flora at sanjay gandhi park

7/30/2019 Flora At Sanjay Gandhi Park

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Flora in Sanjay Gandhi National Park

Flora in Sanjay Gandhi National Park reminds us of the above poem by Joyce Kilmer. Sanjay

Gandhi National Park is also known as Borivali National Park. In the year 1974 it has been

attributed a Heritage Status. The lush green setting of this place and the exquisite view of themountains and hills that are located nearby are relaxing for the eyes.

Flora generally means the vegetation part of the forest. In Sanjay Gandhi National Park the flora

consists of two typical varieties. They are South Indian Moist Deciduous and Semi Evergreen

types. The deciduous trees mainly shed their leaves during winters but the evergreen trees bearleaves all round the year.

Moist deciduous trees survive in a humid condition and also shed their leaves during the winters.The flora in Sanjay Gandhi National Park also sheds their leaves during winter season. There are

also Teak Bearing and Mangrove type of forests in the Sanjay Gandhi National Park. The major

trees here includes the

Acacia Ziziphus Euphorbia Teak Shisham Red Silk Cotton Kadamba

Flora in Sanjay Gandhi National Park consists of numerous flowering and non flowering trees.The Park was also known as the Krishnagiri National Park during the pre independence era.

Sanjay Gandhi National Park has earned its name in a unique manner. While Sanjay Gandhi, son

of the Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, was traveling by plane, it crashed in air and he losthis life. To commemorate him, this National Park was renamed as the Sanjay Gandhi National

Park, Borivali.

Acacia (pron.:/ke/or/kesi/), also known as a thorntree,whistling thornor wattle, is

a genus of shrubs and trees belonging to thesubfamilyMimosoideaeof the familyFabaceae, firstdescribed inAfricaby theSwedishbotanistCarl Linnaeusin 1773. Many non-Australian speciestend to bethorny, whereas the majority ofAustralianacacias are not. They arepod-bearing, with

sap and leaves typically bearing large amounts oftanninsandcondensed tanninsthat historically

in many species found use as pharmaceuticals and preservatives.

The generic name derives from (akakia), the name given by early Greek botanist-physicianPedanius Dioscorides(ca. 40-90) to the medicinal treeA. niloticain his bookMateria
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Medica.[2]

This name derives from theGreekword for its characteristic thorns, (akis,

thorn).[3]

The species name nilotica was given by Linnaeus from this tree's best-known range

along theNileriver.

The genusAcacia previously contained roughly 1300species, about 960 of them native to

Australia, with the remainder spread around the tropical to warm-temperateregions of bothhemispheres, includingEurope, Africa, southernAsia, and theAmericas. However, in 2005 the

genus was divided into five separate genera under the tribe "Acacieae." The genusAcacia was

retained for the majority of the Australian species and a few in tropical Asia, MadagascarandPacific Islands. Most of the species outside Australia, and a small number of Australian species,

were reclassified intoVachelliaandSenegalia. The two final genera,AcaciellaandMariosousa,

each contain about a dozen species from the Americas.

Ziziphus (pron.:/zzfs/)[3]

is a genus of about 40 species of spinyshrubsand smalltreesin the

buckthornfamily,Rhamnaceae, distributed in the warm-temperateandsubtropicalregions throughoutthe world. Theleavesare alternate, entire, with three prominent basal veins, and 27 cm (0.792.8 in)

long; some species aredeciduous, othersevergreen. Theflowersare small, inconspicuous yellow-green.

Thefruitis an edibledrupe, yellow-brown, red, or black, globose or oblong, 15 cm (0.392.0 in) long,

often very sweet and sugary, reminiscent of adatein texture and flavour.

The generic name is derived fromzizfum orzizafun, thePersianword forZ. lotus.[4]

They areRhamnaceae, near to theBuckthorngenus.

Ecology

Ziziphus species are used as food plants by thelarvaeof someLepidopteraspecies including

Bucculatrix zizyphella, which feeds exclusively on the genus, andEndoclita malabaricus.

Well known species includesZ. zizyphus(Jujube),Z. spina-christifrom southwesternAsia,Z.lotusfrom theMediterraneanregion, and Ber (Ziziphus mauritiana), which is found from

westernAfricatoIndia.Ziziphus joazeirogrows in theCaatingaofBrazil.Ziziphus celataislisted as anendangered speciesin theUnited States.

