flood_plain_urbanism

Edited byJonathan A. Scelsa

Published byNortheastern University School of Architecture360 Huntington Ave. Boston, Massachusetts 02115

Copyright (C) 2011 by Northeastern University School of ArchitectureAll rights reservedFirst printing November 2011

Studio Research Team Alison Baggen Zach Briggs Bryan Brown Alex Brownell Chris Freda Dennis Greenwood Joe Helferty Ashley Hopwood Geri-Ann, Quinlivan Dan Ricardelli Matthew, Rider Jonathan Sampson Yukai Sun

Adjunct Professor Jonathan A. Scelsa

BibliographyWatson, Donald, and Michele Adams. Design for Flooding: Architecture, Landscape, and Urban Design for Resilience to Flooding and Climate Change. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2011.

Nordenson, Guy, Catherine Seavitt, and Adam Yarinsky. On the Water: Palisade Bay. Ostifidern:

Hatje Cantz, 2010.

This publication has been prepared as a part of a ten week graduate thesis studio assignment in the Northeastern University School of Architecture for the Fall 2011 Architecture G691 course. Other publications in this series include urban retail, office and parking garage typologies, all produced by graduate students in the Northeastern Univer-sity architecture program. The team would like to extend thanks to the fol-lowing people for their support in this research: Dan Adams, Tim Love, George Thrush + Kevin Hively.

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Flood Plain UrbanismA Pattern Book

02

I. INTRODUCTION Upcoming Design Challenges................. 004 Statistics.................................................. 005 Timeline + Map of World Floods.............. 006 Insurance Procedure............................... 008 History of FEMA...................................... 009 Coastal Brownfields.................................012 Working Waterfronts............................... 014

II. THE POST-INDUSTRIAL CORRIDOR THE NORTHEAST CORRIDOR Northeast Urban Deltas.......................... 020 Corridor Biodiversity................................ 022 Public/Private Waterfront........................ 024 Mega-Regional Transit............................ 026

NEW HAVEN NH Flood Plain........................................ 028 NH Port Statistics.................................... 030 NH Coastal Brownfields...........................032 NH Development Potential...................... 034 NH Housing Morphology..........................035 NH Transit Configuration......................... 036

PROVIDENCE PR Flood Plain........................................ 038 PR Port Statistics.................................... 040 PR Coastal Brownfields...........................042 PR Development Potential...................... 044 PR Housing Morphology..........................045 PR Transit Configuration......................... 046

The Northeast Cooridor

New Haven, CT

Providence, RI

Natural Prevention Systems

Synthetic Prevention Systems

Floodplain Master Plans

Floodplain Housing

Floodplain Industry

Energy Infrastructure

Water Removal Systems

Coastal Interface

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Table of Contents

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III. PREVENTION INFRASTRUCTURE NATURAL SYSTEMS Barrier Islands..........................................050 Urban Wetlands....................................... 056 Polders and Dykes...................................062 Jetties and Groins....................................068

SYNTHETIC SYSTEMS Seawalls.................................................. 074 Floodgates...............................................082 Levees..................................................... 088

WATER REMOVAL SYSTEMS Absorption materials................................094 Channel design........................................096 Water Treatment......................................098

IV. COASTAL URBAN FABRIC MASTERPLANS Minnesota Riverfront Competition........... 104 Longgang Riverfront Competition............106 Lower Don Lands Competition................ 108 Tokyo Bay Proposal.................................110 Too Perfect: Seven New Denmarks.........112

HOUSING TYPES New Orleans Ninth Ward......................... 116 Housing Morphology Guidelines............. 118 FP Housing Typologies............................120 FP Housing Case Studies....................... 128 FP Housing Infrastructure........................154 FP Housing Landform Manipulations.......160

INDUSTRIAL TYPES FP Industrial Glossary............................. 162 FP Industrial Zones................................. 164 FP Industrial Type Catalog...................... 170 FP Adaption Challenges.......................... 188 FP Landform Manipulations.................... 190 FP Adaptive Reuse................................. 196

V. COASTAL SYSTEMS COASTAL ENERGY Off Shore Wind........................................ 203 Tidal Barrages. ....................................... 206 Wave Power.... ....................................... 210

COASTAL INTERFACE Piers + Slips............................................ 214 Constructed Islands ................................ 220 Urban Coastal Parkland.......................... 226 Ferry Systems......................................... 236


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A Rising Challenge

04

Global climate change is environmental reaction to increase CO2 levels as a by-product of human action. Increased temperatures, rising sea levels, and intensified natural disasters are all side effects of global climate change. Coastal cities are especially vulnerable, as they contain the majority of the worlds population.

The need for archietctural interven-tion to accommodate environmental changes has become a global priority, as cities struggle to update aging infra-structure.

Interventions to protect our cities are of new architectural significance, and are a pivotal factor in imagining the future of the city.

For the scope of this research North-eastern Universitys School of Architec-ture has focused on Americas North-east corridor that lies within FEMAs designated 100 year flood plain. This lens of the research was further speci-fied by examining cities that are smaller than New York and Boston and will need to envision ways that these cities can effectively pay for better urban space along the waterfront that simultane-

ously activates and protects the city via new infrastructure.

Flooding is not merely a U.S. problem but a global one. This research envisions dif-ferent ways that architects and designers can intervene in this global crisis in order to empower our discipline to effectively engage the social issues of our time. The studio proj-ects that by looking at smaller cities such as providence and new haven along the coast effectively make for better case studies on intervention in smaller cities throughout the world.

05

of sea level rise expected by year 2100.

+3ft

expected increase in hurri-canes by the year 2100.

11%

of the worlds population lives within the 100 year flood plain.

in global spending on flood relief be-tween the years 1960-2005

american citizens live within the 100 year FEMA fp.

celsius projected increase in global temperature.

square miles of U.S. land would flood after 2100.

more 100 year floods ex-pected by the year 2100.

$115b70% 141m

3.6o13k20%

Global Flood Relief Funding

06

US Flood Relief Funding

07

0908

Do I need flood insurance?

Do you live in a flood plain?

Yes

No, but it is recommended. Contact one of these providers for a quote.

Yes. FEMA mandates all structures within the flood plain to be insured. The premiums are set by FEMA, however a private insurer will issue the policy. Contact FEMA to find out which insurers offer policies in your area.

