florida mosquito control associationwingbeats.floridamosquito.org/wingbeats/pdfs/vol6no3.pdf ·...

of the American Mosquito Control Association by the Florida Mosquito Control Association

Vol 6 No 3 Fall 1995

QUIET ~ DURABLE LIGHTWEIGHT

HIGHLY EFFECTIVE ROTARY ATOMIZER ~up to 100 control at one mile in caged field tests

~each Atomizer furnished with a LASER Certified Droplet Certificate

~totally electric 12Volt DC

middot -

Pro-Mist trade 25 HD Heavy-Duty ULV Sprayer

150 LBS w battery 32L X 28W X 40H

12-Gallon (opt 20-Gal)

WEIGHT SIZE

INSECTICIDE

Pro-Mist trade 15MP Multi-Purpose ULV Sprayer


5-Gallon (opt twin 5-Gal)

middot

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Beecomist Systems Ground and Aerial Spray Systems

3255 Meetinghouse RdbullTelfordbullPAbull18969bullUSA 800-220-0787bull215-721-9424bullFAX 215-721-0751

Mosquito Tick amp Flying Insect Control Products for Public Health amp Outdoor Recreation

Editors Dr Charlie Marrs Vera Beach FL Dr Eric Schreiber Panama City FL Dennis Moore Ft Myers FL

Assistant- Editors John Gamble Daytona Beach FL James McNelly Cape May Court House NJ Sandy Wall Vera Beach FL

COLUMN EDITORS Biosynopsis

Dr Charles Apperson Raleigh NC Chemline

Dr Carlisle Rathburn Panama City FL Chip Chat

Thomas Floore Panama City FL Ay Wheels

Jim Robinson Odessa FL Going Public

Kellie Etherson Gainesville FL Neil Wilkinson Fort Myers FL

Industry Dave Dame Gainesville FL

Vector Bearing Dr Donald Shroyer Vera Beach FL

FLORIDA MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION PO Box 11867 Jacksonville FL 32311 904743-4482 FAX 904743-6879

1994-1995 BOARD OF DIRECTORS PRESIDENT Robert Ward Punta Gorda FL PRESIDENT ELECT W Gene Baker Tallahassee FL VICE-PRESIDENT Alan Curtis Vero Beach FL SECRETARY-TREASURER Elisabeth Beck

Jacksonville FL IMMEDIATE PAST PRESIDENT Dr Richard Baker

Vera Beach FL NW REGIONAL DIRECTOR Edward Hunter

Panama City Beach FL NE REGIONAL DIRECTOR Richard Smith

Jacksonville FL SW REGIONAL DIRECTOR William Opn

Ft Myers FL SE REGIONAL DIRECTOR Joe Marhefka Fort

Lauderdale FL

AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION 2200 East Prien Lake Road PO Box 5416 Lake Charles LA 70606-5416 318474-2723 FAX 318478-9434

1995-1996 BOARD OF DIRECTORS PRESIDENT Dr John D Edman Amherst MA PRESIDENT ELECT Dr Robert J Novak Champaign U VICE-PRESIDENT Dr Gary G Clark San Juan PR PRESIDENT 1994 Dr Chester G Moore Fort Collins CO PRESIDENT 1993 Dr John A Mulrennan Jr

J acksonvi lie FL middot TREASURER Charles T Palmisano Slidell LA EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR Robert T Graham Lake

Charles LA

REGiONAL DIRECTORS Canada Dr Barry Tyler 0Jton Canada North Atlantic Dr Kenneth W Ludlam Kingston MA Mid-Atlantic Dr Bruce Harrson Winston-Salem NC South All antic Edgar A Hughes Mobile AL North Central Dr Linn Haramis Springfield IL South Central Lucas Terracina Lake Charles LA West Central Dr Frederick Holbrook Laramie WY North Pacific Tom Haworth Othello W A South Pacific Dr Charles Beesley Clayton CA Latin American-Caribbean Dr Yadira Rangel

Caracas Venezuela Industry Director William J Zawicki Freehold NJ

of the American Mosquito Control Association by the Florida Mosquito Control Associalion

Volume 6 Number 3 Falll995

CONTENTS

Going Public Public Education at a Nature Center 4 by Sheryl Ayler

Flywheels Rokon All Terrain Tractor 8 by Michael Morrison

Chip Chat Flight Guidance Recording amp Analysis for Aerial Application 11 by Bill Reynolds Mark Latham and Joe Ruff

From a Distance Mosquitoes on St Helena 16 by James McPherson

Chemline Integrated Mosquito Management 18 by Henry R Rupp

Natures Way Larva Pupa and Metamorphosis 22 by Robert E Snodgrass

Viewpoint Mosquito Control Programs The Year 2000 24 by John Gamble

The Florida Mosquito Control Association has not tested any of the products advertised or referred to in this publication nor has it verified any of the statements made in any of the advertiseshyments or articles The Association does not warrant expressly or implied the fitness of any product advertised or the suitability of any advice or statements contained herein Opinions expressed in this publication are not necessarily the opinions or policies of the Florida Mosquito Control Association or the American Mosquito Control Association

1995 Florida Mosquito Control Association All rights reserved Reproduction in whole or part for educational purposes is pennitted without pennission with proper citation

WING BEATS Published quarterly as the official publication of the Florida Mosquito Control Associashytion This publication is intended to keep all interested parties informed on matters as they relate to mosquito control particularly in the United States

EDITORIAL Address all correspondence regarding technical editorial matters to Dr Charlie Morris Editor Wing Beats magazine Florida Medical Entomology Laooratory IFAS-University of Florida 200 9th St SE Vera Beach FL 32962 telephone 407 (778-7204 FAX 407 (778-7204

ADVERTISEMENTS Address all correspondence regarding advertisements to Mrs Debra Tarver OutshydoorTech Inc 1499 Morning Dove Road Tallahassee FL3232 904668-2352

ABOUT THE COVER Mantid Grooming by Robert Copeland Best of show at the 1994 AMCA annual meeting photo salon

Going Public

II Sheryl Ayler

Painful budget cuts during recent years prompted many of us in the mosshyquito control profession to question why there is such a lack of support for our programs Part of the answer may lie in middot the publics lack of knowledge about mosquito control activities and the benshyefits derived from them Initiating or enshyhancing a public relations pro-gram may help to resolve this situation

Public relations efshyforts can be tailored to fit any budget To getideas on various

Public Education at a Nature Center

information about mosquito biology and control to their wetlands classes

A typical day involves approxishymately 60 students divided in to four groups Each group is rotated among the two instructors and the mosquito conshytrol biologist Sessions with individual groups average between 45-55 minutes

MOSQUITO EDUCATION SESSION

The mosquito education session takes place in an outdoor classshyroom Students are seated on log benches arranged in

Official Mosquito Hawk Report

Did you find any rri()Sq~ito- larvae - middotmiddot _ If you found Iarvae what-kind ()f

water were they in _-

2 middot How -many contairiersvlib mos- middot qiiito larvae-did yomiddotu empty~ middot

3 Did yomiddotu find any places where-_we _ could addrnosqllito fish tQ eat mos~ middot

middotmiddot quitolatvae (These places should have perniiment water such as a

middot pqnd ditch or abandoned swim- ~ n1il~gpoot) middot -_ - -middot - - middot middot middot

middot 4 _Do -~u timiddotaveally_-middotideasmiddotmiddotho-w tp_-~~~ middot 4hce pjobii_mi with mosquitoesmiddot _-

5 middot Do~s the middotni aiemiddotmiddot )~osquit~ have bushier antehnae thai the Iernale middot

q D~ 6~iyf~~middotai-~s ~ite ~~d suck

PR methods one need only request information from the Florida Mosquito Control Association Public Information Committee If school chil- H A 1 l

a wooded area adjashycent to a swamp Folshy

lowing the presentation students ventu re over a

boardwalk on the swamp to sample for mosquitoes

middot_blood middot middot middot middot middotmiddot middot

7 _ ca~ inosquiio eims -b~_cdme -~dults dren are your target audishyence there are ways to provide information to them One good way to reach them in a limited amount of time is through a pre-existing nature center edushycational program

POLK COUNTY PUBLIC EDUCATION PROGRAM

The Polk County Florida School Board funds a nature center program that is attended by all fourth and fifth grade students as a one day field trip School teachers select one of several topics ofshyfered (such as wetlands conservation fossils) and then schedule their classes The environmental education instructors provide transportation to and from the nature center and direct all of the studies and hands-on work the students perform

Polk County Environmental Operashytions which conducts mosquito control became involved in this program in 1991 The environmental education instructors were glad to have a volunteer present

4 FALL 1995 WING BEATS

The sessiltn begins with a discusshysion about what the students already know about mosquito biology This is followed by a description of the mosquito bite and the diseases they transmit

