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1. What is another name for the flowering plants?

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3. What is the definition of a flower?

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Whorled: dichlamydeous

Whorled: homochlamydeous

Spiral

Sepal or outer tepal

Petal or inner tepal

sepal

stamen

stamen

stamen

petal

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stamen

carpel

}  Initiation/ development }  Innervated by veins }  Dorsiventral shape

Arabidopsis thaliana

Genes produce transcription factors at 4 locations àinduce expression of genes that induce organ formation

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}  Modified microsporophylls }  Consists of filament and anther }  Anther - a type of synangium

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At maturity

Nymphaea ordorata - laminar stamens

2 thecae

filamentous stamens

2 thecae 2 thecae line of dehiscence

11. Describe the structure and function of a mature male gametophyte in the flowering plants.

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tube nucleus

generative cell 2 sperm cells

pollen tube

2 sperm cells

tube nucleus

mitosis

pollen grain(immature malegametophyte)

mature malegametophyte

tube cell

12. What is the definition of a carpel?

13. What is the difference between carpel, pistil, and gynoecium?

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}  Ea

Early development of carpels Mature stage of carpels Intermediate stage

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}  1) Site for pollen germination and pollen tube growth. ◦  Greater selective control as to which pollen can fertilize

the ovules. }  2) Fruit formation. ◦  Dispersal of seeds (via fruit) by: �  wind �  water �  animals �  mechanical means

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}  No time lag between pollination and fertilization ◦  Seeds may be generated rapidly, enabling the

evolution of annual herbs, a new plant habit. }  Conservation of resources ◦  Nutritive cells (endosperm) not formed until after

fertilization in angiosperms

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Specialized end walls

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}  "The rapid development as far as we can judge of all the higher plants within recent geological times is an abominable mystery."

}  —Charles Darwin in a letter to Sir Joseph Hooker, 1879.

Synangia Radially symmetrical

Pollination droplet not Stigmatic region

carpels

stamens

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How do we know angiosperm relationships?

Cladistic analyses: parsimony, maximum likelihood, Bayesian

Use of all types of data: morphological, anatomical, embryological, palynological, karyological, chemical, and molecular data

Most useful: multiple gene sequence data

}  Use of orders (end in “-ales”) to classify one or more families

}  Orders are not indicative of a hierarchical classification system

}  Orders are well-supported based on measures of clade robustness (bootstrap, jackknife)

}  Some orders further grouped into higher taxa (e.g., monocots, Asterids, etc.)

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AMBORELLALES* Amborellaceae

NYMPHAEALES* Nymphaeaceae* Cabombaceae*

AUSTROBAILEYALES Austrobaileyaceae Illiciaceae* Schisandraceae Trimeniaceae

Chloranthaceae

MAGNOLIIDS LAURALES Atherospermataceae Calycanthaceae Gomortegaceae Hernandiaceae Lauraceae Monimiaceae Siparunaceae MAGNOLIALES Annonaceae Degeneriaceae Eupomatiaceae Himantandraceae Magnoliaceae Myristicaceae

MAGNOLIIDS (continued) CANELLALES Canellaceae Winteraceae PIPERALES Aristolochiaceae Hydnoraceae Lactoridaceae Piperaceae Saururaceae

MONOCOTS Ceratophyllales

Ceratophyllaceae EUDICOTS

ANGIOSPERMS: Major Groups

Measures number of parts (merosity & cycly): K = calyx C = corolla P = perianth A = androecium G = gynoecium ( ) = fusion of like parts [ ] = less common

E.g., }  K (5) [(4)] C 5 [4] A 5+5 [4+4] G 5 [4], superior

}  P (3+3) A 3+3 G (3), inferior

}  Monotypic (1 family, 1 species) Amborellaceae Amborella trichopoda

Native to New Caledonia

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}  The Amborellaceae are distinctive in being vessel-less, evergreen shrubs with unisexual flowers having an undifferentiated, spiral perianth, numerous, laminar stamens, and an apocarpous gynoecium, with 1-ovuled carpels.

}  Male flowers: P 5-8 A ∞ }  Female flowers: P 5-8 G 5-6, superior

Amborella trichopoda

Photo by Tim Stevens U. C. S. C.

Amborella trichopoda

Flowers unisexual: male (left) female (above) Photo by Missouri Botanical Garden

}  vessel-less (no vessels, only tracheids) }  woody shrub with simple, glabrous,

evergreen leaves }  flowers unisexual }  perianth undifferentiated }  stamens numerous, laminar }  gynoecium apocarpous }  fruit an aggregate of drupes }  seeds endospermous

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}  Two families: Cabombaceae & Nymphaeaceae

}  The Nymphaeaceae are distinguished from related families in consisting of aquatic herbs with floating leaves and solitary, floating to aerial flowers with mostly spiral floral parts and petals grading into usually laminar stamens.

}  K 4-6 [-14] C 8-∞ [0] A ∞ G (3-∞), superior or inferior.

Nuphar luteum Spadder-dock

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Nymphaea sp.

Nymphaea sp.

Victoria reginae

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Annonaceae Degeneriaceae Eupomatiaceae Himantandraceae Magnoliaceae Myristicaceae

}  Arboreal, shrubby or viny }  Aromatic wood and foliage }  Leaves drooping }  Exstipulate

}  Flowers bisexual }  Actinomorphic }  Perianth triseriate }  Hypogynous }  Stamens spiral }  3-merous }  Connectives enlarged }  Ca3Co6A∞G∞

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}  Gynoecium uniloculate }  Usually apocarpous }  Uniovulate }  Basal }  Fruit berry, fleshy

aggregate }  Endosperm ruminate

}  Annona squamosa }  Cananga odorata }  Polyalthia longifolia }  Annona muricata }  Dasymaschalon

The Magnoliaceae are distinguished from related families in consisting of trees and shrubs with solitary flowers, a usually undifferentiated petaloid perianth with numerous tepals, and numerous stamens and pistils born on elongate receptacular axis; the fruit is an aggregate of follicles, berries, or samaras.

P ∞ A ∞ G ∞ [2-∞], superior.

Magnolia grandiflora

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Magnolia grandiflora Magnolia grandiflora

Michelia doltsopa Michelia doltsopa

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Atherospermataceae Calycanthaceae Gomortegaceae Hernandiaceae Lauraceae Monimiaceae Siparunaceae

The Lauraceae are distinguished from related families in consisting of perennial trees or shrubs (rarely vines) with an undifferentiated perianth, valvular anther dehiscence, and one ovule per carpel with apical placentation, seeds lacking endosperm.

P 3+3 [6, 2+2, or 3+3+3] A 3-12+ G 1 [-(3)],

superior, rarely inferior, hypanthium present

Laurus nobilis Laurel Lauraceae

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Laurus nobilis Laurel Lauraceae

valvular anther dehiscence

}  Persea americana Avocado Lauraceae

}  Persea americana Avocado Lauraceae }  Cinnamomum camphora Camphor Lauraceae

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Aristolochiaceae Hydnoraceae* Lactoridaceae Piperaceae Saururaceae

The Piperaceae are distinctive in having a spadix with numerous, very small, unisexual or bisexual flowers lacking a perianth.

Economic importance includes Piper nigrum, the

source of black and white pepper; other species are used for flavoring, medicinal plants, euphoric plants (e.g., Piper methysticum, kava), and cultivated ornamentals, e.g., Peperomia spp.

P 0 A 3+3 (1-10) G 1 or (G) 3,4, superior. Piper [Macropiper] excelsum Piperaceae

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Piper [Macropiper] excelsum Piperaceae

Peperomia sp. Piperaceae