Are you within a storm surge risk area?

YesYes

No

No No

State Farm, Allstate Farmers, Travelers. Many small, local agencies also offer policies.

0

$2000

$4000

$6000

$8000

$10000

$12000

>3 2 1 BFE -1 -2

FLOOD INSURANCE PREMIUMS

HEIGHT OF FIRST FLOOR

Ad Hoc

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

DHUD

FEMA

Department of Homeland Security

1979

1973

1930

1803

Hurricane Katrina 2005

Hurricane Andrew 1992Hurricane Hugo 1990

FEMA Spending: 1962-2011

2003

Do I Need Flood Insurance? History of FEMA

In 1973 the Department of Housing and Urban Development took control of all disaster relief. In 1979 Jimmy Carter issued and executive order to form FEMA as we know it today, consolidating all disparate elements into one organization.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation established. Its primary goal was to distribute stimulus money to failing banks in the midst of the Great Depression, but they also dispersed money to areas affected by natural disasters.

Before FEMA, the primary method of dealing with disasters was Ad Hoc.

large number of businesses in New Hampshire, Congress passed a law granting a temporary easement of tariffs on imports in order to help the merchants recover. This system of individual legislation carried on until 1930.

08

0908

Do I need flood insurance?

Do you live in a flood plain?

Yes

No, but it is recommended. Contact one of these providers for a quote.

Yes. FEMA mandates all structures within the flood plain to be insured. The premiums are set by FEMA, however a private insurer will issue the policy. Contact FEMA to find out which insurers offer policies in your area.

Are you within a storm surge risk area?

YesYes

No

No No

State Farm, Allstate Farmers, Travelers. Many small, local agencies also offer policies.

0

$2000

$4000

$6000

$8000

$10000

$12000

>3 2 1 BFE -1 -2

FLOOD INSURANCE PREMIUMS

HEIGHT OF FIRST FLOOR

Ad Hoc

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

DHUD

FEMA

Department of Homeland Security

1979

1973

1930

1803

Hurricane Katrina 2005

Hurricane Andrew 1992Hurricane Hugo 1990

FEMA Spending: 1962-2011

2003

Do I Need Flood Insurance? History of FEMA

In 1973 the Department of Housing and Urban Development took control of all disaster relief. In 1979 Jimmy Carter issued and executive order to form FEMA as we know it today, consolidating all disparate elements into one organization.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation established. Its primary goal was to distribute stimulus money to failing banks in the midst of the Great Depression, but they also dispersed money to areas affected by natural disasters.

Before FEMA, the primary method of dealing with disasters was Ad Hoc.

large number of businesses in New Hampshire, Congress passed a law granting a temporary easement of tariffs on imports in order to help the merchants recover. This system of individual legislation carried on until 1930.

09

1110

Storm Surge Height

100 Year Flood Elevation

Base Ocean Elevation

100

Year

Flo

od P

lain

What is a Flood Plain?

A flood plain refers to the flat land surrounding a river or waterway that experiences flooding at high water levels. Rather than completely flat the land slopes gently towards the water. The flood plain extends until a physical barrier natural or man-made stops its progression, such as a hill slope or a sea wall.

What is a 100 Year Flood?

A 100 year flood is not a flood that happens once every 100 years, but rather is the level of water expected to be equaled or exceeded every 100 years on average. Based on the expected level of water a predictive flood plain can be mapped out. This flood plain map is then used to inform decisions on building permits, insurance, and zoning.

What is Coastal Zone Management?

The Coastal Zone Management Act was passed in 1972 to encourage states to be responsible for their own coastal land. The Act allows states to voluntarily develop plans for the maintenance, restoration, and redevelopment of their waterfront. Each plan must include specific provisions relating to protecting natural resources, managing coastal development to minimize damage and loss of life in flood and storm surge zones, increase public access, redeveloping urban waterfronts, and the preservation of coastal features. The specific areas along the waterfront that these programs relate to are also determined by the state.

What is a Storm Surge?

Storm surge an abnormal rise of water due to a storm. It acts like a large, fast moving high tide that floods the surrounding area. The damage from storm surge occurs due to the speed and height of the water moving into an area. One major factor of the height of a storm surge is the angle of the continental shelf along the coast. A shallow shelf will help produce a high storm surge, where as a steep shelf will keep the surge low.

Defining the Flood Plain

Category 1 (74-95 MPH): 4-5

Category 2 (96-110 MPH): 6-8

Category 3 (111-130 MPH): 9-12

Category 4 (131-155 MPH): 13-18

Coa

stal

Zon

e

Category 5 (>155 MPH): >18

Sto

rm S

urge

Pla

in

10

1110

Storm Surge Height

100 Year Flood Elevation

Base Ocean Elevation

100

Year

Flo

od P

lain

What is a Flood Plain?

A flood plain refers to the flat land surrounding a river or waterway that experiences flooding at high water levels. Rather than completely flat the land slopes gently towards the water. The flood plain extends until a physical barrier natural or man-made stops its progression, such as a hill slope or a sea wall.

What is a 100 Year Flood?

A 100 year flood is not a flood that happens once every 100 years, but rather is the level of water expected to be equaled or exceeded every 100 years on average. Based on the expected level of water a predictive flood plain can be mapped out. This flood plain map is then used to inform decisions on building permits, insurance, and zoning.

What is Coastal Zone Management?

The Coastal Zone Management Act was passed in 1972 to encourage states to be responsible for their own coastal land. The Act allows states to voluntarily develop plans for the maintenance, restoration, and redevelopment of their waterfront. Each plan must include specific provisions relating to protecting natural resources, managing coastal development to minimize damage and loss of life in flood and storm surge zones, increase public access, redeveloping urban waterfronts, and the preservation of coastal features. The specific areas along the waterfront that these programs relate to are also determined by the state.

What is a Storm Surge?

Storm surge an abnormal rise of water due to a storm. It acts like a large, fast moving high tide that floods the surrounding area. The damage from storm surge occurs due to the speed and height of the water moving into an area. One major factor of the height of a storm surge is the angle of the continental shelf along the coast. A shallow shelf will help produce a high storm surge, where as a steep shelf will keep the surge low.