The fruits are an important source for birds, that eat the whole fruit and regurgitate seeds intact,

expanding the seeds in the best conditions for germination (ornitochory). Secondly, theseeddispersalis carried out bymammaliansorfishes. The fruit is energy-rich because of the large

amount of sugar it contains. It is cultivated and eaten fresh, dry, and in jam. They also get added

as a base in meals and in the manufacture of candy. Theleavescan be eitherdeciduousorevergreendepending on species, and aromatic.

They are temperate or tropical plants, having a great range. They are most abundant in annualaverage temperatures between 12 and 35 C, minimum winter temperatures not lower than -2

C. Prefers locations with a high temperature coupled with humidity. They require a deep soil,
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fresh, soft, siliceous-calcareous nature or limestone-clay-silica-clay and subsurface permeable,

with pH between 5.5 and 7.8. they not grow well on excessively sandy or clay soils which maybe affected by standing water, the plants acquire a limited development. Many species are very

sensitive to drought, and if the land is excessively dry and of calcareous nature, may resent the

lack of moisture. At the slightest drought is frequent premature fruit drop. Ziziphus has several

relictspecies living in temperate areas. The species can not enduring the bad winter, fromtemperate continental climate.

The ecological requirements of the genus, are mostly those of vigorous species with a great

ability to populate the habitat that is conducive. This genus is adapted mostly to high rainfall and

humidity, but some species aredeciduousliving in mediterranean humid climate. The deciduousZiziphus species lose all of theirleavesfor part of the year depending on variations inrainfall. In

deciduous tropical species, leaf loss coincides with thedry seasonin tropical, subtropical and

arid regions. They grow mostly in tropical forests but has also been found in stubbles, pastures,

in the coastal ranges, tropical mountain areas and interior in wet areas to dry regions. The familyis distributed throughout tropical, subtropical areas, andcloud forest.

The differences are ecological adaptations to different environments over a relatively dry-wetclimate. Species in less humid environment are smaller or less robust, with less abundant and

thinner foliage and have oleifera cells that give trees with a more fragrant aroma.

Euphorbia is agenusofflowering plantsbelonging to thefamilyEuphorbiaceae. Consisting of2008species,

[1]Euphorbia is one ofthe largest and most diverse genera in the plant kingdom,

along withRumexandSenecio.[2]Members of the family and genus are commonly referred to as

spurges.Euphorbia antiquorumis thetype speciesfor the genusEuphorbia;[3]it was described

byCarl Linnaeusin 1753 inSpecies Plantarum. The family is primarily found in thetropicalandsubtropicalregions of Africa and the Americas, but also intemperate zonesworldwide.Succulentspecies originate mostly from Africa, the Americas and Madagascar. There exists a

wide range ofinsularspecies: on the Hawaiian Islands, where spurges are collectively known as

"akoko",[4]

and on the Canary Islands as "tabaibas".[5][6]

Thecommon name"spurge" derives from theMiddle English/Old Frenchespurge ("to purge"),due to the use of the plant's sap as apurgative.

Thebotanical nameEuphorbia derives fromEuphorbus, theGreekphysicianof kingJuba IIof

Numidia(5250 BC23 AD), who married the daughter of Anthony and Cleopatra.[7]

He wrote

that one of the cactus-like Euphorbias was a powerfullaxative.

[7]

In 12 B.C., Juba named thisplant after his physician Euphorbus in response toAugustus Caesardedicating a statue to

Antonius Musa, his own personal physician.[7]

Botanist and taxonomistCarl Linnaeusassignedthe nameEuphorbia to the entire genus in the physician's honor.[8

The plants areannualorperennialherbs, woodyshrubsortreeswith a caustic, poisonous milkysap (latex). Therootsare fine or thick and fleshy or tuberous. Many species are more or less

