fittings - seabird groups€¢ asme b16.9 covers overall dimensions, tolerances, ratings, testing...

FITTINGS

• The major piping materials are also produced in

the form of standard fittings.

• Fittings may be made to special dimensions, sizes,

shapes, and tolerances by agreement between the

manufacturer and the purchaser.

FITTING – Introduction

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Why we need Fittings ???

Fitting Produce change in geometry and include:

1. Change in direction of piping


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Fitting produce change in geometry and include:

2. Alter pipe diameter


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3. Terminate pipe


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4. Bring pipes together (made branch from main pipe run)


─ Butt weld

─ Socket weld

METHOD OF JOINING

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─ Threaded

─ Quick coupling

METHOD OF JOINING

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─ Flange

METHOD OF JOINING

• Each fitting shall be permanently marked to show the following

• Manufacturer’s name or trademark

• Material identification, either the ASTM or ASME grade designation

• Schedule number or nominal wall thickness in mm

• Size - the nominal pipe size (NPS) identification number related to the end connections shall be used

FITTING –Standard Marking

• Piping components are welded by means of butt joints

BUTT WELD FITTINGS

• ASME B16.9 covers Overall Dimensions, Tolerances, Ratings, Testing & Marking for wrought factory made butt welding fittings

• Materials:

– For carbon steel fittings, refer ASTM A234

– For Austenitic stainless steel, refer ASTM A403

– For Alloy steel, refer ASTM A420

• Used in most piping systems NPS ≥ 2, rarely from NPS ½

• Difficult to weld in small sizes, especially for thin wall

BUTT WELD FITTINGS

• Elbow

• Tee

• Cross

• End Cap

• Lateral

• Olets

BUTT WELD FITTINGS

BUTT WELD FITTINGS – Elbow

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• Installed between two lengths of pipe or tubing to allow a change of direction, usually a 90° or 45°

• Based on Curvature ( 90 °),

– Short radius (1 NPS)

– Long radius (1 ½ NPS)

– Extra Long radius (3 NPS)

• Size Specification:

EX: 90° LR Elbow 6” Sch. 40


Continued...


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Long Radius Elbow Dimensions (From ASME B16.9)


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Short Radius Elbow Dimensions(From ASME B16.9)

• Reducing elbow:

– Available in 90°

– Curvature = 1 ½ NPS of larger end)


EX: 90° LR Red. Elbow 6”x4” Sch. 40


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19

Long Radius Reducing elbow Dimensions: (From ASME B16.9)

BUTT WELD FITTINGS – Bend

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• Bend:

– Used to change the direction of run of pipe

– Common Center line (Curvature) = 4 - 6 NPS

– Made from seamless and ERW straight pipe

– Two methods used to making bend

Hot

Cold


EX: 90° Bend 8” Sch. 40


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Standard Bend Dimensions (From ASME B16.49)

22

BUTT WELD FITTINGS – Return

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• The function of a return bend is to change direction of flow through 180°

• Long radius (1 ½ NPS) and short radius (1 NPS)

• Both types have a centre to centre dimension double the matching 90° elbows.


EX: 180° LR Return 10” Sch. 40

• The primary application for these fittings is in • Heater coils

• Heat exchangers

• Boilers

• Vent on tanks etc


Continued...


Long Radius Return Dimensions(From ASME B16.9)

25

BUTT WELD FITTINGS – ReturnShort Radius Return Dimensions(From ASME B16.9)

26

BUTT WELD FITTINGS – Miter

• Joint made by beveling each of two parts to be joined, usually at a 45° angle (Site Fabrication)

• 2 Piece (pressure drop ≈ 4-6 times of Long Radius elbow)

• 3 Piece (pressure drop ≈ 2 times of Long Radius elbow)

• Used in

• Low pressure line

• Pressure drop not important

• NPS > 10”

BUTT WELD FITTINGS – Miter

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BUTT WELD FITTINGS – Reducer

29

• A reducer allows for a change in pipe size to meet hydraulic flow requirements (Increase in pressure) of the system

• To adapt to existing piping of a different size

• Types:

• Concentric

• Eccentric

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30

• Types:

1 Concentric

• Both inlet and outlet ends are on a common centre line

• Easier and less expensive to produce


EX: CR 3” x 1½ ” Sch 10s

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31

• Types:

2 Eccentric

• Two sides having offset centre lines

• Eccentric reducers are used when required to maintain the same top- or bottom-of-pipe level.

• Where we need Support under piping


EX: ER 3” x 1½ ” Sch 10s

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32


Marking

Eccentric Reducer used in suction of pump

Continued...


34

Suction from Bottom Side

Suction from Top Side

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35

BUTT WELD FITTINGS – ReducerStandard Reducer Dimensions (from ASME B16.9)

36

For remaining sizes refer ASME B16.9

BUTT WELD FITTINGS – Tee

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• It is a type of pipe fitting which is T-shaped having two outlets at 90° to the connection to the main line

• The function of a tee is to permit flow at 90° to the main direction of flow.

• The main flow passes through the ‘run’ whilst the 90°outlet is known as the ‘branch’.

