DOE-27056-2

FLORAL GREENHOUSE HEATING

SEMI-ANNUAL TECHNICAL REPORT

Jay F! Kunto Roger C. Stoker

UTAH ROSES INC. I 567 W. 90th S.

J Sandy, Utah 84070 I.

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' Report Prepared By . ENERGY SERVICES INC.

OCTOBER 1979 WORK PERFORMED UNDER

CONTRACT

sf: DE-ACOI- 79 ET-27056

I

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Geothermal Energy

DISCLAIMER

This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency Thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof.

DISCLAIMER Portions of this document may be illegible in electronic image products. Images are produced from the best available original document.

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FLORAL GREENHOUSE HEATING

SEMI-ANNUAL TECHNICAL REPORT

JAY F , KUNZE

ROGER C , STOKER

,

Utah Roses, Inc. 567 W. 90th S,

Sandy, Utah 84070

. Prepared for the

Idaho Operations Office

U.S. Department of Energy

Geothermal Energy

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I.

11.

111.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

FIGURES AND TABLES

ABSTRACT

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

A. PARTICIPANTS

B. GENERAL

C. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

I). ESTIMATE OF OVERALL LIFE-CYCLE ENERGY COST/ 1NITIAL.AND LONG TERM SAVINGS

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS

A. PROPOSED ACTIVITY

- 1. Geophysical Exploration

2. Drilling Description

3 . Construction Activities

4 . Reinjection & Reservoir Depletion

B. POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

RESOURCE ASSESSMENT

A. GENERAL GEOLOGY

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B. GENERAL GROUND WATER

C. GEOTHERMAL DATA EVALUATION

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IV.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

(CONTINUED )

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RESOURCE ASSESSMENT (CONTINUED)

C . GEOTHERMAL DATA EVALUATION (CONTINUED)

1. Aeromagnetic Map

2 . Valley Thermal Springs

3. Salt Lake County Conservancy Well

4. Other Area Warm Wells

5. Resource Summary

DRILLING PLAN

A. GENERAL -

B. DRILLING PROGNOSIS

C. WELL CONSTRUCTION

1. Production Well

2. Injection Well

D, DRILLING MUD

E. WELL COMPLETION

1. Well Development

2. Water Analysis

3. Wellhead Fittings and Valves

4. Well Yield and Abandonment

F. COMPLETED WELL

G. SITE CLEANUP

REFERENCES

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bm u FIGURES

Page

1. Salt Lake Valley Area Map

2. Utah Roses Site Location L.

u 3. Temperature Frequency Histogram for Salt Lake City

4. Utah Roses Geothermal Project Greenhouse Heating Y Schematic

5. Utah Roses Geothermal Project Work Schedule

6. Characteristics of Potential Discharge Canals u 7.

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11.

USGS Total Intensity Aeromagnetic Map Draper Project

Utah Roses, Inc. Property &: Well

Salt Lake County Conservancy Well Log, June 4, 1979

Salt Lake County Conservancy Well Log, June 25, 1979

Utah Roses Production Well

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TABLES

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b i I. Life Cycle Energy Cost & Savings (1980 to 1995)

11. Salt Lake County Conservancy Well Water Chemistry u

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Page -

12

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hi iii

Y ABSTRACT

A demonstration project for providing floral greenhouse space/

process heat for a 6-acre greenhouse facility in metropolitan

Salt Lake City has been jointly undertaken by the greenhouse owner

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on the environmental evaluation was completed in March, 1979, I

d and the contract between the two principal organizations to

proceed with the project was signed on May 1.

first well is scheduled to commence by late-October, with a target

Drilling of the w

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drilling depth of 3,000 to 4,000-feet. There are several shallow

warm wells in the area, the closest being 100-yds. from Utah R o s e s ,

and having 94OF temperatures at 750-foot depth.

temperature of 120°F has been set for the exploratory production

well, which is to be drilled beginning in late-October, 1979.

A minimum target

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I. PROJECT DESCRIPTION

A. PARTICIPANTS

All project activities are being conducted by Utah Roses,

Inc. of Sandy, Utah and their engineers, Energy Services, Inc.

of Salt Lake City. Utah Roses is providing the commercial and

financial management of the project and assuming complete owner-

ship of the facilities when the project is completed. Energy

Services, Inc. is providing all the engineering services and

supervision of the contractors performing the well drilling,

installation.of pumps, distribution lines, heat exchangers,

and any components that are a part of the geothermal system.

B. GENERAL

Utah Roses, Inc. is a 6-acre greenhouse facility that whole-

sales roses, via truck and airfreight. The facility is located

14-miles south of the center of Salt Lake City, in Sandy, Utah.

With a current population of 58,000 (Oct. 1978), Sandy is

rated as the fastest growing municipality in the metropolitan

Salt Lake Region.

The Utah Roses location is shown on Figure 1. The location

is on the western edge of Sandy, two blocks from Interstate

15, and 200-yards from the Jordan River. Two waste water

canals run past the property. (See Figure 2).

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The geothermal energy from the well to be drilled on Utah

Roses property will be used for floral industry process

heat.

temperature (120°F to 190°F).

feet temperatures as low as 120°F can be used economically.

A reinjection well might be used-if the chemical content of

the geothermal water requires such a well.

of water is adequate for direct use in water-to-air heat

exchangers, the discharge water will then be discharged

directly into an adjacent irrigation canal, obviating the

need for a reinjection well.

The geothermal water is expected to be of moderate

At a depth of 3,000 to 4,000-

If the quality

There is substantial evidence of a reservoir of the desired

temperature throughout a 1,000-sq. mile belt in and south of

Salt Lake City.

of-the proposed drilling location.

