rates.;. Steps 5 9 $ere repeate (or se#eral pipes.*+.T%e gate #al#e $as ientie an t%e press!re taps o( t%e corresponing

anoeter $ere connecte to t%e inlet an o!tlet o( t%e gate #al#e. T%e

anoetric t!0es $ere c%osen $%en t%e $ater col!n i1erences $ere

lo$er t%an 9++ . 7 an 8.**.T%e o$ rate an press!re rop across t%e gate #al#e $as recore (or

t%ree i1erent o$ rates.*2.Steps *+ an ** $ere repeate (or t%e iap%rag #al#e an 0all #al#e.

*2


13/24

/. Results and

Discussion

/.1 Recorded "alues

Table $ & Recorded -ipe "alues

Table / & Recorded "alve "alues

*6

0r. -

run3l4min5 3dm%265

D176.6

189m

* 68.6 +.:

2 7*.; 6.:

6 8:.: 5.8

D276.6

289m

* 69.* -*

2 75.2 -+.;

6 87.; -+.5


14/24

/.2 Calculated

"alues

Table 9 & Calculated -ipe"alues

calculated variables e,perimental

values

calibratedvalues

teoreticalvalues

J 4 "e A %( (3 %( (3 ((3

6>s >s"eynols

Nr.2

H2+

-H2

+- ooy

-

D176.6

189m

*+.+++7

22.;+

;56;28.;5

9

+.+++2*

+.+:+

+.+++69

+.67+

+.++6:: +.+2+*

+.++5+6

2 +.++*+6

:.928

9;:;:.697

+.6:+

+.++**9

+.;7+

+.++666

+.+*9;+.++:

*:

-

run 3l4min5 3dm%265

:ate"alve

* 69.5 -*.*

2 75.6 -+.;

6 87.9 -+.7

Diapra(m

* 62 -+.*

2 56.* 2.*

6 77.: :.6

;all"a

lve

* 65.; -*

2 5;.9 -+.;

6 8:.9 -+.7


15/24

86

6 +.++*2:

5.9+2

*+8577.859

+.58+

+.++*68

*.:2+

+.++6:* +.+*66

+.++666

D

276.6

289m

* +.+++7:

*.*52

6:2;8.;52

+.+++55

-+.*+

+

-+.++;

9++.+9

++.++89

: +.+26++.++5

85

2 +.++*+;

*.;8*

597;6.7+9

-+.+;

+

-+.++6

+*+.*+

++.++66

5 +.+2+:+.++5

*

6 +.++*29

2.625

7;227.+5+

-+.+5

+

-+.++*

2++.*9

++.++:6

6 +.+*;8+.++:

;6

*5


16/24

Table 8 & Calculated valve "alues

/.$ Discussion

T%e (riction (actors an s%ock constants o0taine is in close range o( t%e

t%eoretical #al!es $%ic% leans to$ars correct calc!lations.

T%ese res!lts $ere only o0taine !e to t%e application o( a correction (actor

$%ereas i( no correction (actor $as !se a negati#e %ealoss $o!l 0e o0taine

$%ic% is is not possi0le e'cept i( ot%er e'ternal (orces $ere present or energy

*7

calculated

variables

e,perimental

values

Calibrated

values

teoretical

values

" ' f * f * *

6>s >s 2 H2+ - H2+ - -

:ate"alve

*+.+++7:

2.+:25

+.+++6*:*5

-+.**+ -+.5*86* +.+7+.292*77

+.*52+.++*+;

6.:7::

-+.+;+ -+.*:8*6 +.*+.*76:8:

6+.++*29

:.+8:5

-+.+7+ -+.+8+;* +.*7+.*9;+;2

Diapr

a(m

*+.+++56

*.7;88

-+.+*+ -+.+79+8 +.27*.87;;+*

2.62 +.+++9; 2.9*8* +.2*+ +.5*;*77 +.8 *.86+552

6+.++***

6.5228

+.:6+ +.78;9:2 *.*:*.9+2682

;all

"alve

*+.+++7+

*.;+:7

-+.*++ -+.5:+97 +.+9 +.:627;

+.+52+.++*

++

6.*8

27-+.+;+ -+.*85:6 +.*

+.*;:;2

9

6+.++*25

6.;79:

-+.+7+ -+.+8:85 +.*7+.*;;66;


17/24

$as ae to t%e syste. T%e !ncali0rate #al!es $ill not 0e incl!e in t%e

isc!ssion.

/.$.1 -ipes

3or t%e soot% P4C pipes it can rsly 0e seen t%at $it% a increase in o$ratet%ere is a increase in t%e "eynols n!0er an t%at t%e o$ is t!r0!lent.

Concerning pipe *, $it% a iaeter o( +.+*75 t%e cali0rate res!lts (or (anning

(riction (actor is 0asically constant $it% increase in #elocity, $%ereas t%e

t%eoretical #al!es s%o$ a ecrease in (anning (riction (actor, t%is res!lt can ay

0e !e to incorrect calc!lation or incorrect eas!reent ?t%er reasons co!l 0e

t%at t%e error (actor applie $as not correct or t%at t%ere $as air trappe in t%e

pipe.

Concerning pipe 2 $it% a iaeter o( +.+275 it can 0e seen t%at t%at t%e rate

o( increase in #elocity is a0o!t %al( o( pipe one $%ic% is !e to t%e i1erence iniaeter. Coparing t%e cali0rate an t%eoretical (anning (actors it can 0e seen

t%at 0ot% s%o$ an o#erall ecrease in (anning (actor $it% a increase in !i

#elocity an "eynols an yet a increase in %ea loss.

