floristic and microbial diversity in different coal mine overburdens and adjacent natural forest of...

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International Journal of Scientific Research in Environmental Sciences, 2(8), pp. 289-300, 2014

Available online at http://www.ijsrpub.com/ijsres

ISSN: 2322-4983; 2014 IJSRPUB

http://dx.doi.org/10.12983/ijsres-2014-p0289-0300

289

Full Length Research Paper

Floristic And Microbial Diversity In Different Coal Mine Overburdens And Adjacent

Natural Forest Of Chhattisgarh, India

Krishna Kumar Chandra

Associate Professor, Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Environmental Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Central University,Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh- 495009, India; Email:[email protected]

Received 15 April 2014; Accepted 12 July 2014

Abstract. In the present study, percent AMF (Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi) colonization and spore density in differentoverburden vegetations and in natural forest was evaluated to study the pattern of recovery of vegetation at overburdens. Totaleight forest species were planted on coal mine overburdens aged 2, 3 and 5 years located in nearby areas of Korba, India.Sissoo (Dalbergia sissoo), Peltaphorum (Peltaphorum ferrugineum) and Bamboo (Dendrocalamus strictus) were best inharboring highest number of AMF. The mean root colonization in tree species was increased 61.98% in 3 years and 110.23%in 5 years compared with the species of 2 year. The dominant AMF were Acaulospora scrobiculata and Rhizophagusirregularisin 2 year overburdens andFunneliformismosseae, Gigasporaand Sclerocystisin older overburdens and forest soil.The diversity index of AMF was found 1.80, 2.14 and 2.49 in 2, 3 and 5 year overburdens respectively while the diversityindex of other soil fungi was found 1.61 in 2 years, 1.73 in 3 year and 2.10 in 5 year aged of overburdens compared to naturalforest (2.21). Total 11, 25 and 29 ground species were recorded from 2, 3, 5 year overburden respectively and 25 species fromthe site of natural forest. The root colonization in ground vegetation was found 28.03%, 31.86% and 39.43% in 2, 3 and 5 year

old re-vegetated overburden respectively in comparison to natural forest (29.08%). The status of soil pH and phosphorus wasalso ameliorated in older dumps.

Keywords:AMF, Overburden, Re-vegetation, Succession, Diversity.

1. INTRODUCTION

Mining is a vital activity to the development andeconomic growth of developing countries like India.The products of the mining sector are not onlyessential for developmental activities and manyindustrial processes, but are also often a valuable

source of foreign exchange earnings (GOI, 2011).Mining operations involves loss of forest tree speciesand ground vegetation, loss of top soil, disturbance ofsoil microbial population and creation of waste tailingoverburden. Rehabilitation and reclamation of suchdisturbed ecosystems is a difficult task as becauseoverburden spoils are initially deficient in nutrientsand microbial population (Visser et al., 1979).Overburden soil is often massive, sandy in texture,lacking in organic carbon and poor water-holdingcapacity. The biological restoration is an onlytechnique to rejuvenate such sites. Understanding

such ecosystem including the process of primary andsecondary succession may help in the ecologicalrestoration of these sites (Thompson et al., 1984).

A major component of the soil microbialcommunity is a group of fungi that form a symbiotic

association with the roots of most terrestrial plantsknown as AMF (Brundett, 1991). AMF plays asignificant role in successful rehabilitations of manystress areas having nutrient deficiencies, soil, waterand air pollutions and plantations by increasing theabsorption of phosphorus and some micronutrientsand also by increasing the performance of pioneer

plants. AMF provide larger network of mycelium(Jasper et al., 1992) which enable and stimulate hostplant to essential minerals and water absorption(Jakobson, 1995), growth hormones (Barea andAzcon-Anguilar, 1982), protect from various

pathogens and compensation of pH and toxicity ofheavy metal (Sylvia and Williams, 1990).