Defining the Flood Plain

Category 1 (74-95 MPH): 4-5

Category 2 (96-110 MPH): 6-8

Category 3 (111-130 MPH): 9-12

Category 4 (131-155 MPH): 13-18

Coa

stal

Zon

e

Category 5 (>155 MPH): >18

Sto

rm S

urge

Pla

in

11

A brownfield , as defined by the EPA, is a former commercial or industrial site, the future of which is affected by real or perceived contamination. The term is often used to describe under used or abandoned facilities, however it can refer to any real property currently in use. Investing in brownfield reclamation and remediation protects the environment, reduces blight, and saves green spaces and working lands from development.

Brownfields are often found in a citys industrial and commercial sectors. They include buildings such as abandoned factories, refineries, dry cleaning facilities, and gas stations. The contamination found on these sites can include hydrocarbons (oils and fuels), pesticides, heavy metals (lead, nickel, etc.), and asbestos.

In the past brownfields were not reclaimed because the cost of cleaning the land was more than the land was worth. There is also the fear of liability for both past and future owners that cause a property to be moth-balled. However new liability laws, better remedial strategies, and lack of developable land in urban centers have tipped the scales toward brownfield reclamation despite the costs.

1

2

3

Dry Brownfield - A brownfield site that is not located adjacent to a water source or in a flood zone.

At-Risk Coastal Brownfield - A brownfield site that is located in the FEMA 100 Year Flood Zone.

Coastal Brownfield - A brownfield site that is located in the coastal zone within 200 feet of a mean, high-tide line.

Coastal Brownfields

Heavy MetalsPollutants caused by heavy industry and transportation

centers. Includes zinc, lead, nickel, cadmium, chromium, and

aluminum.

HydrocarbonsPollutants caused by oil and fuel spills. Includes propane,

butane, hexane, heptaine, octane, nonane, and dectane.

PesticidesPollutants caused by food

transportation and coolants. Weeping Willow(Salix)Heavy Metals

Vetch (Victa)Heavy Metals

MushroomsAll Contaminants

European White Birch (Bertula Pendula)

Hydrocarbons

Mulberry (Morus Rubra)Hydrocarbons

Western Wheatgrass (Agropyron Smithil)

Hydrocarbons

Red Maple(Acer Rubrum)

Pesticides

Poplars (Populus)Pesticides

Brake Fern (Pteris Vittata)

Pesticides

Soil Vapor ExtractionAll Contaminants

Soil RemovalAll Contaminants

Violet (Viola)Heavy Metals



Hydrocarbons


Pesticides



Pesticides


Sunflower (Hellanthus Annuus)

Hydrocarbons




Hydrocarbons


12

Remediation Matrix

Weeping Willow(Salix)

Heavy Metals

Vetch (Victa)Heavy Metals



Hydrocarbons

Mulberry (Morus Rubra)Hydrocarbons

Western Wheatgrass (Agropyron Smithil)

Hydrocarbons


Pesticides



Pesticides






Hydrocarbons


Pesticides



Pesticides



Hydrocarbons




Hydrocarbons


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1514

1939

Wor

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2010

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1976

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Quantity of US Trade

What is a Working Waterfront?

A working waterfront refers to an industrial area located along the coast and dependant on maritime traffic. A working waterfront can handle national and international trade as well as area waste management and oil refinery. This area often includes ports, commercial buildings, interior and exterior storage, and links to transportation.

Due to the valuable nature of coastal real estate, waterfronts are often endangered by developers who want to replace the industrial zones with high priced condos and mixed-use development. Due to this demand, the United States government passed the Coastal Zone Management Act in 1972. The act allows states to establish a Coastal Management Zone (CMZ) in order to preserve, establish, and develop working waterfronts within coastal cities.

Working Waterfronts

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2010

1650

1700

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1761

Hur

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Bliz

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Hur

rican

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1924

Hur

rican

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1950

Hur

rican

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1954

Hur

rican

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1976

Hur

rican

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100 Tons

500 Tons

1776

Rev

olut

iona

ry W

ar

1812

War

of 1

812

1861

Civ

il W

ar

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1950

Kor

ean

War

1960

Vie

tnam

War

2010

1650

1700

1750

1800

1850

1900

1950

2000

Quantity of US Trade

What is a Working Waterfront?

A working waterfront refers to an industrial area located along the coast and dependant on maritime traffic. A working waterfront can handle national and international trade as well as area waste management and oil refinery. This area often includes ports, commercial buildings, interior and exterior storage, and links to transportation.

Due to the valuable nature of coastal real estate, waterfronts are often endangered by developers who want to replace the industrial zones with high priced condos and mixed-use development. Due to this demand, the United States government passed the Coastal Zone Management Act in 1972. The act allows states to establish a Coastal Management Zone (CMZ) in order to preserve, establish, and develop working waterfronts within coastal cities.

Working Waterfronts

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Coastal Interface

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Case 1: New HavenNorth East Corridor Research Case 2: Providence

NE

CO

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IDO

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Northeast Corridor

Northeast Urban Deltas 19Corridor Bio-Diversity 22Urban Waterfront Types 24Mega-Regional Transit 26

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Northeast Corridor

NE

CO

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IDO

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Northeast Urban Deltas

The Northeast Corridor is a transportation route stretches from Washington DC to Boston, Massachusetts. New York City to Boston is a crucial portion that includes major industrial ports and transportation routes that are in extreme risk flood plains in New England. This section identifies this corridor, the pertinent cities at risk, and the type of waterfront conditions that exist in these areas.