So it can 0e sai t%at $it% a increase in #elocity an "eynols t%ere is a

ecrease in (riction (actor, ree0ering t%at e#en t%o!g% t%ere is a ecrease in

(riction (actor , (riction losses is still increasing. T%is ay 0e !e to t%e (act t%at

$it% a increase in #elocity t%e o$ o( t%e !i tens to t%e centre o( t%e pipe

t%!s ecreasing (riction in t%e centre 0!t a increase in total (riction losses is still

present collecti#ely.

It ay also 0e sai t%at t%e %ig%er t%e "eynols n!0er, t%e ore constant t%e

(riction (actor.

?#erall it can 0e seen t%at ost e'periental (anning (actors is lo$er t%an t%e

t%eoretical #al!es o0taine an soe %ig%er $%ic% leas to t%e (act t%at t%ese

#al!es are not in per(ect agreeent.

/.$.2"alves

T%e e'periental (anning (riction (actors o0taine (or t%e #al#es is in closeostly in close pro'iity o( t%e t%eoretical #al!es e'cept (or t%e 0all #al#e $%ere

t%e #al!es are as !c% as 9 tie %ig%er t%an preicte 0y t%eory. W%en

coparing t%e 0all #al#e s%ock constants (ro ta0le 2 it can 0e seen t%at i( it is

*>6 close t%e constant is 5.5 $%ic% leas e to 0elie#e t%at t%e #al#e $as not

opene (!lly or t%at t%e #al#e is e(ecti#e an co!l not 0e opene (!lly. T%is

co!l also 0e !e to iper(ections o( t%e 0all an or #al#e.

It can 0e seen t%at $it% a increase in #elocity t%ere is an o#erall ecrease in t%e

s%ock constant an a increase in %ea loss.

*8


18/24

/.$.$ Reccomendations

Most iportantly is to $ork $it% a syste t%at is properly cali0rate an to

alreay e'perientally kno$ t%e (riction (actors an s%ock coeecients, t%is ay

0e one 0y repetiti#e e'periental testing or it ay 0e kno$n (ro t%e

an!(act!rerBs specications.

Seconly is to ens!re t%at t%ere is no leaks or air entering t%e syste $%ic%

co!l res!lt in press!re losses an increase !npreicta0ility.

Lastly, to eliinate all roo (or error $%en taking reaings an oing

calc!lations, 0y staying (oc!se on t%e s!0ect at %an

9. Conclusions

T%e practical $as an s!ccess, t%e t%eory 0e%in t%e (anning (actor an s%ock

constants is no$ properly !nerstoo an T%e role it plays in %ea losses

T%e e'periental an t%eoretical #al!es (or (anning (actor an s%ock coe@cients

$as s!ccess(!lly calc!late an copare to one anot%er 0y isc!ssion

Alt%o!g% soe #al!es $ere inconsistent $it% t%eoretical #al!es it $as seen t%at

$it% a increase in #elocity t%ere $as an increase in "eynols n!0er, a increase

in %ea losses an a ecrease in (riction coe@cients.

It $as isc!sse t%at t%is ecrease in t%e (riction coe@cient is ostly !e to t%e

(act t%at !is tens to t%e centre o( a pipe as #elocity is increase an s%ear

stress is ecrease on t%e 0!lk o( t%e !i 0!t still occ!rs at a increase rate on

t%e !i at t%e o!terost point o( t%e pipe.

It ay also 0e concl!e t%at t%e %ig%er t%e "eynols n!0er t%e saller t%e

c%ange in (riction coe@cients is $it% a increase in o$. T%is is !e to t%e

increase in oent! o( t%e !i.

*9


19/24

8.References

F*GStreeter, 4. Wylie, E. *;8;. Fluid mechanics. Ne$ ork Mc=ra$-Hill.

F2GHyroatic.co,. 2+*5. Hea Loss in Piping Systes - Tec%In(o.

%ttp>>$$$.%yroatic.co>"esientialPageOtec%in(opageO%ealoss.asp' *+

?cto0er 2+*5.

F6GEnggcyclopeia.co,. 2+*5. A0sol!te Pipe "o!g%ness Enggcyclopeia.

%ttp>>$$$.enggcyclopeia.co>2+**>+;>a0sol!te-ro!g%ness> *+ ?cto0er 2+*5.

F:GCoecogs.co,. 2+*5. Hea Loss - Pipes - 3l!i Mec%anics - Engineering

N!erical Coponents in C an CQQ.

%ttp>>$$$.coecogs.co>li0rary>engineering>!iOec%anics>pipes>%eaOloss>in

e'.p%p ** ?cto0er 2+*5.

'ppendi,

-ipe Calculations


20/24

$ead loss

hf

=1dm &2

' /10RTa0le 6

#al!es

h f=0.1m &2 '

$?

2' 7

6.666@A -a.s

N= v d

N=1000 kg /m3 (1.152m/s (0.0265m

0.00089Pa . s

N=34297.95

R(ro eD!ation : an ta0le ta0le *-P4C

##=!

"=0.0015

0.0265=0.00006


21/24

Uncalibrated Soc* constant

Area o" ale

+.+2+ Rapparat!s

A=% "

2

4

A=%0.020

2

4

A=0.00031415m2

Fluid #elocity

Q=35.9 l

min1min=60 s Q= 0.0

0060 m3/s 1000l=1m

3

&2'=1000

kgm

3

1?

v=QA

v=

0.00060m3/s

0.00031415m2

v=1.9046m/s

$ead loss

h f=1dm &2 ' /10 RTa0le 6

#al!es

h f=0.1m &2 '

9?

h=$ v

2

2 g

$=

h2 g

v2

$=0.1(2(9.81m /s2

1.90462

$=0.54086

Calibrated soc* constant


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22


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26


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fluid flow practical

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