Allen and Allen (1980) reported that the rate ofplant succession on a disturbed site depend on the rateat which AMF fungal inoculums increase with time.It is also established that AMF inoculums levels areinherently important in the establishment and

maintenance of healthy plant community especiallywhen the conditions are unfavorable for plantdevelopment. The development of microbialcommunity and colonization of primary vegetation aredependents on tree species chosen for restoration.
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


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AMF forms associations with the tree and support thedevelopment of root systems and intake of water andnutrients which increase the viability of plants andtheir resistance to diseases (Kernaghan et al., 2002). Itis also established that all the trees does not formequal rate of symbiosis but this is determined byinteraction between both the component for theacquisition of photosynthetes and nutrients

particularly phosphorus (Marshner and Dell, 1994).Only few tree species which are native, fast growingand mycotrophic performs better who have additionalability to interact with AMF, develops root systemeasier, withstand under adverse condition minedoverburden (Dutta and Agrawal, 2002).

AMF are most beneficial in restoration ecosystemsof many degraded areas where the nutrients are

deficient, scarce in soil moisture, unfavorable pH, andthe plants capable of forming symbiosis is high.These fungi can make important contribution to thesuccess of re-vegetation by increasing the supply ofnutrient and water via mycelium network, maintainingground diversity by improving the soil nutrient statushowever, succession increases the proportion ofspecialists within the community and decreases thenumber of interactions (Bennett, 2013). Therestoration techniques should focus on the planting ofsuitable tree species which not only establish easily onmined overburden but also allow the development of

other ground flora and microbes to optimize thebiological recovery as earliest with the amelioration ofsoil nutrient status.

The restoration of degraded areas now has aworldwide interest but the available information oninteraction of AMF in relation to the planted treespecies and other ground vegetation is still inadequate.Although the current period is characterized by strongattempts to attenuate and revitalize mining heaps,most of the impacted areas have not yet been revived.This needs study and experiment on the pattern ofspecies composition and AMF status in different

plants on overburden dumps to understand theinteraction and associations between the plant speciesand AMF. Therefore, present study was conducted tostudy the development of AMF in tree species plantedand natural flora to evaluate the composition, diversityindex of vegetation and AMF in different minedoverburdens after restoration in comparison to theadjacent degraded Sal (Shorea robusta L.) forest tounderstand the rate of recovery after mining.

2. MATERIAL AND METHODS

2.1. Study site

The study sites are located within 6 km from SouthEastern Coal Field Limited, Korba, Chhattisgarh,

India and lie between 8304632 E longitudes and 2201851 N latitude. The climate of the study site istropical with maximum temperature up to 470Cduring May-June and minimum up to 70C in January.Rainy days mainly occur between June to Septemberwith an annual rainfall ranging from 900 to 1170mm.

2.2. Survey of tree species

Forest Development Corporation and South EasternCoal Field Limited has jointly affforested theoverburden using tree species viz. Dalbergia sissoo,Acacia nilotica, Peltophorum ferrugineum, Gmelinaarborea, Dendrocalamus strictus, Acaciaauriculiformis, Albizzia procera, Ailanthus excelsa,Eucalyptus camaldulensis. Many other species were

also planted at the overburden but aforesaid werecommon in all overburdens selected for study. Thespecies were planted in a block between July toSeptember at 3m X 3m spacing with 1111density ha -1.In present investigation 3 overburdens reclaimed 2, 3and 5 year earlier spread each in 10 ha areas wereselected and degraded Sal (Shorea robustaL.) forest(15 km away from mining site) were treated as controlsite.

2.3. Collection of soil and root samples

A systematic survey was made three times namelyAugust, December and April month to record theground flora in different dumps. The map of eachoverburden is divided into grid at 50 m apart from the

boundary and marked the points. From each points(10 x 10m) tree species were counted, identified and 5composite samples of soil and root were collected (0-20cm depth) near the trunk of the tree. The pointsmarked on the overburden were considered asreplications. Total 7 replications were considered inthe study. One kg sample was taken from each place.

2.4. Estimation of AMF Status in roots and Soil

AMF spore was evaluated by wet sieving anddecanting techniques of Gerdemann and Nicolson(1963). Number of spores and sporocarps in 100g soilwas counted under stereo-microscope. The sporeswere mounted in PVLG and identified using themanual of Schenck and Perez (1990) and Schublerand Walker (2010). The development of AMF in rootsof tree and ground vegetation was determined as perPhillips and Hayman (1970). Fine roots of plant werewashed twice and steamed boiled in 10% KOHsolution for 15 minutes then the excess of KOH inroots was neutralized by using HCL (5%). The rootswere stained with trypan blue 0.01% and examinedunder compound microscope for the vesicles,


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arbuscules and hyphae. Other fungal was isolated inPDA medium using dilution plate techniques and the

relative colonies of the fungus were counted.