succulent, thorny or unarmed. The main stem and mostly also the side arms of the succulent
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relicthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relicthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deciduoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deciduoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deciduoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_seasonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_seasonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_seasonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_foresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_foresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_foresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_%28biology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_%28biology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbiaceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbiaceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbiaceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia#cite_note-WCSP-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia#cite_note-WCSP-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia#cite_note-WCSP-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_largest_genera_of_flowering_plantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_largest_genera_of_flowering_plantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_largest_genera_of_flowering_plantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneciohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneciohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia_antiquorumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia_antiquorumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia_antiquorumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_Plantarumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_Plantarumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_Plantarumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperate_zonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperate_zonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperate_zonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succulenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succulenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_namehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_namehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_namehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Frenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Frenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Frenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purgativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purgativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purgativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_namehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_namehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_namehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbus_%28physician%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbus_%28physician%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbus_%28physician%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juba_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juba_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juba_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numidiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numidiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia#cite_note-FPSMM-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia#cite_note-FPSMM-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia#cite_note-FPSMM-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laxativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laxativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia#cite_note-FPSMM-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia#cite_note-FPSMM-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia#cite_note-FPSMM-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Caesarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Caesarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Caesarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonius_Musahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonius_Musahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia#cite_note-FPSMM-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia#cite_note-FPSMM-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia#cite_note-FPSMM-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succulent_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succulent_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succulent_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia#cite_note-FPSMM-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonius_Musahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Caesarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia#cite_note-FPSMM-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laxativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia#cite_note-FPSMM-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numidiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juba_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbus_%28physician%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_namehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purgativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Frenchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_namehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succulenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperate_zonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_Plantarumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia_antiquorumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneciohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_largest_genera_of_flowering_plantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia#cite_note-WCSP-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphorbiaceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_%28biology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_foresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_seasonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deciduoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relict


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species are thick and fleshy, 1591 cm (636 inches) tall. The deciduousleavesare opposite,

alternate or in whorls. In succulent species the leaves are mostly small and short-lived. Thestipulesare mostly small, partly transformed intospinesorglands, or missing.

Like all members of the family Euphorbiaceae, all spurges have unisexualflowers. InEuphorbia

these are greatly reduced and grouped intopseudanthiacalledcyathia. The majority of speciesaremonoecious(bearing male and female flowers on the same plant), although some are

dioeciouswith male and female flowers occurring on different plants. It is not unusual for thecentral cyathia of acymeto be purely male, and for lateral cyathia to carry both sexes.

Sometimes young plants or those growing under unfavorable conditions are male only, and only

produce female flowers in the cyathia with maturity or as growing conditions improve. Thebractsare often leaf-like, sometimes brightly coloured and attractive, sometimes reduced to tiny

scales. Thefruitsare three (rarely two) compartmentcapsules, sometimes fleshy but almost

always ripening to a woody container that then splits open (explosively, see explosive

dehiscence). Theseedsare 4-angled, oval or spherical, and in some species have acaruncle.

In the genusEuphorbia, succulence in the species has often evolved divergently and to differingdegrees. Sometimes it is difficult to decide, and it is a question of interpretation, whether or not aspecies is really succulent or "only"xerophytic. In some cases, especially withgeophytes, plants

closely related to the succulents are normal herbs. About 850 species are succulent in the strictest

sense. If one includes slightly succulent and xerophytic species, this figure rises to about 1000,representing about 45% of allEuphorbia species.

Teak is the common name for thetropicalhardwoodtree species Tectona grandis and its woodproducts.[1]Tectona grandis is native to south and southeastAsia, mainlyIndia,Indonesia,

Malaysia, andBurma, but is naturalized and cultivated in many countries, including those inAfricaand theCaribbean. Burma accounts for nearly one third of the world's total teakproduction.[citation needed]

The word teak comes from theTamilword thekku.[2]This tree is mentioned in the seventh-

century literature of Tamil popularly known as theTevaram. InBengaliit is called 'Segun'

() or more commonly as Sagwan in various Indian languages.

Tectona grandis is a large, deciduous tree that is dominant in mixed hardwood forests. It has

small, fragrant white flowers and papery leaves that are often hairy on the lower surface.

Tectona grandis is a large,deciduoustree up to 40 m (131 ft) tall with gray to grayish brownbranchlets. Leaves areovate-ellipticto ovate, 1545 cm (5.917.7 in) long by 823 cm (3.19.1

in) wide, and are held on robustpetiolesthat are 24 cm (0.81.6 in) long.Leaf marginsareentire.[3]

Flowers atAnanthagiri Hills, inRangareddy districtofAndhra Pradesh,India.

