RESEARCH Open Access

First large-scale ethnobotanical survey inthe province of Uíge, northern AngolaThea Lautenschläger1* , Mawunu Monizi2, Macuntima Pedro2, José Lau Mandombe2, Makaya Futuro Bránquima2,Christin Heinze1 and Christoph Neinhuis1

Abstract

Background: Angola suffered a long-lasting military conflict. Therefore, traditional knowledge of plant usage is stillan important part of cultural heritage, especially concerning the still very poor health care system in the country.Our study documents for the first time traditional knowledge of plant use of local Bakongo communities in thenorthern province of Uíge on a large scale with a focus on medicinal plants and puts data in context to differentparameters of age, gender and distance to the provincial capital.

Methods: Field work was carried out during nine field trips in 13 municipalities between October 2013 and October2016. In 62 groups, 162 informants were interviewed. Herbarium specimens were taken for later identification. Databasewas analysed using Relative Frequency of Citations, Cultural Importance Index, and Informant ConsensusFactor. Furthermore, significances of influence of age, gender and distance were calculated.

Results: Our study presents 2390 use-reports, listing 358 species in 96 plant families, while just three out of358 mentioned species are endemic to Angola about one-fifth are neophytes. The larger the distance, thehigher the number of use citations of medical plants. Although women represent just a fifth of all citations(22%), their contribution to medicinal plants was proportionally even higher (83%) than those of men (74%).Fifty percent of all plants mentioned in the study were just listed by men, 12% just by women. We madesome new discoveries, for example. Gardenia ternifolia seems to be promising for treatment of measles, andAnnona stenophylla subsp. cuneata has never been ethnobotanically nor phytochemically investigated.

Conclusions: While the study area is large, no significant influence of the distance in regard to speciescomposition in traditional healer’s concepts of the respective village was pointed out. Although several plantswere just mentioned by women or men, respectively, no significant restriction to gender-specific illnesses inmedical plant use could be found. Merely concerning the age of informants, a slight shift could be detected.

Keywords: Medicinal plants, Angola, Ethnobotany, Influence of distance, Gender-specific, Neophytes

BackgroundAngola is regarded as a country with an unusually richbiodiversity covering a high amount of vegetation zonesand habitats [1, 2]. Although several botanists, amongthem Friedrich Welwitsch (1806–1872), Hugo Baum(1867–1950) and John Gossweiler (1873–1952), visitedand studied this richness, the war lasting 40 years did notallow them to carry out continuous botanical or ethno-botanical investigations [1]. Bossard (1987, 1993)

investigated Ovimbundu traditional medicine, listing plantnames just in Ovimbundu language without identifyingbotanical species [3, 4]. Nowadays, the considerable workof Figueiredo and Smith [1] creating a plant checklist forthe country with about 7000 species represents a usefuldatabase for following and future studies. While quite anumber of surveys were conducted in Southern Angola,just a few are located in the northern part [5, 6]. Göhre etal. [7] collected ethnobotanical data in disturbed areasaround the city of Uíge. Monizi et al. [8] described a highvariety of wild plants used for securing human survival inAmbuila, one of the 16 municipalities in the province ofUíge [8]. Heinze et al. [9] conducted the first ethnobotanical

* Correspondence: thea.lautenschlaeger@tu-dresden.de1Department of Biology, Institute of Botany, Faculty of Science, TechnischeUniversität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, GermanyFull list of author information is available at the end of the article

© The Author(s). 2018 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, andreproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link tothe Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver(http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

Lautenschläger et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:51 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-018-0238-3

studies in the neighbouring province Cuanza Norte. Spe-cific descriptions of fibre uses were given by Senwitz et al.[10]. According to the distribution of the ethnic tribeBakongo, covering northern Angola as well as the adjacentBas-Congo area, ethnobotanical studies conducted in theDemocratic Republic of Congo should reveal comparableresults of ethnobotanical uses in Angola [11].Traditional knowledge is essential for the healthy cultural

and social life within a society [12]. It is generally assumedthat indigenous traditional knowledge information is goingto be lost because it is, at least partly no longer essential forthe survival of people. This is either due to influences suchas the rapid development of rural areas or because of dis-placement of indigenous people [13, 14]. Although severalinfrastructure measures were undertaken in Angola, devel-opment is still slow, especially regarding the public healthsector. Even if child mortality in Africa decreased duringthe last two decades, it is still very high. More specifically,Angola has the highest rate in Africa and worldwide and,following Sierra Leone the lowest life expectancy forwomen and men worldwide [15, 16]. Sousa-Figueiredo etal. [17] detected malnutrition and anaemia as public healthproblems. Smith et al. [18] documented that the overallprevalence of malnutrition is higher in rural than then inurban areas. In this context, ethnobotanical studies innorthern Angola seemed reasonable not only in terms ofdocumentation of the current state but urgently needed torecord still existing knowledge. Furthermore, Moyo et al.[19] stated that the rich flora of sub-Saharan Africa suggestsenormous potential for discovery of new chemical compo-nents with therapeutic value.In our large-scaled survey in the northern province of

Uíge, covering about 60,000 km2, 13 out of 16 munici-palities were visited, including both savannah and forestformations. Therefore, this study for the first time

1. Provides an overview of traditional plant uses andhealth methods in the province of Uíge

2. Highlights native as well as introduced plant speciesused in traditional medicine

3. Analyses the influence of gender, age and distancefrom the province capital Uíge with regard to usesand methods

MethodsStudy areaThe studies were conducted in the province of Uíge lo-cated in the very north of Angola, bordering in the northand east to the Democratic Republic of the Congo, inthe south to the provinces of Malanje, Cuanza Norte,and Bengo, and in the west to Zaire province (Fig. 1).According to the Köppen climate classification, theprovince has a tropical wet or dry or savannah climateAw [20, 21]. This so-called Guineo-Congolian rainforest

climate is characterized by a rainy season lasting at least6 months, relative air humidity above 80% and typicaldense fog, locally called Cacimbo [22–24]. Due to theglobal ecoregions map defined by the World WildlifeFund (WWF), the province of Uíge covers the ecoregioncalled the Western Congolian Forest-Savannah Mosaic[25]. A more precise description of the region was givenby White [24] who classified Angola north between theGuineo-Congolian and the Zambesian Regions, i.e., theGuinea-Congolian/Zambesian Regional Transition Zone.According to that classification, this zone is character-ized by a high complexity since elements of both forma-tions are present. Edaphic conditions and the existenceof a diverse topography strongly influence the formationof distinctive patterns of mosaic vegetation shown inFig. 1c. Barbosa [26] subdivided the area into six vegeta-tion zones, shown in Fig. 1d.The long lasting war in Angola had a highly negative

impact on biodiversity [27]. But also prior to the con-flicts, several species of economic value on internationaltimber markets like Milicia excelsa (Welw.) C.C.Berg orspecies of Entandrophragma were historically exploitedand are still under increasing pressure [22]. This risingforest loss is confirmed by global analysis of satellite data[28]. Moyo et al. [19] calculate for Guinean Forests inWest Africa a remaining area of 15%. On the otherhand, the National Report on forest resources by theFAO [29], based on data captured by Horsten, reportednot more than 4% of the Uíge area as productive [7, 30].Beside deforestation, Göhre et al. [7] reported uncon-trolled burning caused by growing agricultural activities.Hence, large areas are heavily disturbed anthropogenic-ally resulting in an increased abundance of Zambezianfloristic elements following the destruction of theoriginal vegetation leaving only secondary grass- andwoodland [24]. Recordings in the remaining forestpatches exhibit tropical rainforest and savannahspecies assemblages comparable with the Bas-Congoregion [11, 31, 32].Since the vegetation formations are very heteroge-

neous, traditional use of plants by people is prevalentand manifold. The province comprises 16 municipalities,covering an area of 58.698 km2 inhabited by more than1.4 million people [33], the majority of which belongs tothe Kikongo speaking Bakongo ethnic group [33]. Asthis Bantu group is also living in the neighbouring coun-tries Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of theCongo, and Gabon, manifold influences caused by mi-gration due to political problems and conflicts are partof its culture. Very little is known about the health caresystem in Angola. Faith-based organizations’ contribu-tion to Angola’s health care system is very low, com-pared to other sub-Saharan countries [34]. In turn, thegovernment is cutting the health budget due to the

Lautenschläger et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:51 Page 2 of 73

falling prices for oil [35]. The lack of health infrastruc-ture, especially in rural areas, is a serious problem result-ing in the constant importance of traditional healers andherbal medicines [36].