Poster boards with large color phoshytos and illustrations are used to depict the mosquito life cycle biology gender characteristics and their role in the food chain Various aquatic habitats are disshycussed and the importance of eliminatshying container habitats by residents is emphasized Many students are surshyprised to learn that those wiggly things in water-filled containers are actually mosquito larvae Live larvae and mosshyquito fish are available for students to examine up close See boxes (plastic containers with a magnification cover) containing adult mosquitoes enable stushydents to observe morphological differshyences between males and females and among species Surveillance methods are

in abOut $everi (lqys middot - _ -

bo yo~ ~rijoy being - ~ middotmosquiio middot hawk middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot middot

o6 you pJan middoton - h~nti~~--f~r ~i~9s~_ middotquitoes aga~n middot -middot middotmiddotmiddot i middot

lO~WliL~ny of youtfriends n-eip -youshy hunt for rnosquitoes ~

described to help students understand how mosquito problems are located A CDC light trap and mosquito sampling dipper are also demonstrated

Various control methods used in Polk County are described and compared inshycluding a demonstration of biocontrol by feeding live larvae to mosquito fish Stushydents are informed that these fish proshyvide excellent control in many permanent water habitats and are available free of charge from Polk County Mosquito Conshytrol

Following the presentation students proceed to the boardwalk where they learn how to sample for mosquito larvae and

FOGGING WHAT

Fogging with FONTANreg genuine aerosol generators -the right way for e vector control public health e plant protection in plantations e pest control in store-rooms (warehouse) FONT ANreg und SWINGFQGreg- the complete program of portshyable and truck-mounted cold and thermal fogging machines for all your fog applications Illustration FONTANreg Portastar

MOTAN Swingtec GmbH middot PO Box 13 22 D-88307 lsny middot Germany middot Phone int + 49 7562 708-0 Fax int +4975627081 11 middotTelex 7321524 mota d

E L S E I bull

identify mosquito predators in a natural setting

All students receive an informative pamphlet and a mosquito hawk report which are taken home The mosquito hawk report is used to record informashytion about mosquito breeding sites which the students investigate This informashytion includes the number of container sources eliminated and areas that need mosquito fish Students receive an offishycial mosquito hawk button in return for turning in a completed report to their teacher

This program reached over 3700 stushydents during the 1993-94 school year Thirty-eight percent of the mosquito hawk reports returned indicated that conshytainer breeding sources had been found and eliminated Many students as well as teachers expressed that the session was enjoyable and interesting Receivshying such a favorable response to the proshygram was very rewarding This program has enhanced public education contribshyuted to the reduction of container breedshying sources and located stocking sites for mosquito fish

The environmental education inshystructors have requested that the mosshyquito education presentations remain a permanent part of the nature center proshygram This arrangement has provided a convenient and efficient method of enshyhancing public relations for Polk County Environmental Operations

IMPLEMENTING AN EDUCATION PROGRAM

Similar strategies may help your mosshyquito control agency to promote public relations For more information call Sheryl Ayler at Polk County Environmenshytal Operations (813) 534-7377 or contact the FMCA Public Information Commitshytee Jonas Stewart East Volusia Mosshyquito Control District 1600 AviationshyCenter Parkway Daytona Beach FL 32114-3802 (904) 239-6515 0

Many thanks toJ David Miller and members of the FMCA Public Informashytion Committee for their help in the deshyvelopment of this program

Sheryl Ayler is a Senior Environmental Specialist formiddot Polk County Mosquito Control Bartqw FL middot


FLORIDA MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION

Since 1922

President Robert Ward President Elect Gene Baker Vice President Alan Curtis Secretary-Treasurer Elisabeth Beck Immediate Past President Richard Baker NE Regional Director- Richard Smith SE Regional Director- Joe Marheka NW Regional Director- Ed Hunter SW Regional Director- William R Opp

SUST AlNING MEMBERS

ADAPCO INC - Sanford FL AGR EVO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH Montvale NJ AMERJCAN CYAN AMID CO -Princeton NJ CLARKE MOSQUITO CONTROL PRODUCTS bull Roselle IL middot LONDON FOG INC - Long Lake MN LOWNDES ENGINEERING- Valdosta GA NOVO NORDISK BIOCHEM NORTH AMERJCA

INC -Franklinton NC SANDOZ AGRO INC -Des Plaines IL VALENT USA CORPORATION - Memphis TN VECTEC INC - Orlando FL

Annnal membership dues are $2500 and should be mailed to the Secretary-Treasurer at Post Offioe Box 11867 Jacksonville Florida 32239-1867

ANNUAL MEETING

Nov 12~l-15th 1995 Key West FL Holiday Inn Beachside Phone 941294-2571 Room rate S 85 SID Registration fee TBA

1995-1996 SCHEDULED MEETINGS

DODD SHORT COURSES

Feb 5th-9th 1996 Gai nesvi lie FL Gainesville Radisson 2900 SW 13th Street Phone 904377-4000 Room rate $59 SID Regislration Fee varies

SPRING CONFERENCE

Vero Beach FL Date-TBA Hotel-TBA

For fwther information about the Dodd Short Courses contact Kellie Etherson Gainesville Mosquito Control 405 NW 39th Avenue Gainesville FL 32609904334-2287 FAX 904334-3110 or John Gamble East Volusia Mosquito ContrOl 600 South Street New Smyrna Beach FL 32168-5864904426-7544 FAX 904426-7549

AIRCRAFT PILOT

Full time contractual employment may lead to a permanent appointment with

the Maryland Department of Agriculture in Salisbury MD Operate a Piper Aztex

with Micromistreg9QOA Spray System IFRGPS equipped to apply insecticides to

control mosquitoes forest pests etc oversee loading of insecticides perform

routine aircraft maintenance operations assist mechanic in aircraft repairs Apshy

plicant must have a high school diploma or GED minimum of 2000 hrs docushy

mented flight experience including 1000 hrs pilot in command 500 hrs pilot in

command multi-engine fi xed wing aircraft 100 hrs night flying Applicants must

possess an FAA commercial pilot license with multiple engine fixed wing enshy

dorsement and instrument rating Annual salary range $31631 to $44 870 comshy

mensurate with experience and ability

Submit letter of interest and resume to Catherine Glover Personnel Office

Room 304 Maryland Department of Agriculture 50 Harry S Truman Parkway

Annapolis Maryland 2140 I Resumes must be postmarked no later than Decemshy

ber 29 1995 EEOADA

DIBROMreg Concentrate provides fast consistent knockdown of adult mosquitoes

DIBROM Concentrate will effectively control your large-area mosquito problems whether its residential areas and municishypalities tidal marshes swamps and woodshylands or livestock pastures and feedlots

DIBROM is a fast-acting short residual

organophosphate insecticide that is proven effective against the most tolerant and resistant strains of mosqu itoes

By using DIBROM as labeled you wont affect fish wildlife or livestock so its environmentally compatible It can easily be applied by ground or air and its low application rate gives significant ly more coverage per tankload

If youre looking for a solution to largeshyarea mosquito control look to DIBROM Concentrate Make sure they never get off the ground again

DIBROMregCONCENTRATE Avoid acodenrs For safety read he enirc label Including precautionary sraremiddot menls Use all chemteals only as dtrected 01 BROM tsa regtSlered ltademarkof Chevron ChemiCal Co lor naled tnsecltctde Copy11~n t ~ 191Vallnl USA Coroorahon All rights reserved

VALENTreg

-~ ~

Flywheels

Rokon All Terrain Tractor Michael Morrison

Mosquito Control is a dynamic inshydustry I am constantly searching for new solutions to old problems One of the problems is transportation How can I get my workers equipment and materials into remote forested areas with difficult terrains How can I access wetland arshyeas that require low ground pressure no petroleum contamination low noise no vegetation damage and low fire potenshytial How can I access areas with no roads dense vegetation obstructions railroad tracks steep grades and water crossings The answer to all these quesshytions is the Rokon All Terrain Tractor

Rokon International Inc is a Portsshymouth New Hampshire based company that produces the Rokon a two-wheeled vehicle similar to a dirt bike but with the power of a small tank The Rokon has a top speed of forty mph and can tow up to one thousand pounds The Rokon has found several markets all over the world Its unique off-road capabilities made it useful by the military in Operation Desert Storm The United States Fish and Wildshylife Department the Maryland Park Sershyvice and thousands in Taiwan France Singapore and Japan

I tested the Rokon and various other All Terrain Vehicles (ATVs) for their poshytential in mosquito control during the fall of 1994 I found dirt bikes to be too frag-


ile could not carry passengers or weight well and could not tow Four wheeled ATVs couldnt penetrate deep woods had signifishycant impact upon vegetation comshypacted soil easily required ramps or trailers to transshyport could not cross water bodies easily due to low ground clearance and were very expensive some were in exshycess of $8000

When I tested the Rokon I found the following advantages

1 Reasonable cost approximately _$4000

2 Easy maintenance 3 Little or no environmental impact

The low ground pressure (35 psi) reshysulted in no observable impact on saltmarsh vegetation

4 Easily transported The Rokon can be driven onto the bed of a pickup truck without a ramp Tie downs can be easily attached in minutes

5 Lightweight The Rokon weighs 185 pounds and is easily pushed when not operatshying

6 Rugged conshys true tion The frame is made from scratch at the assembl y shop and is patented by Rokon Protecshytive shields cover vital areas

7 Versatile The Rokon can tow

PHOTO BY ROKON

attachments via a hook at the rear of the machine Attachments include hydraulic sprayers turf spraying equipment landshyscaping tools and garden tools A rack at the rear of the vehicle can be modified to carry power backpacksprayers and small ULV sprayers