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State RegulationsNortheast Corridor

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BOSTON MASSACHUSETTSNEW BEDFORD MASSACHUSETTSPROVIDENCE RHODE ISLANDBRIDGEPORT CONNECTICUT NEW HAVEN CONNECTICUT NEW LONDON CONNECTICUT

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Northeast Corridor

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Northeast Urban DeltasState RegulationsNortheast Corridor

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BOSTON MASSACHUSETTSNEW BEDFORD MASSACHUSETTSPROVIDENCE RHODE ISLANDBRIDGEPORT CONNECTICUT NEW HAVEN CONNECTICUT NEW LONDON CONNECTICUT

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NE

CO

RR

IDO

R

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Northeast Corridor

NE

CO

RR

IDO

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Corridor Biodiversity

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Urban Waterfront TypesNortheast Corridor

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PRO

VID

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DE

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BOST

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MAS

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SETT

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NN

ECTI

CU

TN

EW H

AVEN

CO

NN

ECTI

CU

T

4149 N 7124 W

4117 N 7254 W

4117 N 7254 W

4221 N 7104 W

PUBLICLy OWNED; PUBLICLy ACCESSED: PIER

PUBLICLy OWNED; PUBLICLy ACCESSED: SHORE

PUBLICLy OWNED; PRIVATELy ACCESSED: PIER

PUBLICLy OWNED; PRIVATELy ACCESSED: SHORE

TyPE

1A

TyPE

1B

TYP

E 2

ATY

PE

2B

8N

EW B

EDFO

RD

MAS

SAC

HU

SETT

SBO

STO

NM

ASSA

CH

USE

TTS

BOST

ON

MAS

SAC

HU

SETT

SN

EW L

ON

DO

NC

ON

NEC

TIC

UT

4121 N 7205 W

4221 N 7101 W

4222 N 7103 W

4138 N 7055 WPRIVATELy OWNED; PRIVATELy ACCESSED: PIER

PRIVATELy OWNED; PRIVATELy ACCESSED: SHORE

PRIVATELy OWNED; PUBLICLy ACCESSED: PIER

PRIVATELy OWNED; PUBLICLy ACCESSED: SHORE

TyPE

1A

TyPE

1B

TYP

E 2

ATY

PE

2B

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Northeast Corridor

NE

CO

RR

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Public Private WaterfrontsUrban Waterfront Types

Northeast Corridor

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TN

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AVEN

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NN

ECTI

CU

T

4149 N 7124 W

4117 N 7254 W

4117 N 7254 W

4221 N 7104 W

PUBLICLy OWNED; PUBLICLy ACCESSED: PIER

PUBLICLy OWNED; PUBLICLy ACCESSED: SHORE

PUBLICLy OWNED; PRIVATELy ACCESSED: PIER

PUBLICLy OWNED; PRIVATELy ACCESSED: SHORE

TyPE

1A

TyPE

1B

TYP

E 2

ATY

PE

2B

8

NEW

BED

FOR

DM

ASSA

CH

USE

TTS

BOST

ON

MAS

SAC

HU

SETT

SBO

STO

NM

ASSA

CH

USE

TTS

NEW

LO

ND

ON

CO

NN

ECTI

CU

T

4121 N 7205 W

4221 N 7101 W

4222 N 7103 W

4138 N 7055 WPRIVATELy OWNED; PRIVATELy ACCESSED: PIER

PRIVATELy OWNED; PRIVATELy ACCESSED: SHORE

PRIVATELy OWNED; PUBLICLy ACCESSED: PIER

PRIVATELy OWNED; PUBLICLy ACCESSED: SHORE

TyPE

1A

TyPE

1B

TYP

E 2

ATY

PE

2B

0 mi 20 mi 40 mi 60 mi 80 mi 100 mi 120 mi 140 mi 160 mi 180 mi 200 mi 220 mi 240 mi

Amtrak (8 million)

Metro North - New Haven (83 Million)

Metro North-New Haven

Regional/Regional Express

Acela Express

Providence/Stoughton Communter Rail

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The Northeast rail corridor between New York and Boston includes Amtraks Acela Express and Regional service, MTAs Metro North commuter service via Grand Central Station, and the MBTAs Providence-Stoughton commuter service via South Station. The main rail line mostly exists along Interstate 95 along the coastline. Currently there are 14 stops from New York to Boston on Amtraks Regional ser-vice, and these stations exist in many of the post-industrial coastal cities.

The basic infrastructure is in place along the Northeast Corridor for future development. Criteria for cities under consideration would include access to a port or working waterfront, access to passenger and freight rail, as well as interstate highway access for intermodal transportation. Ar-

are Bridgeport, New Haven, Old Saybrook, and New London.

NE

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0 mi 20 mi 40 mi 60 mi 80 mi 100 mi 120 mi 140 mi 160 mi 180 mi 200 mi 220 mi 240 mi

Amtrak (8 million)

Metro North - New Haven (83 Million)

Metro North-New Haven

Regional/Regional Express

Acela Express

Providence/Stoughton Communter Rail

Wat

erbu

ry

Dan

bury

New

Can

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T.F.

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rt

The Northeast rail corridor between New York and Boston includes Amtraks Acela Express and Regional service, MTAs Metro North commuter service via Grand Central Station, and the MBTAs Providence-Stoughton commuter service via South Station. The main rail line mostly exists along Interstate 95 along the coastline. Currently there are 14 stops from New York to Boston on Amtraks Regional ser-vice, and these stations exist in many of the post-industrial coastal cities.

The basic infrastructure is in place along the Northeast Corridor for future development. Criteria for cities under consideration would include access to a port or working waterfront, access to passenger and freight rail, as well as interstate highway access for intermodal transportation. Ar-

are Bridgeport, New Haven, Old Saybrook, and New London.

The Northeast rail corridor between New York and Boston includes Amtraks Ace-la Express and Regional service, MTAs

Metro North commuter service via Grand Central Station, and the MBTAs Provi-dence-Stoughton commuter service via South Station. The main rail line mostly ex-ists along Interstate 95 along the coastline. Currently there are 14 stops from New York to Boston on Amtraks Regional service,

and these stations exist in many of the post-industrial coastal cities.

The basic infrastructure is in place along the Northeast Corridor for future development. Criteria for cities under consideration would include access to a port or working water-front, access to passenger and freight rail, as well as interstate highway access for intermodal transportation. Areas identified

in this corridor are Bridgeport, New Haven, Old Saybrook, and New London.

27

Mega-Regional Rail InfrastructureThe Northeast Corridor

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28

New Haven

Flood Plain 28Port of New Haven 30Coastal Brownfields 32Development Potentials 34Housing Morphology 35Station Configuration 36

29

New Haven, Connecticut NH

NEW

HAV

EN

1625

1650

2025

2000

1975

1950

1925

1900

1875

1850

1825

1800

1775

1750

1725

1700

1675

1,000

180,000

160,000

140,000

120,000

100,000

80,000

60,000

40,000

20,000

10,000

5,000

+1

0

-1

Tropical Storm

Large Tropical Storm

Category 1 Hurricane

Category 2+ Hurricane

15

1

100

Year

Flo

od L

ine

Base Flood Elevation

First Occupiable Floor

The Port of New Haven sits entirely within the 100 Year Flood Plain. Because of flood-ing hazards New Havens building codes

mandate that the first occupiable floor must

be one foot above the base flood elevation.