Data collectionData sampling was carried out between 5° 58′ 59.2″ and7° 56′ 59.4″ southern latitude and between 14° 33′ 53.7″and 16° 17′ 04.5″ longitude, covering 35 localities in 13municipalities (Fig. 1). According to the distance from theprovincial capital Uíge, two distance levels A (≤ 160 km)and B (170–330 km) were defined. During nine field tripsbetween October 2013 and October 2016, 162 informantswere involved in the study, 30 of those were interviewedon their own, 132 were interviewed in groups of two tofive persons, bringing the total number of interviews to62. In advance, the University Kimpa Vita formulated cre-dentials to inform the mayors of the municipalities aboutthe planned activities. To establish contact with potential

informants, local authorities of the visited villages (calledsoba and seculo) were informed about the aims andmethods of the study and asked to suggest persons withexperience in traditional medicine that might participate(prior informed consent). Hence, all the interviews wereconducted with at least one traditional herbalist some-times accompanied by laypeople. We tried to form agender-balanced research without violating cultural and/or sacred taboos [37]. The specification of the obtainedknowledge varied from location to location and person toperson. Information was collected during semi-structuredinterviews, transect walks and group discussions [38]. Cri-teria used to define the uses reported are based on infor-mant’s statements. Since Silva et al. [39] recommendedvegetation inventories to guarantee a correct identificationof species and better identification by informants, walksinto the traditionally used plant collecting areas were al-ways part of interviews, including forest and savannah for-mations, since these two habitats alternate very frequently.

Fig. 1 a Location of Angola in Africa, b province of Uíge in Angola, c mosaic of forest and savannah patches in the municipality of Ambuila (d)map of study area with vegetation zones, collection sites marked with a black dot and circles representing the distance to Uíge city: inner circle≤ 160 km, outer circle > 160 km; vegetation zones according to Barbosa [26]. Carta fitogeográfica de Angola. Instituto de Investigação Científicade Angola, Luanda. Graphic: Andreas Kempe

Lautenschläger et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:51 Page 3 of 73

During field-work, Portuguese language was mainly used,however, in some cases, Angolan colleagues translatedinto Kikongo. Gender and age of every informant was doc-umented wherever possible. In those cases where the in-formant did not know his exact age, it was estimatedwhether the person was younger or older than 40. The fol-lowing data sets were requested: local plant name, itsusage, used plant part and preparation techniques. In caseof medicinal plants administration techniques were alsodocumented. Local market surveys and field trips for col-lecting herbarium specimens completed the investigations.All processes of the surveys were permitted and accom-panied by the local authorities. Following the advice madeby Ramirez [14] to allow a better contribution and ex-change of knowledge, we invited several informants to ourpresentations and discussions at the University KimpaVitain Uíge city. The code of ethics of the International Societyof Ethnobiology was followed. The study was carried outin compliance with the agreement of Access and BenefitSharing. For identification, plants were photographed andplant voucher specimens were collected, dried and storedat the Dresden herbarium (Herbarium Dresdense), Tech-nische Universität Dresden, Germany. In a Memorandumof Understanding between the Instituto Nacional da Biodi-versidade e Áreas de Conservação (INBAC), Angola andthe Technische Universität Dresden, Germany, signed in2014, it was agreed upon that duplicates will be returnedto Angola as soon as appropriate conditions to store theherbarium vouchers are established. The Ministry of En-vironment Angola and the Province Government of Uígeissued the required collection and export permits. Identifi-cation of collected plant specimens and data analysis wascompleted in Dresden, Germany. For identification, sev-eral floristic works were used: Conspectus Florae Ango-lensis [40], Plantas de Angola [1], Flore Analytique duBénin [41], Flora of Tropical West Africa [42–46], andFlora Zambesiaca [47]. Additional information was re-trieved from Kew Herbarium Catalogue [48] and NaturalisBiodiversity Center [49]. Furthermore, for some plant fam-ilies, specialists were consulted. The Herbario LISC andHerbario COI were visited in July 2016 and 2017 for com-paring plant samples [50]. Use-reports of identified plantswere only included in the results if the specimen was atleast determined to genus level. The nomenclature usedrefers to Plantlist.org. Voucher specimen numbers ofHerbarium Dresdense as well as photo voucher numbersare given in Table 1. Due to the poor availability of data re-garding the information of endangered species, Table 1 in-cludes only additional details on endemism and states ofneophytes.

Data analysis and ethnobotanical indicesAll collected data sets were put into a database usingMicrosoft Excel. Corresponding to the research issue,

the use of pivot-tables allowed the systematic processingof the large and detailed data set (nearly 40,000 datafields) to correlate different features with each other.Tableau Software was used to create selected diagrams.The basic structure of use-reports to list the informationfollows the principle “informant i mentions the use ofspecies s in the use category u” [51, 52]. Out of the col-lected data, 10 use categories were defined: “medicinaluse (M)”; “nutrition, spices and herbal teas (N)”; “domes-tic and charcoal (D)”; “Hunting, fishing and animal feed(F)”; “dental care and cosmetics (T)”; “drugs and ciga-rettes (C)”; “handicrafts (H)”; “ludic, childrens’ toys (L)”;and “rituals (R)”. Uses mentioned less than eight timeswere summarized in “Others (O)”, including soaps, toiletpaper, glue or agricultural purpose like soil improvementinter alia. Since the majority of data refers to medicinalplants, this category was differentiated into 41 secondarycategories according to the treated illnesses (Table 5).We used this detailed classification to enable laterpharmaceutical studies because in this field the localpeople who provide information are not capable of clas-sifying different subcategories according to modernmedicine since ethnobotanical indigenous knowledge inseveral cases does not clearly distinguish.Statistical methods were performed to figure out the

influence of age, gender, plant habitat, and distance toUíge city, use categories and application forms to eachother. Chi-square test of independence was used to de-termine whether a significant relation between two vari-ables exists [53]. Using the Checklist of Plants in Angola[1], the proportion of neophytes was determined.In order to allow comparing recorded data to other

studies, the following quantitative ethnobotanical indiceswere calculated: Relative Frequency of Citations (RFC),Cultural Importance Index (CI) as well as the InformantConsensus Factor (FIC) regarding the secondary categor-ies of illnesses. The Relative Frequency of Citationspresents the local significance of each plant species andis calculated for each species as the quotient of the fre-quency of citations (FC) and the total number ofinformants (N) [54] (Formula 1). Tardío andPardo-de-Santayana [51] introduced the CI to ensuredata of different studies being compared due to versatil-ity of species use. If the species use would be mentionedin every use category, ten in our study, the CI would bethis total number of use categories, i.e. also 10 [51]. Incase the species is used in just one use category the CIwould be equal to the RFC (Formula 2). Since interviewsoften were conducted in groups of informants, the num-ber of groups (62) instead of the number of informants(162) was used to calculate the indices.FIC indicates the homogeneity of the knowledge of the

informants [55] (Formula 3). Values differ from 0 (no con-cordance) to 1 (full accordance). High values therefore