8 Easily operated The throttle was easily operated There was no jerky thrusts as I found with dirt bikes and four wheeled ATVs Balancing the machine was easy due to its light weight

9 Flotation The large 15-inch alumishynum wheels are hollow and float the Rokon in deep water This prevents subshymergence of the motor cargo and elecshytrical components

10 Long range Fuel can be stored in the hollow wheels to supplement the 269 gallon fuel tank to provide for a 500 mile range Maximum fuel consumption is 045 gallons per hour or 6 hours per fuel tank

11 Can handle weight A passenger can easily be transported The Rokon can transport three times its own weight

12 High ground clearance The 15-inch ground clearance allows maneuvering over fallen trees and large rocks The air intake is high enabling deep water travel

13 Two-wheeled drive prevents getshyting stuck in mud vegetation or ditches

14 Power Takeoff (PTO) capability A small generator can be mounted and run

off the engine This would provide elecshytrical power for microscope light sources light traps and campingfield equipment Electric pumps for sprayers would be possible

15 Steep grades The Rokon can climb 60deg grades and come down smoothly in low gear

16 Dense woods The widest part of the vehicle is the handlebars I drove through a red maple swamp with relative ease

17 Heavy duty shock absorbers under the seat provide a soft ride This is very important in off-road driving

18 Low noise When idling it was difshyficult to tell if the engine was on and while riding I did not find it necessary to use hearing protection

19 The two stroke engine is easy to maintain parts can be shipped overnight

I found the following disadvantages of the Rokon

1 Not street legal in the United States With a maximum speed of 40 mph it is not easily driven in traffic

2 Liability insurance may be expenshysive as with all ATVs The vehicle may be an attractive-nuisance with children and pose an additional hazard for insurshyers to consider

3 Employee recreation I had all I could handle in fending off my workers when testing the vehicle Because of its strength and unique handling charactershyistics the temptation for joy riding is real

4 The two stroke engine requires you to mix gasoline and oil It is crucial to mix properly or damage can occur to the enshygine

5 The kickstand sinks in mud and wet soil causing the Rokon to fall on its side

In summary I found the advantages of the Rokon far outweigh the disadvanshytages It is a vehicle that can pay for itshyself in a short period of time by reducing labor and transportation time The Rokon is easily operated and very versatile Each Rokon is made from scratch and the assembly staff offers innovative adaptashytions designed to your needs

___~1ichaeLMurrjson is _an Entomologist _fot MunicipaLPesl Management Services Y-ric Yoik-=ME middot -

DYNA-FOGreg TRIPlE

A 3-in-1 machine for mosquito control operations

middot ADULTICIDING

middot BARRIER SPRAYING

middot LARVICIDING

Easily adjustable to cteate the IRal droplet size for your application

The TrlplelYphoonTN taku another step forward in the advancement of mosquito control at a most affordable price

From the company thats supplied mosquito control equipment loneer than anyone else

Call Brian Zachery Mike de Lara

CURTifS DYNA-FOG reg

PO Box 2W 17335 US 31 North

Westfield lndlono 4074 Phone (317)89-2561

Fox (317)0-3788

TN

Dyna-Foe is relied upon on every continent-built in America used all over the world

FALL 1995 WING BEATS 9

For efficient mosquito control and proven dependability nothing works like a LECO

ULV MODEL 1600 for heavy duty applications

LECO insecticide generators have earned a reputation for efficient pershyformance and reliability that is unmatched in the mosquito control inshydustry LECO generators are engineered for economy of operation and durability Many are still in use after more than 20 years of service

A leader in UL V technology LECO utilizes a specialized system designshyed to disperse insecticide at critically measured flow rates for maximum efficiency The exclusive LECO UL V head provides a unique shearshying action that produces a closely controlled particle size of greater uniformity for optimum results and savings of up to 25 on insecticide

EXCLUSIVE LECO FEATURES MEAN GREATER VALUE

bull DIRECT DRIVE POWER TRAIN

eliminates belt problems reduces vibration

bull COMPACT CONSTRUCTION means less weight and less space required for installation

bull NON-CORROSIVE INSECTICIDE CONTROL VALVES for trouble-free operation

bull OPTIONAL CONTROL SYSTEMS to meet varied requirements

bull MODELS AVAILABLE with capacities to fit most applications

bull TIME-TESTED LECO DEPENDABILshyITY means many years of service with minimum maintenance

ULV MODEL P1 for indoor and outdoor use

ULV MODEL MINI II for indoor and outdoor use

MODEL 120 D Thermal Aerosol Fog Generator

LOWNDES ENGINEERING CO INC 125 BLANCHARD ST I PO BOX 488 VALDOSTA GEORGIA 31601

PHONE (912) 242-3361 TWX 810-786-5861 CABLE- LECO VALD

FAX (912) 242-8763

middot~-

Chip Chat

bull lWJ Flight Guidance Recomiddot~ding amp Analysis for Aerial Application middot

Loran-based navigation systems have been available for several years However this technology suffers from poor repeatable accuracy localized dead spots interference from other radio sources thunderstorms and a slow upshydate rate

Navigation systems based on Gloshybal Positioning Satellites (GPS) became available to the public a few years ago and prices have dropped considerably since their introduction The system is supported by the Department of Defense and for military reasons a distortion of the signal is mainta ined limiting thereshypeatable accuracy to within 150 feet This di s tortion is commonly called Selective Availability Differential GPS (DGPS) can be used to increase accuracy to within 3-6 feet but this correction is unnecessary for aerial adulticiding

Having equipment that accesses GPS is not enough to use the technology for the aerial application of chemicals softshyware capable of generating and managshying an aerial spray operation is also needed GRIDNAV Mission Management software (Adapco Inc) is one such sysshytem that has been successfully used by one Florida mosquito control district and the state of Florida The software initialshyizes GPS instruments with a known baseline consisting of starting and endshying points Pilots can then fly successhysive flight paths parallel to this baseline at predetermined flight land separations off the baseline (Figure I) The correct flight paths are indicated by a Course

EodlngPoint

2

Basemiddot e

I Mosquito Mission Software I

3 s Starting Point POllgt Nos

Fig 1 Guidelines built from baseline (path 1 )

D

D

D

D

D

-

-

-

-

-

I--

r--

I

-

___

bull r- f-cJ ~ -

r-D

f-cJ r-D

- L__ 1-D

lY

0 Fig 2 Gridlines (straight lines) and aircraft flight line

Deviation Indicator (CDI) located either on the instrument screen or more comshymonly separately on the instrument panel

The baseline starting and ending points can either be manually entered as waypoints into the GPS instrument (if the latitude and longitude are known) or aushytomatically entered as waypoints by flyshying the baseline and pressing the hold button at the starting and ending points The manual method is good for unfamilshyiar areas where the latitude and longishytude can be read from a scaled map The automatic method is good for areas known and visible to the pilot

A key disadvantage of GPS is that all paths and grid lines are imaginary The moving-map solves that problem by placshying the intended paths on a display An aerial spray mission now becomes akin to playing a video game (forgive me pishylots for oversimplifying a highly techni shycal and demanding job) The movingshymap display computer comes with a data card which displays pertinent informashytion such as coastlines controlled air space and obstructions over 300 feet AGL

The user can enter local information relevant to the spray operation such as lines depicting major roads railroad lines municipal boundaries or boundaries of spray or no-spray areas points depictshying obstructions over 150 feet or any chosen height circles of any selected diameter around high towers with guy

wires to provide a safe no-fly zone Some of these are available as options on the data card

The scale of the geographic area disshyplayed on the screen can be selected from 1000 miles to 14 mile Three pushes of a button during flight can change the scale of the display to one of eight available choices six preset scales of I 0 25 100 500 and 1000 nm hemispheric and two which can be set by the user During flight the position of the aircraft within the area shown on the screen is represhysented by an icon of an airplane or helishycopter The path of the aircraft is illusshytrated by a light dotted line or snail trail with the aircraft position being updated every three seconds (Figure 2)

PRACTICAL APPLICATION BY A MOSQUITO CONTROL DISTRICT

The GPS moving map and GRJDNAV system has provided the pilots and manshyagers of the Manatee County Florida Mosquito Control District with greater efficiency and more uniform adulticide application Although the primary use has been for aerial adulticiding with flight lane separations (FLS) of 500-1000 feet they have had some fair results in preliminary trials with larvicides at FLSs of 50-60 feet The use of DGPS as shown by Nick Woods in Australia will increase the accuracy of aeriallarviciding Adapco is currently testing and may have availshyable by the time you read this its R-5000 that will provide 3-l 0 ft accuracy suffishycient for larviciding

Successive flight paths built from the baseline can be changed automatically by the instrument when the end of the path is known or manually by the pilot any time he chooses prior to or after the imaginary end of the path The automatic method is good for flight paths of five

B c

~s Area X

D 0 -

A D

Fig 3 Manatee county Florida surrounded by a rectangle showing the four potential baselines AB BC CD and DA


----110 liS

Palhs Fig 4 Spray area with embedded no-spray zone defined by flight path numbers

miles or greater length particularly for rectangular spray areas the manual method is better suited for small irregushylar shaped areas