This renders the coastal area difficult to

build in - both from a code standpoint and because of the industrial nature of the area.

New Haven began to grow significantly af-ter the War of 1812. Between 1800 and and 1925 the population grew form under 5,000 to over 160,000. After 1950 the port begin a steep population decline, which has only subsided since the late 1990s.

NH Flood Plain Rise

Population

Sea Level Rise

Flood Plain

CZM 1

100

30

NEW

HAV

EN 50k

05

26

56

08200

Turkey

Gibralta

r

Gua

tem

ala Brazil

Belg

ium

Spain

South Korea

Vietnam

Uni

ted

King

dom

Neth

erla

nds

Fran

ce

Mexic

o

India

Vene

zuel

a

Bahamas

Canada

Norw

ay

Exports

Imports

employees

cranes

forklifts

acres of storage

berths

trucks Port Import/Export Statistics

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NEW

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Amount in 100 Tons20 100 200

Port of New Haven

Nuclear Machinery

Iron and Steel

Scrap Metal

The Port of New Haven is one the larger ports in the Northeast Corridor. The port has existed as it does today since 1930, growing consistently since 1740. Its abil-ity to adapt and grow based on economic need has allowed the port to maintain its size.

As well as existing international trade in various machinery and metals, the port also has 8 berths with extensive resources, including cranes, forklifts, and transporta-tion such as trucks and rail.

Due to its recent decline in population, the port has large areas of exterior storage that are under utalized as well as several aban-odoned facilieies. These open spots in the port are available for future development.

193018801740

Geomorphology over Time

32

NEW

HAV

EN

Current Use: Commercial Building

Current Use: Exterior Storage

318

250215

290

375

530

370

890

670

33


NEW

HAV

EN

Coastal Brownfields

Current Use: Small Commercial Buildings and Parking

Current Use: Abandoned Electric Plant

260120

335

630230

630

475

175230

600

340

Current Use: Interior Storage and Parking

The Port of New Haven has five brownfield identified by the city according the the EPA standards. These sites exist primarily along the Mill River

waterfront and are located either on the coast or in the 100 Yeear Flood Plain. Most of the contaminants in the soil are heavy metals from industries or hydrocarbons from local oil refineries.

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New

High

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Old

High

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New Connections

New Connections

New ConnectionsOld Connection

New Connections

New Connections

Desirable Areas

Industrial

Ferry

Commercial

Downtown

Seaport

Residential

Parks

Rail

Refinery

After judging different aspects of the site as good or bad, it is possible to overlay the individual maps of desirable areas. A sort of heat map emerges, with the darker areas representing places which are ideal for development. Conversely, areas with a light shade or no color at all are areas with a multitude of problems to be addressed. It is possible to choose whether to attempt perhaps a synthesis of typologies where, for example, rail and

area which has very little in the way of opportunity such as cleaning up a brown

-

New Haven has a strip of land along the waterfront which is ripe for repurposing. The highway is right on the shoreline which is cutting the public off from the water front. There is no reason the high-

underground or perhaps being moved in-land and positioned on top of a dike. This would give the waterfront back to the citizens of New Haven and protect inland

New Haven, Connecticut

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.90

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.35

FARFloor AreaRatio

Four-sided blocks contain mult i & s ingle-fami ly houses. Each house has a smal l f ront yard space and shares a communal backyard.

Unique, s ingle house-deep block type. Single or ientat ion along street edge. Long backyard per house. House is pushed back from street edge.

Least densely populated block type. Yard space created on al l four s ides. Most ly s ingle-fami ly house types. Size var ies f rom smal l to large.

21

Block Typologies: New Haven, CTFlood Plain Housing

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s

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NH Existing Housing Morphology

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PRO

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Providence Flood Plain 38Port of Providence 40Coastal Brownfields 42Development Potentials 44Housing Morphology 45Station Configuration 46

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Base Flood Elevation

First Occupiable Floor

Flood Plain

Flood Plain

CMZ 2

100

180,000

160,000

140,000

120,000

100,000

80,000

60,000

40,000

20,000

10,000

220,000

200,000

240,000

260,000

1625

1650

2025

2000

1975

1950

1925

1900

1875

1850

1825

1800

1775

1750

1725

1700

1675

+1

0

-1

Tropical Storm

Large Tropical Storm

Category 1 Hurricane

Category 2+ Hurricane

Similar to the Port of New Haven, the Port of Providence sits within the 100 Year Flood Plain. Also like New Haven, Providences

building codes mandate that the first oc-cupiable floor must be two feet above the

base flood elevation.

Providence grew slowly but steadily un-til the mid 1800s. By 1960 the population had grown to 270,000. However 1960 the population began to decrease dramatically until it dropped to almosy 160,000 by the id 2000s.

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12k

28

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20

06300

Turkey

Egypt

Ben

in

Malaysia

Nethe

rland

s

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Nigeria

Italy

China

Germ

any

Mexico

Fran

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Japan

Alge

ria

Equa

torial

Guin

eaExports

Imports

Canada

United Kingdom

Greece

employees

cranes

forklifts

acres of storage

berths

trucks Port Import/Export Statistics

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Amount in 100 Tons20 100 200

Port of Providence

Coal

Nuclear Machinery CementPropaneChemicals

AutomobilesScrap Metal Salt

Iron and SteelShips

166418951937

The Port of Providence is one the larger ports in the Northeast Corridor. The port has existed as it does today since 1937, growing consistently since 1664. Its abil-ity to adapt and grow based on economic need has allowed the port to maintain its size.

Unlike New Haven, the Port of Providence handles a large number of trade material, from coal and chemicals to cars and ships. The port also has 6 berths with extensive resources, including cranes, forklifts, and transportation such as trucks and rail.

Due to its recent decline in population, the port has large areas of exterior storage that are under utalized as well as several aban-odoned facilieies. These open spots in the port are available for future development.

Geomorphology over Time

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Current Use: Small Industrial Buildings.

Current Use: Abandoned Site.

