flow of a fluid: example water. chapter 5yodh/phys18/fluids_lec2.pdfflow of a fluid: example water....

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Flow of a fluid: Example Water. Consider the motion of a small volume of water at a point P. It is moving with velocity: vector v in the figure. The lines are drawn along the velocity vector at each point : called streamlines. Water does not flow across them. Chapter 5 

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Page 1: Flow of a fluid: Example Water. Chapter 5yodh/phys18/fluids_lec2.pdfFlow of a fluid: Example Water. Consider the motion of a small volume of water at a point P. ... How does one move

Flow of a fluid: Example Water.Consider the motion of a small volume of water at a point P. It ismoving with velocity: vector v in the figure. The lines are drawn alongthe velocity vector at each point : called streamlines. Water does notflow across them. 

Chapter 5 

Page 2: Flow of a fluid: Example Water. Chapter 5yodh/phys18/fluids_lec2.pdfFlow of a fluid: Example Water. Consider the motion of a small volume of water at a point P. ... How does one move

Pascal's Principle: Deals with transmission of pressuredisturbance in a fluid and its container : Statement is

pages 153­154

“A Change in pressure of an enclosed incompressible fluidis conveyed undiminished to every part of the fluid and to the surfaces of the container.”

Now we consider water flow situations– needs fluid containers and pipes to guide the water .  Quantities involved in understanding flow are:1. kinetic energy of water flow, 2. pressure energy of water and3. if the flow is between different heights then gravitational potential energy.

Page 3: Flow of a fluid: Example Water. Chapter 5yodh/phys18/fluids_lec2.pdfFlow of a fluid: Example Water. Consider the motion of a small volume of water at a point P. ... How does one move

Conservation of water flow through a tube: 

 Flow per second across crossection at point 1:  A1 v1

Flow per second across crossection at point 2:  A2 v2

Water coming in at 1 must come out at 2, hence A1 v1=A2 v2

 This is the equation of continuity, Note density is constant in water

Page 4: Flow of a fluid: Example Water. Chapter 5yodh/phys18/fluids_lec2.pdfFlow of a fluid: Example Water. Consider the motion of a small volume of water at a point P. ... How does one move

How does one move water through a pipe? By pressure differences.

Fig 5.2.1 page 152

Page 5: Flow of a fluid: Example Water. Chapter 5yodh/phys18/fluids_lec2.pdfFlow of a fluid: Example Water. Consider the motion of a small volume of water at a point P. ... How does one move

Pressure is energy per unit volume. Flow of water must conserve energy. Energy in non­turbulent fluid flow comes in three forms:(pages 154­156)Pressure energyEnergy of motion or kinetic energyPotential energy due to the relative heights of the water

We will take about energy densities; i.e. energy per unit volume.

Mass of water per unit volume is  water=  whose units are kg /m3

Kinetic energy density   KE per unit mass =  12v2

Potential energy  density PE=g h

Page 6: Flow of a fluid: Example Water. Chapter 5yodh/phys18/fluids_lec2.pdfFlow of a fluid: Example Water. Consider the motion of a small volume of water at a point P. ... How does one move

The total energy per unit mass at any point in the flow is:

 Total Energy density =P12v2g h=Constant

provided there are no sources or sinks of water in the flow

This is Bernoulli's equation:  Equation 5.2.4

For an incompressible fluid in steady flow, the sum of its pressure potential energy, its kinetic energy and its gravitational potential energy is constant along a streamline. 

Incompressible means its density is a constant. 

Page 7: Flow of a fluid: Example Water. Chapter 5yodh/phys18/fluids_lec2.pdfFlow of a fluid: Example Water. Consider the motion of a small volume of water at a point P. ... How does one move

Why does the water come out with high speed ?

Page 8: Flow of a fluid: Example Water. Chapter 5yodh/phys18/fluids_lec2.pdfFlow of a fluid: Example Water. Consider the motion of a small volume of water at a point P. ... How does one move

 Continuity Equation:  A1 v1=A2 v2

 Hence  v2=A1

A2

v1v1

 Uxe Bernoulli's equation 12v1

2p1=12v2

2p2

 Which is larger ?  p1  or p2 ?

 We write

p2−p1=12v1

2−A1

A2

2

v12

 As  A1  is  greater than  A2

p2p1

Faster the flow lower the pressure !

Page 9: Flow of a fluid: Example Water. Chapter 5yodh/phys18/fluids_lec2.pdfFlow of a fluid: Example Water. Consider the motion of a small volume of water at a point P. ... How does one move

Some air flows upwards through the nozzles shown in the figure. Depending on the pressure of air in the tube the balls rise to different heights.

Page 10: Flow of a fluid: Example Water. Chapter 5yodh/phys18/fluids_lec2.pdfFlow of a fluid: Example Water. Consider the motion of a small volume of water at a point P. ... How does one move

Chapter 6.3 pages 187­190

Page 11: Flow of a fluid: Example Water. Chapter 5yodh/phys18/fluids_lec2.pdfFlow of a fluid: Example Water. Consider the motion of a small volume of water at a point P. ... How does one move

Which way will the baseball curve ?  Section 6.2 

Page 12: Flow of a fluid: Example Water. Chapter 5yodh/phys18/fluids_lec2.pdfFlow of a fluid: Example Water. Consider the motion of a small volume of water at a point P. ... How does one move

Why is accumulating cholesterol bad for you ? 

Plaque formation and blood vessel constriction.

Viscocity: friction in fluid flow

 Pouiseuille's Law: 

V t

=

128 pL

D4

 where L is the length of the tube  ;  is the viscocity ;

D is the diameter of the tube and  p  is the head of pressure

Page 13: Flow of a fluid: Example Water. Chapter 5yodh/phys18/fluids_lec2.pdfFlow of a fluid: Example Water. Consider the motion of a small volume of water at a point P. ... How does one move

Measuring Pressure: I

partial vacuum

Air pressure supports the column ofliquid. 

With mercury as fluid: 76 cm heightWith Water as fluid: 10 meters height

76 cm is 30 inches. 

When weatherman says pressure isfalling and is 29.5 inches  we havea low pressure. 

Page 14: Flow of a fluid: Example Water. Chapter 5yodh/phys18/fluids_lec2.pdfFlow of a fluid: Example Water. Consider the motion of a small volume of water at a point P. ... How does one move

Atomizer : pressure drops at the constriction and sucks up fluid and blowsit out in a spray.

Page 15: Flow of a fluid: Example Water. Chapter 5yodh/phys18/fluids_lec2.pdfFlow of a fluid: Example Water. Consider the motion of a small volume of water at a point P. ... How does one move