When GRIDNAV is in the Manual Leg Sequencing mode the operator can change to any flight path up to 999 from the baseline (path 1) The pilot must remember that all odd-numbered paths should be flown in the same direction as the baseline

The ability to manually change path numbers up to 999 off the baseline led to the concept of considering the whole county as one large spray area This creshyates four permanent baselines (the four sides of the rectangle surrounding the county) one for each predominant wind direction AB BC CD and DA in Figure 3 For predominantly easterly winds AB would be the baseline for predominantly westerly winds CD and so forth The advantages of a county wide or fourshybaseline approach are

1) Only four waypoints (ABC D) and four flight plans need to be stored in the GPS receiver

2) Set areas that are sprayed frequently will have the same path numbers for a particular wind direction

3) Geographic features such as noshyspray zones will for any given wind dishyrection also be defined by the same path numbers (Figure 4)

4) Obstructions to flight such as towshyers or antennas will have constant path

ObJoosa CoaaCy

Fig 5 30 nm scale showing coastline cities and spray zones in the Panhandle of Florida


numbers 5) Managers can produce a map with

all the pertinent information for proposed spray areas including corrected path numbers for estimated offset

Using the GPS CDI and movingshymap Manatee pilots are able to fly flight paths with great precision When they refer to the moving-map they know where they are geographically when they are within the spray area where the no-spray zones are and the positions of any obshystructions One other very useful feature is the ability to show the proposed flight paths within the moving-map unit prior to the mission This is done by entering a three point flight plan the starting and ending points of the spray area and a point 90 degrees to the ending point on the last proposed flight path This alshylows pilots to fly paths without using GPS and CDI instruments just by ensuring the aircraft or helicopter icon follows the lines like a video game (Figure 5)

One bad habit which we concenshytrated on from the beginning to avoid was to be aware of the tendency to spend more attention following the movement on the screen (TV hypnosis) and less time looking out This can lead to a less conshysistent spraying altitude that when flyshying at 150 feet AGL can prove both inef-

ficient and dangerous Consequently we highly recommend using accurate radar altimeters most of which have audible alarms for 100 feet (gear warning) and another for a user-selected altitude in our case 150 feet

EMERGENCY SPRAYING OPERATIONS

In July and August of 1994 Tropical Storms Alberto and Beryl generated extenshysive flooding in the Florida Panhandle (see article by Tom Loyless in the Summer 1994 issue of Wing Beats) The state received funding and requests from the Federal govshyernment to treat areas for mosquito conshytrol The task fell to the staff of the Florida Dog Fly and Mosquito Control Program located in Panama City who are often reshyquired to treat unfamiliar territory As it happened GPS moving-map and GRIDNAV had just been installed on their DC-3 prior to the storm and flight crew trainshying was underway when the request to spray in Albertos wake was received

D

D

D

D

D

0 Fig 6 Display showing 8 grid lines one tower of 1500 ft and aircraft flight path and current position

After two evenings of training the pilots could use the system to create new spray territories using county maps set up nightly spray missions and operate the system While the treatment of an unfashymiliar area can at times prove difficult simply getting from one spray zone to another is even more difficult Time beshycomes a real factor when treating 4 5 or 6 large areas in one night This system has conservatively reduced the sprayshyzone transition time by half

As a result of the storms the comshybined acres treated exceeded 500000 acres This would not have been posshysible in the time frame required without the GPS system The areas had odd shapes and required different apshyproaches applications and departures (Figure 5) During the approach and applishycation pilots selected a scale to show the details they needed usually 5 nm (Figure6)

FLIGHT RECORDING

Flight recording and mapping analyshysis are now available for the system These provide the ability to record flight statisshytics such as location time ground speed altitude and the status of four analog sigshynals such as spray switch status system pressure and flow rate Personal computershybased software replays each flight over detailed mapping layers such as roads rivshyers streams lakes and geopolitical boundshyaries The system can also generate sumshymary data such as acres treated miles sprayed miles flown miles not treated flight time and spray time

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On an island in Moreton Bay within sight of Brisbane Queensland in the land down under rests the remains of a penal colony which long ago housed some of Australias most notable crimishynals-St Helena Before it was a prison the aboriginals used the island for censhyturies to fish and hunt manatee evidence of their presence remains today Today St Helena is a State Historical park visshyited thrice weekly by the Cat-o-nine-tails laden with tourists The Cat is a modern catamaran named for the vessel that once ferried prisoners warders visitors and supplies to the island prison

For over 60 years from 1867 St

Mosquitoes on St Helena

Ho Furries dire of midnight porn in Stygian shades that dwell Ye Gorgons and ye Hydras all that guard Avernus well Be ye my muses shades of night Inspire inspire my pen While I relate a truthful tale unto the sons of men The sun had sunk midst lowering clouds beyond the western range And misty vapours filled the air of aspect wierd and strange Apollo drove his car that day as he had Phaethon been

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Helena Island was home for the social outcasts of Colonial Queensland There were petty thieves and pickpockets the horse-thieves and highwaymen and the shop assistants caught helping themshyselves There were some with more reshyfined talents-the forgers embezzlers counterfeiters and swindlers Others had disposed of a wife or acquaintance or complete stranger by poisoning or with a gun or a knife or an axe out of passion or of I ust and there were those who tried and failed There were arsonists drunkards rapists burglars bigamists and others guilty of serious offences Soon as he passed each barking frog and croaking toad set up a horrid din

Over a century ago one prisoner James Alpin McPherson the Wild Scotchman with a sorted history that included prominence in scholarly debate multilingual abilities entertainer horse thief robber of mail coaches stockman husband father and subject of a novel Robbery Under Arms by TA Brown penned the poem which follows It is a lurid account of a most uncomfortable personal experience The original manuscript has been typed and is kindly made available for publication in Wing Beats by Mrs Moreen Tretheway great granddaughter of the author Further publication without specific permission is not allowed


Soon Midnight spread her sable wings and brooded oer the scene And Ocean heaved with hollow moan like one in nightmare seen Ah well-a-day Sweet Morlontray the truth it must be told Im number ten within a den in St Helenas hold Opressive heat I could not sleep twas bout the hour of one No breath of air within my lair my burning brow to fan Methought I heard some raindrops fall then came a sudden shower The lightning gleamed in fitful flash and then it gan to pour It ceased methought I heard a humming sound I scarce had time to think They come they come Mosquitoes come through every bar and chink In in they pour Relentless shower Now comes the tug of war Now Mars put on they helmet bright Belona mount thy car This cell shall be my battlefield Ill fight till dawning day Aurora with her chariot bright shall chase them far away Up from my dungeon floor I sprung and siezed a blanket in my hand And scowling round with purpose dire set on the harpey band

As some strong thresher swings his flail high o erthe ripened corn So did I fling my blanket round from midnight until morn Ten thousand bit the dust that night my blanket still went round Their wings like chaff about me flew their corpses strewed the ground But how could mortalman prevail against such conquering odds

My woolen flail I from me threw and prayed the infernal gods Ho Pluto From they kingdom dark grant me the boon I crave These These are thine sprung from the marsh formed by the Stygian lake Send Tisiphone Alecto dire Megaera with her brand

To help me chase this hellish crew and slay this harpy band Oh Didis Hear a sinners prayer this place will suit them well They need not fear a stranger air my dungeon smells of Hell

Hurrah They come Megaera comes Allecto with her brand And Tisiphone with serpent hair and sounding thong in hand Huza there s company to night the witches dance begins Come spirits all of midnight dark come goblins shake your pins Hal Hal The battle thickens fast mosquitoes you are doomed

Your bloody feast you must disgorge your trumpets all untuned Just as I made this vaunting boast the fiends set to the prey I struck a vampire from my cheek which screaming fled away Allecto light thy sulpherous torch of furries thou art queen Come Tisiphone now use thy lash Ye imps of Hades begin Twas now the trumpets roared apace recruits came pouring in A thousand made my nose a prey a thousand more my chin Like as the troops of Xerxes came to waste the Grecian land Like as the Spanish Armada to fight on British strand I raised my flag aloft again and cried aloud the while What could the Spartan heroes do in such a Thermophile Now Frenzy joined our revel dire my flag went round my head My couch was strewn with broken wings with dying and with dead The spider left his aerial net and wildly fled away 1ade by the horrid scene and fight forgetful of his prey V itb pitchy torch and gory lash Allecto led us on ~fegaera tore her serpent hair and so did Tisiphone -- e whitewash from my dungeon walls encanopied my head b ile a moth that flitted through the bars fell instantly down dead ~lt- s middoteat fell down in rivulets the thunder rolled above ] he clouds did rain down heavily torn by the bolts of Jove 3 c mbull the cock began to crow the day began to dawn -=o o O lin turned a livid hue and fled the coming morn -=-e _ son bell began to toll the warder oped my door ~~ e~ --middotas s trewn with heaps of dead and painted with their gore

Quam magniloquens ridensque dicere verum quid vi tat Tal em pestem numquam video aNt i extinctus sum macilentusque vitam dura carcere incluses traho Sanguis meu- Yola an imalibus ferris ferentibus

[Though peaki ng in a high flown manner and laughing what stops me from telling the truth I have never seen such a plague I am almost destroyed and thin and lean I drag out my harsh life shut up in prison (But) my blood flies (away) borne by fierce creatures ]