650

700

315

300

470

570

615 500

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E

Current Use: Small Commercial Buildings and Parking.

Current Use: Oil Refinery and Parking.

Current Use: Abandoned Land

Coastal Brownfields

980

800

1,200

670

450

575

500

425

180

550

580

1,100

The Port of Providence has five brownfield identified by the city according the the EPA standards. These sites exist along working waterfront and are located either on the coast or in the 100 Yeear Flood Plain. Most of the contaminants in the soil are heavy metals from industries, hydrocarbons from local oil refineries, or pesticides and asbestos from food transportation and old buildings.

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Desirable Areas

-

-

Industrial

Ferry

Commercial

Downtown

Seaport

Residential

Parks

Rail

Refinery

Protected Area

Wetland Area

After judging different aspects of the site as good or bad, it is possible to overlay the individual maps of desirable areas. A sort of heat map emerges, with the darker areas representing places which are ideal for development. Conversely, areas with a light shade or no color at all are areas with a multitude of problems to be addressed. It is possible to choose whether to attempt perhaps a synthesis of typologies where, for example, rail and

area which has very little in the way of opportunity such as cleaning up a brown

PRO

VID

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E

44

.60

.75

.50

1.0

FARFloor AreaRatio

Largely s ingle-fami ly houses on larger lots wi th yard space in al l d i rect ions. Houses si tuated closer to the edge of the block.

Four-s ided block wi th mult i & s ingle fami ly houses si tuated on narrow lots. Backyard spaces are pr ivate and communal. Many lots have addi t ional outbui ld ings on si te.

Larger mult i & s ingle-fami ly houses, low-r is ing wi th yard space in al l d i rec-t ions. Least dense block type.

Mult i & s ingle fami ly houses si tuated on narrow lots wi th smal l f ront yard space and pr ivate/communal backyard space

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Barrier Islands

VisualImpact

WaveIntensity

HydraulicPerformance

AccessibilityDurability

Permeability Ease ofMaintenence

Barrier IslandsBarrier islands are sand based islands that form parallel to the coast. They are primarily located along the East Coast of the United States and the Gulf of Mexico, where gently sloping coastlines are preva-lent. They are useful as a strategy to extend the coastline as well as provide effective storm surge protection. Barrier islands are naturally occurring, but are deteriorating due to more frequent storms of greater intensity. The construction of new barrier islands is considered one strategy to prepare for rising sea levels and more severe storms which compromise our coasts.

Natural Prevention

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Barrier Islands

Barrier islands may be constructed based on the detail above. The construction of barrier islands involves moving large amounts of existing sand to create a new land mass. Once this berm form is created, erosion control and planting are required to withstand natural forces. Maintenance of these constructed barrier islands is nec-essary to ensure that erosion is controlled. Proposed barrier islands have become more common in recent years as a reac-tion to global climate change. The diagram provided shows one proposed plan for the addition of barrier islands around New Or-leans in the wake of Hurricane Katrina. It

Dunes Beach Inshore surf zone Offshore

Creek/Lagoon

Tidal Lagoon

Back Dunes Fore Dunes

Berm Crest Bar Trough

Bog High Tide

Low Tide

Lagoon mud deposits, tidal delta sand, peat

Landward

Dune and beach sand deposits

Barrier Island

Mud, sand, and gravel deposits

Continental Shelf

Barier Islands would prevent storm surges, promote marsh and tidal growth, and prevent further erosion

Mississippi River Delta

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79 48 / 87 38 29 18 / 97 28

34 29 / 77 78 32 10 / 80 44

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1855 1922 1996 2004 2005

Deteriorating Barrier Islands, North Carolina

Barrier islands are useful as a strategy to extend the coastline as well as provide effective storm surge protection. Barrier islands are naturally occuring, but are de-teriorating due to more frequent storms of greater intensity. Barrier islands may be constructed as detailed above. As bar-rier islands are suseptable to erosion, they must be maintained. Proposed barrier is-lands have become more common in re-cent years as a reaction to global climate change. The diagram provided shows one proposed plan for the addition of barrier is-lands around New Orleans in the wake of Hurricane Katrina.

Barrier Islands

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Barrier islands may be implemented around the New Haven harbor as a strategy to prevent storm surge and create a barrier for waves inside the port. The creation of barrier islands should occur parraell to the shore, and occur in no less than 6 of water,

to verify they will prevent storm surge as necessary. The minimum width of barrier islands is considered to be 25, to ensure

they will not was away with the tide. Barrier islands are typically no higher than 15 in

height, and can be vegetated. Special cau-tion should be taken in this case to prevent the shipping lane for the port.

Existing Land Constructed BarrierIsland

25 +

6 +

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EnvironmentalSynthesis

Flood PreventionEffectiveness

Barrier Islands

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Wetlands

VisualImpact

WaveIntensity


AccessibilityDurability

Permeability Ease ofMaintenence

WetlandsWetlands are naturally occuring vegetated zones which are most com-mon along shallow sloping shores of lakes and oceans. Wetlands offer a buffer zone to existing shore lines, preventing erosion and accomo-dating tidal changes. Wetlands have their own ecosystem, and foster diverse species of plants and animals. Wetlands may be useful as rec-reational zones or as storm surge and flooding protection. Wetlands

may also be useful as a mediator of grade change between upland infrastructure and bodies of water.

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TopsoilModeratelydecompressedorganic soil

Silicate clays

Bedrock

Fine/coarse sand,Gravel

Existing Industrial Zone Terrestrial Buffer Core Habitat Zone Aquatic Buffer Open Water30m100m50m

Upland Transitional Emergent Aquatic

Upland

Transitional

Emergent

Wetlands

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Existing New York Waterfront

Proposed New York Waterfront

Existing Urban Section

Proposed Urban Section

Existing Waterfront Salt Ponds Introduced Sediment gathered is seeded Wetland expands

Exisiting Urban Waterfront:

-Not flexible with changing environmental

conditions-Not easily accessible-Vulnerable to storm surge and flooding

-Ecologically unfriendly-Expensive to maintain and repair

Proposed Urban Waterfront:

-Flexible based on tidal conditions and en-vironmental factors-Easily accessed, recreational-Storm surge and flooding deterent

-Provides an urban habitat for a wetland

Wetlands

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Highway New Path Infill

New wetland plantings

Highway New Path Infill

New wetland plantings

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Wetlands are an effective storm surge strategy when used in an urban context. They promote a more accesible water-front by mitigating grade change, and may be used in combination with recreational space which may be readily flooded in case of a disaster. Wetlands offer environmental benefits through the creation of a new eco-system while filtering water and preventing erosion. Most importantly, wetlands provide a dynamic buffer zone for flooding diasters, one which may be used in combination with existing infrastructure and proposed pro-gram.