Flower, fruit & leaves ofTectona grandis inKolkata,West Bengal,India.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leafhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leafhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leafhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stipulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stipulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spine_%28botany%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spine_%28botany%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spine_%28botany%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudanthiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudanthiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudanthiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyathiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyathiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyathiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoecioushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoecioushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoecioushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioecioushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioecioushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyme_%28botany%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyme_%28botany%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyme_%28botany%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsule_%28fruit%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsule_%28fruit%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsule_%28fruit%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosive_dehiscencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosive_dehiscencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosive_dehiscencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosive_dehiscencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaiosomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaiosomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaiosomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerophytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerophytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerophytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storage_organhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storage_organhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storage_organhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardwoodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardwoodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardwoodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teak#cite_note-GRIN-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teak#cite_note-GRIN-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teak#cite_note-GRIN-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbeanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbeanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbeanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teak#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teak#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teak#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tevaramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tevaramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tevaramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deciduoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deciduoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deciduoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf_shapehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf_shapehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf_shapehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petiole_%28botany%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petiole_%28botany%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petiole_%28botany%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf_marginhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf_marginhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf_marginhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teak#cite_note-FOC-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teak#cite_note-FOC-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teak#cite_note-FOC-3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ananthagiri_Hills&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ananthagiri_Hills&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ananthagiri_Hills&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangareddy_districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangareddy_districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangareddy_districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangareddy_districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ananthagiri_Hills&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teak#cite_note-FOC-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf_marginhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petiole_%28botany%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf_shapehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deciduoushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tevaramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teak#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbeanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teak#cite_note-GRIN-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardwoodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storage_organhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerophytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaiosomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosive_dehiscencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosive_dehiscencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsule_%28fruit%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyme_%28botany%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioecioushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoecioushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyathiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudanthiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spine_%28botany%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stipulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf


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U Bein BridgeAmarapura,Myanmar. The longest teak bridge in the world at 1.2 km (0.75 mi) in

length.

Leaves ofTectona grandis inPalakkad,Kerala.

Fragrant white flowers are borne on 2540 cm (1016 in) long by 30 cm (12 in) widepanicles

from June to August. Thecorollatube is 2.53 mm long with 2 mm wide obtuse lobes. Tectona

grandis sets fruit from September to December; fruits are globose and 1.2-1.8 cm in diameter .[3]

Flowers are weaklyprotandrousin that theanthersprecede thestigmain maturity and pollen is

shed within a few hours of the flower opening.[4]

The flowers are primarilyentomophilous(insect-pollinated), but can occasionally beanemophilous(wind-pollinated).[5]A 1996 study

found that in its native range in Thailand, the major pollinator were species in the Ceratinagenus

of bees.[4

Dalbergia sissoo (or Indian Rosewood) (Urdu: ), is a deciduousrosewoodtree, also known as sisu,sheesham, tahli/Tali/ , or Irugudujava. It is native to the Indian Subcontinent and Southern Iran. In

Persian, it is called Jag. It is the state tree of Punjab state (India) and the provincial tree of Punjab

province (Pakistan). It is primarily found growing along river banks below 900 metres (3,000 ft)

elevation, but can range naturally up to 1,300 m (4,300 ft). The temperature in its native range averages

1040 C (50104 F), but varies from just below freezing to nearly 50 C (122 F). It can withstand

average annual rainfall up to 2,000 millimetres (79 in) and droughts of 34 months. Soils range from

pure sand and gravel to richalluviumof river banks; shisham can grow in slightly saline soils. Seedlings

are intolerant of shade.

Timber

Sheesham wood

Shisham is best known internationally as a premier timber species of therosewoodgenus, but is

also used as fuel wood and for shade and shelter. With its multiple products and tolerance of

light frosts and long dry seasons, this species deserves greater consideration for tree farming,reforestation and agro forestry applications. Afterteak, it is the most important cultivated timber

tree of the Bihar, which is the largest producer of shisham timber in India and Pakistan. In the

Bihar, the tree is planted on roadsides, along canals and as a shade tree fortea plantations. It isalso commonly planted in southern Indian cities like Bangalore as a street tree.

Shisham is among the finest cabinet andveneertimbers. It is the wood from which 'Kartaals', the

Rajasthani percussion instrument, are often made. In addition to musical instruments, it is usedforplywood, agricultural tools, carvings, boats, skis, flooring, etc.
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Theheartwoodis golden to dark brown; thesapwood, white to pale brownish white. The

heartwood is extremely durable (thespecific gravityis 0.70.8) and is very resistant to dry-wood termites; but the sapwood is readily attacked by fungi and borers. Dalbergia sissoo is

known to contain theneoflavonoiddalbergichromenein its stem-bark and heartwood.[1]

Fuel wood

Thecalorificvalue of the sapwood and heartwood of 'excellent' fuel wood is reported to be4,908 kcal/kg and 5,181 kcal/kg respectively. As a fuel wood it is grown on a 10 to 15-yearrotation. The tree has excellentcoppicingability, although a loss of vigor after two or three

rotations has been reported. Shisham wood makes excellentcharcoalfor heating and cooking.