• A tee is used for connecting pipes of same/ different diameters or for changing the direction of pipe runs


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• Equal Tee: Branch is same as header pipes.

• Size specification:

– EQ. TEE 4” x 4” Sch. 40


Unequal Tee:

• Run and Branches are in different diameter.

• To obtain the desired flow and pressure through the system.

• Types:

• Reducing Tee

• Bullhead tee


Reducing Tee:

Branch size is less than that of header size


Bullhead tee:

• Branch larger than run & rarely used and made to special order

• Size Specification: Red TEE 4” x 4” x 6”, Sch. 40


BUTT WELD FITTINGS – Cross

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• If a branch line passes completely through a tee, the fitting becomes a cross

• A cross has one inlet and three outlets, or vice versa

• Cross fittings are also called 4-way fittings

• Cross fittings can generate a huge amount of stress on pipe as temperature changes, because they are at the center of four connection points.

• A tee is more steady than a cross


EQ. Cross 6” Sch. 40


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Types:

– Straight/ Equal Cross:

– Reducing Cross:

1 Straight/ Equal Cross: All four outlets of equal size


Continued...

Reducing Cross:

Branches that are smaller in size to obtain the desired flow and pressure through the system (rarely used)


Continued...

BUTT WELD FITTINGS – CrossStraight Tee/ Cross Dimensions (From ASME B16.9)

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BUTT WELD FITTINGS – CrossReducing Outlet Tee/ Cross Dimensions (From ASME B16.9)

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For remaining sizes refer ASME B16.9

BUTT WELD FITTINGS – Lateral

Continued...

• Forged or Site fabricated fitting


– Run inlet × run outlet × branch × angle respect to outlet

Lat. Tee 6”×6”×4”×45° Sch 40

45


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Standard Lateral Dimensions (From ASME B16.9)

BUTT WELD FITTINGS – Closure

• A type of pipe fitting, usually liquid or gas tight, whichcovers the end of a pipe

• If a cap is used to provide for a future connectionpoint, several inches of pipe must be left before thecap. This is because when the cap is cut off for thefuture connection, enough pipe must remain to allowa new fitting to be connected onto it

– Cap– Flat closure

BUTT WELD FITTINGS – Closure

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BUTT WELD FITTINGS – ClosureStandard Closure Dimensions

For remaining sizes Refer ASME B16.9

BUTT WELD FITTINGS – Swage

• Connect butt-welded piping to smaller socket-weld or screwed

• Abrupt change of line size

• Type:

• Venturi: Allows smoother flow

• Eccentric

• Concentric


Continued...

BUTT WELD FITTINGS – Lap Joint Stub Ends

Stub End Stub End

Serrated Surface Finish

• Stub ends are installed in pairs and mated together with two lap joint flanges

• The surface of the stub end has a serrated gasket surface which prevents leakage at the joint.

• Using stub ends allows sections of the line to be opened for cleaning, inspection or quick replacement etc., without the need to re-weld.


BUTT WELD FITTINGS – Backing Ring

BUTT WELD FITTINGS – Backing Ring

• The backing ring is placed in between the ends of two pipes to secure a joint.

• It is then welded so that the material is melted and fused with pipes.

• When used properly, it prevents the weld metal from penetrating through the pipes.

• This transforms the two pipes and the backing ring into one single pipe.

BUTT WELD FITTINGS – Olets

• Whenever branch connections are required in size where

reducing tees are not available

• When the branch connections are of smaller size as

compared to header size

EX: Taking 2” branch from 20” pipe

• Basically self reinforced fittings (no RF pad required)

OLETS

• Generally types of Olets:

– Weldolet

– Sockolet

– Elbowlet

– Thredolet

– Latrolet

– Nipolet

– Swepolet

– Flanged Olet (Nipoflange)

OLETS

• Weldolet is used for Butt weld branch connection

OLETS – Weldolet

OLETS – Weldolet

OLETS – Weldolet

Make a closer manifold than Tee

OLETS – Sockolet

• Sockolet is used for Socket weld branch connection

• Generally used to take drain and vent connection from big size pipe

• Elbolet used for taking reducing tangent branch on elbows

• Branch connection is Butt weld

OLETS – Elbolet

OLETS – Threadolet

• Threadolet is used for Thread branch connection

• Latrolet : Used for taking reducing branch connection at 45°

• Branch connection is Butt weld

• Generally used to connect safety relief valve outlets with common header pipe.

OLETS – Laterolet

OLETS – Nipolet

Nipolet is a one piece fitting for valve take-offs, drains and vents.