Three warm wells exist within three miles

Further confirmation of

the nature of this reservoir would stimulate future uses of

geothermal energy in this very heavily populated, highly

industrialized area of northern Utah.

Gas and oil-fired boilers are presently being used at the

Utah Roses facility, producing 70,000-MBTU's annually.

Beehive Machinery, Inc., a neighboring industry and future

potential participant in the geothermal project also uses

10,OOO-MBTU1s annually for space heating.

fossil fuel rating of the geothermal project is approximately

Potential annual

75,000-MBTU, allowing the present conventional systems to be

used for peaking on the coldest days. (An annual temperature

frequency histogram is shown in Figure 3 . )

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The complete energy system is comprised of the well system,

the pumps and motors, the heat exchangers, the distribution

system, the control system and the disposal system. The

well system would consist of two wells, a source well (nominally

supplying 170°F water) and possibly a reinjection well. Based

on experience with the first well, if it is not highly success-

ful, it is expected that the second well to be drilled could

be designed to produce more energy (fluids and temperature)

than the first.

be selected as the source and the other as the reinjection well.

The source well should be able to supply at least 500-gpm of

17OOF water when pumped. The discharge line will feed into a

water-to-water heat exchanger at nominally 170°F and into the

reinjection line from the heat exchanger at 40°F less with a

line pressure of 60-psi to prevent losing dissolved C02 (as

biocarbonate ion). Experience has shown that scaling problems

are minimized or almost non-existent if low-to-moderate

In such a case, the best producing well will

temperature geothermal water is kept pressurized and the

salts in solution. This prevents the formation of CaC03

scale. Silica scaling will not occur with 300°F geothermal

water unless it is cooled below 10O0F. At that temperature,

the amorphous phase solubility becomes less that the 300°F

crystalline phase solubility. There are few other deposition/

scaling problems of significance.

6

The pump system will consist of one large pump and motor of

nominally 200-HP and one or more smaller circulation pumps.

(The larger pump will supply 500-gpm of geothermal water

into a head of 1,500-feet, or 1,000-gpm into a 750-foot head.

The selection will not be made until well drawdown character- -

d istics are determined.) The smaller pump(s) will handle the

secondary ion-free hot water system for the water-air heat

exchangers used to heat the greenhouses.

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The heat exchanger system will consist of one large counter

flow unit to transfer energy from the geothermal, primary

system (pressurized) with ions in solution, to the hydrothermal,

secondary system with a minimum of ionic content. About 1,800- w

b square feet will be needed in this unit. The smaller, water- , air units will heat the air inside the individual greenhouses.

The secondary lines would be ordinary galvanized steel pipe a

with 3-inch diameter t'runk lines and 3/4-inch diameter branch

lines. The primary lines would be of steel and nominally

6-inches diameter. Figure 4 shows the present layout of the

greenhouse facility showing where the wellrand main trunk lines

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Presently, the installed heater complex is as follows:

a) Perimeter pipe heating, 1%-inch pipe, 16,000-feet. This provides about 1.5 x 106 Btu/hr. (up to 4 lines on outside walls, 2 to 3 lines between bays).

b) 12 Units, Modins Model V1020 (357,000 Btu/hr. on 50 psig steam) downward discharging on periphery of east greenhouse.

c) 36 Units, Modine Model V675 (236,000 Btu/hr. on 50 psig steam) downward discharging on interior of of east greenhouse.

d) 21 Units, Modine GHS 296 (444,000 Btu/hr. on 50 psig steam) horizontal discharging with plastic tube distributors to end of greenhouse and motor-controlled louver .

' Boiler capacity is 23.5 million Btu/hr. and can maintain 62OF

inside with 18OF outside (5-mph wind or less),

There are several options that are being considered for retrofit.

In each case all of the peripheral pipe would carry geothermal

water, and might be added to with additional finned tubing.

(The present pipe is badly corroded externally and would be

cleaned, but would not be finned.) The heater options are:

1. Convert part of the present steam system to geothermal water plus the additional units. Retain part of the old on pure steam. Use steam bleed into a mixing bank to boost the geothermal water.

bleed in a mixing tank. 2 . Convert everything to hot water, using steam

3 . Retain the present system and install a completely independent geothermal system.

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The option to be chosen will depend on the geothermal source,

temperature, flow rate, and water quality.

latter, we nominally prefer the use of a primary heat ex-

changer and a secondary circuit with corrosion inhibitors added.

Since some metallurgical effects can be anticipated from the

geothermal water, it is best to concentrate this in one unit.

This approach also avoids requiring steel (instead of the

customary copper tubing in all the heaters).

Concerning the

The cost of doubling (exact duplication) of the present

heaters is approximately $31,000 plus installation. Converting

portions of the present piping to carry hot water will require

some additional mechanical

will be minor. -.

Figure 4 shows the present

support, but these modifications

Utah Roses complex of heaters, as

they would be connected into the geothermal system as in option

#2.

the final design, based on the characteristics of the well.

Placement of additional heaters will be determined during

The control system will consist of all those components to

control the pumping rate, motor operation, valve action,

heat output, etc.

will depend on the temperature and capacity of the source

Final design and specification of these

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The performance monitoring system will consist of temperature

and pressure probes and flow meters coupled with data storage

units to adequately monitor the physical state of the operating

system. Retrofitting recorders to control points on the present

unit would be considered. This data will be reduced to provide

the performance figures for the required reports and the systems

efficiency.

D. ESTIMATE OF OVERALL LIFE-CYCLE ENERGY COST/INITIAL

AND LONG TERM SAVINGS.