James A McPherson circa 1874-5 St Helena Island Moreton Bay Queensland

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Chemline

Integrated Mosquito Management Henry R Rupp

Long before the term Integrated Pest Management was introduced mosquito control personnel were practicing what would more than three quarters of a censhytury later be defined as IPM From the early years of this century men like Wilshyliam Gorgas recognized that a variety of methods were necessary to control mosshyquitoes that were a matter of life or death mosquito-borne disease had killed 20000 in the French attempt to build a Panama canal His activities in Havana and Panama were classic examples of a multishypronged attack on mosquitoes using what we now define as habitat elimination habitat alteration and larvicidal oils John B Smith father of mosquito control in New Jersey and godfather to the states that followed New Jerseys model in those early days in his 1903 report on mosquishytoes to the New Jersey legislature recshyognized the function of predator organshyisms in controlling mosquitoes in addishytion to addressing matters like drainage larvicides and repellents

However a long history of use does not necessarily indicate a clear undershystanding what IPM represents Since we tell ourselves we have been using a form of IPM without using the specific term since the earliest days of mosquito conshytrol we believe we ought to know what the term means when we use it We hear people say we are doing IPM because

1) We use habitat alteration water management in plain terms although the term could equally be applied to turning over a waterilled container- be it tin can or tire- to deny mosquitoes an oviposishytion site

2) We use biological control albeit with marginal success (It is to be undershystood we should consider Bti an EPAshyregistered pesticide in use since 1980 to be a biological larvicide not a biological control agent like fish Toxorhyn chites dragon flies bats or even purple marshytins) and


3) We use insecticides for control of larval and adult mosquito populations Looking at this definition one begins to wonder how well we understand what accurately defined IPM is This tri-parshytite definition has for too many of us been for too long the sum and substance of mosquito IPM

We pay lip service to surveillance without giving it the precedence or sigshynificance it deserves Indeed the New Jersey laws of 1906 (NJSA 269-2 to 9-6) record as the first objective of mosshyquito control the conducting of a survey of any territory suspected of breeding mosquitoes Thus the initial step in any IPM program is surveillance one must know if there is a problem what is the extent of the problem what is the cause or source of the problem and what are the effects of the problem

Perhaps because we are so close to

RTWORK BY BONNIE PATIOK

it we forget the basic building block of any mosquito control agency is the inshyspector the primary person in the field Without inspection and surveillance we adulticide in response to public or politishycal pressure rather than real nuisance or threat to health Without inspection and surveillance we are hard pressed to jusshytify our activities if indeed we can jusshytify them be they habitat management biological control or the application of insecticides Although everybody knows these obvious statements they need to be repeated and reaffirmed

The second step is the determinashytion of the level of damage that can be tolerated In mosquito control this step can be construed as being concerned with quality oflife economic impacts or the threat and effects of disease Having established the presence and effects of the problem and the threshold necessary

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to justify action the third step is to conshysider the various means or strategies available to alleviate or mitigate the probshylem no one seriously talks about mosshyquito extermination any more The nature of the problem- and its urgency condishytion our thinking in the third step Is it a nuisance or is it a matter of human or animal health

When the first three steps in the proshycess near completion one thinks about the final step- control If you have lisshytened carefully to mosquito control pracshytitioners you seldom hear the problem so precisely delineated- again because we are so familiar with what we have been doing

There is I believe a reasonable soshylution to this less than precise use of lanshyguage this less than complete definition of IPM The solution for us in the mosshyquito community is to cease and desist from talking about IPM in mosquito conshytrol We should designate our function as integrated mosquito management (IMM) Some may say such a substitushytion is meaningless playing with words but they are mistaken Others may say such a term ignores the ecosystem or environmentalmiddotconcerns Of them I would ask whence came open marsh water manshyagement whence came studies demonshystrating concern about the impact of inshysecticides on the environment To say mosquito research and control people have ignored the ecosystem is inaccushyrate

We should be concerned about our terminology Anti-pesticide advoca tes have been going to county governments in New Jersey urging them to adopt IPM resolutions However for these people IPM generally means using the least toxic pesticide and such use as seldom as posshysible That essentially seems to be the sum and substance of their understandshying of IPM They would attempt to bludshygeon us into submission using IPM as the club Efficacy efficiency and economy do not figure into the equation

One should be able to look these people in the eye and say IPM is a conshycept developed initially for agricultural practices and later applied to othe~ discishyplines like pest control lawn care and mosquito control IMM on the other hand is the result of mosquito control practices that have been evolving since


the days of General Gorgas and John B Smith For nearly a century mosquito control has been concerned with human well-being and with the prevention of disease We are not willing to accept their definitions

Using the term IMM instead of IPM establishes an arena in which we have

persons misunderstanding of what IPM is all about any more than we are by our own imprecise use of that term

IMM like IPM is about the response to demonstrated problems it is about fitshyting mosquito control into an environshyment which other creatures inhabit it is about reasoned reduction in the use of

long-established ground rules ground insecticides- to the extent governmen-rules based on extensive research and tal regulations concerning water manage-extensive field experience ground rules ment make that goal possible- but IMM that our opponents and carping critics is not just about reducing the amount of must understand ground rules they must pesticides used- we could do that cas-play by We now play on a level field and ily enough just by reducing control ef-it is our home field Use of the term IMM forts It is as we have seen a carefully means we define the rules of discussion organized evaluation to determine we are not bound by some anti-pesticide continued on page 24

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Larva Pupa and Metamorphosis Robert E Snodgrass

LARVA

Th e word larva is derived from Latin and means a spectre a ghost hobgoblin or a mask If we take the las t meaning a mask a young insect is best defin ed as a larva if it differs so much in appearance from its parents that it must be reared to determine its identity When a young insect reshysembles its parents except for the full development of wings and reproducshytive capacity it is called a nymph or in some aquatic orders a naiad This disshytinction between and retention of the terms larva and nymph is not shared by many entomologists

Larva of different species differ so much in the degree of departure from the adult form that it is evident they have undergone various degrees of evolution diverging from the parental structure Larvae therefore can in no sense be regarded as representing anshycestral adult forms of their species nor can they be attributed to early hatchshying of the embryo once a popular theory We must assume that at some time in the past history of the insects the young as those of most other anishymal groups resembled their parents except for immaturity as does a modshyern young grasshopper or a young cockroach The question then is Why have the young of some groups deshyparted from the parental form along their own lines of evolution The q uesshytion is not so difficult to answer as it might seem since some larvae are very similar to the adults and others depart in varying degrees until they have lost all resemblance to the adults that proshyduce them

As long as the young insect can live and feed in the same environment as its parents as the young grasshopshypers and cockroaches do there is no need of it having a special structure of


its own The adults of many in sects however have taken advantage of their wings to explore other habitats for new sources of food and in mos t cases they have been structurally modified for life on the wing and for feeding on some special kind of food The flightshyless young therefore could not posshysibly keep up with their parents So to insure the survival of the young na-

middot - To insure the survival ol the vounu nature has lilted them tor a wav o111v1nu and teedshyina on their own middot

ture has fitted them for a way of living and feeding of their own The young cicada affords a very simple example of juvenile metamorphosis since it is adapted merely for burrowing in the earth The young mayfly and stonefly are supplied with gills for an aquatic life More extreme cases are seen in the young of other insect orders Caterpilshylars are adapted for climbing and feedshying on vegetation whereas the adults fly around and usually suck nectar The young mosquito would starve if it had to feed on blood as does its mother or on nectar as does its father Hence it has become strictly adapted to an aquatic life and equipped with a speshycial feeding apparatus of its own Young house flies could not live the life of their winged parents and have become transformed into maggots fitshyted for otherways of living The grubs of many bees and wasps are fitted for living in cells where they would be completely helpless if not fed by the adult

In no case can the larva go over directly into the adult It must at least discard its specialized larval structures and the more it has departed from the

parental form the more it has to disshycard In extreme cases the larva is alshymost completely destroyed at the end of larval life The modern adult represhysents the last stage of evolution of its species the larva is a temporary speshycialized form of the young insect The larva develops first but it must at last give way to development of the adult

Though the process of the destrucshytion of the larval tissues and the reshysumption of adult development has commonly been called the metamorshyphosis of the insect the true meta shymorphosis is the change of form the larva has undergone in its independent evolution

PUPA

The term pupa is taken over from the Latin word for young girl puppet baby or doll While there is no quesshytion as to the applicability of the word there has been much discussion as to the nature of the pupa Does it represhysent the last nymphal instar of an inshysect without metamorphosis or is it a preliminary form of the adult Long arshyguments have been presented on each side of the question but it seems that a few pertinent facts will give a suffishyc ient answer