Wetland Implimentation

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BreakwatersBreakwaters are structures designed to force waves to break offshore and reduce the impact of wave energy on protected portions of coast-line. Breakwater systems are often used to create harbors sheltered from wave energy. Certain break water systems can also be used to expand beach area by reducing wave energy and causing suspended sediment to settle. Breakwater system design varies in both plan and section, depending on the intended outcome of their implementation. They Range from simple rubble mound structures to caissons and combinations of the two.

Wave Intensity


Accessibility

Ease of Maintenence

Permeability

Durability

VisualImpact

Breakwaters

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Breakwaters

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BreakwatersSynthetic Prevention Systems

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PRIMARY TITLESECOND TITLE IF NECESSARY

Vactu es fac intela conesse notiquam opopul ta iam patia menatqu idemum P. Vastis An verracciam tes contrum pon vis. Grae con tantien amdit? Ximius nos At iam hos, caes essum nequam acii senatuam occhum im nis coer hostium me et re inam mante convoc, nimilic averis consultore fore

que ips, pro utem rem nemus nequam quistab endacit. Etra murbit.Maio, se consus; nos vat. Habere iniaesima, patus sessedi cipioc, nonsultum consceri catquamdit efacipi ocrimmorume ips, consus signati lientemus.

FLOOD PREVENTION INFRASTRUCTURE

Building / Parking Footprint

Transportation Infrastructure

A

B

Breakwaters Wave Intensity


Accessibility

Ease of Maintenence

Permeability

Durability

VisualImpact

Breakwaters

Breakwaters are structures designed to force waves to break offshore and reduce the impact of wave energy on protected portions of coastline. Breakwater systems are often used to create harbors sheltered from wave energy. Certain breakwater systems can also be used to expand beach area by reducing wave energy and causing suspended sediment to settle.

Breakwater system design varies in both plan and section, depending on the in-tended outcome of their implementation. They range from simple rubble mound structures to caissons and combinations of the two.

Rubble Mound

Berm

Submerged

Caisson on Foundation

Hrizontal Composite

Vertical Composite

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Existing ShoreRiver ChannelProtected HarborFill

ExistingShore Fill

BreakwaterBreakwater

Implementing a rubble mound breakwater system at the entry to Providence Harbor could benefit the city in several ways. The creation of a protected harbor at the edge of an industrial/commercial site would facilitate the transfer of goods in and out of the port. Infill areas behind the breakwaters would allow for future development to expand onto the newly created land masses, opening a variety of options for use. The breakwater system would also serve the residential zones to the west of the structure by creating space for new infill inside of the breakwater. This infill zone could be used to develop park space that would serve as a buffer between the industrial and residential zones. A third benefit of a breakwater system in this location is the protection against damage from storm-driven waves, preventing large-scale erosion at the site.

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Rubble Mound Breakwater

Proposed Breakwater Location

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Existing ShoreRiver ChannelProtected HarborFill

ExistingShore Fill

BreakwaterBreakwater

Implementing a rubble mound breakwater system at the entry to Providence Harbor could benefit the city in several ways. The creation of a protected harbor at the edge of an industrial/commercial site would facilitate the transfer of goods in and out of the port. Infill areas behind the breakwaters would allow for future development to expand onto the newly created land masses, opening a variety of options for use. The breakwater system would also serve the residential zones to the west of the structure by creating space for new infill inside of the breakwater. This infill zone could be used to develop park space that would serve as a buffer between the industrial and residential zones. A third benefit of a breakwater system in this location is the protection against damage from storm-driven waves, preventing large-scale erosion at the site.

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Rubble Mound Breakwater


Breakwaters

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The New Haven city planning assesment has denoted several sites within the city that are suffering from erosion and other problems related to coastal processes. One such site on the eastern bank of the harbor could benefit from the construction of a submerged breakwater. The breakwa-ter would serve to define a sheltered port for commercial use while also dissipating destructive hydraulic forces acting on the shore. A submerged structure would prevent erosion by forcing waves to break offshore without acting as an impermeable barrier to the movement of water and sediment through the harbor channel.

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The New Haven city planning assesment has denoted several sites within the city that are suffering from erosion and other problems related to coastal processes. One such site on the eastern bank of the harbor could benefit from the construction of a submerged breakwater. The breakwa-ter would serve to define a sheltered port for commercial use while also dissipating destructive hydraulic forces acting on the shore. A submerged structure would prevent erosion by forcing waves to break offshore without acting as an impermeable barrier to the movement of water and sediment through the harbor channel.

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GroinsSynthetic Prevention Systems

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Straight Inclined L-Shape T-Shape Fishtail Dogleg Tuned T-Shape

Offshore Dredging Diagram

Groin Accretion Pattern

Groins are structures built to nourish eroding beaches by gradually captur-

parallel to the shore. They are situated roughly perpendicular to the shore and are most commonly constructed as rubble mound structures, with an outer armored layer and a compacted inner core. While groins are effective in nourishing small potions of a beach, they also disturb the longshore deposi-tion of sand, causing erosion further down shore. In order to maximize the land-building potential of groins, they are frequently built as a series of multiple

of beach. Series of groins, called groin

length until they merge naturally with the existing beach face or end at a terminal groin that extends further seaward than

-tive when nourished with dredged sand after construction, discouraging erosion further down the shore.