Table I summarizes the savings compared to natural gas, the

investment costs in the new system, and the projected cost

savings over 15 years by using the geothermal system

instead of a conventional system. For purposes of comparison

with a new facility, a conventional vs. a hybrid geothermal-

fossil system analysis is noted. Both systems are assumed

to have a 15 year lifetime. The additional electrical expense

comes from the power demand of the pumps particular to the

geothermal system. The Salt Lake City area uses coal pre-

dominately in its electrical power production network. Thus

a much less amount of a plentiful fuel (coal) is used to power

a system which uses a renewable resource (geothermal) as a

replacement of a scarce fuel (gas).

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TABLE I

LIFE CYCLE ENERGY COST FIND SRVItllGS 1980 T O 1995

ENEKGY SAVIt.IGS ANNUALLYCI) - 758 800 MILLION ETU, GAS G O I L

TOTHL OVER 15 YEARS L I F E CYCLE - 1. 13 X EILLION ETU, GAS C O I L

LESS ADD I T I ONRL ELECTR I CY CONSUMEP ANNUALLY - 868,088 KWH EQUIVALENT TO 7600 MBTU C2> OVER I S YEARS -. 12,000,888 KWH EQUIVALEtJT TO 114~808 MBTU

NET SHVIt*JGS OF FOSSIL FUEL - G'J 488 METU ANNUALLY - I. 612 ~ILLIO~.~ BTU OVER 15 YEARS

COST OF ENERGY SAVED - HSSIJMING $1. 8 W M C F GHS PRICE PROJECTED EW MT. FUEL SlJPFLY FOR 1982 WILL ESCH-

HNNClHLLY TO 1995 <ASSUME NET ENERGY COST OF ELECTRICITY AT EUSBHR IS DETERMINED BY THE EC!UIVALEFJT COST OF GHS FIXING THE GENERAT I NG PLANT. ?

LHTE AT 8% ANNUHLLY UNTIL 1990, THEN 12ii

F

THRU 1985

THRU 1998

THRU 1995

(1) INCLUDES C2> EASED ON

TOTAL DEBT COST I F AMORTIZED TOTAL DEET

TOTRL NET OVER 15 YRS AT 16% COST I F 5 YR WEL SAV I tllGS COST OF CAPITAL AMORT. FIT 16%

2F 749,61838 0. 668,008 $1,139,800

12755.1 888 18334,808 1,139~8861

3,467,880 2,803,088 1,1398 a88

($2,0238, BBGr I F NOT ESCALATED AFTER 1982)

161, 080 METU FOR BEEHIVE MACHINERY, INC. ELECTRIC POWER PLANT HEAT RATE OF 9500 BTU/KWHR

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The Utah Roses Facility already has an operable gas/oil fired

steam heating system. It is prudent to adjust the capital

investment in a geothermal system to give optimum costs bene-

fit by using the conventional boiler to peak the system on the

coldest of days, Figure 3 shows a temperature frequency plot

for Salt Lake City. It is apparent that to add geothermal

heating capacity to supply needs below an outside temperature

of 25OF would not be cost effective in general. The exact

design point could only be determined once the production well

water temperature, water quality, and productivity are known,

But for an example, designing the geothermal system to "hold

its own" at 2S°F, will

burn 5% of its present

supply the difference.

capable of maintaining

as low as 18OF, Lower

require the conventional system to

normal annual fuel use in order to

(The conventional system is only

60°F inside with outside temperature

temperatures than this are not uncommon

in Salt Lake City, though less than 10°F is rare.)

Total cost is estimated as $850,000, with about half of this

involving resource development.

and federal funds is even. The

Figure 5.

The split between private

project schedule is shown in

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11. ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS

An environmental report on the Utah Roses geothermal space and

process heating project was completed in March, 1979. That

document, UR-G-79-1, was filed with the Department of Energy,

Idaho Operations Office. Thus, the comments below are summary

in nature.

A. PROPOSED ACTIVITY

' 1. Geophysical Exploration

Some geophysical exploration has been conducted in the

area as part of separate independent studies.

able geophysical data was reviewed and studied.

geophysical techniques were considered for implementation

The avail-

Other

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in the area but eventually discarded as not cost effective

for this project. It was felt that the nature and depth

of the valley fill would result in indefinate structural

data and could not result in any significant change of

the well site that would be economically feasible in

this high land-cost area,

in the area to develop qualitative models for the sub-

surface geology.

review, aerial photo study and a review of existing area

well water chemistry and temperature data.

Other surveys will be conducted

This work will include a geological data

Drilling of

test wells is not anticipated'.

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2. Drilling Description

Proposed activities during this phase of the project in-

clude the preparation, drilling, testing and completion

of the exploratory production and injection wells. Surface

disposal of the geothermal water into the Galena Canal may

be possible dependent upon the chemistry of the resource.

If the surface disposal method proves feasible without

adversely affecting the environment, the injection well

will not be required. However, it is being assumed the

injection well will be drilled and completed.

The drilling will be accomplished using a portable truck

mounted rotary drilling rig.

tracted through prepared and approved drilling specifications

and bidding processes.

The drilling will be con-

Drilling plans and well designs

- are discussed later in Section IV.