Lautenschläger et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:51 Page 4 of 73

Table

1Overview

ofallcollected

andiden

tifieduseful

plantsfro

mtheProvince

Uíge:Specieslistedalph

abetically;add

ition

alinform

ationon

usage,used

plantpart(PP),

prep

arationandadministration,

usecatego

ry(UC),nu

mbe

rof

citatio

nsandnu

mbe

rof

inform

ants.Spe

cies

inform

ationprovided

:Orig

in:E

=en

demic;+

=listed;

(-)=no

tlisted;

*=naturalised

accordingto

Plantsof

Ang

ola(Figueiredo

andSm

ith,2008);vernacularnames

inPo

rtug

ues(Port.)

andKikong

o(Kik.);Vo

uche

rnu

mbe

raccordingto

Herbariu

mDresden

seor

Foto

vouche

r(F);Plantparts:B=bark,BU=bu

lb,F

=fru

it,FL

=flower,L

=leaf,LA=latex,MY=mycel,R

=root,RE=resin,RH

=RH

,S=seed

,SS=

stem

sap,

ST=stem

,W=who

leplant,WO=woo

d;Use

Categ

ory:C=drug

sandcigarettes,D

=do

mestic

andcharcoal,F

=hu

ntingandfishing

,H=hand

icrafts,L=ludic,M

=med

icine,N

=nu

trition

,O=othe

r,R=ritual,T=de

ntalcare

andcosm

etics

Species

Usage

PPPrep

aration

Adm

inistration

UC

Citatio

nsInform

ants

Abelmoschus

esculentus

(L.)Moe

nch,

Kiabo(Port.),Kingo

mbo

(Kik.),Kiabua,F_01

Diabe

tes

LDecoctio

nOral

M1

2

Diarrhe

aL

Decoctio

nOral

M1

Intestinalinflammation

LDecoctio

nOral

M1

Nutrition

FN

1

AbrusprecatoriusL.,D

inzenze,Dieng

uele(Kik.),44228

Activates

lactation

LCrudité

Oral

M2

2

Cou

ghL

Crudité

Oral

M1

Erectiledysfun

ction

LCrudité

Oral

M1

Abutilonfru

ticosum

Guill.&Perr.,Lunzun

zuluampe

mbe

(Kik.)Ndo

ndon

do,43828

Costalp

ain

LBalm

Dermal

M1

2

Supp

ortbirth(faster)

LDecoctio

nOral

M1

-Acan

thosperm

umglabratum

(DC.)Wild,M

atata,Madiata

(Kik.),43361

Infectionlegs

LBalm

Dermal

M1

3

Migraine

WRo

ast,Pu

lverize

Dermal

M1

Ope

nfontanelle(baby,oldpe

ople)

LBalm

Dermal

M1

Skin

disease

LBalm

Dermal

M1

Yellow

fever

LBalm

Dermal

M1

Acan

thosperm

umhispidum

DC.,Madiatadiata(Kik.),42727

Skin

disease

LDermal

M2

2

Acan

thus

mon

tanu

s(Nees)T.And

erson,Kekasang

a,Nkeka

ngô(Kik.),Indu

lumba,

sosong

ui,43375

Ang

inape

ctoris

LDecoctio

nOral

M1

7

Epilepsy

RDecoctio

nM

1

Hep

atitis

LM

1

Highbloo

dpressure

LDecoctio

nOral

M1

Infertility

LRo

ast,Pu

lverize

Oral

M3

Legpain

LCrudité

Dermal

M1

Nutrition

LN

1

Scoliosis

LDecoctio

nBath,D

ermal

M2

Stom

achpains

LEnem

aM

1

Adan

soniadigitata

L.,Imbo

ndeiro

(Port.),N

kond

o(Kik.),Mucua,F_02

Lemon

ade

FN

11

Skin

disease

LBalm

Dermal

M1

Adeniacissam

peloides

(Planch.ex

Hoo

k.)Harms,Nkawu(Kik.),45030

Infertility

wom

enR

M1

1

Adenialobata

(Jacq.)Engl.,Mukekete,Nkenkete(Kik.),Muloa,43834

Epilepsy

SSCrudité

Eyes

Drops

M1

5

Lautenschläger et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:51 Page 5 of 73

Table

1Overview

ofallcollected

andiden

tifieduseful

plantsfro

mtheProvince

Uíge:Specieslistedalph

abetically;add

ition

alinform

ationon

usage,used

plantpart(PP),

prep

arationandadministration,

usecatego

ry(UC),nu

mbe

rof

citatio

nsandnu

mbe

rof

inform

ants.Spe

cies

inform

ationprovided

:Orig

in:E

=en

demic;+

=listed;

(-)=no

tlisted;

*=naturalised

accordingto

Plantsof

Ang

ola(Figueiredo

andSm

ith,2008);vernacularnames

inPo

rtug

ues(Port.)

andKikong

o(Kik.);Vo

uche

rnu

mbe

raccordingto

Herbariu

mDresden

seor

Foto

vouche

r(F);Plantparts:B=bark,BU=bu

lb,F

=fru

it,FL

=flower,L

=leaf,LA=latex,MY=mycel,R

=root,RE=resin,RH

=RH

,S=seed

,SS=

stem

sap,

ST=stem

,W=who

leplant,WO=woo

d;Use

Categ

ory:C=drug

sandcigarettes,D

=do

mestic

andcharcoal,F

=hu

ntingandfishing

,H=hand

icrafts,L=ludic,M

=med

icine,N

=nu

trition

,O=othe

r,R=ritual,T=de

ntalcare

andcosm

etics(Con

tinued)

Species

Usage

PPPrep

aration

Adm

inistration

UC

Citatio

nsInform

ants

Nutrition

LOral

N4

Aframom

umalboviolaceum

(Ridl.)K.Schu

m.,Ginge

ngue

(Port.),

Mansasa,M

ansansamalond

e,Manzunja,Ntund

ulu(Kik.),Ling

ueng

a,dizaza

Xing

ueng

a,Mazasada

queimada,mazazaging

enga,nzaza,

Ntund

abala,Kizaza,44161

Antibiotic

RMaceration

Oral

M1

16

Bloo

dyurin

RMaceration

M1

Con

stipation

RDecoctio

nEnem

aM

1

Con

vulsion

L,SS

Crudité

NoseDrops

M1

Diabe

tes

RDecoctio

nHip

Bath

M1

Epilepsy

R,ST

Decoctio

n,Maceration,

Crudité

Enem

a,Bath

M4

Epilepsy

LPercolation

EyeDrop

M2

Hernia

REnem

aM

1

Inflammationlegs

RCrudité

Bath

M2

Low

bloo

dpressure

RMaceration

Oral

M1

Nutrition

FN

6

Parsiticworms

RMaceration

Oral

M1

Scoliosis

LDecoctio

nEnem

a,Bath,

Dermal,O

ral

M8

Sterility

(men

andwom

en)

RDecoctio

nOral

M1

Stom

achpains

RMaceration

Oral

M1

Vertiz

STDecoctio

nFace

Wash

M1

Yellow

fever

RM

1

Aframom

uman

gustifolium

(Son

n.)K

.Schum

.,Ginge

ngada

mata(Port.),

Mansasa

mamfinda

(Kik.),F_04

Nutrition

FN

22

Yellow

fever

RM

1

Aframom

ummelegueta

K.Schu

m.,Ndu

nguza

kong

o(Kik.),44226

Mixture

compo

nent

SM

13

Spice

SN

2

*Ag

avesisalan

aPerrine,Fibrade

sisal(Po

rt.),Barabate

(Kik.),F_05

Fibe

rplant

LF

12

Rope

LH

1

Agelaeapentagyna(Lam

.)Baill.,Kamatatu(Kik.),42832

RM

11

LM

1

Agelan

thus

brun

neus

(Eng

l.)Tieg

h.,N

kund

ankun

da(Kik.),43338

Eyeinfection

LPercolation

Eyedrop

sM

12

Lautenschläger et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:51 Page 6 of 73