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Groins + JettiesGroins are structures built to nourish eroding beaches by gradually capturing sand suspended in currents flowing parallel to shore. They

are situated roughly perpendicular to the shore and are most com-monly constructed as rubble mound structures, with an outer armored layer and a compacted inner core. While groins are effective in nour-ishing small potions of a beach, they also disturb the longshore depo-sition of sand, causing erosion further land-building potential of groins, they are frequently built as a series of multiple groins distributed over a specific length of beach. Series of groins, called groin fields, are either

gradually tapered in length until they merge naturally with the existing

Sloping Seawalls

Vertical Seawalls

Porous Seawalls

Wave Intensity


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Breakwaters

Straight Inclined L-Shape T-Shape Fishtail Dogleg Tuned T-Shape

Offshore Dredging Diagram

Groin Accretion Pattern

Groins are structures built to nourish eroding beaches by gradually captur-ing sand suspended in currents flowing parallel to the shore. They are situated roughly perpendicular to the shore and are most commonly constructed as rubble mound structures, with an outer armored layer and a compacted inner core. While groins are effective in nourishing small potions of a beach, they also disturb the longshore deposi-tion of sand, causing erosion further down shore. In order to maximize the land-building potential of groins, they are frequently built as a series of multiple groins distributed over a specific length of beach. Series of groins, called groin fields, are either gradually tapered in length until they merge naturally with the existing beach face or end at a terminal groin that extends further seaward than the others. Groin fields are most effec-tive when nourished with dredged sand after construction, discouraging erosion further down the shore.

Groins + Jetties

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The groin field on Long Beach, NY is an example of the most common form of groin type and use. The groins are evenly dispersed and perpendicular to the shore, capturing sediment from the longshore current to enlarge the useable area of the beach face. Large beaches, whether natural or artificial, are beneficial to the local seaside economy. Amenity beaches attract tourists and businesses to the waterfront and can build the local economy. Groins are a relatively inexpensive method of maintaining coastal properties over time. Supplementing construction of a groin field by filling the groins with dredged sand will help prevent excessive erosion downshore.

Rubble Mound Groin Section

Compacted Core

Rubble Armor Revetment

Concrete Toe

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New Haven, CT

Providence, RI




Floodplain Housing

Floodplain Industry



Coastal Interface

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The groin field on Long Beach, NY is an example of the most common form of groin type and use. The groins are evenly dispersed and perpendicular to the shore, capturing sediment from the longshore current to enlarge the useable area of the beach face. Large beaches, whether natural or artificial, are beneficial to the local seaside economy. Amenity beaches attract tourists and businesses to the waterfront and can build the local economy. Groins are a relatively inexpensive method of maintaining coastal properties over time. Supplementing construction of a groin field by filling the groins with dredged sand will help prevent excessive erosion downshore.

Rubble Mound Groin Section

Compacted Core

Rubble Armor Revetment

Concrete Toe

Groins + Jetties

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Section through Proposed Groin Field The satellite image of the New Haven clearly illustrates portions of the shore that have undergone heavy erosion from tidal and deltaic currents. These lobes of eroded land could benefit from the implementation of a groin field to capture sediment suspended in the cur-rents. The terminal groin has a fishtail shape to capture sediment that is often eroded in eddy currents at the terminus of the field.

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New Haven, CT

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Floodplain Housing

Floodplain Industry



Coastal Interface

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Section through Proposed Groin Field The satellite image of the New Haven clearly illustrates portions of the shore that have undergone heavy erosion from tidal and deltaic currents. These lobes of eroded land could benefit from the implementation of a groin field to capture sediment suspended in the cur-rents. The terminal groin has a fishtail shape to capture sediment that is often eroded in eddy currents at the terminus of the field.

Groins + Jetties

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SeawallsSeawalls are designed to prevent coastal erosion by absorbing and reflecting the constant wave energy acting on the shore. They are gen-erally designed to withstand abuse from strong storm-driven waves and built tall enough to withstand the combination of storm surges and high tides. Many different types of seawalls can be found on coastlines around the world, but it is generally localized wave and tidal conditions

that determine which type of seawall will perform best at any specific

site.

Sloping Seawalls

Vertical Seawalls

Porous Seawalls

Wave Intensity


Accessibility

Ease of Maintenence

Permeability

Durability

VisualImpact

Synthetic Prevention

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Floodplain Housing

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SeawallsSynthetic Prevention Systems

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Sloping Seawalls

Vertical Seawalls

Porous Seawalls

Wave Intensity


Accessibility

Ease of Maintenence

Permeability

Durability

VisualImpact

SeawallsSeawalls are designed to prevent coastal erosion by absorbing and reflecting the constant wave energy acting on the shore. They are generally designed to withstand abuse from strong storm-driven waves and built tall enough to withstand the combination of storm surges and high tides. Many different types of seawalls can be found on coastlines around the world, but it is generally localized wave and tidal conditions that determine which type of seawall will perform best at any specific site.

Body

Toe

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Revetment

There is a large variety of seawall forms that are generally built to suit the local conditions at a given site. Two primary seawall categories relate to the slope of the seawall body. Vertical seawalls are considered to have a slope of greater than 45. These walls are considered non-energy absorbing, directly reflect-ing wave energy. The second type is a sloping seawall, with a slope of less than 45. Sloping seawalls absorb wave energy by allowing the wave to run up the face of the wall.

Vertical Seawalls

Sloping Seawalls

Seawall Components

There is a large variety in seawall forms. Each is built to suit the local conditions at a given site. Two Primarily sea wall catego-ries relate to the slope of the seawall body.

Vertical seawalls are considered to have a slope of greater than 100% grade. These walls are considered non-energy absorb-ing, directly reflecting wave energy.

The second type is a sloping seawall, with a slope of less than 100% grade. Sloping seawalls absorb wave energy by allowing the wave to run up the face of the wall. These by their definition take up more hori-zontal space of the coast then the vertical

wall.

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Sloping Seawalls

Vertical Seawalls

Porous Seawalls

Wave Intensity


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Permeability

Durability

VisualImpact


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There is a large variety of seawall forms that are generally built to suit the local conditions at a given site. Two primary seawall categories relate to the slope of the seawall body. Vertical seawalls are considered to have a slope of greater than 45. These walls are considered non-energy absorbing, directly reflect-ing wave energy. The second type is a sloping seawall, with a slope of less than 45. Sloping seawalls absorb wave energy by allowing the wave to run up the face of the wall.

Vertical Seawalls

Sloping Seawalls

Seawall Components

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Sloping Seawalls

Vertical Seawalls

Porous Seawalls

Wave Intensity


Accessibility

Ease of Maintenence

Permeability

Durability

VisualImpact


Body

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Revetment

There is a large variety of seawall forms that

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