3 . Construction Activities

No new construction (except for the wells and disposal

system) is required. If discharge into the Galena Canal

is a permissible method of disposal, a catch basin will

probably be excavated where the geothermal water is mixed

with the Galena Canal water, in a ratio of approximately

1 to 3 parts by volume. The mixing will occur below

water, thus avoiding a fog problem which would occur on

cold days if the geothermal discharge were exposed directly

to the air. 16

LLI 4 . Reinjection and Reservoir Depletion

IJ With a planned utilization lifetime of 30 years, the re-

injection program must be planned and managed for minimal

thermal'degradation of the producing well(s) environment. Li

w With average annual flow rate of 150 to 200 gpm being

reinjected into a 500 foot thick formation strata with

Y 20% permeable porosity, the reinjected hydraulic front

Will reach a radius of only 1155 feet in 30 years,

production and reinjection wells are planned to be 900 The

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feet apart,

reach the reinjection well in about 26 years. That

hydraulic front will have limined" the heat from the

Thus, the reinjected hydraulic front will a I

d 1 900 foot travel distance and will nearly be at the initial

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production well temperature. Thus, virtually no detectable

temperature degradation would result in a 30 year opera-

ting period. -

POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

The development of geothermal resources in the Jordan Valley

may result in a variety of environmental impacts, the majority

of which will be temporary in nature. All of the temporary conditions are connected with the actual drilling operation

and none are considered to be significantly adverse. Since

development for i the.greenhouse facility is on such a small

scale, no cumulative impacts are anticipated either. The

disturbed land, about one acre, all of which is owned by

Utah Roses, Inc., will be restored for their planned future

development on that land. 17

Contamination of surface and sub-surface water supplies will Y be prevented through the use of mud pits which will contain

all fluids produced during drilling and some testing of the

wells. Ultimate disposal of the fluids contained in the mud

pits will be determined based on the water quality of such

fluids. No fluids will be allowed to reach existing water-

ways having marine life or being used for domestic purposes

until the compatibility of the two resources is evaluated.

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rri above the capacity of the mud pits and/or which is of poor

quality will be safely disposed of or the test will be ter-

minated when the capacity of the mud pits is reached. At oi

present, it is deemed appropriate that the Galena Canal can

be used for disposing of the fluids from this initial testing,

pending state and EPA approval of this approach. u

The charac-

d teristics of both potential discharge canals are shown in

Figure 6. M

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CANAL

conductivity (mic~mhos/cm)

PH

Temperature

Flow Rate

P W

FEB.

1600

7.6

---- 1% cfs

FIGURE 6

2100

CHARACTERISTICS OF POTENTIAL DISCHARGE CANALS

1900

GALENA

80

5

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73OF

3.2 cfs

JULY

1700

7.3

AARNALL WASTE WATER DITCH

Conductivity

AUGUST

1550

7.8

(micm-mhos/cm) I 1930 I

78

PH I 7.8

69 OF

Flow Rate

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JUNE

1700

8.0

66 to 77OF

10 cfs

JUNE

1450

8.0

61 to 62OF

0.9 cfs

JULY AUGUST

7.5 7.8

1 2.5 cfs 7

SEPT.

1950

7.5

-+-70°F

L 3 2 cfs

SEKT. -.

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The primary environmental concern is containing the fluids

from the producing well until their actual quality and

environmental impact can be determined. To obtain a good

measure of the quality of these fluids requires that the

well be flowed sufficiently to clean out any drilling fluids

and unconsolidated material that may be produced by the

formation. The presence of existing waste discharge canals

may be an acceptable means of conducting the initial test.

Then the decisions concerning whether re-injection is nec-

essary can be made.

The project will have no impact upon any federal or state-

owned lands or related land use regulations. The proposed

activity is in conformance with regional and local land use

plans and development policies and the Sandy City Zoning and

Development Ordinances. ' State regulations governing well

drilling and wastewater discharge will be complied with

during construction and operational phases.

The geothermal development plans for Utah Roses, Inc., are

in complete accord with the policies of the State of Utah

concerning developing alternative energy sources and with

federal intent as outlined in the Federal Non-Nuclear Energy

Research and Development Act of 1974 and the Geothermal Steam

Act of 1970.

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RESOURCE ASSESSMENT

GENERAL GEOLOGY

The Jordan Valley lies at the eastern edge of the Basin and

Range physiographic province, bounded on the east by the Wasatch

Range and on the south and west by the Traverse and Oquirrh

Mountains. The valley is a graben and the surrounding mountains

have been uplifted relative to the valley. The boundaries

between the valley and mountains are most often marked by faults.

In addition to the boundary faults separating the Jordan Valley

from the adjacent mountains, other faults, more or less in the

middle of the valley, define an inner graben which contains

a considerable thickness of sediment derived from the adjacent

mountains.

The Wasatch fault zone separates the Wasatch Range from the

valley and is the predominate feature in the area.

zone is a typical Basin and Range normal fault zone.

of a sevier of individual faults with a braided or branching

The fault

It consists

pattern. Most of the faults in the valley and on

strike N-S and dip 55' to 75' to the west. Those

side of the valley strike N-S and dip to the east

mately 6 0 ° .

the east side

on the west

at approxi-

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The Wasatch Fault zone and associated faults are currently

active and movement alonq them have resulted in 58 strong

earthquakes from 1850 to 1949. Generally, however, the

majority of the disturbances have been relatively minor in

nature and undetectable to the general populace. It would

appear that the movements began in late Tertiary and have

continued intermittently to the present time. The latest

movement on the Wasatch Fault is that of normal upthrusting

with the mountain block being uplifted carrying sediments of

the Lake Bonneville group and younger alluvial fans upward

from 60 to 200 feet.

The earth movements that originally formed the valley have

continued into comparatively recent times and have formed scarps

in- the unconsolidated deposits of the valley. The most prominent

of the faults showing late movement is the East Bench fault which

i s marked by a scarp thak reaches a height of 80-feet in the

unconsolidated deposits in the northeastern part of the Jordan

Valley. The west-facing scarp of the East Bench Fault, together

with the east-facing scarps of the Jordan Valley Fault Zone

delineate an inner graben within the Jordan Valley.

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Amoung the most impressive aspects of the landscape of the

area are the deposits and erosional features of Lake Bonneville.