Naturally since the pupa is formed inside the larva when the larval cuticle is shed the pupa has the elongate form of the larva On the other hand the pupa has the adult compound eyes mouthparts legs and wings in a halfshyway stage of development Clearly therefore the young pupa is a prelimishynary developmental stage of the adult modeled in the larval cuticle Within the larval cuticle it undergoes a stage of development and reconstruction until when it finally casts off the larval skin it has the typical form of a pupa Thereshyafter it does not change in external

shape The body of the mature pupa takes

on the form of the adult Thus it serves - a mold for the newly forming adult

muscles and allows them to become atshya_hed properly on the adult skin This

alo ne has been proposed as a theory adequate to explain the pupa as a preshyli minary adult stage On the other hand it has been held that this theory of the pupa is an unusual occurrence But the mayflies moult once after attaining a fully winged condition and the wingshyless insects as well as most other arthropods moult successively throughout life Still the pupal moult may be regarded as a secondary one necessitated by the immaturity of the pupa Moulting is determined by horshymones and hormones are powerful controlling agents in development Inshysect endocrinologists have shown that they can make various adult insects moult again by transplanting into them the appropriate endocrine glands

The larval skin containing the young pupa has often been called the prepupal stage of the larva but with the moulting of the larval cuticle not yet cast off the larval life is ended The young pupa ensheathed in the larshyval cuticle has been called the prepupa but it is simply a young pupa in a formative stage and still cloaked in the larval skin It is not disshytinct from the mature pupa which is exshyposed when the larval skin is shed The young pupa still enclosed in the larval cuticle has therefore been more propshyerly named by Hinton (1958) the pharate pupa (from the Greek word for hidden or concealed) The same term would apply to any larval stage still cloaked in the skin of the precedshying instar and to the adult when it is still cloaked in the pupal skin Among flies such as the house fly the larva completes its growth changes to the pupa and finally to the adult all inshyside the cuticle of the third larval inshystar The cuticle of the third larval in shystar becomes greatly modified during this time and it is termed the pushyparium after this modification from the puparium the fully formed adult emerges

METfMORPHOSIS

The term metamorphosis is derived from the Greek words meta a change + morphe form + osis a process of Following its derivation the term metashymorphosis means literally a process of changing form and it should be emshyphasized that the implied change is one of form and not of substance Thus it is comparable to the change of water to ice not to the replacement of ice crystals by salt crystals or something else The term however is widely used in zoology for almost any conspicuous change of form that an animal makes during its development regardless of how this is done The tadpole is said to metamorphose into a frog but it does so by a continuous changing growth and if this is metamorphosis then so is the embryonic development of any animal The term probably origishynated with the early writers of fiction who were fond of inventing tales about human beings who at the whim of some offended god or goddess were transshyformed into other animals or trees It is of course to be supposed that in such imaginary cases the flesh and bones of the human were directly transshyformed into those of the animal The early naturalists took over the word metamorphosis and applied it to the seemingly similar transformations of insects such as that of a caterpillar into a butterfly at a time when it was pershyhaps not known that the caterpillar was simply a young butterfly Once estabshylished the word metamorphosis beshycame a standard part of our entomoshylogical nomenclature well before the true nature of the change from larva to adult was known

Modern studies on insect metashymorphosis show that most of the larshyval tissues disintegrate and that the adult tissues and organs are newly built up in the pupa from cells that never formed an integral part of the larva

Reprinted in part and modified from A Contribution Toward an Encycloshypedia of Insect Anatomy Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections Vol 146 (2) 1963 Submitted by Jim McNelly Cape May County Mosquito Extermination Commission

Robert Evans Snodgrass

Robert Evans Snodgrass was one of the greatest insect anatomists and morphologists in any country an artshyist a philosopher and a teacher who was a source of inspiration to all scishyentists He lived a long and producshytive life and left behind a legacy of many notable publications including Anatomy and Physiology of the Honshyeybee (1925) Insects Their Ways and Means of Living (1930) The Prinshyciples of Insect Morphology (1935) and Textbook of Arthropod Anatomy (1952) Born in St Louis Snodgrass lived in Kansas and California Hereshyceived his BA in 1901 from Stanford in 1901 and took a teaching job at nowshyWashington State University After two years the authorities concluded that some of his practical jokes weremiddot too much for them whereupon hereshyturned to Stanford as an entomology instructor While his supervisor was away in Europe Snodgrass raised silkshyworms and stripped the campus mulshyberry trees of their leaves to feed his voracious charges The undressed trees fared poorly and died and once again he was out of a job After workshying as an-artist in a San Francisco ad agency and tpen being burned out of a job with the San Francisco Acadshyemy of Sciences by the great earthshyquake and fire of 1906 he took a job with LO Howard at the USDA in Washington DC for $60 a month Disshysatisfied with his salary he spent time in New York City and Indiana as an artist He returned to the USDA in 1917 to do art work and at odd times continued his work on the anatomy of insects He retired from the USDA in 1945 having written four books and 80 scientific papers He taught entoshymology at the University of Maryland from 1924-1927 sketching rapidly as he spoke He eventually received honorary doctorates from the U of Maryland and a German University He died in his sleep on September 4 1962 at the age of 87

[adapted from Americai1 Entomoloshygists by Arnold Mallis Rutgers U Press 1971]


continued from page 20

whether in fact a problem exists what is the extent of the problem and what are its consequences what are the available control strategies and which are most apshyplicable and finally the implementation of those strategies

However there is one more strategy involved in IMM this is an involvement with the public an educational effort The mosquito research and control commushynity has since the beginning engaged itshyself in such educational efforts Educashytion plays a significant part in IMM since through education the need for the use of insecticides can be reduced by elimishynating or inhibiting domestic mosquito breeding An educated citizenry can reshyduce mosquito populations by undershystanding the basic word sanitation

The concept has always been there it only needs a new and more relevant name something that properly defines what we have been doing all these years in language appropriate to what we do Thus when it is suggested by some antishypesticide type that your agency get inshyvolved in IPM you should suggest they get their facts straight For nearly one hundred years mosquito research and control personnel have been developing IMM If they wish to apply the format of IPM to agriculture that is an appropriate action but they cannot expect mosquito control to sign on to another approach at the cost of abandoning long-estabshylished practices particularly when these people do not fully understand the prinshyciples of IPM let alone the principles and practices of IMM

For those of us who have followed and contributed to the history of mosshyquito control in New Jersey and elseshywhere it is appropriate to recognize that those early efforts were aimed at extermishynation which later evolved into control Now however it is appropriate to redeshyfine our efforts as integrated mosquito management which as a health-oriented measure differs from agricultural producshytion lawn care or controlling termites Adopting IMM as our standard will help us to promote our profession our goals and our ideals _- middot_ HeniY_ Rupp is he middot ~mtormiddot of The middot Proceedings ofmiddot theNew middotJetsey yen6squjto middot middot middot ~ontrol As~ociatjobullfari~ r~iired di~eqtp(lt

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Viewpoint

+ Mosquito Control

Programs The Year 2000 John Gamble

This is a view constructed of the present and envisioned of the future held by one individual as to what the future has in store for Mosquito Control It is meant to be thought provoking for those interested in where mosquito control is headed Subjects covering most aspects of integrated programs will be touched upon in some detail Managers may even find this enlightening

Managers in the next century will have to adjust to the future world to surshyvive The skills needed to effectively operate mosquito control programs will continue to grow Many programs will be led by biologist and entomologist with MBA instead of MS and PhD deshygrees The autocratic dinosaur will disshyappear and be replaced by an empowershying team player The result will be much more employee involvement in manageshyment decisions Programs like quality circles will give supervisors new skills and introduce employees to participative management Those programs will disap-

pear as management skills improve In the area of employee relations

training of employees will continue to progress past pesticide handling mosshyquito biology and calibration Literacy classes will become common in the work place Financial planning will be added to employee education programs Well ness and safety programs will be inshystituted to cut insurance costs Supervishysory training in employee evaluation documentation writing and quality asshysurance will be provided regularly Much of t~e training will be viewed on video tapes Sharing of these training tapes within state associations and AMCA will become a major focus Reorganization of personnel to meet new needs will conshytinue as well There will be a decrease in unskilled employees and be replaced by the more highly skilled New skills will be more diverse Wildlife wetlands fishershyies marine sciences civil engineering

hydrology and medical technologies will be some of the diverse fields that will be utilized in mosquito control

Funding of local programs will conshytinue to be tenuous Community leaders will do more to set a level of service that can be transformed into a program with clear goals and suitable funding Proshygrams will be well funded if the public can be constantly educated on the value of the service provided Programs that will not invest in public education to sell the program will continue to be in danger of funding reductions The ability to work with the press and local governments will be part of the public education process A manager skilled at public relations and directing a service oriented program will have fewer problems at budget time

All mosquito control programs will be doing public lands management plans for the related activities performed on those lands The big change will be the ability of Joe~ programs to extract fundshying from those state and federal land management agencies This changewill be a long slow process It will be a great relief to some programs that suffer from large problems on (untaxed) public lands

Equipment needs will continue to change Vehicles will be fewer and more versatile Trucks once used for a single purpose will become multi role vehicles Aircraft will also become more versatile and fewer in number As aerial programs become more oriented instead of large broadcast treatments smaller more modshyern twin engine planes and light turbine engine helicopters will become the norm Growing programs without aircraft curshyrently will start with surplus aircraft left over from other programs upgrading Contracting between mosquito control programs on a regional basis will be more common due to special1zed equipment and expensive operations (rotary ditchshying aeriallarviciding and adulticiding) Increase cooperation between programs

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will provide small programs with more options during disease or severe pest periods