• Sweepolet

– Good flow pattern and optimum stress distribution

– 90° reducing from the main pipe

OLETS – Sweepolet

OLETS – Flanged Olet (NipoFlange)

• It looks like Weldolet/ Nipolet welded with a weld neck flange

• Flaged Olet is used for Flanged branch connection

OLETS – Flanged Olet (NipoFlange)

SOCKET WELD FITTINGS

• Size frequently limited to NPS ≤ 1 ½”

• ASME B16.11: This Standard covers ratings, dimensions, tolerances, marking and material requirements for forged fittings, both socket-welding and threaded

• Materials:

– For forged Carbon Steel, Refer ASTM A105

– For forged alloy steel and stainless steel, Refer ASTM A182

– For Wrought Carbon Steel, Refer ASTM A234


• Not used in “Severe Cyclic Conditions” and in services where corrosion is accelerated in crevices

• No weld metal can enter bore, easier alignment on small line than butt-weld

• Have not any leakage


• Elbow (90, 45)

SOCKET WELD FITTINGS – Elbow

SOCKET WELD FITTINGS – Return

SOCKET WELD FITTINGS – Tee

SOCKET WELD FITTINGS – Cross

SOCKET WELD FITTINGS – Lateral

• A coupling connects two pipes to each other.

Types:

• Full coupling

• Half Coupling

SOCKET WELD FITTINGS – Coupling

Full coupling:

Used to connect two pipes of same diameter


Half coupling

• Half-couplings have Socket at one end. The other end is welded or otherwise fastened to the piping/ tubing.

• Normally used in hose connections


SOCKET WELD FITTINGS – Reducer

Coupling with one end Smaller Diameter used to connect different size pipes

SOCKET WELD FITTINGS – Reducer Insert

Male End Female End

• Swage :

– Abrupt change of line size in Socket Weld

– Swage Nipple welded with Coupling

SOCKET WELD FITTINGS – Swage

Socket Fitting

Swage

• Union is similar to a coupling, except it is designed to allow quick and convenient disconnection of pipes for maintenance or fixture replacement

SOCKET WELD FITTINGS – Union

SOCKET WELD FITTINGS – Cap

• Socket welding latrolet

SOCKET WELD FITTINGS – Latrolet

Socket Connection

• Socket welding Elbolet

SOCKET WELD FITTINGS – Elbolet

Socket Connection

• Nippolet

SOCKET WELD FITTINGS – Nippolet

Socket Connection

SOCKET WELD FITTINGS – Dimensions

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Dimensions from ASME B16.11

• Common materials

– For Gray iron, refer ASME B16.4

– For Malleable iron, refer ASME B16.3

– For Steel, refer ASME B16.11

• Threaded joints are normally used in low-pressure small-bore, non-flammable service

• Threaded joints up to NPS 12 (DN300) have been used in low-pressure liquid service.

• Generally not used where leaks cannot be tolerated

THREADED/ SCREWED FITTINGS

• Elbow (90°, 45°)

• Reducing elbow

THREADED FITTINGS – Elbow

THREADED FITTINGS – Reducer

THREADED FITTINGS – Sewage

Male threaded Swage

Fem

ale

thre

aded

Fi

ttin

g

• Full coupling

THREADED FITTINGS – Coupling

Half coupling

• Half-couplings is threaded at one end. The other end is welded or otherwise fastened to the piping/ tubing.

• Normally used in hose connections

THREADED FITTINGS – Coupling

Threaded Half Coupling

THREADED FITTINGS – Dimensions

103


• A tee is the most common pipe fitting.

• It is available with all female thread sockets, rarely with male thread

THREADED FITTINGS – Tee

• Cross

THREADED FITTINGS – Cross

THREADED FITTINGS – Lateral


107


THREADED FITTINGS – Union

THREADED FITTINGS – Hexagon Bushing

Used to connect Instruments having threaded ends such as Pressure/ Temperature gauges

• Threadolet

THREADED FITTINGS – Threadolet

• Threaded Elbolet

• Threaded Latrolet

• Threaded Nippolet

THREADED FITTINGS – ‘O’ let

Threaded

Connections

• Closure

– Cap

– Plug: A plug closes off the end of a pipe. It is similar to a cap but it fits inside the matted fitting

THREADED FITTINGS – Closure


113


• Nipple is a fitting, consisting of a short piece of pipe, usually provided with a male pipe thread at each end, for connecting two other fittings.

THREADED FITTINGS – Nipple

FITTINGS - Materials

• Materials used

– Ductile or cast iron, Malleable iron, Brass, Copper, Cast steel, Forged steel, Wrought steel.

• The term wrought denotes fittings made of pipe, tubing, plate, or forgings

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ASME B16.1 Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and FlangedFittings, Class 25, 125, 250, and 800 (Thestandard also includes bolt, nut, andgasket data.)

ASME B16.4 Gray Iron Threaded Fittings, Class 125and 250

ASME B16.12 Cast Iron Threaded Drainage Fitting

Cast-iron fittings are covered by a number of ASME


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ANSI/AWWA C110/A21.10

Ductile Iron and Gray Iron Fittings, 3-inthrough 48-in (76 mm through 1200 mm),for Water and Other Liquids


Ductile Iron and Gray Iron Fittings, 3-inthrough 48-in (76 mm through 1200 mm),for Water


Ductile Iron Compact Fittings, 3-in through24-in (76 mm through 610 mm) and 54-inthrough 64-in (1400 mm through 1600 mm),for Water Service.


Ductile Iron fittings are covered by a number of ANSI/AWWA standards:

117

Thanks

fittings - seabird groups€¢ asme b16.9 covers overall dimensions, tolerances, ratings, testing...

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