Tremendous embankment deposits of gravel and sand are at the

mouths of many canyons and at the Jordan Narrows.

lines of Lake Bonneville are etched in bedrock and in pre-Lake

Bonneville alluvial fans alike all around the valley.

prominent shore lines are the Bonneville, ranging from about

Sharp shore-

The most

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5,135-5,180-feet, and the Provo at about 4,800-feet elevation.

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B. GENERAL GROUND WATER

The ground water)in the Jordan Valley occurs in three general

divisions: a shallow unconfined ground-water body, local

perched water, and an artesian reservoir. Ground water is

unconfined along the benches and forms a continuous body with

the artesian reservoir in the central valley.

recharge to the ground-water system is along the benches.

The bulk of the ground-water resource is in the artesian

reservoir in the lower portions of the valley.

Most of the

The Sandy area can be described at depth, geohydrologically, as

large thicknesses of well-sorted gravels interbedded with lake-

bottom clays. There are also numerous channel gravels of ancient

perennial streams. The ground-water moves generally northwest,

responding irregularily to climatic changes.

large diameter wells with hand dug wells common. Most wells

are less than 150-feet in depth and under flowing artesian

conditions. Specific capacities range from 6-200-gpm/ft with

an average of 45-gpm/ft.

There exist many

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C. GEOTHERMAL DATA EVALUATION L* w 1. Aeromagnetic Map

An aeromagnetic survey was run in the Southern Jordan

Valley by Books of the USGS in 1954. The data was plotted

and map prepared by ASARCO in July, 1954. The map shows

the magnetic gradient of the valley floor. Steep magnetic

gradients on the north side of the Traverse Mountains

in the south and the presence of Crystal Hot Springs in

the same area would indicate the presence of an east-

west trending fault zone. The map also shows a relatively

steep magnetic gradient trending E-W that passes just south

of Sandy and the Utah Roses property. (Figure 7)

The Sandy magnetic gradient has been recorded as an E-W

trending fault zone on two geologic maps of the area.

The source of this interpretation has been impossible to

verify. Some investigators see no definite indication

of faulting based on the available geophysical data.

-

However, the fact that the valley fill material is in

excess of 3,000-feet deep in the area immediately west

of Sandy, may account for the magnetic gradient becoming

less definitive in the area around Utah Roses. The

steep gradient that shows up south and east of Sandy

would indicate the possibility of a fault zone in that

area. If the fault zone does indeed exist and carries

geothermal water, horizontal movement of the water into

the valley fill material can be expected. Since Utah

Roses is less than 4 mile away fyom the projected fault

trace, it can be considered a good geothermal exploration

area for this Utah Roses PON Project. 4 24

bl 2. Valley Thermal Springs

u There are numerous hot springs that occur within the State

of Utah.

from 68OF to 189OF.

known fault zones.

Reported temperatures of these springs range

Nearly all of them are near or in

Two of these springs are in the general vicinity of the

project site.

imately 6-miles south of the site at the Utah State Prison.

The water temperature is reported at 137OF with a minimum

projected temperature of 225OF at depth, based on the

silica concentration (55 ppm). Saratoga Hot Springs is

16-miles south of the project site on the west bank of

Utah Lake.

Crystal Hot Springs is located approx-

It flows with a reported temperature of l l l ° F

with a minimum projected temperature of 160°F at depth;

again based on the silica concentration (25ppm).

Both of these springs are located along separate fault

zones and are undoubtedly a mixture of the geothermal

resource and cold ground water.

is assumed, the possible reservoir temperature of Crystal

Hot Springs water is 350°F and 250°F for Saratoga Hot

Springs. The total dissolved solids of both springs are

about 1,500-ppm and the waters are of the calcium sodium

chloride type. However, Saratoga Hot Springs is higher

in sulfate (420-ppm) than Crystal Hot Springs (140-ppm).

When cold water mixing

otherwise the waters are very similar and indicate that

the source water may be of similar origin.

ai 26

Y

3 . Salt Lake County Conservancy Well W

d

ri

*i

Iri

cl

This well was completed in January, 1966 to a total depth

of 800-feet. The well is located approximately 1,000-feet

south-east of the center of the Utah Roses Property.

See Figure 8. The well had a reported discharge temperature

of 76OF during a 27 hour pump test (728-gpm) in 1966. The

well has been static and not used since it was drilled.

The well was temperature logged and pump tested in June,

1979. Figure 9 shows the temperature log made on June 4th

before anything was done to upset the well or the water

within the wellbore. d

On June 6th the well was pumped for

approximately 6-hours at a nominal 1,000-gpm. The well

drawdown was only a total of 90-feet (55 to 145) during

J - the pump test. The water level would have probably

I approached 165-feet (110-feet of drawdown) after the six d

hours of pumping if the pump had not gone off for 10 min- f

1

Utes about 4*-hours into the test. d

J Calculations of transmissivity, porosity, and permeability

have not been included here due to data limitations.

limitations include shortness of test, rough flow control,

The d .

test interruption, and inexperienced personnel conducting

the test. However, the well appears to be fairly produc-

tive at 1,DOO-gpm with approximately 110-feet of drawdown

after 6-hours of pumping.

27 ad

I - 1

SALT LAKE COUNTY

CONSERVANCY WELL LOG

Y

I NOTE: PROBE HUNG UP, \

\ \ \ . \ \

-. E S I RIG GOING DOWN -- ESI RIG GOING UP ---- INEL RIG ( IST ATTEMPT) - INEL R I G (2NO ATTEMPT) n\yY PERFORATIONS . The cooler. temperatures recorded from the \ __ INEL Rig is a result of the mixing of the cold water in the upper seg- ment of the well with the warmer water below during previous logging.