Table

1Overview

ofallcollected

andiden

tifieduseful

plantsfro

mtheProvince

Uíge:Specieslistedalph

abetically;add

ition

alinform

ationon

usage,used

plantpart(PP),

prep

arationandadministration,

usecatego

ry(UC),nu

mbe

rof

citatio

nsandnu

mbe

rof

inform

ants.Spe

cies

inform

ationprovided

:Orig

in:E

=en

demic;+

=listed;

(-)=no

tlisted;

*=naturalised

accordingto

Plantsof

Ang

ola(Figueiredo

andSm

ith,2008);vernacularnames

inPo

rtug

ues(Port.)

andKikong

o(Kik.);Vo

uche

rnu

mbe

raccordingto

Herbariu

mDresden

seor

Foto

vouche

r(F);Plantparts:B=bark,BU=bu

lb,F

=fru

it,FL

=flower,L

=leaf,LA=latex,MY=mycel,R

=root,RE=resin,RH

=RH

,S=seed

,SS=

stem

sap,

ST=stem

,W=who

leplant,WO=woo

d;Use

Categ

ory:C=drug

sandcigarettes,D

=do

mestic

andcharcoal,F

=hu

ntingandfishing

,H=hand

icrafts,L=ludic,M

=med

icine,N

=nu

trition

,O=othe

r,R=ritual,T=de

ntalcare

andcosm

etics(Con

tinued)

Species

Usage

PPPrep

aration

Adm

inistration

UC

Citatio

nsInform

ants

Stom

achpains

LDecoctio

nEnem

aM

1

Ageratum

conyzoides

(L.)L.,Fuatakala,Imbu

akatela(Kik.),43160

Vertigo

M1

1

Albiziaadianthifolia

(Schum

.)W.Wight,M

ulu(Kik.),mulukai,44243

Bleeding

RDecoctio

nEnem

aM

111

Cold

LPercolation

NoseDrops

M1

Con

struction

WO

D1

Cou

ghL

Crudité

Oral

M1

Epilepsy

RDecoctio

n,Maceration

Enem

aM

2

Eyeparasites

RPercolation

EyeDrops

M5

Fodd

erplant

LF

1

Headache

RPercolation

NoseDrops

M1

Hem

orrhoids

LDecoctio

nEnem

aM

1

Infid

elity

offather

LRo

ast,Pu

lverize

Oral

R1

Malaria

LPercolation

NoseDrops

M1

Noseb

leed

RPercolation

NoseDrops

M2

Albiziaferruginea

(Guill.&Perr.)Benth.,M

akaba,Nsuem

ba(Kik.),44220

Epilepsy

BDecoctio

nNoseDrops

M1

2

Fodd

erplant

LF

1

Alchorneacordifolia

(Schum

ach.&Thon

n.)M

üll.Arg.,Bu

nza,Gun

ze,

Wun

ze(Kik.),kibu

nge,mbu

nzi,Kimbu

nza,Guu

nze,Muu

nze,

lumbu

nze,Kiun

zia,42586

Anaem

iaL

Decoctio

nOral

M1

12

Anaem

iaB

Decoctio

nOral

M1

Bloo

dydiarrhea

R,L

Decoctio

nOral

M2

Decorationgraveyard

FR

1

Diarrhe

aL,B

Decoctio

nOral

M2

Eyepain

RPercolation

EyeDrops

M2

Fire

woo

dWO

D1

Hem

orrhoids

LSupp

osito

ryRectal

M1

Hun

tingbirds

FF

1

Ope

ncervix

LBalm

Anal,Vaginal

M2

Otitis

LPercolation

EarDrops

M1

Parasitesin

eyes

RPercolation

EyeDrops

M1

Skin

disease

L,B

Balm

,Decoctio

nDermal,oral

M3

Lautenschläger et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:51 Page 7 of 73

Table

1Overview

ofallcollected

andiden

tifieduseful

plantsfro

mtheProvince

Uíge:Specieslistedalph

abetically;add

ition

alinform

ationon

usage,used

plantpart(PP),

prep

arationandadministration,

usecatego

ry(UC),nu

mbe

rof

citatio

nsandnu

mbe

rof

inform

ants.Spe

cies

inform

ationprovided

:Orig

in:E

=en

demic;+

=listed;

(-)=no

tlisted;

*=naturalised

accordingto

Plantsof

Ang

ola(Figueiredo

andSm

ith,2008);vernacularnames

inPo

rtug

ues(Port.)

andKikong

o(Kik.);Vo

uche

rnu

mbe

raccordingto

Herbariu

mDresden

seor

Foto

vouche

r(F);Plantparts:B=bark,BU=bu

lb,F

=fru

it,FL

=flower,L

=leaf,LA=latex,MY=mycel,R

=root,RE=resin,RH

=RH

,S=seed

,SS=

stem

sap,

ST=stem

,W=who

leplant,WO=woo

d;Use

Categ

ory:C=drug

sandcigarettes,D

=do

mestic

andcharcoal,F

=hu

ntingandfishing

,H=hand

icrafts,L=ludic,M

=med

icine,N

=nu

trition

,O=othe

r,R=ritual,T=de

ntalcare

andcosm

etics(Con

tinued)

Species

Usage

PPPrep

aration

Adm

inistration

UC

Citatio

nsInform

ants

Surgerywou

nds

LInfusion

Oral

M1

Toothache

L,B

Decoctio

nOral

M4

Weakness

L,B

Decoctio

nOral

M2

-Allium

sativum

L.,A

lho(Port.),F_06

Infertility

BUDecoctio

nOral

M2

2

Stom

achpains

BUDecoctio

nOral

M1

Alloph

ylus

african

usP.Beauv.,M

banzumbanzu(Kik.),41878

Fodd

erplant

LF

22

Aloe

buettneriA

.Berge

r,Ba

diaNseke

(Kik.),kikalang

o,nd

ende

,43280

Cou

ghL

Crudité

Oral

M1

6

Erectiledysfun

ction

STDecoctio

nOral

M1

Gon

orrhea

L,SS

Crudité

Vaginal

M1

Headache

LBalm

Dermal

M1

Hernia

RDecoctio

nEnem

aM

1

Mixture

compo

nent

LM

1

Spleno

meg

aly

LDecoctio

nEnem

aM

2

Alvesia

rosm

arinifolia

Welw.,Mazim

a-zima,Mfingu

ila(Kik.),43910

Ope

nfontanelle(baby,oldpe

ople)

LBalm

Dermal

M1

2

Pain

L,ST

Infusion

Dermal

M2

Vertigo

LBalm

Dermal,N

ose

Drops

M2

*Am

aran

thus

caudatus

L.,Biteku

teku,Bow

a(Kik.),Gim

boa,43908

Nutrition

LN

22

*An

acardium

occidentaleL.,C

ajú,Cajueiro

(Port.),N

kazuwa(Kik.),F_06

Nutrition

F,S

N4

3

Vertiz

BDecoctio

nBath

M1

*An

anas

comosus

(L.)Merr.,Abacaxi(Port.),Nanazi(Kik.),F_07

Backache

FFerm

entatio

nOral

M1

1

Anchom

anes

difform

is(Blume)