Botany

D. sissoo is a medium to large deciduous tree with a light crown which reproduces by seeds and

suckers. It can grow up to a maximum of 25 m (82 ft) in height and 2 to 3 m (6 ft 7 in to 9 ft

10 in) in diameter, but is usually smaller. Trunks are often crooked when grown in the open.Leaves are leathery, alternate, pinnately compound and about 15 cm (5.9 in) long. Flowers are

whitish to pink, fragrant, nearly sessile, up to 1.5 cm (0.59 in) long and in dense clusters 510cm (2.03.9 in) in length. Pods are oblong, flat, thin, strap-like 48 cm (1.63.1 in) long, 1 cm

(0.39 in) wide and light brown. They contain 15 flat bean-shaped seeds 810 mm (0.310.39 in)

long. They have a long taproot and numerous surface roots which produce suckers. Young shoots

are downy and drooping; established stems with light brown to dark gray bark to 2.5 cm (0.98 in)thick, shed in narrow strips; large upper branches support a spreading crown.

Red Sil Cotton tree , like other trees of the genusBombax, is commonly known as cotton tree.This tropical tree has a straight tall trunk and its leaves aredeciduousin winter. Red flowers with

5 petals appear in the spring before the new foliage. It produces acapsulewhich, when ripe,

contains white fibres like cotton. Its trunk bears spikes to deter attacks by animals. Although itsstout trunk suggests that it is useful for timber, its wood is too soft to be very useful.

The dry cores of theBombax ceiba flower (Thai: )[1]are an essential ingredient of theNamngiaospicy noodle soup of the cuisine ofShan StateandNorthern Thailand,

[2]as well as the

Kaeng khaecurry.[3]

Bombax ceiba grows to an average of 20 meters, with old trees up to 60 meters in wet tropicalweather. The trunk and limb bear numerous conical spines particularly when young, but get

eroded when older. The leaves are palmate with about 6 leaflets radiating from a central point, an

average of 7~10 centimeters wide, 13~15 centimeters in length. The leaf's long flexiblepetioleisup to 20 cm long.
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Cup-shaped Flowers solitary or clustered, axillary or sub-terminal, fascicles at or near the ends of

the branches, when the tree is bare of leaves, an average of 7~11 centimeters wide, 14centimeters in width, petels up to 12 centimeters in length, Calyx is cup-shaped usually 3 lobed,

an average of 3~5 centimeters in diameter. Staminal tube is short, more than 60 in 5 bundles.

Stigmais light red, up to nine centimeters in length,Ovaryis pink, 1.5~ 2 centimeters in length,

with the skin of the Ovary covered in white silky hair at 1mm long. Seeds are numerous, long,ovoid, black or gray in colour and packed in white cotton.

Immature fruits of Bombax Ceiba inHong_Kong.

The fruit, which reaches an average of 13 centimeters in length, is light-green in color inimmature fruits, brown in mature fruits.

Cultivation

The tree is widely planted inMalay,Indonesia, southChina,Hong KongandTaiwan. According

to Chinese historical record, the king ofNam Yuet, Chiu To, gave a tree to the Emperor ofHandynastyin 2nd century BC.

This tree is commonly known as Semal (Hindi:) in India. It is widely planted in parks and

on roadsides there because of its beautiful red flowers which bloom in March/April. This tree is

quite common inNew Delhialthough it doesn't reach its full size of 60m there because of thesemi arid climate. The cotton fibers of this tree can be seen floating in the wind around the time

of early May.

This tree shows two marked growth sprints in India- in spring and during the monsoon months.

It is also widely plantedHong Kong, and is know locally as inChinese. This tree is

evenly planted across Hong Kong, with some trees flowering from late February to early May.

Fruiting can start as early as March. At the peak of the Bombax ceiba flowering season in Hong

Kong, elderly people could often be found picking flowers off the ground to dry, which is used

to make a type of tea. The flowers are very attractive to local wildlife, with many birds like theJapanese White-eye, a type of fruit eating bird, which often draws a hole in an unopened

Bombax ceiba flower bud.Honey bees, andbumble beesalso attracted to the flowers to collect

pollen and nectar. Because the flowers attract many insects,Crab Spiderscan be occasionallyfound on a fully opened flower,hunting bees.