Table 1:Development of AMF fungi in rhizosphere of different tree species used for restoration of coal mine overburdensPlant Species Year of Plantations on Overburden

2 year 3 years 5 YearsRoot

colonization(%)

SporeDensity(100g soil)

Rootcolonization

(%)


Rootcolonization

(%)


Acacia auriculiformis 17.79 59 38.83 95 61.03 192Acacia nilotica 20.70 68 19.00 119 18.47 145Albizzia procera 16.10 46 18.25 85 18.26 109Dalbergia sissoo 28.18 85 44.60 149 63.04 272Dendrocalamus strictus 26.18 80 39.91 115 43.50 201Eucalyptus hybrid 11.45 39 30.80 180 39.88 238Gmelina arborea 12.53 60 22.25 107 22.31 103Peltophorum ferrugineum 14.00 63 24.30 133 42.35 105CD P


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3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

3.1. AMF development in tree Rhizosphere

The results of the present study revealed that all theforest tree species planted in the selected overburdenwere colonized by AMF fungi and significantlydiffered the rate of root colonization and spore

populations at P


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(d)


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Table 4:Abundance value and AMF root colonization in natural vegetation of overburden and natural forest.Botanical name of ground Species Reclaimed coal mine overburden Natural Forest

2 years 3 years 5 yearsADV* Percent

colonizat

ion

ADV Percentcolonizat

ion


ion


ionAlysicarpus monilifer - - - - 1.25 80.00 - -Aristida adscendens 1.66 46.25 1.50 28.00 9.25 42.76 - -Atylosia scarabaeoides - - 1.00 61.37 1.33 45.00 2.00 45.00Blumea lacera 3.40 Nm - - - - - -Borreria hispida - - 1.50 7.96 - - - -Cynodon dactylon 2.00 31.81 3.25 60.30 5.75 58.00 2.00 70.39Desmodium triflorum - - 3.00 66.60 5.60 80.00 9.60 51.95Eclipta prostrate 1.66 46.46 - - - - - -Emilia sonchifolia - - 1.00 22.46 - - - -Eragrostis viscose - - - - - - 3.66 38.50Euphorbia hirta 1.00 13.00 1.00 26.97 1.25 28.22 2.66 24.54Evolvulus alsinoides - - - - - - 7.00 56.56E. nummularis 4.50 49.56 1.33 32.50 3.75 69.40 6.00 66.37Hedyotis sp. - - 1.00 24.30Hydanthus enneaspermus - - 1.00 30.16 1.50 46.95 4.00 66.00Mecardonia procumbens - - - - 3.50 Nm - -Mollugo pentaphylla - - 1.00 15.33 - - - -Melochia carchorifolia 1.20 41.00 - - - - - -Merrimia tridentate - - - - 1.00 80.00 - -Pennisetum pedicelatum - - - - 1.50 80.37 - -Pennisetum sp. - - - - 5.00 58.00 - -Phyllanthus simplex - - 3.00 57.00 - - 7.33 34.00Pteris longifolia - - - - - - 1.00 NmP. pellucid - - - - - - 4.00 NmSaccharum munja 2.50 38.00 3.60 45.50 5.75 62.36 - -Scrophulariceae sp. - - 3.33 Nm - - - -Sida cordata - - 1.00 62.00 1.50 62.00 - -Tridax procumbens 1.50 21.66 1.00 17.91 1.00 66.54 2.33 60.16

Vernonia cinerea - - 1.00 21.76 1.00 46.06 - -Waltheria indica - - - - - - 3.00 NmZornia gibbosa - - 1.50 30.00 1.50 11.15 1.66 3.57Unknown A - - 2.50 27.96 6.00 43.98 - -Unknown B - - - - 1.00 11.54 - -Unknown C - - - - 1.66 9.38 1.34 46.85SHRUB

Aeschynomene indica - - - - 1.00 28.06 - -Calotropis procera 1.25 21.66 1.00 21.67 1.00 38.00 3.33 NmCassia tora - - 1.00 10.00 3.33 Nm 9.50 NmCrotolaria prostrate - - 1.33 69.51 - - 3.33 NmHemidesmus indicus 2.50 69.45Hyptis suaveolens 1.25 41.00 1.66 55.33 16.20 82.00 4.00 80.35Indigofera linifolia - - - - 1.50 13.96 - -