Engl.,Nsadiakiula(Kik),44160

Earache

STPu

tinto

Fire

Emitted

Spum

einto

Ear

M1

2

Spleno

meg

aly

BUDecoctio

nInhalatio

nM

1

Aneilemabeninense,Mpimpita

(Kik.),42713

Nutrition

LN

11

Aniso

phylleaquan

gensisEngl.exHen

riq.,Mfung

ua(Kik.),mfuon

go,

Ifung

u,xifung

u,43266

Cou

ghL

Decoctio

nOral

M1

7

Eyeparasites

RPercolation

EyeDrops

M1

Lung

prob

lems

LDecoctio

nOral

M1

Lautenschläger et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:51 Page 8 of 73

Table

1Overview

ofallcollected

andiden

tifieduseful

plantsfro

mtheProvince

Uíge:Specieslistedalph

abetically;add

ition

alinform

ationon

usage,used

plantpart(PP),

prep

arationandadministration,

usecatego

ry(UC),nu

mbe

rof

citatio

nsandnu

mbe

rof

inform

ants.Spe

cies

inform

ationprovided

:Orig

in:E

=en

demic;+

=listed;

(-)=no

tlisted;

*=naturalised

accordingto

Plantsof

Ang

ola(Figueiredo

andSm

ith,2008);vernacularnames

inPo

rtug

ues(Port.)

andKikong

o(Kik.);Vo

uche

rnu

mbe

raccordingto

Herbariu

mDresden

seor

Foto

vouche

r(F);Plantparts:B=bark,BU=bu

lb,F

=fru

it,FL

=flower,L

=leaf,LA=latex,MY=mycel,R

=root,RE=resin,RH

=RH

,S=seed

,SS=

stem

sap,

ST=stem

,W=who

leplant,WO=woo

d;Use

Categ

ory:C=drug

sandcigarettes,D

=do

mestic

andcharcoal,F

=hu

ntingandfishing

,H=hand

icrafts,L=ludic,M

=med

icine,N

=nu

trition

,O=othe

r,R=ritual,T=de

ntalcare

andcosm

etics(Con

tinued)

Species

Usage

PPPrep

aration

Adm

inistration

UC

Citatio

nsInform

ants

Nutrition

FN

6

Nutrition

LN

1

Scoliosis

RDecoctio

nDermal

M2

-An

isoph

ylleasororia

Pierre,lufuo

ngo,

F_09

Nutrition

FN

11

-An

nona

muricataL.,SSiSSi(Po

rt.),Mbu

nduang

ombe

(Kik.),44055

Nutrition

FN

11

Anno

nasenegalensisPers.,Lolo

kIam

bulu,Lolo(Kik.),F_10

Bloo

dydiarrhea

RDecoctio

nEnem

aM

13

Nutrition

FN

1

Stom

achpains

L,R

Decoctio

n,Infusion

Oral

M4

Anno

nastenophylla

subsp.

cuneata(Oliv.)N.Rob

son,Lolo,

Lolo

kiand

amba,N

lolo

ampo

lo,N

zeleng

e(Kik.),no

lopo

lo,

muloloa,Loloalolo,m

ulolo,molo,Nlolo

kafioti,lolonb

ulu,

malolo,dilolo,43204

After

loss

ofpreg

nancy

RMaceration

Enem

aM

123

Anaem

iaL

Decoctio

n,Infusion

Oral,Bath

M5

Anaem

iaR

Decoctio

nOral

M1

App

endix

RMaceration

Enem

aM

1

Backache

L,R

Decoctio

nOral

M2

Cleaningstom

ach

L,R

Decoctio

nOral

M2

Con

stipation

RDecoctio

n,Maceration

Enem

aM

2

Cryptorchidism

RMaceration

Oral,Enem

aM

2

Diarrhe

aR

Decoctio

nEnem

aM

1

Epilepsy

RDecoctio

n,Maceration

Enem

aM

2

Hem

orrhoids

RDecoctio

nOral

M1

Hernia

RMaceration

Oral,Enem

aM

2

Infertility

wom

enR

Decoctio

nM

1

Influen

zaR

Maceration

Bath

M1

Malaria

RMaceration

Bath

M1

Nutrition

FN

13

Ope

ncervix

LM

1

Parasitic

worms

RMaceration

Oral

M1

Scoliosis

R,L

Decoctio

nDermal

M2

Stom

achpains

RDecoctio

n,Maceration

Oral

M4

Tea

LInfusion

N2

Lautenschläger et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:51 Page 9 of 73

Table

1Overview

ofallcollected

andiden

tifieduseful

plantsfro

mtheProvince

Uíge:Specieslistedalph

abetically;add

ition

alinform

ationon

usage,used

plantpart(PP),

prep

arationandadministration,

usecatego

ry(UC),nu

mbe

rof

citatio

nsandnu

mbe

rof

inform

ants.Spe

cies

inform

ationprovided

:Orig

in:E

=en

demic;+

=listed;

(-)=no

tlisted;

*=naturalised

accordingto

Plantsof

Ang

ola(Figueiredo

andSm

ith,2008);vernacularnames

inPo

rtug

ues(Port.)

andKikong

o(Kik.);Vo

uche

rnu

mbe

raccordingto

Herbariu

mDresden

seor

Foto

vouche

r(F);Plantparts:B=bark,BU=bu

lb,F

=fru

it,FL

=flower,L

=leaf,LA=latex,MY=mycel,R

=root,RE=resin,RH

=RH

,S=seed

,SS=

stem

sap,

ST=stem

,W=who

leplant,WO=woo

d;Use

Categ

ory:C=drug

sandcigarettes,D

=do

mestic

andcharcoal,F

=hu

ntingandfishing

,H=hand

icrafts,L=ludic,M

=med

icine,N

=nu

trition

,O=othe

r,R=ritual,T=de

ntalcare

andcosm

etics(Con

tinued)

Species

Usage

PPPrep

aration

Adm

inistration

UC

Citatio

nsInform

ants

Typh

usL

Decoctio

n,Infusion

Oral

M2

-An

tidesmalaciniatum

var.Mem

bran

aceum

Müll.Arg.,

Mun

zevo

nzevo(Kik.)43259

Bleeding

sF

Decoctio

nOral

M1

1

Antidesmaveno

sum

E.Mey.exTul.,Mfutila(Kik.),43868

Skin

disease

FSw

allowing

M1

1

-Artocarpus

altilis(Parkinson

exF.A.Zorn)

Fosberg,

Frutapão(Port.),

SantuPetelo

(Kik.),42674

Nutrition

FN

11

Asparagusdrepan

ophyllusWelw.exBaker,Nland

u,Timba

timba

(Kik.),

malekatanga,F_11

Cryptorchidism

BUChe

wing

M1

2

Strong

men

struation

BUM

1

Asparaguslaricinus

Burch.,M

andioca(Port.),D

ioko

diankam

a,Nsensampakasa,N

zezang

oma(Kik.),44003

Backache

RM

14

Cou

ghBU

Crudité

Oral

M1

Erectiledysfun

ction

BUDecoctio

nEnem

a,Dermal

M2

Headache

BUBalm

Dermal

M1

Infertility

(male)

BUEat

Oral

M1

Men

struation(severe)

RHDecoctio

nEnem

aM

1

Noseb

leed

M1

Stom

achpains

BUDecoctio

nEnem

aM

1

Asparagusspec.,Nsesa

mpakasa

(Kik.),44737

Cou

ghBU

Che

wing,

Coo

kOral

M2

3

Erectiledysfun

ction

BUCrudité,M

acerationIn

Palm

Wine

Oral

M3

-Azadirachta

indica

A.Ju

ss.,Neem,44233

Stom

achpains

LM

11

Baccha

roides

guineensis(Ben

th.)H.Rob

.,Matita,N

kokomakioko,

Nsakaba

(Kik.),43279

Baso

BUCrudité

Enem

aM

19

Body

pain

BUBalm

Dermal

M1

Burns

LBalm

Dermal

M1

Con

stipation

BUPu

lverize

Enem

aM

1

Cou

ghBU

Crudité

Oral

M1

Diarrhe

aBU

Maceration

Oral

M1

Headache

BUBalm

Dermal

M1

Inflammationtesticles

BUDecoctio

nEnem

a,Dermal

M2

Lautenschläger et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:51 Page 10 of 73

