FLASHBACK

1. What are the four organic compounds that we will be talking about today?

2. What elements from the Periodic Table do they all have in common?

FLASKBACK

1. Which elements are present in carbohydrates?

2. Which elements are present in nucleic acids?

1. Which of the following is NOT a type of protein?

A. hemoglobin

B. collagen

C. enzymes

D. insulin

E. all of these are proteins

FLASHBACK

1. List at least 3 examples of foods that contain proteins?

2. What are nucleic acids?

FLASHBACK1. Cellulose differs from glycogen in that

A. The monomers of cellulose are held together by covalent bonds, whereas the monomers of glycogen are held together by hydrogen bonds.

B. glycogen is formed by plants and cellulose by animals

C. cellulose is formed by plants and glycogen by animals

D. they are the same

Write a paragraph explaining what the class expectations are upon entering the room.

1. The cell wall of a plant cell is MOSTLY made up of these molecules

A. Carbohydrates B. Proteins

C. Lipids D. Nucleic Acids

2. A carbohydrate with two monomers is called a

A.double monomer C. polysaccharide

B. disaccharide D. glucose

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Organic Compounds

Organic Compounds: Compounds that containcarbon and make up living organisms

Carbon is the backbone of life!!!

Organic Compounds

• It used to be thought that only living things could synthesize the complicated carbon compounds found in cells

• German chemists in the 1800’s learned how to do this in the lab, showing that “organic” compounds can be created by non-organic means.

• Today, organic compounds are those that contain carbon. (with a few exceptions such as carbon dioxide and diamonds)

CARBON

Why is carbon the backbone of life? Why is it special?

1. Carbon has 4 electrons in its outer shell. To satisfy the octet rule, it needs to share 4 other electrons.

2. This means that each carbon atom forms 4 bonds

Three Types Of Carbon Molecules1. Straight Chain:

2. Ring:

3. Branched Chain:

MacromoleculeLarge molecules that make up living things. They are large chains of smaller molecules. It means “giant molecule”.

MonomersAll macro organic molecules are made up of smaller subunits called monomers. This is just the base unit that repeats over and again. The monomers can be identical or different.

Polymers

Organic macromolecules are made up of repeating monomers.These chains of monomers are called polymers.

Four Basic Types of Organic Molecule

• Most organic molecules in the cell are: carbohydrates (sugars and starches), lipids (fats), proteins, and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA).

• These molecules are usually in the form of polymers, long chains of similar subunits. Because they are large, these molecules are called macromolecules. The subunits are called monomers.

• The cell also contains water, inorganic salts and ions, and other small organic molecules.

4 Groups of Organic Compounds

1. Carbohydrates2. Proteins3. Lipids4. Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates*Carbohydrates are composed of C, H, and O.*Ratio: 1C:2H:1O*Function:

1. Main source of energy.2. Plants and some animals use it for structural purposes.

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are made up of monomers calledmonosaccharides. Examples of monosaccrharides:1.glucose: plant produce during photosynthesis2.Galactose: found in milk and diary3.Fructose: sugar in many fruits

GLUCOSE!

Fructose

Carbohydrates

Two monomers of monosaccharides together arecalled disaccharides. Sucrose is a examples of a disaccharide.

MALTOSE

CarbohydratesA polysaccharide is a long chain of monosacchrides

Joined together.Examples of polysacchrides:1.glycogen:stored energy2.Starch: plant stored energy3.Cellulose: cell walls

STARCH!!!

Look at the difference between these two. Think about how Plants use cellulose and animals use starch. They are shaped this way because of their use. Cellulose – straight chains StarchBranched.

Lipids

DEFINE: Large groups of organic compounds not soluble in water.Mostly made up of C and H with very little O.Functions:1.Store energy for long term.2.Waterproof covering

4 main categories of Lipids

1. Fats2. Oils3. Waxes4. steroids FAT!!!

LipidsMonomer: FATTY ACIDPolymer: TRIGLYCERIDEStructure of a lipid:Glyercol molecule combines with fatty acids. The Different fatty acids determine the type of lipid.

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Lipids

Lipids are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and very little nitrogen.

Lipids

All lipids are not soluble in water. That is why they are placed together.

Lipids

Saturated vs. UnsaturatedSaturated means that all the carbon bonds are taken. They are solid at room temperature and bad for you. Unsaturated means that there is at least one double bond with the carbon. They are liquid at room temp. and are better for you.

Which ones areSaturated??

Proteins

Any of a large group of nitrogen containing organic compounds that are essential part cells; consist of polymers of amino acids; essential in the diet of animals for growth and for repair of tissues; can be obtained from meat and eggs and milk and legumes; "a diet high in protein.”

ProteinsMacromolecules that contain N, C, O and H.Functions:1.Rate of cell processes.2.Cellular structures3.Controls substances in and out of cell.4.Fight disease.

Examples of Proteins

1. Hemoglobin in blood2. Collagen3. Enzymes4. insulin

Proteins and Amino acid formation

Proteins are made up of monomers of amino acids help together by peptide bonds.3 parts of an amino acid:1.Amino group2.Carboxyl group3.R group

Proteins(examples of R-Groups)

There are 20 different amino acids found in nature.Different proteins are determined by the type of amino acids connected together. All amino acids are the same except for the R-group. The R-group gives the amino acids different properties.

R – Group

Functional Groups

• Most of the useful behavior of organic compounds comes from functional groups attached to the carbons. A functional group is a special cluster of atoms that performs a useful function.

The R – Group(functional group)

Proteins(structure)Long chains of amino acids are connected by peptide bonds which are called polypeptides.

Nucleic acid

Any of various macromolecules composed of nucleotide chains that are vital constituents of all living cells.

Nucleic acids

Macromolecules containing H, N, C, O and P.Made up of monomers of nucleotides.

Nucleotides

3 parts of a nucleotide1.Phosphate2.Deoxyribose sugar3.Nitrogen base

Function of a Nucleic Acids

1. Carry genetic material2. Carries codes to make proteins

2 Examples of Nucleic Acids

1. RNA – ribonucleic acids 2. DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid

Function of DNA

1. Carry codes to make proteins.2. Carry genetics code(genes).

Function of RNA

1. Function of RNA is to make proteins from the code DNA carries.

Releases energyenergyfor

cells

SugarStarchcellulose

C, H, OCarbohydrate

FunctionExamplesComposed of:Organic

Compound

Stores and releasesMOREenergy f or cells

FatsOils

WaxesC, H, OLipid

FunctionExamplesComposed of:Organic Compound

Cell membranes are made of lipids

Used tobuild cell

parts;Made of smaller parts calledamino acids

enzymesC, H, O, NProtein

FunctionExamplesComposed of:Organic Compound

Where are proteins made in the cell…?

Used tobuild cell

parts;Made of smaller parts calledamino acids

enzymesC, H, O, NProtein

FunctionExamplesComposed of:Organic Compound

Where are proteins made in the cell…?