\ \

J

.. \ \

TEMPERATURE OF

29

Y

Several geochemical samples were taken during the pump

test and analyzed. Those results are shown in Table 111.

After examining the data and performing geochemical

analysis;

well was producing hotter water than was recorded during

the initial temperature log of June 4th.

there was a suspicion that the bottom of the

Consequently, the well was temperature logged again on

June 25th. Those results are shown in Figure 10. The

bottom hole temperature was 93OF. Apparently, the stren-

uous pumping of the well brought in warmer geothermal

water and this water was not completely cooled to the

normal equilibrium'conditions before the second log was

made, 24 weeks after the pumping of the well.

-

If the well

were designed as a geothermal well (case out the cold water

above 520-feet), it is capable of producing water at approx-

imately 90°F.

Y

b 30

TABLE 11 L

u Salt Lake County Conservancy

h Well Water Chemistry

(results in ppm unless otherwise indicated) Y

Y CaC03 (Alkalinity) 112

Y

Ba

B

Ca

c1 Ld

.ll

.160

1 6

20

rJ Cr (Hex. ) <. 001 cu

CaC03 (Hardness) J

bd Fe (Totai)

Y

pH U n i t s

0 0 1

42 .0

590

2 .88

<. 0002

. c.01

<. 001 <. 001

<. 01 26.0

7 .48

As - 0 0 5

HC03 137 .

Cd

C03

4 001 <. 01

Cr (Dis) (. 001 Conductivity 330

{&mhos/cm)

. 56 F

Fe (Dissolved) .150

Pb <. 001 Mn . 030 r? i <. 001

1.76 K

Si02 1 3

Na 58 .

TDS 212

I Turbidity NTU 460

Zn 0 (io2

31 ,

Y

FIGURE 10

SALTLAKECOUNTY

JUNE 25, 1979

\ \ \ \

- \ 1

. \ \ 4~ CHANGED BATTERY - PROBE GOING DOWN --- PROBE GOING UP

E J PERFORATIONS Cooler temperatures going up are a result of the mixing of the c o l d water in the upper segment of the well with the warmer below when the probe went down. \

\ I

I I I I I 1 I

J 1

75 80 85 90 95 6k 710

TEMPERATURE OF

32 b

cr

Y

I

Y

L

h

Ld

lcli

Y

J

od

Y

A temperature gradient of 2.2OF/lOO-feet is derived when

using the 82OF at 300-feet and 93OF at 800-feet. A

temperature gradient of 1.70F/lOO-feet results when

using the data from the June 4th temperature log (77,5OF/

300-feet and 86OF/800-feet). Using the higher (2.2OF/

100-feet) temperature gradient; the following is the

estimated temperature at the given depth.

Depth Estimated Temperature

800 feet 93OF

2,000 feet 119OF

3,000 feet 141°F

4,000 feet 163OF

4 ,300 feet 170°F

For the purposes of geochemical analysis, it was con-

servatively assumed that the 93OF water was being mixed

with 62OF cooler water nearer the surface, to give the

well head flowing temperature of 78OF. It is more likely

however, that the cooler near surface water is in the

range of 50-55OF.

33

Considering the low boron and flouride content (Table 11)

of the well water, a conservative dilution result is

nominally a 50/50 mixture.

following geochemical temperature indications:

A 50/50 dilution gives the

silica 158 OF

Na/K/Ca 135OF

These results are in good agreement and support the pre-

viously selected production target zone below 2,000 feet.

This well is the single most definitive evidence for

a viable geothermal resource in the area.

that the minimum temperature required (120OF) is present

and can be recovered at a reasonable depth,

rate (1,000-gpm) and drawdown (estimated at 110-feet

after 6-hours) indicates that the geothermal well can be

expected to produce a reasonable flow rate over a 6-month

period. The valley fill material apparently extends down

to approximately 3,500-feet in the vicinity of Utah Roses,

Inc. and the permeability should not result in production

rates less than half of those in the Conservancy Well,

If faulted and/or fracture zones are encountered, the

estimated production rates and temperatures could be greatly

increased.

It indicates

The production

-

34

Y 4. Other Area Warm Wells

There are numerous other warm wells that occur around

the Sandy, Utah area. These wells have not been discussed ki

in detail due to the limited information concerning them I and the fact that the Conservancy Well data is much more

definitive and site specific. The fact the other wells u

u exist indicates the geothermal waters are leaking away

from the primary fault sources and can be located in

selected permeable aquifers at depth. hi

u However, there is data available from the driller's log of

one other well that is important and should be noted. h i This

well is located at approximately 150 East 10600 South

(11,000-feet southeast of Utah Roses) and was drilled by

Sandy City. The well was drilled in late See Figure 8.

1958 and early 1959 to a total depth of 1150-feet. It was

pump tested at 1,000-gpm and the drawdown was 79-feet over

an unknown time period.

lu -

The static water level was 71-feet

and the drawdown dropped the level to 150-feet.

d During the 1,000-gpm pump test, the welL flowed water at

90°F.

lead wool between 772 and 740-feet. The reported temper-

ature of the water produced above 722-feet was still 82OF.

lc3 The well was then plugged with rock and 300-lbs. of I

u ,

Y

Li

Another plug was placed between 385 and 415-feet (rock

and 3,000-lbs. of lead wool), The produced water temper-

ature above this plug (385-feet) was still a reported 72OF.

4 The well was then plugged with rock and cement from 315 to

355-f eet and left undeveloped. i&

35 b

Y

Ir U

5. Resource Summary

It appears that the geothermal waters are present within

the major area fault zones and move laterally and upward

in them to points of reduced pressure. There is apparent

lateral leakage of the waters away from the fault sources

into some permeable beds,

wells (for a given depth) can be expected when they are

The hottest and most productive

drilled into the faulted and fractured zones. However,

it appears that good production and temperatures can also

be located away from the fault zones if permeable beds are

encountered and/or the-wells are drilled to the quartzite

bedrock.

