fitness & cognitive training: influence on neuropsychological & brain function art kramer...
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Fitness & Cognitive Training: Influence on Neuropsychological & Brain Function
Art KramerBeckman Institute
University of Illinois
• An illustration of the specificity of cognitive training effects from the largest randomized trial of cognitive training programs.
Some transfer to self-reported IADL’s after 5 years (reasoning group)
Ball et al (2002)
• Prospective observational studies suggest that “intellectual engagement” (another form of cognitive training and ……) has a relatively strong relationship to maintained cognition & reduced risk of Alzheimer’s.e.g. Karp et al (2006)
• a study of 776 > 75 year olds over the course of 6 years - activities at time 1, dementia at time 2.
A Brief Summary of the Current State of Knowledge:
• Fitness training has positive effects on “cognition” for both normal elderly and those with early varieties ofdementia (Colcombe & Kramer, 2003; Etnier et al., 2006; Heyn et al, 2004)
• Unlike cognitive training, fitness training has both broad and specific effects on cognition.
Effect Size Estimates as a Function of Task Type and Group
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Executive Controlled Spatial Speed
Task Type
Effect Size (g)
Control
Exercise
Colcombe & Kramer (2003)
• There is an increasing body of literature on mechanisms underlying fitness training (& other lifestyle factors)
Brown et al, 2003
ALSO ……
• increases in neurotrophins (e.g. BDNF, IGF1, etc)• enhanced synaptogenesis• enhanced angiogenesis• increased production of various neurotransmitters• reduced beta amyloid protein in mouse knock out models
• And … some interesting effects of fitness training on human brains.
Colcombe et al (2006)
Pereira et al (2007)
And some additional effects of fitness training on brain function:
Percent Decrease in Interference Effect
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Toners Walkers
Training Group
Percent Decrease in Interference ((T1-
T2)/T1)*100)
Flanker / Selective Attention Task Sternberg Memory Search Task
Slope change (percent)
MORE THAN A FEW GAPS IN OUR KNOWLEDGE ………
• Need to know much more about the parameters of exercise & intellectual engagement (e.g. when, how much, what types … ) which maximize benefits for healthy human minds & brains
BEYOND ……..
Neeper et al (1995)
• How different lifestyle choices (i.e. good & bad) trade off with regard to different behavioral & brain outcomes.
Molteni et al (2004)
• diet & exercise
EXERCISE
• Multimodal interventions - how best to combine exercise, intellectual engagement, social activities, diet, etc …….
Fried, Carlson, Rebok et al
• Experience Corps
• Behavioral interventions meet molecular genetics - Can we customize interventions based on our genome?
Schuit et al (2001)
Keep on exercising !Keep on exercising !
after all ....after all ....
what do you have to lose ...what do you have to lose ...
other than a few jointsother than a few joints
that arethat are
replaceable anyway ....replaceable anyway ....
He who limps is still walking.- Stanislaw J. Lec