Lantana camera - - - - 2.00 82.09 - -Parthenium sp. - - - - - - 1.75 31.90Solanum surattense - - 1.33 9.11 - - - -Tephrosia purpurea - - 1.50 21.95 - - - -Ulna lobata - - - - 3.66 Nm 2.33 NmWoodfordia floribunda - - - - - - 3.50 NmXanthium strumarium - - - - 1.33 Nm 2.50 27.00Zizyphus jujube - - - - 1.33 30.00 - -Zylia xylocarpa - - - - - - 4.33 36.63

Note- ADV- Abundance value, Nm- AMF not detected.

The species which were abundant in 2 yearoverburden were replaced by another set of species inolder overburden and natural forest. Blumea lacera,Eclipta prostrate, Melochia carchorifolia andSaccharum munjawere reported as primary colonizersas they only appear in younger dumps. On the otherhand,Alysicarpus monilifer, Mecardonia procumbens,

Pennisetum pedicelatum, Indigofera linifolia, Lantanacamera, Xanthium strumarium, Ulna lobata andZyziphus jujube only appear in older dumps (Table -

3). Some species viz. Cynodon dactylon, Euphorbiahirta, Evolvulus alsinoides, E. nummularis, Tridax

procumbens, Calotropis procera and Hyptissuaveolenswere more common in all the overburdens


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and forest showing their ability of wide adoptions.The species in five year overburden were 14% higherthan the plants from natural forest though the variationexisted in species composition as shrub species weredominant in forest area whereas herbs were dominantin overburdens. The species composition, richness andabundance varied in overburdens and in forest areaindicates that more time will be needed to reach its

pre-mining level in species composition andcommunity structure similar to forest. Similarly Jasperet al. (1989) Korb et al. (2003), Mukhopadhyay andMaiti (2009) reported the recovery period ofvegetation in mining area between 4 to 20 yearsdepending upon the species interaction to AMF andthe improvement in nutrient status of soil.

Table 5:Relative density of other fungi in re-vegetated mining overburdens and natural forest.Fungal Species Reclaimed coal mine overburden Natural Forest

2 Years 3 Years 5 YearsAspergillus sp. 20 26 26 9A.niger 5 5 5 4A.flavus 7 - 6 5A. repens - 60 3 -Cladosporium - 1 - 3Curvularia - - - 2Dematiaceous - - 7 -Fusarium - 2 1 6Microphomina - - - 4Mucor 2 1 - 1Mycelia sterilia - 3 4 -Penicilium 39 10 1 23P. meleogrimum - 12 4 -P. notatum - 2 31 21Rhizopus - - 14 2Trichoderma - - 2 4No of genera 7.00 8.00 9.00 11.00Fungal diversity 1.61 1.735 2.109 2.211Dominance index 0.247 0.252 0.167 0.149

Note: Relative density of isolates from 1: 1000 soil dilution plates.

Fig. 2:(a) Family Composition of ground flora; (b) Mean AMF infection (%) in roots of ground flora

There were significant differences (CD= 3.22,2.80, 4.09 and 3.55 for 2, 3, 5 and natural forestrespectively) in the mean percentage of AMFcolonization in ground species occurred in differentoverburdens and natural forest (Table 4). It is evident

that the increasing age of re-vegetated overburdenwith higher AMF root colonization and nutrientmodification in soil support the establishment of

primary species reflected into greater diversity ofvegetation, AMF and other fungal diversity. The tree

species planted in overburden might capture the viableAMF species and transferred to other vegetation sincegermination resulted in a higher species compositionand diversity index in older dumps (Table 4). Thehighest percentage of root colonization was reported

in Evolvulus nummularis, followed by Ecliptaprostrate and Aristida adscendens in 2 yearoverburden and Crotolaria prostrate, Desmodiumtriflorum and Sida cordata in 3 year overburden. Infive year overburden 10 species showed more than 60


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percent root colonization, with highest values inLantana camera and Hyptis suaveolens. The meanAMF colonization of roots of ground flora were28.03%, 31.86% and 39.43% for 2, 3 and 5 year oldre-vegetated overburden respectively, while in naturalforest the percentage of root colonization was 29.08%(Fig. 2b). The abundance value of ground species and

percentage of AMF colonization showed a positivecorrelation (r2=0.085, r2=0.075, r2= 0.640, r2=0.015

at 2, 3, 5 years dumps and natural forest respectively).This might be possible due to impact of AMFassociations with species for taking of extra benefitsfor better tolerance to drought and for efficientabsorption of P as these two are identified as a majorfactors for plant establishment in mined area (Jasper etal. 1991; Leung et al., 2007; Mukhopadhyay andMaiti, 2009).

