flow sheet development.docx
TRANSCRIPT
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Flow sheet Development
Once a need has been identified the chemical engineer creates one or more solutions to
meet this need possibly entailing different feeds and different intermediates to obtain the
products. Since these potential solutions generally require quite different process steps andunique operating conditions, the chemical engineer must establish separate flow sheet or road
maps for each solution. Preliminary process synthesis for each solution begins with the designer
creating flow sheets involving just the reaction, separation, and temperature change and pressure
change operations and selecting process equipment in task integration step. Only those simplified
flow sheets that provide a favorable gross profit are retained, the others are rejected. Thus
detailed work on any potential process is avoided when the projected cost of the feed materials
exceeds those of the products and by products. These various steps are described in detail in chap
4. Where both the traditional flow sheet development based on algorithmic approaches are
addressed
To evaluate the most promising flow sheet alternatives, the design engineer generally develops
base case designs for each of these alternatives. This is accomplished by creating a detailed
process flow sheet with a listing of steady state material and energy balances and a designation
of major equipment items. The material and energy balances are generally performed with the
use of computer aided process simulator. Attempts are made to improve the design of the process
units and to achieve more efficient process integrations through the use of separation train
synthesis heat and power integration and second low analysis. The results from using these
algorithmic methods permit the design engineer to compare the base case with other promising
alternatives and often identify flow sheets that should be developed with or in place of the base
case design.
After the detailed process flow sheet has been completed an assessment of the controllability of
the process is generally made beginning with the qualitative synthesis of control structures for
the entire flow sheet. Measures are available that can be used before final sizing of equipment to
assess the ease of controlling the process and the degree to which the design is resilient to
possible process disturbances. Once control systems are added to the process dynamic
simulations can be carried out to confirm the earlier projections.
Computer Aided DesignComputing hardware and software have become indispensable tools in process and plant
design. the capabilities provided by computers for rapid calculations large storage and logical
decisions plus the available technical and mathematical software permit design engineers to
examine the effect that various design variables will have on the process or plant design and to
be able to do this more rapidly than was required in the past to complete a single design by hand
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calculation. The emphasis of the design engineer has therefore shifted from problem solving to
one of conceiving examining and implementing alternative solutions that meet a specified need.
Chapter 5 provides a brief introduction to computer software useful for process and plant design
and to approaches in design that take advantage of the capacities of computers appropriate
software.
Process simulators are often useful in generating database because of their extensive data banks
of pure component properties and physical property correlations for ideal and non-ideal
mixtures. When such data are unavailable simulation programs can regress experimental data
obtained in the laboratory or pilot plant for empirical or theoretical curve fitting. The computer
aided process simulator is also a useful tool in preparing material and energy balances.
Spreadsheet software is another tool used by all chemical engineers because of the availability of
personal computers ease of use and adaptability to many types of sign problems. This software is
especially useful for mass and energy balances approximate sizing of equipment cost estimating
and economic analysis steps of process design. It is less useful for more detailed equipmentdesign since the complex algorithms usually necessary for this step are somewhat more difficult
to incorporate into a spreadsheet.
Cost Estimation
As soon the final process design stage is completed it becomes possible to make accurate
cost estimations because detailed equipment specifications and definite plant facility information
are available. Direct price quotations based on detailed specifications can then be obtained from
various equipment vendors. However as mentioned earlier no design project should proceeds tothe final stages before costs are considered and cost estimates should be made throughout all the
early stages of the design even when complete specifications are not available. Evaluation of
costs in the preliminary design phases is referred to as predesign cost estimation. Such estimates
should be capable of providing a basis for company management to design whether further
capital should be invested in the project.
The chemical engineer (or cost engineer) must be certain to consider all possible factors when
making a cost analysis. Fixed costs, direct production costs for raw materials, labor,
maintenance, power and utilities must all be included along with costs for plant and
administrative overhead, distribution of the final products, and other miscellaneous item.
Chapter 6 presents many of the special techniques that have been developed for making
predesign cost estimations. Labor and material indices standard cost ratios, and special
multiplication factors are examples of information used in making design estimates of costs. The
final test as to the validity of any cost estimation can come only when the completed plant has
been put into operation. However if the design engineer is well acquainted what the various
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estimation methods and their accuracy, it is possible to make remarkably close cost estimations
event before the final process design gives detailed specifications.