five years progress on waste management of fukushima
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Nuclear Damage Compensation and Decommissioning Facilitation Corporation
©Nuclear Damage Compensation and Decommissioning Facilitation Corporation
Five Years Progress on Waste Management
of Fukushima-Daiichi Nuclear Accident
Shigeo NOMURA, Kazuyuki KATOH, Kenta OKANO
Nuclear Damage Compensation &
Decommissioning Facilitation Corporation (NDF), Japan
IAEA International Conference on the
Safety of Radioactive Waste Management
25 November 2016
Post-Accident Waste Management: Lessons Learned and Preparedness
1
Off-Site Activities of
Decontamination & Storage of Specified Waste
2
N
Ratio of 110mAg/137Cs
137Cs Inventory (MBq/m2)
0.011-
0.0080-0.011
0.0060-0.0080
0.0040-0.0060
0.0023-0.0040
0.0012-0.0023
-0.0012
30 10.1
10
30 km
15 km
Analysis of Released Radioactivity
1) UNSCEAR (2008), 2) Chino et al. (2011,2013), 3) Steinhauser et al. (2014)
No.1 Unit Yomiuri Press, March 13
Released Radioactivity
Nuclide Half-life Chernobyl1)
PBq
1F2)3)
PBq
Xe-133 5.25 h 6,500 14,000
I-131 8.03 d 1,760 150
I-133 20.8 h 910 146
Cs-134 2.07 y 47 11.8
Cs-137 30.1 y 85 12
Suggest independent three source terms divided by 110mAg/137Cs ratio Y. Satou et al. (Tsukuba University) European Geochemical Union General Assembly 2014
3
Long-term Predictions funded by NRA
S. Kinase et al, JAEA
Elapsed time from March 15, 2011 [y]
Am
bie
nt
dose
rate
[norm
alized]
0.005
0.01
0.1
1
0.1 1 5 10 30
Restricted residence area, other than forest
Physical decay of Cs
1/5
2/5
1/20
Long-Term Decay of Wide Spread of Cs & Lift of Evacuation Order
Nov. 2015
30 years later1)
Nov. 2011
Monitoring of radiation annual dose rate (mSv/y)
20km
>150 150~100
100~50 50~20 20~10 10~ 5
5~1 < 1
Lifted April, 2014
Lifted Oct, 2014/ June,2016
Lifted June,2016
Will be lifted March, 2017
Lifted Sep,2015
Lifted July, 2016
Completed Residential areas completed
Areas anticipated that residents will face difficulties in returning for a long time.
Implementing
As of end of September, 2016, MoE
1F
include Decontamination works & Weathering effects
Status of Special Decontamination Area
Evacuation order lifted
Decontamination status
Special Decontamination Area
4
30
20
10
0
Sp
ecif
ied
Wa
stes
(x
1,0
00
t, >
8,0
00
Bq
/kg
)
5 10 15
Elapsed year
Estimate of radioactive decay effect for specified waste in 5 prefectures
Physical decay
Cs137 & Cs134 (1:1)
Cs137
1F
500m
Futaba 5 km2
Ohkuma 11 km2
Interim Storage Facilities 16~22 Mm3 in Fukushima
Receive & Classify, Burn
Soil Storage Facility > 8 kBq/kg
Waste Storage Facility Cs > 100 kBq/kg
Image
Enter Construction phase, November, 2016
Management of Off Site Specified Wastes classified above 8,000 Bq/kg
Total amount 175,000 t registered in 12 prefectures, as of June, 2016
5.5
5
On-Site 1F Decommissioning Project
6
Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3 Unit 4
Maintain Stable Cooling Conditions and Prepare SF Retrieval
March 2011
Source: TEPCO website and photo archive
7
Clearing Rubbles with Full Remote Technology
by TEPCO & KAJIMA for SF Retrieval of Unit 3
Install cover & remote fuel handling system
Mockup test of building cover Install rad. shielding
Operation floor damaged by hydrogen explosion
Clearing off high dose rubbles Removal of large rubbles fallen down into the pool
2015
2016 2016
Sep 2011~Nov 2013
2017
8
Groundwater drain
Subdrain
Progress of Contaminated Water Management Remove source, Prevent leakage, Isolate source
Sea-side impermeable wall, completed Feb. 2016
Groundwater bypass
Seawater piping trench
Contaminated water purification ALPS
Source: TEPCO website and photo archive
Secondary wastes ;absorbent, column, sludge etc.
Frozen wall
Refrigerant pipe for frozen soil wall
Box culvert for HIC
Rack & Box culvert for Cs absorption apparatus
9
Benign Environment Impact and Improved Working Conditions
realized by Facility Shielding and on-site Cleanup
Resulting huge amount of Low & Medium level Wastes
Movement with general workwear
Concrete facing of ground
Prepare new system
Achieve 5μSv/h
Source: TEPCO website and photo archive
On-Site Map of Dose Rate at ground level, Oct., 2016
dose rate (μSv/h)
10
【雑固体廃棄物焼却設備】 2系統,7.2t/day/line
Safe Store
Temporary storage of used clothing
Combustible wastes
Incineration of Combustible Waste and
Safe Storage of Piled Raw Wastes
Pilled logs & rubbles
outdoor
Incinerate
indoor
Source: TEPCO website and photo archive
11
[Before]
[After]
Forecast of Rubble Storage before/after additional Measures
▼Start incineration of used clothing
Not included wastes from debris
& demolition of RB/TB
Outdoor temporary storage volume
0
60
20
0
20
40
60
40
80
0
20
10
Sto
rage
Volu
me
(x10,0
00 m
3)
Felled trees
Used clothing
≧30mSv/h 1~30mSv/h 0.1~1mSv/h
0.005~0.1mSv/h
< 0.005mSv/h
Contaminated soil
▼2020 Start operation of volume reduction
2019 Start incineration of felled trees & clothing
▼2017 Complete No9 building
▼2020~ Stepwise construction
Source: TEPCO
12
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Mid & Long-term Roadmap and Technical Strategic Plan
For plant stabilization
Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3
Nov. 2013
Dec. 2011
Dec. 2021
Cold shutdown
Start SF removal from RB pool
Identify debris retrieval Methods / Start debris removal
Decommissioning
Government Roadmap 2015 30~40 years in the future
1F project entered from ‘Emergency Response Stage’ to ‘Planned Controllable
Stage’.