2,600-feet of the Utah Roses property and the downhole

temperatures encountered in the Conservancy Well (93OF)

and Sandy City Well ( C l O O O F )

property a good geothermal exploration area for this PON

The possibility that fault zones may exist within

-

combine to make the Utah Roses

Project ,

.

Y 36

IV. DRILLING PLAN

A. GENERAL

A drilling contractor (Colorado Well Service Co.) has been

selected for the Ukah Roses Geothermal Project and drilling

of the production well will commence in the period of October

25 to November 5. A suspected fault trending E-W through the

project area will be the target zone for the production well.

A detailed well drilling specification plan has previously

been submitted to and approved by the Department of Energy.

B. DRILLING PROGNOSIS

The drilling of the production and injection wells will be

primarily accomplished in the unconsolidated to semi-consoli-

dated valley fill material. If it is necessary to drill the -

production well beyond 3,200-feet, the quartzite bedrock will

be a limiting factor unless highly altered or fractured. The

fill material just above the quartzite should be an excellent

target zone. The rock types may present two problems for the

well driller.

might necessitate remedial measures (cementing) in order to drill

through with a rotary rig.

the hole to cave.

it may make the geothermal resource slightly more difficult to

The first will be the boulders and cobbles that

The second might be a tendency for

Light mud should control this problem although

detect. Periodic temperature surveys will be taken in the bore-

hole during drilling to minimize the difficulty of detecting the

resource with mud in the hole.

37

Y

Ir

M

Y

ea

Y

L,

A third problem must be anticipated concerning the resource

itself.

confining pressure head (10-40 psig) and water above 120'F can

cause severe burns.

fluid as well as shut-off valve and flow line installation

during drilling will control this problem.

The production zone will probably be under a low

Again, the use of a light mud base drilling

All aspects.of the drilling should be well within the normal

operation of water well drillers and current techniques.

C. WELL CONSTRUCTION

1.. Production Well

The production well will be drilled into the anticipated

geothermal resource located within the fracture zone of

a suspected area fault to an appropriate depth for the

required temperature and production.

that the top of the production zone and fault will be en-

countered at a depth of approximately 3,000-feet and that

the well will then be drilled about 1,000-feet into the

zone, a total depth of 4,000-feet +. The section of the

production well is shown in Figure 11.

It is anticipated

-

d 38

Y

Li u Lgure 11 UTAH ROSES PRODUCTION

W E L L

13 3 / 8’’ c a si n 9

Cement 500’

-

L

Pr odu c t 1 on

v -4000‘

7 5/8”ho\e

39

Li

u

hi

D. u

u

d

Y

u

u

2. Injection Well

Depending on resource quality, an injection well may

be drilled in order to dispose of the used geothermal

fluids during normal operation of the greenhouse complex.

That discussion will be held in abeyance, however, pending

results of production drilling.

D R I L L I N G MUD

The surface hole (17%") may be drilled with mud of the driller's

choice and the approval of the Project Manager. Water or a

very light drilling mud will be employed to control the possible

Y

artesian water pressure and lost circulation zones anticipated

below 500-feet. The normal mud additive to be employed will

be a degradeable type.

be acceptable with the approval of the Project Manager. Diesel

fuel may be used sparingly as well as lost circulation material

should the need arise. Bentonite base mud is not preferred at

'Baroid's Quik-Trol or equivalent will

this time due to the possible bentonite clay lenses that may

be encountered during drilling. I f caving or other borehole

problems necessitate the use of bentonite mud, it is subject

to the approval of the Project Manager.

4 0

Y

Y

, U

Li

I

h i

LJ

E. WELL COMPLETION

1. Well Development

The Contractor shall develop the well by such methods

as will effectively extract from the water bearing

formation the maximum practical quantity of drilling

debris, fine sand, and silt, or other fine materials.

Development shall be sand free at the maximum discharge

rate. Should developments require lengthy delays for

discharge permits, the drill rig may be dismissed and

the owner will assume responsibility for further develop- -

ment.

2. Water Analysis

A chemical analysis of the water from the well shall be

obtained from two water samples collected by the Contractor

after it has been determined that the maximum production

rate of the well has been reached. The water sample will

be collected in two one-gallon plastic containers. The

water analysis shall be the responsibility of the Utah

Roses Project Manager and will indicate the relative #

concentrations, by quantitative methods, or values of the

following:

41

Y CATIONS ANIONS

Y

Y

Y

IJ

W

u

es 1

Drrl

Y

Y

Silica (Si02)

Boron (B)

Total Iron (Fe) (ferrous & ferric)

Calcium (Ca)

Magnesium (Mg)

Sodium (Na)

Potassium (K)

Manganese (Mn)

And in addition to the above:

Total Dissolved Solids

Hardness (Carbonate & Noncarbonate)

Alkalinity (Phenolphthalein & Total)

Specific Conductance (Micromhos of 25OC)

Phosphorus (P)

Bicarbonate (HCO3)

Carbonate (CO3)

Sulfate (SO41

Chloride (C1 )

Fluoride (F)

Nitrate (NO31

Hydrogen Ion Concentration (pH)

Where applicable, all results shall be recorded in

milligrams per liter (Mg/l) or parts per million (ppm).

42

Y

L L 4

Y

w

Ld

w

J

Y

w

w

u

u

w

Id

u

Y

u' 4

b

w

3 . Wellhead Fittings and Valves

a) Materials

1) Fittings

A 12-inch flange (12" bore) will be installed

on top of both wellhead casings (butt-welded,

150-lb., raised face, weld neck). A 3,000-lb.