Table

1Overview

ofallcollected

andiden

tifieduseful

plantsfro

mtheProvince

Uíge:Specieslistedalph

abetically;add

ition

alinform

ationon

usage,used

plantpart(PP),

prep

arationandadministration,

usecatego

ry(UC),nu

mbe

rof

citatio

nsandnu

mbe

rof

inform

ants.Spe

cies

inform

ationprovided

:Orig

in:E

=en

demic;+

=listed;

(-)=no

tlisted;

*=naturalised

accordingto

Plantsof

Ang

ola(Figueiredo

andSm

ith,2008);vernacularnames

inPo

rtug

ues(Port.)

andKikong

o(Kik.);Vo

uche

rnu

mbe

raccordingto

Herbariu

mDresden

seor

Foto

vouche

r(F);Plantparts:B=bark,BU=bu

lb,F

=fru

it,FL

=flower,L

=leaf,LA=latex,MY=mycel,R

=root,RE=resin,RH

=RH

,S=seed

,SS=

stem

sap,

ST=stem

,W=who

leplant,WO=woo

d;Use

Categ

ory:C=drug

sandcigarettes,D

=do

mestic

andcharcoal,F

=hu

ntingandfishing

,H=hand

icrafts,L=ludic,M

=med

icine,N

=nu

trition

,O=othe

r,R=ritual,T=de

ntalcare

andcosm

etics(Con

tinued)

Species

Usage

PPPrep

aration

Adm

inistration

UC

Citatio

nsInform

ants

Injury

BUBalm

Dermal

M1

Lack

ofappe

tite

BUCrudité

Oral

M1

Sprain

BUBalm

,Che

wing,

Tie

Aroun

dBelly

Dermal,O

ral

M5

Stom

achpains

BUCrudité,D

ecoctio

nOral,Enem

aM

4

Trap

formole

BUF

1

-Bambusa

vulgarisSchrad.,Bambo

o(Port.),Tutudiampu

tu(Kik.),F_13

Con

struction

STD

23

Erosioncontrol

WO

1

-Baph

iachrysoph

yllaTaub

.Mbidimbidi,M

bidi

(Kik.)Ntand

ambínzaF_14

Bloo

dyurin

RDecoctio

nEnem

aM

12

Urin

alinfection

RMaceration

Oral

M1

Barterianigritana

Nzumizum

i(Kik.)42749

Skin

disease

LDecoctio

nDermal

M1

1

Basella

alba

L.F_16

Nutrition

LN

11

Bauh

iniathon

ning

iiSchu

m.Patado

boi(Po

rt.),Nsakala(Kik.)loloa,

musakala43847

Diabe

tes

R,SS

Oral

M1

8

Diarrhe

aB

Decoctio

nOral

M1

Hem

orrhoids

BDecoctio

nOral

M1

Ope

ncervix

BCrudité,D

ecocton

Vaginal,Oral,

Bath

M3

Tool

hand

leWO

D2

Typh

usB

Decoctio

nOral

M1

Weaknessafterbirth

BDecoctio

nBath

M1

Bidens

pilosa

L.Kimananganzi,Ko

lokoso

(Kik.)42743

Tea

LN

12

WM

1

Biophytum

umbraculum

Welw.Zam

bakono

no(Kik.)43236

Chills

WDecoctio

nEnem

aM

12

Weakness

WDecoctio

nBath

M1

Bobgun

niamadagascariensis(Desv.)J.H

.Kirkbr.&

Wiersem

aNzuku

(Kik.)muzuku,nsam

bozeke

43829

Fever

BMaceration

Enem

aM

12

Ope

nfontanelle

LBalm

Dermal

M1

Rattle

FL

1

*Boerha

viadiffusa

L.Ditu

mbato

(Kik.)

Hep

atitis

WMaceration

Enem

aM

13

Malaria

WMaceration

Enem

aM

1

Lautenschläger et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:51 Page 11 of 73

Table

1Overview

ofallcollected

andiden

tifieduseful

plantsfro

mtheProvince

Uíge:Specieslistedalph

abetically;add

ition

alinform

ationon

usage,used

plantpart(PP),

prep

arationandadministration,

usecatego

ry(UC),nu

mbe

rof

citatio

nsandnu

mbe

rof

inform

ants.Spe

cies

inform

ationprovided

:Orig

in:E

=en

demic;+

=listed;

(-)=no

tlisted;

*=naturalised

accordingto

Plantsof

Ang

ola(Figueiredo

andSm

ith,2008);vernacularnames

inPo

rtug

ues(Port.)

andKikong

o(Kik.);Vo

uche

rnu

mbe

raccordingto

Herbariu

mDresden

seor

Foto

vouche

r(F);Plantparts:B=bark,BU=bu

lb,F

=fru

it,FL

=flower,L

=leaf,LA=latex,MY=mycel,R

=root,RE=resin,RH

=RH

,S=seed

,SS=

stem

sap,

ST=stem

,W=who

leplant,WO=woo

d;Use

Categ

ory:C=drug

sandcigarettes,D

=do

mestic

andcharcoal,F

=hu

ntingandfishing

,H=hand

icrafts,L=ludic,M

=med

icine,N

=nu

trition

,O=othe

r,R=ritual,T=de

ntalcare

andcosm

etics(Con

tinued)

Species

Usage

PPPrep

aration

Adm

inistration

UC

Citatio

nsInform

ants

Malaria

LM

1

Snakeb

iteL

M1

Yellow

fever

LDecoctio

nBath

M1

Brachystegiaspiciform

isBenth.Kw

idi,Nkuidi(Kik.)44141

Nutrition

WO

N1

1

Tobacco

BC

1

Brassicaspec.C

ouve

(Port.),N

kove

(Kik.)42794

Nutrition

LN

11

Brenan

dend

rondonian

um(DC.)H.Rob

.Mun

daland

ala(Kik.)44115

Headache

LBalm

,Maceration

Dermal

M2

4

Highfeverchildren

LDecoctio

nBath

M1

Package

LO

1

Brideliaferruginea

Benth.Mukalakala,Mwindu

,Nkang

ati(Kik.),

mun

kang

ati,mukala44197

Anaem

iaB

Decoctio

nOral,Enem

aM

215

Bleeding

RDecoctio

nEnem

aM

Bloo

dydiarrhea

B,R

Decoctio

nOral

M3

Con

struction

WO

D1

Cou

ghB

M1

Diarrhe

aL

Crudité

Oral

M1

Diarrhe

aB

Maceration

Oral

M1

Dysen

tery

RDecoctio

nOral

M1

Fodd

erplant

LF

2

Headache

BSm

oking

M1

Healingwou

nds

BIncine

rate

Dermal

M1

Injury

BBalm

Dermal

M3

Injury

RBalm

Dermal

M1

Ope

ncervix

BCrudité

Vaginal

M1

Stom

achpains

RDecoctio

nOral

M1

Strong

men

struation

BMaceration

Oral

M1

Tobacco

BIncine

rate

NoseDrops

C2

Weakness

RCrudité

Oral

M1

Brideliamicrantha

(Hochst.)