2016
Strategic Plan by NDF, Japan
Risk reduction strategy for mid & long-term on-site decommissioning.
Approach to conduct activities, make decisions and set priority in achieving goals.
Key milestone on radioactive waste management is also proposed;
- Basic concept of processing & disposal for solid waste will be compiled in FY2017
-Prospects of processing & disposal method and technology related its safety is made clear by around FY2021.
13
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Under sufficient safety
management
Category I
Category II
Fuels in SFPs
Fuel debris
Contaminated water in bldgs
Tentatively stored solid waste
Waste sludge
PCV internal
structures Waste
adsorption columns
Fuels in common
pool
Solid waste in
storehouse
Concentrated liquid waste
HIC slurry
Fuel in dry casks
Safety Management (log scale)
Haza
rd P
ote
nti
al
(lo
g s
cale
)
Decommissioning as Mid- & Long-Term Risk Reduction NDF Strategic Plan 2016
Risks in category I & II should be reduced preferentially to the engineered safe
conditions, realizing stable storage including “Solid wastes”
14
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Five guiding principles; Safe, Proven, Efficient, Timely & Field oriented
Safe stable storage Reduce existing wastes, minimize secondary waste generation
Evaluate mid-term storage plan periodically
Stabilize stored wastes Processing & Disposal for Low & Intermediate level Wastes
Characterize typical wastes Build analytical capability, analyze samples, and evaluate inventory
Investigate waste stream for processing and disposal
Formulate safe & feasible processing and disposal concepts
Develop key technical issues, especially waste immobilization; integrity container, dehydration, cementation, vitrification, etc.
Develop solutions for final disposal of solid waste not included the existing categories.
Develop Waste Management related to Fuel Debris Retrieval
Strategy on 1F Waste Management 15
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Investigation on Debris of Damaged Cores Lessons learnt from TMI, Chernobyl, Windscale & Severe Accident Programs
Doug Akers:TMI Knowledge Management System, NRC 2016
TMI 133t (UO2 94t) Chernobyl 500m3
(UO2 ~200t)
Windscale 16.3 t
ANL CCI test
Stub-shaped fuel
Debris from MCCI
Granular solidified
debris
Solid elephant
foot debris
Volcano-like debris
Agglomerated debris
S. Bozhko: NDF side event, IAEA GC 2016
MT.Cross:UKAEA/NUKEM WS 2007
C.Journeau & P.Piluso ; Comprehensive Nucl. Material 2012
Melted core composed with mixing of soft metals, loose debris, U-Zr hard ceramics,
MCCI etc. are different depending on reactor type and accident progression.
1F debris of 880t is estimated by severe accident code. (NDF Strategic Plan 2016)
16
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JAEA Radioactive Material
Analysis & Research Facility
Domestic and International Collaborations
JAEA Collaboration Laboratories for
Advanced Decommissioning Science
(CLADS)
Administration building
Building No.1 for lower level wastes
Building No.2 for higher level materials
Analytical Capacity Buildings by JAEA
R&D Fundamentals & Applications for Decommissioning
Development & Securing of Sustainable Human Resources
Global collaborations are requested for 1F decommissioning
with JAEA, IRID, Domestic & International organizations & companies
17
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A huge amount of off-site specified waste is planned to be managed by constructing and operating interim storage facilities. However, there still needs a lot of initiatives to recover the 1F nuclear accident.
On-site management of solid waste generated by the accident should be sustained as long-term key activities, such as safe storage, characterization, processing and disposal of various wastes.
Effective collaborations among NDF, TEPCO, IRID, JAEA, other domestic and international organizations and companies are strongly requested to tackle challenging projects on 1F decommissioning.
Conclusions 18
Appendix
©Nuclear Damage Compensation and Decommissioning Facilitation Corporation
Advice/
Guidance
Present
key issues
Policy making & progress management
• Approve the Roadmap
• Carry out progress management of urgent issues
such as contaminated water management
Japanese Government
R&D organizations
- International Research Institute for
Nuclear Decommissioning (IRID)
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA)
Implementation of decommissioning work
•Remove fuels from spent fuel pools
•Manage contaminated water
(installation of additional tanks, water purification, rainwater management)
•Store/manage rubbles, wastes, etc.
•Ensure safety/quality, improve work environment, etc.
TEPCO (D&D Engineering Company)
Nuclear Regulation Authority (NRA)
Formulation of strategy & provision of technical support 1. Develop a mid- and long-term strategy
2. Provide technical support for key issues
3. Carry out R&D planning and progress management
4. Reinforce international cooperation
NDF
Report
Issue
project grant
Share progress and issues
Progress
management
Report
Report
Report/ Submit
action plan
Supervise/
review
Relevant Organizations involved in Fukushima Daiichi Plant Decommissioning & Contaminated Water Management
Muon-tomography indicates Wide Relocation of Melted Fuel of Unit 2
(m)