The biggest advancement will be in electronic equipment Every professional will have a computer work station on their desk More user friendly software for inshytegrating spreadsheets graphics word processing and data management will alshylow everyone to shuffle more paperwork These work stations will integrate video GIS systems weather data (local radar remote stations and satellites) and field data recorders The use of programmed field data recorder and GPS type navigashytional equipment will appear in all aircraft and slowly in other vehicles Paperwork in the field will cease as electronics take over

Controlling mosquitoes will not cease Chemicals and application techshyniques will be fine tuned New materials will be integrated into programs to fill gaps left by inefficient or environmenshytally insensitive materials Insecticide resistance will become a high technolshyogy fight utilizing genetic techniques and rotated chemicals Resistance will become so well understood that there will be recommended programs for detecting and controlling tolerant mosquitoes This will be funded by a worldwide effort to fight malaria The use of attractants will become standard procedure to maximize control efforts will become standard proshycedure Will become standard procedure Baits to kill sterilize or confuse emergshying adults will become commonplace Adulticiding will be greatly reduced due to environmental pressures and inshycreased emphasis on alternative means Larviciding will decrease with the advent of residual biologicals that really work

Biological control will emerge in the coming century much to the surprise of current workers The great advances in genetic engineering will enable scientists to gene splice together superior biologishycal control agents This effort will receive worldwide funding because of the threat of malaria dengue and other diseases These biologicals will be cheap persisshytent and ecologically sound Ideal for third world countries they will be heavily utilized in programs in the states This technology will lead to a large number of very small programs where none existed previously EPA will have a hard time ad-


justirig to these new biologicals but inshyternational use and testing will push them forward

Source reduction will become more prominent in many parts of the country The exception will be in areas of mosshyquito production on vast tracks of pubshylic lands Lands like the Everglades will never see anything except limited chemishycal and biological control Source reducshytion will take many forms Open Marsh Water management will continue to deshyvelop where it can be used Impoundshyments will have diverse management plans for many uses Fisheries aquaculshyture endangered species waterfowl stormwater management and mosquito control will all be competing interests Mosquito prevention in storm water manshyagement facilities will become part of evshyery program Federal state and local regulations created with input from the mosquito control programs will become part of the solution and not part of the problem In addition most programs will have local ordinances prohibiting the domestic production of mosquitoes Aedes albopictus introduction and spread throughout the country has turned domestic production into a much more serious problem Citations and court visits will be common with those regulashytions This may bring additional funding to some programs

Surveillance information coupled with GIS will give control personnel the first opportunity to integrate address loshycation adult mosquito populations sershyvice requests immature habitats soils vegetation human population roads and environmentally sensitive areas This will allow more targeted treatments betshyter data analysis better mapping and more efficient surveillance coverage Data analysis by space and time will be of treshymendous benefit Surveillance will be more a matter of coverage than technique Integration of suitable techniques for difshyferent species in different areas will proshyvide the highest quality information Bashysic statistics to determine significant inshycreases and decreases of populations will be widely used A synthetic bait mimshyicking human attractiveness coupled with suction traps will become the stanshydard tool Most programs just remove the lights from New Jersey and CDC light traps and continue to utilize these forms

with the new bait Disease surveillance will have areas

of new innovations and a discouraging lack of progress in other areas The good news is that techniques to detect antishybodies and antigens in bloods and mosshyquitoes will be available to mosquito conshytrol programs These tests will be simple inexpensive and can be done with basic facilities available to any program These middot advances will allow tailor-made disease surveillance and small research programs to continue to answer questions The disshyappointment is that neither the state health departments or CDC will be partshyners to these fine developments These agencies continue to be reactionary and concerned only at times of epidemic The other large problem will be the increased number of introduced diseases by wild animal importation and human immigrashytion The arrival of human filariasis beshycomes a small problem only due to rapid diagnosis and treatment of symptomatic human cases

Mosquito control programs continue to be involved in other related activities Some activities will be added and others dropped Drainage weed control tick control other pest control environmenshytal monitoring endangered species wetshyland creation and rehabilitation will conshytinue to be important issues to be adshydressed by rrograms There will be no trend some programs will be very speshycialized and others will have broad reshysponsibilities

As a mosquito control professional I would like Wing Beats to become a foshyrum for information sharing about operashytional advancements Practitioners should get more involved in information sharing Wing Beats provides a less forshymal medium that is ideally suited I wrote this article to generate ideas criticisms comments inquiries opinions and thoughts on where mosquito control will be in the next century If you are currently wondering what the status is of many of these ideas write a letter to the editor If you are one of the innovators write an article for Wing Beats so that we may benefit from your thoughts Editorial asshysistance is available through Wing Beats

John Gamble is the Assistant Director of the East Volusia Mosquito Control District New Smyma Beach FL and an Assistant Editor of Wing Beats