2-inch Threadolet and 2-inch nipple will be

installed on the side of both wellhead casings.

2) Flow Relief Tee

The tee will be constructed of 14-inch black

iron pipe with 14-inch flanges (as above) welded

on both ends.

side to accomodate the 6-inch valve and flow

relief line. The length of the tee will be

kept as short as possible depending on the rings

clearance capability.

A nipple will be welded on the

3 ) Gaskets

Pipe gaskets shall be 1/8-inch thick, full face,

asbestos impregnated or approved equal.

43

d

clr bi

Y

Li

Y

w

u

L

cd

d c.i

Y

4) Valves

The 14-inch, 6-inch and 2-inch valves shall be

gate valves with a pressure rating of 150-psi

and shall be designed to effect tight shut-off.

Design of the 14-inch valve shall be such that

with the valve in the open position, the full

and unobstructed inside diameter is available

to pass the drill string and maximum bit(l2%-inch).

5) Valve Testing

All valves shall be subjected to hydrostatic,

shop leakage and performance test as specified

in AWWA Standard C507-73.

6) Proof of Design

The manufacturer furnishing valves under the

specification shall be prepared to s h o w proof

that the valves proposed meet the design require-

ments of AWWA Standard C507-73 per Section 17.2.

b) Installation

The Project Manager shall furnish and the Contractor

will install all fabricated flanges, tees, blind

flanges, gaskets, valves and all appurtenances and

incidentals described herein complete and ready for

use. Installation shall be in strict conformance

with the various manufacturer's recommendations.

44

J

m

rri

Y

td

rd

J

4 . Well Yield and Abandonment

a) Well Yield

Location of a suitable aquifer system at the previously

listed site capable of-producing at least 500-gpm of

geothermal water is desired. However, these specifi-

cations do not require the Contractor to guarantee

well production or water quality, due to the exploratory

nature of the drilling. Regardless of the well yield

obtained, the Contractor shall make every reasonable

effort to obtain accurate drawdown and recovery infor-

mation.

b) Abandonment of Well

- In the event the well shall not be accepted prior to

completion due to insufficient capacity, unsatisfactory

chemical or bacteriological quality or should it be

abandoned fo r any causes not the fault of the Contrac-

tor, the Contractor shall, as directed by the Project

Manager fill the hole with puddled clay or clay and

concrete as necessary to plug the well.

4 5

If, however, the well is abandoned because of poor

alignment or for any other cause due to the Contrac-

tor's negligence or faulty materials, the Contractor

shall, as directed by the Project Manager, fill the

hole with puddled clay or clay and concrete as necessary

to plug the well, and no _. payment shall be made to the

Contractor.

F . COMPLETED WELL

The completed well shall consist of a borehole with 13 3/8-inch

and 8 5/8-inch (production well) diameter casing, cement grouted

from the geothermal water bearing formation to the ground

surface, well-head fittings/valves installed and either hung

slotted casing (if required) installed or open hole completion

accomplished.

cleaned-out condition.

The well will be left in a maximum developed and

G. SITE CLEANUP

Upon completion of all work specified, the Contractor shall

remove from the drilling site all equipment and materials not

originally present before move-in occurred. The ground shall

be returned, as near as possible, to the original topography.

The mud pits shall be left for testing purposes.

shall be done to the Project Manager's satisfaction.

owner shall be respons-ible for disposal of the used drilling

All work

The

fluids. 4 6

V.

1.

2 .

3 .

4 .

5.

6.

7.

8 .

9.

REFERENCES

"Area-wide Water Quality

Water Quality and Water

"Area-wide Water Quality

Management Plan." Salt Lake County

Pollution Control, October, 1978.

Management Plan-Appendix," Salt

Lake County Water Quality and Water Pollution Control,

October, 1978.

State of Utah, Department of Development Service, State

Historic Preservation Office.

"Draft Environmental Impact Statement for Utah Lake-Jordan

River Water Quality Management Planning Study," U.S. Environ-

mental Protection Agency, Region VIII, Denver, Colorado, April,

1976 . "Soil Survey of Salt Lake Area, Utah, 'I USDA, Soil Conservation

Service, April, 1974.

"Regional Development Guide," Wasatch Front Regional Council,

March, 1977.

"An Overall EconomicDevelopment Plan for Salt Lake County,

Utah," Peter J. Van Alstyne, The Bureau of Community Develop-

ment, University of Utah, 1978.

Water Resources of Salt Lake County'I,Techn. Publ. #31, (1971) , Utah Dept. of Natural Resources.

"Environmental Geology of the Wasatch Front", (1971), Utah

Geological Association Publication #l.

47

10. "Thickness of Unconsolidated to Semi-Consolidated Sediments

in Jordan Valley, Utah", R. E. Mattick (USGS), USGS Prof. Paper

700-C, 1970.

11. "Geology and Ground-Water Resources of the Jordan Valley,

Utah", A. W. Mavine and D. Price (USGS), Utah Geological and

Mineralogical Survey, Water-Resources Bulletin 7, Dec.1974.

"Major Thermal Springs of Utah", J. C. Mundorff (USGS) , Utah Geological and Mineralogical Survey, Water-Resources Bulletin

13, September, 1970.

12.

13. "Geology of the Central Wasatch Mountains, Utah", Guidebook

to the Geology of Utah, Number 8 collection of papers,

Utah Geological and Mineralogical Survey, 1952.

14. "The Wasatch Fault Zone in North Central Utah," Guidebook

to- the Geology of Utah, Number 18, colleciton of papers,

Geological and Mineralogical Survey, 1964. c

4 8