Fig. 3: (a) A Fresh Coal Mine Overburden; (b) Root ofD. sissoocolonized by AMF; (c)Acaulospora scrobiculata; (d)Sclerocystisspecies; (e) View of root zone occurring AMF


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Like AMF, other fungi of soil were reported higherwith the increasing age of the overburden (Table 5).Eleven genera of fungi was identified from forest soilwith diversity index of 2.21while, the lowest fungaldiversity (1.61) was reported in 2 year overburden(Fig. 2c) and increasing with the age of theoverburden. Aspergillusspecies andPenicilliumwerefound to be the most dominant fungal groups in allsites studied. The increasing status of other fungi inmined soil also might be enhanced the mineralization

process subsequently resulted in to higher nutrientsstatus in old overburden thus the soil became capableof supporting higher number ground flora as alsoreported by Dwivedi and Soni (2011).

The organic carbon and available P was found tobe improved over succession processes as influenced

by tree species and AMF. Similar findings were alsoreported by Jasper et al. (1991) in coal mine areas.The available phosphorus which influences theinteraction (Marschner and Dell, 1994) was improvedfrom 4.20 ppm to 7.39 ppm within 3 year period ofrestoration however more time will be needed toachieve the level of natural forest (Fig. -1b, 1c and1d). In mining operations, the top soil is altered anddumped in the form of huge overburden which do notsupport plant establishment and development due toloss of organic carbon, nutrients and microbial

population (Jasper et al., 1991). The recovery of

vegetation, habitat development, succession trends insuch degraded sites the applications of top soil,organic amendments (Hendrychova, 2008), AMF andselection of native species are important phenomenon.This process may help the faster recovery ofcommunity structure and soil nutrient status ofoverburden to pre-mining level.

4. CONCLUSION

The population densities of AMF fungi increasesfollowing restoration treatments and afforested tree

species capable of higher degree of AMF colonizationand spore multiplication. D. sissoo, Dendrocalamusstrictus and Acacia auriculiformis was the mostfavourable species as it harbored and colonized more

by AMF fungi than other tree species. Number ofground flora occurred on different overburdens afterrestoration through these tree species was increasedwith the age of the overburden with the modificationin soil characteristics, AMF status and other soilfungi. The ground vegetation in five year overburdenwas reported higher than the forest areas, howevertheir composition varied with each other indicates thatmore times will be needed to achieve the level ofnatural forest. The abundance value of ground speciesand AMF colonization in root was positivelycorrelated (r2=0.085, r2=0.075, r2= 0.640, r2=0.015 at

2, 3, 5 years dumps and natural forest respectively)shows interaction of higher species number, AMFdiversity and other fungi. The soil characteristic indifferent mined overburdens was also improved afterrestoration and increase in the age of overburden.AMF may be applied for the successful restoration ofmine overburden and faster recovery of plant speciesdiversity and microbial populations at overburden.

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Associate Professor Dr Krishna Kumar Chandra obtained his Master degree from Guru GhasidasUniversity, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh (India) in Master of Science in Forestry, Wildlife and EnvironmentalSciences in 1992. He later pursued doctoral degree in Forestry from Forest Research Institute, Dehradun(Deemed University), India with Rejuvenation of Mine land with AMF in 1998. He has 15 years of

experiences in teaching, research and extension on agriculture, forestry and wasteland development.Currently, Dr. Chandra serves Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Environmental Sciences asAssociate Professor. He has published more than 50 research paper and 50 articles in professional

journals and magazines. He has awarded with gold Medal for Merit in Forestry, best paper presentationand many other awards. He has completed many research projects and presently working on one major

research project on AMF funded by University Grant Commission, India. His vast experience has enabled him to conductnumerous talks and seminars at national levels.

floristic and microbial diversity in different coal mine overburdens and adjacent natural forest of...

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