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Cireg ~~ABK~


LARVA











PUPA








METfMORPHOSIS















Viewpoint

+ Mosquito Control










- Hits

Misses

~ (Jf
































reg











Novo Nordisk

Bioindustrials Inc


PO Box 1907




Danbury CT 06813-1907 TeL 1-800 -283-3386

-------~-----------













Since 1922


SUST AlNING MEMBERS




ANNUAL MEETING



DODD SHORT COURSES


SPRING CONFERENCE



AIRCRAFT PILOT















ber 29 1995 EEOADA








VALENTreg

-~ ~

Flywheels















PHOTO BY ROKON























DYNA-FOGreg TRIPlE


middot ADULTICIDING


middot LARVICIDING








Fox (317)0-3788

TN




















FAX (912) 242-8763

middot~-

Chip Chat





EodlngPoint

2

Basemiddot e




D

D

D

D

D

-

-

-

-

-

I--

r--

I

-

___

bull r- f-cJ ~ -

r-D

f-cJ r-D

- L__ 1-D

lY











B c

~s Area X

D 0 -

A D



----110 liS









ObJoosa CoaaCy










D

D

D

D

D




FLIGHT RECORDING















TM

BISON


GRIZZLY







COAST TO COAST






-middot -middot















middot- - -











- middot--








- warrior middot




middot-- ~- -

-middot middot

-middot - - ~-


- middotmiddot


Chemline













Now you see em







1-800-323-5727

middot lti ~bAHK~





















bull Durable Engine










1-800-323-5727

Cireg ~~ABK~


LARVA











PUPA








METfMORPHOSIS















Viewpoint

+ Mosquito Control










- Hits

Misses

~ (Jf
































reg











Novo Nordisk

Bioindustrials Inc


PO Box 1907




Danbury CT 06813-1907 TeL 1-800 -283-3386

-------~-----------










VALENTreg

-~ ~

Flywheels















PHOTO BY ROKON























DYNA-FOGreg TRIPlE


middot ADULTICIDING


middot LARVICIDING








Fox (317)0-3788

TN




















FAX (912) 242-8763

middot~-

Chip Chat





EodlngPoint

2

Basemiddot e




D

D

D

D

D

-

-

-

-

-

I--

r--

I

-

___

bull r- f-cJ ~ -

r-D

f-cJ r-D

- L__ 1-D

lY











B c

~s Area X

D 0 -

A D



----110 liS









ObJoosa CoaaCy










D

D

D

D

D




FLIGHT RECORDING















TM

BISON


GRIZZLY







COAST TO COAST






-middot -middot















middot- - -











- middot--








- warrior middot




middot-- ~- -

-middot middot

-middot - - ~-


- middotmiddot


Chemline













Now you see em







1-800-323-5727

middot lti ~bAHK~





















bull Durable Engine










1-800-323-5727

Cireg ~~ABK~


LARVA











PUPA








METfMORPHOSIS















Viewpoint

+ Mosquito Control










- Hits

Misses

~ (Jf
































reg











Novo Nordisk

Bioindustrials Inc


PO Box 1907




Danbury CT 06813-1907 TeL 1-800 -283-3386

-------~-----------



Flywheels















PHOTO BY ROKON























DYNA-FOGreg TRIPlE


middot ADULTICIDING


middot LARVICIDING








Fox (317)0-3788

TN




















FAX (912) 242-8763

middot~-

Chip Chat





EodlngPoint

2

Basemiddot e




D

D

D

D

D

-

-

-

-

-

I--

r--

I

-

___

bull r- f-cJ ~ -

r-D

f-cJ r-D

- L__ 1-D

lY











B c

~s Area X

D 0 -

A D



----110 liS









ObJoosa CoaaCy










D

D

D

D

D




FLIGHT RECORDING















TM

BISON


GRIZZLY







COAST TO COAST






-middot -middot















middot- - -











- middot--








- warrior middot




middot-- ~- -

-middot middot

-middot - - ~-


- middotmiddot


Chemline













Now you see em







1-800-323-5727

middot lti ~bAHK~





















bull Durable Engine










1-800-323-5727

Cireg ~~ABK~


LARVA











PUPA








METfMORPHOSIS















Viewpoint

+ Mosquito Control










- Hits

Misses

~ (Jf
































reg











Novo Nordisk

Bioindustrials Inc


PO Box 1907




Danbury CT 06813-1907 TeL 1-800 -283-3386

-------~-----------

















DYNA-FOGreg TRIPlE


middot ADULTICIDING


middot LARVICIDING








Fox (317)0-3788

TN




















FAX (912) 242-8763

middot~-

Chip Chat





EodlngPoint

2

Basemiddot e




D

D

D

D

D

-

-

-

-

-

I--

r--

I

-

___

bull r- f-cJ ~ -

r-D

f-cJ r-D

- L__ 1-D

lY











B c

~s Area X

D 0 -

A D



----110 liS









ObJoosa CoaaCy










D

D

D

D

D




FLIGHT RECORDING















TM

BISON


GRIZZLY







COAST TO COAST






-middot -middot















middot- - -











- middot--








- warrior middot




middot-- ~- -

-middot middot

-middot - - ~-


- middotmiddot


Chemline













Now you see em







1-800-323-5727

middot lti ~bAHK~





















bull Durable Engine










1-800-323-5727

Cireg ~~ABK~


LARVA











PUPA








METfMORPHOSIS















Viewpoint

+ Mosquito Control










- Hits

Misses

~ (Jf
































reg











Novo Nordisk

Bioindustrials Inc


PO Box 1907




Danbury CT 06813-1907 TeL 1-800 -283-3386

-------~-----------




















FAX (912) 242-8763

middot~-

Chip Chat





EodlngPoint

2

Basemiddot e




D

D

D

D

D

-

-

-

-

-

I--

r--

I

-

___

bull r- f-cJ ~ -

r-D

f-cJ r-D

- L__ 1-D

lY











B c

~s Area X

D 0 -

A D



----110 liS









ObJoosa CoaaCy










D

D

D

D

D




FLIGHT RECORDING















TM

BISON


GRIZZLY







COAST TO COAST






-middot -middot















middot- - -











- middot--








- warrior middot




middot-- ~- -

-middot middot

-middot - - ~-


- middotmiddot


Chemline













Now you see em







1-800-323-5727

middot lti ~bAHK~





















bull Durable Engine










1-800-323-5727

Cireg ~~ABK~


LARVA











PUPA








METfMORPHOSIS















Viewpoint

+ Mosquito Control










- Hits

Misses

~ (Jf
































reg











Novo Nordisk

Bioindustrials Inc


PO Box 1907




Danbury CT 06813-1907 TeL 1-800 -283-3386

-------~-----------



middot~-

Chip Chat





EodlngPoint

2

Basemiddot e




D

D

D

D

D

-

-

-

-

-

I--

r--

I

-

___

bull r- f-cJ ~ -

r-D

f-cJ r-D

- L__ 1-D

lY











B c

~s Area X

D 0 -

A D



----110 liS









ObJoosa CoaaCy










D

D

D

D

D




FLIGHT RECORDING















TM

BISON


GRIZZLY







COAST TO COAST






-middot -middot















middot- - -











- middot--








- warrior middot




middot-- ~- -

-middot middot

-middot - - ~-


- middotmiddot


Chemline













Now you see em







1-800-323-5727

middot lti ~bAHK~





















bull Durable Engine










1-800-323-5727

Cireg ~~ABK~


LARVA











PUPA








METfMORPHOSIS















Viewpoint

+ Mosquito Control










- Hits

Misses

~ (Jf
































reg











Novo Nordisk

Bioindustrials Inc


PO Box 1907




Danbury CT 06813-1907 TeL 1-800 -283-3386

-------~-----------



----110 liS









ObJoosa CoaaCy










D

D

D

D

D




FLIGHT RECORDING















TM

BISON


GRIZZLY







COAST TO COAST






-middot -middot















middot- - -











- middot--








- warrior middot




middot-- ~- -

-middot middot

-middot - - ~-


- middotmiddot


Chemline













Now you see em







1-800-323-5727

middot lti ~bAHK~





















bull Durable Engine










1-800-323-5727

Cireg ~~ABK~


LARVA











PUPA








METfMORPHOSIS















Viewpoint

+ Mosquito Control










- Hits

Misses

~ (Jf
































reg











Novo Nordisk

Bioindustrials Inc


PO Box 1907




Danbury CT 06813-1907 TeL 1-800 -283-3386

-------~-----------












TM

BISON


GRIZZLY







COAST TO COAST






-middot -middot















middot- - -











- middot--








- warrior middot




middot-- ~- -

-middot middot

-middot - - ~-


- middotmiddot


Chemline













Now you see em







1-800-323-5727

middot lti ~bAHK~





















bull Durable Engine










1-800-323-5727

Cireg ~~ABK~


LARVA











PUPA








METfMORPHOSIS















Viewpoint

+ Mosquito Control










- Hits

Misses

~ (Jf
































reg











Novo Nordisk

Bioindustrials Inc


PO Box 1907




Danbury CT 06813-1907 TeL 1-800 -283-3386

-------~-----------








COAST TO COAST






-middot -middot















middot- - -











- middot--








- warrior middot




middot-- ~- -

-middot middot

-middot - - ~-


- middotmiddot


Chemline













Now you see em







1-800-323-5727

middot lti ~bAHK~





















bull Durable Engine










1-800-323-5727

Cireg ~~ABK~


LARVA











PUPA








METfMORPHOSIS















Viewpoint

+ Mosquito Control










- Hits

Misses

~ (Jf
































reg











Novo Nordisk

Bioindustrials Inc


PO Box 1907




Danbury CT 06813-1907 TeL 1-800 -283-3386

-------~-----------








-middot -middot















middot- - -











- middot--








- warrior middot




middot-- ~- -

-middot middot

-middot - - ~-


- middotmiddot


Chemline













Now you see em







1-800-323-5727

middot lti ~bAHK~





















bull Durable Engine










1-800-323-5727

Cireg ~~ABK~


LARVA











PUPA








METfMORPHOSIS















Viewpoint

+ Mosquito Control










- Hits

Misses

~ (Jf
































reg











Novo Nordisk

Bioindustrials Inc


PO Box 1907




Danbury CT 06813-1907 TeL 1-800 -283-3386

-------~-----------













middot- - -











- middot--








- warrior middot




middot-- ~- -

-middot middot

-middot - - ~-


- middotmiddot


Chemline













Now you see em







1-800-323-5727

middot lti ~bAHK~





















bull Durable Engine










1-800-323-5727

Cireg ~~ABK~


LARVA











PUPA








METfMORPHOSIS















Viewpoint

+ Mosquito Control










- Hits

Misses

~ (Jf
































reg











Novo Nordisk

Bioindustrials Inc


PO Box 1907




Danbury CT 06813-1907 TeL 1-800 -283-3386

-------~-----------



Chemline













Now you see em







1-800-323-5727

middot lti ~bAHK~





















bull Durable Engine










1-800-323-5727

Cireg ~~ABK~


LARVA











PUPA








METfMORPHOSIS















Viewpoint

+ Mosquito Control










- Hits

Misses

~ (Jf
































reg











Novo Nordisk

Bioindustrials Inc


PO Box 1907




Danbury CT 06813-1907 TeL 1-800 -283-3386

-------~-----------



Now you see em







1-800-323-5727

middot lti ~bAHK~





















bull Durable Engine










1-800-323-5727

Cireg ~~ABK~


LARVA











PUPA








METfMORPHOSIS















Viewpoint

+ Mosquito Control










- Hits

Misses

~ (Jf
































reg











Novo Nordisk

Bioindustrials Inc


PO Box 1907




Danbury CT 06813-1907 TeL 1-800 -283-3386

-------~-----------























bull Durable Engine










1-800-323-5727

Cireg ~~ABK~


LARVA











PUPA








METfMORPHOSIS















Viewpoint

+ Mosquito Control










- Hits

Misses

~ (Jf
































reg











Novo Nordisk

Bioindustrials Inc


PO Box 1907




Danbury CT 06813-1907 TeL 1-800 -283-3386

-------~-----------








1-800-323-5727

Cireg ~~ABK~


LARVA











PUPA








METfMORPHOSIS















Viewpoint

+ Mosquito Control










- Hits

Misses

~ (Jf
































reg











Novo Nordisk

Bioindustrials Inc


PO Box 1907




Danbury CT 06813-1907 TeL 1-800 -283-3386

-------~-----------




LARVA











PUPA








METfMORPHOSIS















Viewpoint

+ Mosquito Control










- Hits

Misses

~ (Jf
































reg











Novo Nordisk

Bioindustrials Inc


PO Box 1907




Danbury CT 06813-1907 TeL 1-800 -283-3386

-------~-----------








METfMORPHOSIS















Viewpoint

+ Mosquito Control










- Hits

Misses

~ (Jf
































reg











Novo Nordisk

Bioindustrials Inc


PO Box 1907




Danbury CT 06813-1907 TeL 1-800 -283-3386

-------~-----------










Viewpoint

+ Mosquito Control










- Hits

Misses

~ (Jf
































reg











Novo Nordisk

Bioindustrials Inc


PO Box 1907




Danbury CT 06813-1907 TeL 1-800 -283-3386

-------~-----------



- Hits

Misses

~ (Jf
































reg











Novo Nordisk

Bioindustrials Inc


PO Box 1907




Danbury CT 06813-1907 TeL 1-800 -283-3386

-------~-----------


























reg











Novo Nordisk

Bioindustrials Inc


PO Box 1907




Danbury CT 06813-1907 TeL 1-800 -283-3386

-------~-----------



florida mosquito control associationwingbeats.floridamosquito.org/wingbeats/pdfs/vol6no3.pdf ·...

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