Baill.M

inzund

u,Mukalakalada

mata(Kik.)44224

Fodd

erplant

LF

66

Brillan

taisiaow

ariensisP.Beauv.Lemba

lemba,M

alem

balemba

(Kik.)44259

Againststorms(totosim

alem

bosi)

LR

111

Lautenschläger et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:51 Page 12 of 73

Table

1Overview

ofallcollected

andiden

tifieduseful

plantsfro

mtheProvince

Uíge:Specieslistedalph

abetically;add

ition

alinform

ationon

usage,used

plantpart(PP),

prep

arationandadministration,

usecatego

ry(UC),nu

mbe

rof

citatio

nsandnu

mbe

rof

inform

ants.Spe

cies

inform

ationprovided

:Orig

in:E

=en

demic;+

=listed;

(-)=no

tlisted;

*=naturalised

accordingto

Plantsof

Ang

ola(Figueiredo

andSm

ith,2008);vernacularnames

inPo

rtug

ues(Port.)

andKikong

o(Kik.);Vo

uche

rnu

mbe

raccordingto

Herbariu

mDresden

seor

Foto

vouche

r(F);Plantparts:B=bark,BU=bu

lb,F

=fru

it,FL

=flower,L

=leaf,LA=latex,MY=mycel,R

=root,RE=resin,RH

=RH

,S=seed

,SS=

stem

sap,

ST=stem

,W=who

leplant,WO=woo

d;Use

Categ

ory:C=drug

sandcigarettes,D

=do

mestic

andcharcoal,F

=hu

ntingandfishing

,H=hand

icrafts,L=ludic,M

=med

icine,N

=nu

trition

,O=othe

r,R=ritual,T=de

ntalcare

andcosm

etics(Con

tinued)

Species

Usage

PPPrep

aration

Adm

inistration

UC

Citatio

nsInform

ants

Burn

injuries

LIncine

rate

Dermal

M1

Cryingbaby

L,R

Putinto

Cradle

Dermal

M2

Epilepsy

LMaceration

Dermal

M1

Growth

from

thestum

pL

D1

Headache

LInfusion

,Maceration

Oral,Dermal

M4

Heartprob

lems

LInfusion

Oral

M2

Highbloo

dpressure

LM

1

Infertility

wom

enL

Roast

Oral

M1

Madne

ssR,L

Percolation

NoseDrops

M2

Manyuses

LInfusion

M1

Solves

prob

lems

LR

1

Stom

achpains

LInfusion

Oral

M2

Stress

LM

1

Struck

bylightning

LCrudité

Oral

M2

Tachycardia

LM

1

-Brugman

siaversicolor

Lage

rh.F_17

Insect

bite

LBalm

Dermal

M1

1

Snakebite

LBalm

Dermal

M1

Burkea

african

aHoo

k.Kilobo

(Kik.)44200

Fodd

erplant

LF

33

*Ca

janu

scajan(L.)Millsp.,Mbw

engw

e,Wando

(Kik.),Muand

o,feijaouand

u44033

Nutrition

SN

34

Parasitesin

eyes

LPercolation

EyeDrops

M1

Calamus

deerratusG.Mann&H.Wen

dl.,Junco(Port.),M

bamba

(Kik.)44125

Con

struction

STD

12

Rattan

STH

2

Calvoa

seretiiDeWild.,Nzikinseke(Kik.)43333

Nutrition

LDecoctio

nN

11

Cana

rium

schw

einfurtiiEngl.,Kimfwabidi,Mbidi,M

fuam

bidi

(Kik.),Obafu,m

umbidi,

mbafu

F_18

Asthm

aRE

Decoctio

nOral

M1

8

Backache

BEnem

aM

1

Candle

REO

2

Cou

ghRE

Burn

Incense

Inhalatio

nM

2

Lautenschläger et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:51 Page 13 of 73

Table

1Overview

ofallcollected

andiden

tifieduseful

plantsfro

mtheProvince

Uíge:Specieslistedalph

abetically;add

ition

alinform

ationon

usage,used

plantpart(PP),

prep

arationandadministration,

usecatego

ry(UC),nu

mbe

rof

citatio

nsandnu

mbe

rof

inform

ants.Spe

cies

inform

ationprovided

:Orig

in:E

=en

demic;+

=listed;

(-)=no

tlisted;

*=naturalised

accordingto

Plantsof

Ang

ola(Figueiredo

andSm

ith,2008);vernacularnames

inPo

rtug

ues(Port.)

andKikong

o(Kik.);Vo

uche

rnu

mbe

raccordingto

Herbariu

mDresden

seor

Foto

vouche

r(F);Plantparts:B=bark,BU=bu

lb,F

=fru

it,FL

=flower,L

=leaf,LA=latex,MY=mycel,R

=root,RE=resin,RH

=RH

,S=seed

,SS=

stem

sap,

ST=stem

,W=who

leplant,WO=woo

d;Use

Categ

ory:C=drug

sandcigarettes,D

=do

mestic

andcharcoal,F

=hu

ntingandfishing

,H=hand

icrafts,L=ludic,M

=med

icine,N

=nu

trition

,O=othe

r,R=ritual,T=de

ntalcare

andcosm

etics(Con

tinued)

Species

Usage

PPPrep

aration

Adm

inistration

UC

Citatio

nsInform

ants

Energy

source

RED

1

Fodd

erplant

LF

1

Incense

RER

1

Mixture

compo

nent

REM

1

Nutrition

FN

3

Parasitic

worms

RESucking

Oral

M1

Stom

achpains

REPu

lverize,Sucking

Oral

M2

BM

1

-Ca

navalia

gladiata

(Jacq.)DC.,Feijão(Port.),M

adezo,Nkasa

(Kik.)F_19

Nutrition

SCoo

kOral

M1

1

*Ca

nnaindica

L.42701

Pain

whe

nbreathing

RCrudité

Dermal

M1

2

Toys

SL

1

-Ca

psicum

annu

um,N

dung

uza

kong

o,Ndu

nguza

mateb

o(Kik.),42694

Hem

orrhoids

FDecoctio

nEnem

aM

13

Madne

ssF

Percolation

NoseDrops

M1

Nutrition

FN

1

*Capsicum

frutescen

s,Gindu

ngu(Port.),N

dung

u(Kik.)F_21

Nutrition

FN

33

*Ca

ricapapaya

L.,M

amão

(Port.),Papayi(Kik.)F_22

Backache

LCrudité

Anal

M1

14

Backache

RDecoctio

nOral

M1

Bloo

dyurin

RMaceration

M1

Caries

RDecoctio

nMou

thWash

M1

Diabe

tes

RDecoctio

nOral

M1

Diarrhe

aR

M2

Diarrhe

acaused

bybreastmilk

LMaceration

Oral

M1

Fertility

men

RDecoctio

nOral

M1

Flatulen

ceL

Balm

Dermal

M1

Gon

orrhoea

RDecoctio

nOral

M1

Hem

orrhoids

RBalm

,Decoctio

nDermal,Ene

ma

M2

Indu

cedabortio

nR

Decoctio

nOral

M1

Lautenschläger et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:51 Page 14 of 73

Table

1Overview

ofallcollected

andiden

tifieduseful

plantsfro

mtheProvince

Uíge:Specieslistedalph

abetically;add

ition

alinform

ationon

usage,used

plantpart(PP),

prep

arationandadministration,

usecatego

ry(UC),nu

mbe

rof

citatio

nsandnu

mbe

rof

inform

ants.Spe

cies

inform

ationprovided

:Orig

in:E

=en

demic;+

=listed;

(-)=no

tlisted;

*=naturalised

accordingto

Plantsof

Ang

ola(Figueiredo

andSm

ith,2008);vernacularnames

inPo

rtug

ues(Port.)