Neolamarckia cadamba, commonly called Kadam(Kannada:), (Bengali:/),(Oriya:)

(Tamil:) is anevergreen, tropical tree native toSouthandSoutheast Asia. The genus name

"Lamarckia" is derived from the name of French naturalistJean-Baptiste Lamarck.
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A fully mature Kadam tree can reach up to 45m in height. It is a large tree with a broad crownand straight cylindrical bole. It is quick growing, with broad spreading branches and growsrapidly in the first 6-8 years. The trunk has a diameter of 100-160 cm, but typically less than that.

Leaves are 13-32 cm long. Flowering usually begins when the tree is 45 years old. Kadam

flowersare sweetly fragrant, red to orange in colour, occurring in dense, globular heads of

approximately 5.5 cm diameter. The fruit ofN. cadamba occur in small, fleshy capsules packedclosely together to form a fleshy yellow-orange infructescence containing approximately 8000

seeds. On maturing, the fruit splits apart, releasing the seeds, which are then dispersed by wind

or rain.[1][2]

Some botanical features are detailed below:

Leaves glossy green, opposite, simple more or less sessile to petiolate, ovate to elliptical (15-50 x825 cm).

Flowers inflorescence in clusters; terminal globose heads without bracteoles, subsessilefragrant, orange or yellow flowers; Flowers bisexual, 5-merous, calyx tube funnel-shaped,

corolla gamopetalous saucer-shaped with a narrow tube, the narrow lobes imbricate in bud.

Stamens 5, inserted on the corolla tube, filaments short, anthers basifixed. Ovary inferior, bi-locular, sometimes 4-locular in the upper part, style exserted and a spindle-shaped stigma.

Fruitlets numerous with their upper parts containing 4 hollow or solid structures. Seed trigonalor irregularly shaped.

N. lamarckia is native to the following areas:

SouthernChina Indian subcontinent:India(n. & w.);Bangladesh;Nepal;Sri Lanka Southeast Asia:Cambodia;Laos;Myanmar;Thailand;Vietnam,Indonesia;Malaysia;Papua New

Guinea

Uses

Thecaterpillarsof theCommander(Limenitis procris), abrush-footed butterfly, utilize this

species as a foodplant. The fruit and inflorescences are reportedly edible to humans. The freshleaves are fed to cattle. The fragrant orange flowers attract pollinators. It issapwoodwhite with a

light yellow tinge becoming creamy yellow on exposure and is not clearly differentiated from the

heartwood.

Leaves & flowers

N. lamarckia is grown as anornamental, and for low-grade timber and paper. The timber is usedfor plywood, light construction, pulp and paper, boxes and crates, dug-out canoes, and furniture

components. Kadamba yields a pulp of satisfactory brightness and performance as a hand sheet.

The wood can be easily impregnated with synthetic resins to increase its density andcompressivestrength. The wood has a density of 290560 kg/cu m at 15% moisture content, a fine to medium

texture; straight grain; low luster and has no characteristic odor or taste. It is easy to work with

hand and machine tools, cuts cleanly, gives a very good surface and is easy to nail. The timber
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air dries rapidly with little or no degrade. Kadamba wood is very easy to preserve using either

open tank or pressure-vacuum systems.

Kadamba is stated to be one of the most frequently planted trees in the tropics. A yellow dye is

obtained from the root bark. Kadamba flowers are an important raw material in the production of

attar, which is Indian perfume withsandalwood(Santalum spp.) base in which one of theessences is absorbed through hydro-distillation. The flowers exhibit slight anti-implantation

activity in test animals. Kadamba extracts exhibit nematicidal effects on Meloidogyne incognita.The dried bark is used to relieve fever and as a tonic. An extract of the leaves serves as a mouth

gargle.

The tree is grown along avenues, roadsides and villages for shade. Kadamba are suitable for

reforestation programs. It sheds large amounts of leaf and non-leaf litter which on decomposition

improves some physical andchemical propertiesof soil under its canopy. This reflects an

increase in the level of soil organic carbon,cation exchange capacity, available plant nutrientsand exchangeable bases.

Kadamb tree leaves are also used for treating diabetes. A drug made from this tree is

patented.[3][4]
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flora at sanjay gandhi park

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