Fisheries-Aquaculture

What is aquaculture?

Aquaculture, also known as aqua farming, is

the farming of aquatic organisms such as fish,

crustaceans, molluscs and aquatic plants.

Types of Aquaculture

Marine/Brackishwater Aquaculture-It refers to the culturing of

species that live in the ocean.

Marine aquaculture can take place in the ocean (that is, in cages,

on the seafloor, or suspended in the water column) or in on-land,

manmade systems such as ponds or tanks. Recirculating aquaculture

systems that reduce, reuse, and recycle water and waste can support

some marine species.

Species :- carp, catla, rohu, magur, freshwater prawn, freshwater

pearl culture and ornamental fish farming

Freshwater aquaculture-It refers the production of species that are

native to rivers, lakes, and streams. U.S. freshwater aquaculture is

dominated by catfish but also produces trout, tilapia, and

bass. Freshwater aquaculture takes place primarily in ponds and in

on-land, manmade systems such as recirculating aquaculture

systems.

Brackish water aquaculture involves breeding of fish that habitat the

sea like sea bass, grey mullet, tiger shrimp and mud crabs

Aquaculture & Fish Trade

Increasing Importance of Aquaculture in trade.

Very important for 26 % of international fish trade

For another 21 % aquaculture is starting to gain important.

Share of Shrimps in Int. trade-16.5 %

Contribution of Farmed Shrimps-40 %

Aquaculture Production Continent Wise

Continent 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 CAGR

Africa 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.3 1.4 10.84

Americas 1.8 1.8 2.1 2.2 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.9 4.88

Asia 32.4 34.2 36.9 39.2 41.8 44.2 47.0 49.5 52.4 55.5 5.53

Europe 2.0 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.2 2.4 2.3 2.5 2.5 2.7 3.04

Australia 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 7.17

In Million Tonnes

Source-FAOCAGR-Compound Annual Growth Rate

Top 10 Aquaculture Producing Countries

Sr no. Country Production Sr no. Country Production

1 China 3,67,34,215 1 China 3,86,21,269

2 India 37,85,779 2 India 45,73,465

3 Vietnam 26,71,800 3 Vietnam 28,45,600

4 Indonesia 23,04,828 4 Indonesia 27,18,421

5 Bangladesh 13,08,515 5 Bangladesh 15,23,759

6 Thailand 12,86,122 6 Norway 11,38,797

7 Norway 10,08,010 7 Thailand 10,08,049

8 Egypt 9,19,585 8 Egypt 9,86,820

9 Myanmar 8,50,697 9 Chile 9,54,845

10 Philippines 7,44,695 10 Myanmar 8,16,820

In tonnesYear- 2010 Year- 2011

Source- FAO

Share of Aquaculture in Global Fish Production

Top Species in Aquaculture Production

Species group 2009 2010 Linear Growth

(Tonnes)

Carps and other cyprinids 1,66,73,155 1,83,03,847 8.9

Oysters 43,32,357 46,03,717 5.89

Clams, cockles 34,57,510 41,16,839 16.01

Miscellaneous freshwater fishes 37,63,902 37,39,949 -0.64

Shrimps, prawns 14,95,950 24,76,023 39.58

Salmons, Trouts 17,91,061 19,78,109 9.45

Mussels 17,00,871 18,60,249 8.56

Tilapias and other cichlids 14,83,309 18,22,745 18.62

Miscellaneous marine molluscs 12,89,586 14,65,191 11.98

Introduction

Indian fisheries and aquaculture is an important sector of food production.

It provides nutritional security to the food basket, contributing to the agricultural

exports and engaging about fourteen million people in different activities.

With diverse resources ranging from deep seas to lakes in the mountains and more

than 10% of the global biodiversity in terms of fish and shellfish species, the

country has shown continuous and sustained increments in fish production since

independence.

Increasing food production especially of animal protein and achieving self

sufficiency in aquatic product supplies.

Generating new source of employment in rural area including part time

employment of farmer and small scale fishery and arresting migration of people

from rural to urban areas.

Producing food near consumer centre in rural area thus contributing to

improvement of human nutrition.

Earning foreign exchange through export or saving foreign exchange through

import substitution.

BLUE Revolution

The term “Blue revolution" refers to the remarkable emergence of aquaculture as

an important and highly productive agricultural activity. Aquaculture refers to all

forms of active culturing of aquatic animals and plants, occurring in marine and

fresh waters.

Many Species of freshwater and marine organisms are being cultivated as highly

productive and nutritious crops for consumption by humans.

It is the rapid expansion of intensive, commercial aquaculture, It Came in a

decade after the Green Revolution (1970s; chemical-based agriculture)

Increase global food production and reduce widespread hunger.

Present Status of Fisheries and Aquaculture

in India

Global position 3rd in Fisheries 2nd in Aquaculture

Contribution of Fisheries to GDP (%)1.07

Contribution to Agril. GDP (%)5.30

Per capita fish availability (Kg.)9.0

Annual Export earnings (Rs. In Crore)7,200

Employment in sector (million)14.0

Present fish Production 6.4 mmt

Inland3.4 mmt & Marine 3.0 mmt

Potential fish production 8.4 mmt

Fish seed production 21,000 million fry Hatcheries1,070

FFDA -422 & BFDA- 39Source:- NFDB Hyderabad

Present Fisheries Resources in Indian States

State/Union Approx. Length of Coast

Line

Continental Shelf

(‘000 Sq. Km.)

Number of Landing

Centres

Number of

Fishing Villages

Andhra Pradesh 974 33 213 555

Goa 104 10 33 39

Gujarat 1600 184 133 247

Karnataka 300 27 85 144

Kerala 590 40 186 222

Maharashtra 720 112 156 456

Orissa 480 26 57 813

Tamil Nadu 1076 41 382 573

West Bengal 158 17 59 189

A & N 1912 35 25 100

Daman & Diu 27 - 5 11

Lakshadweep 132 4 19 20

Pondicherry 45 1 27 40

Total 8118 530 1336 3289

Reported aquaculture production in India

(from 1950)

0 500000 1000000 1500000 2000000 2500000 3000000 3500000 4000000 4500000 5000000

1950

S_1952

1955

S_1957

1960

S_1962

1965

S_1967

1970

S_1972

1975

S_1977

1980

S_1982

1985

S_1987

1990

S_1992

1995

S_1997

2000

S_2002

2005

S_2007

2010

S_2012

India

FAO - Fisheries and

Aquaculture Information

and Statistics Service -

14/04/2015

Major Markets and their Share (EXPORT)

Share of shrimp in India’s total exports

Market-wise export of Fr. Shrimp

Export of Frozen shrimp to OECD Countries

Progress in India’s Seafood Export

1981-----------------------------------------------------2006

Disadvantages

1.Market access issues

2.Food safety issues

3.Environmental issues

Tariff escalation

Value added products attract higher tariff levels.

This perpetuates the dominance of Developed countries in the production and marketing of value-added products

Supermarkets

Increased dominance of supermarkets in retail trade in fish and value-added products

Entry barriers create difficulty in accessing supermarkets

Supply logistics difficult for a new entrant.

Shelf space expensive

High costs of market promotion

Brand barrier. Acquisition of brands prohibitively expensive

Non-Tariff Barriers

The detection levels for chloramphenicol and Nitrofurans necessitate heavy

investment in analytical equipment.

Japanese market also becoming more sensitive to residues

Rejection of shrimp consignments lead to financial crisis for the export industry

Measures to meet the challenges

Short term measures:

Notification banning the use of anti biotics in hatcheries ,farms etc

Village level campaigns against use of anti-biotics and other

pharmacologically active substances in shrimp farms

Medium and long term measures

Legislation and Regulation of Aquaculture through Coastal Aquaculture Authority Act (2005)

Probiotic mode of operation of shrimp hatcheries

Code of practices for shrimp hatcheries and farms and their registration

Domestication and selection for SPF shrimp

Traceability

Since farming is highly fragmented, traceability becomes difficult.

Certification becomes unaffordable

Comprehensive database on shrimp farms in the country under

preparation

Assigning identification code to individual farms

GIS mapping of farms in association with National Remote Sensing Agency

Value Addition

Value addition key to betterment of farmers

Investment needed in processing

Technology up-gradation

Access to retail chains difficult for small& medium exporters

Better brand equity needed.

Opportunities

Increased demand for products

Diversification opportunities

Benchmarking practices with the most advanced in the world .

Capacity building

Emergence of sustainability as an integral part of Aquaculture

practices

Role of FAO

Fish Technologists & Processors in developing countries, to introduce appropriate

technologies for reducing fish spoilage.

Fish processors in the fundamentals of quality, use of ice, hygiene, etc.

Improves handling practices on fish landing sites & fish preservation methods.

Improves fish consumption from low-value resources.

Future Prospects

Increasing demand: The increasing demand for fish will require more

production, and the supply from capture fisheries is static.

Emergence of the sector: Aquaculture has become recognized as a growth sector

of economic importance in many countries and has attracted the attention of the

private and public sectors.

Culture-based fisheries: Stocking of reservoirs and enhancement/rehabilitation

of fisheries will gain importance with time, particularly as cost/benefit problems

are resolved.

Growing awareness of sustainability needs

There is a rapidly growing awareness of the need to ensure the sustainability of

the sector in the long term.

Public debate involving all stakeholders, national and international efforts to

arrive at practical guidelines for sustainable practices.

Technical efforts to improve the sustainability of some aquaculture systems, are

positive responses to challenges and will yield constructive results in the medium

and long term.

The Way Forward

Value addition of seafood products „

More FDI inflow in Seafood sector „

Promotion of Brand equity

Promotion of Organic Shrimp