andKikong

o(Kik.);Vo

uche

rnu

mbe

raccordingto

Herbariu

mDresden

seor

Foto

vouche

r(F);Plantparts:B=bark,BU=bu

lb,F

=fru

it,FL

=flower,L

=leaf,LA=latex,MY=mycel,R

=root,RE=resin,RH

=RH

,S=seed

,SS=

stem

sap,

ST=stem

,W=who

leplant,WO=woo

d;Use

Categ

ory:C=drug

sandcigarettes,D

=do

mestic

andcharcoal,F

=hu

ntingandfishing

,H=hand

icrafts,L=ludic,M

=med

icine,N

=nu

trition

,O=othe

r,R=ritual,T=de

ntalcare

andcosm

etics(Con

tinued)

Species

Usage

PPPrep

aration

Adm

inistration

UC

Citatio

nsInform

ants

Injury

RBalm

Dermal

M1

Madne

ssR

Percolation

NoseDrops

M1

Potency

RDecoctio

nOral

M1

Toothache

RDecoctio

nMou

thWash

M3

Typh

usR

Decoctio

nOral

M1

Yellow

fever

RDecoctio

nOral

M1

-Ca

tharan

thus

roseus

(L.)G.Don

,43937

Amoe

baR

Decotion

Oral

M1

3

Beauty,d

ecoration

FLR

1

Decoration

FLR

1

Ceibapentan

dra(L.)Gaertn.,M

fuma(Kik.),mufum

eira,Kapok

42781

Anaem

iaB

Decoctio

nOral

M1

2

Canoe

constructio

nWO

H1

*Celosia

argentea

L.,sankokolo

43935

Decoration

FLR

11

Nutrition

LN

1

Celosia

trigynaL.43173

Epilepsy

L,R

Maceration

Enem

aM

22

Nutrition

LN

1

Celtisgomph

ophylla

Baker,Mun

zunzua

mfinda

(Kik.)44219

Fodd

erplant

LF

11

Cereus

spec.,Nsoma(Kik.)F_23

Ligh

tningcond

uctor

WO

11

Ceropegiabona

fouxiiK.Schu

m.43253

Skin

disease

LBalm

M1

1

Chaetocarpus

african

usPax,Ko

sukosu,N

kovola,N

kung

uianteka,

Nkung

uteka(Kik.)43229

Animaltrap

STF

15

Cou

ghL

Infusion

Oral

M1

Fung

ionskin

F,L

Balm

Dermal

M2

Lepra

LDecoctio

nEnem

a,Dermal

M2

Mpu

ngu=badmagic

(inflammationarms,ge

nitalarea)

LDecoctio

nM

1

Chassalia

cristata(Hiern)Brem

ek.,nlotun

lotu

F_74

Skin

disease

RBalm

Dermal

M1

1

Skin

parasites

RBalm

Dermal

M1

Chloroph

oraexcelsa

(Welw.)Benth.,M

oreira

(Port.),N

kamba

(Kik.),murere44231

Con

struction

WO

D3

4

Infection

STM

1

Lautenschläger et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:51 Page 15 of 73

Table

1Overview

ofallcollected

andiden

tifieduseful

plantsfro

mtheProvince

Uíge:Specieslistedalph

abetically;add

ition

alinform

ationon

usage,used

plantpart(PP),

prep

arationandadministration,

usecatego

ry(UC),nu

mbe

rof

citatio

nsandnu

mbe

rof

inform

ants.Spe

cies

inform

ationprovided

:Orig

in:E

=en

demic;+

=listed;

(-)=no

tlisted;

*=naturalised

accordingto

Plantsof

Ang

ola(Figueiredo

andSm

ith,2008);vernacularnames

inPo

rtug

ues(Port.)

andKikong

o(Kik.);Vo

uche

rnu

mbe

raccordingto

Herbariu

mDresden

seor

Foto

vouche

r(F);Plantparts:B=bark,BU=bu

lb,F

=fru

it,FL

=flower,L

=leaf,LA=latex,MY=mycel,R

=root,RE=resin,RH

=RH

,S=seed

,SS=

stem

sap,

ST=stem

,W=who

leplant,WO=woo

d;Use

Categ

ory:C=drug

sandcigarettes,D

=do

mestic

andcharcoal,F

=hu

ntingandfishing

,H=hand

icrafts,L=ludic,M

=med

icine,N

=nu

trition

,O=othe

r,R=ritual,T=de

ntalcare

andcosm

etics(Con

tinued)

Species

Usage

PPPrep

aration

Adm

inistration

UC

Citatio

nsInform

ants

-Ch

romolaena

odorata(L.)R.M.King&H.Rob

.,Ko

ngoya

sika,M

ubutu(Port.),

mabutu,wasabanga,kabukila,N

guen

gele,N

tumisina42706

Backache

LCrudité

Dermal

M1

17

Body

pain

LPu

lverize

Dermal

M1

Cold

LDecoctio

nInhalatio

nM

1

Fever

LBalm

Dermal

M1

Flu

LInfusion

Oral

M1

Highfever

LDecoctio

nOral,Steam

Bath

M2

Injury

LBalm

Dermal

M6

Injury

LPu

lverize

Oral

M1

Malaria

LDecoctio

nOral,Inhalatio

n,Enem

aM

5

Soilim

provem

ent

WO

1

Stom

achpains

LDecoctio

nOral

M2

Stom

achpains(re

ason

:dirtywater)

LMaceration

Oral

M1

Wou

nds

LBalm

,Tincture

Dermal

M3

Chrysoph

yllum

cf.ban

gweolenseR.E.Fr.,Ngo

nti,Nkosinti,Ntele(Kik.),

muh

onga

44156

Con

stipation

RDecoctio

nEnem

aM

24

Hernia

RDecoctio

nEnem

aM

1

Legache

RBalm

Dermal

M1

Parasitic

worms

RDecoctio

nEnem

aM

1

Snakeb

iteR

Balm

Dermal

M1

Spleno

meg

alychildren

RBalm

Dermal

M1

Stom

achpains

RDecoctio

nEnem

aM

2

Cissus

rubigino

sa(W

elw.exBaker)Planch,

Faztudo

(Port.),Katam

badi,N

katakata

kahe

ndanga,N

kata

mbadi,N

kokila

mbu

ndu(Kik.),ho

lamozunzu42591

Arm

pain

STCrudité

Dermal

M1

12

Bloo

dydiarrhea

LDecoctio

nEnem

aM

1

Hernia

REnem

aM

1

Inflammation

LBalm

Dermal

M1

Inflammationtesticles

BUDecoctio

nEnem

a,Testicles

M2

Injury

M

Lautenschläger et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:51 Page 16 of 73

Table

1Overview

ofallcollected

andiden

tifieduseful

plantsfro

mtheProvince

Uíge:Specieslistedalph

abetically;add

ition

alinform

ationon

usage,used

plantpart(PP),

prep

arationandadministration,

usecatego

ry(UC),nu

mbe

rof

citatio

nsandnu

mbe

rof

inform

ants.Spe

cies

inform

ationprovided

:Orig

in:E

=en

demic;+

=listed;

(-)=no

tlisted;

*=naturalised

accordingto

Plantsof

Ang

ola(Figueiredo

andSm

ith,2008);vernacularnames

inPo

rtug

ues(Port.)

andKikong

o(Kik.);Vo

uche

rnu

mbe

raccordingto

Herbariu

mDresden

seor

Foto

vouche

r(F);Plantparts:B=bark,BU=bu

lb,F

=fru

it,FL

=flower,L

=leaf,LA=latex,MY=mycel,R

=root,RE=resin,RH

=RH

,S=seed

,SS=

stem

sap,

ST=stem

,W=who

leplant,WO=woo

d;Use

Categ

ory:C=drug

sandcigarettes,D

=do

mestic

andcharcoal,F

=hu

ntingandfishing

,H=hand

icrafts,L=ludic,M

=med

icine,N

=nu

trition

,O=othe

r,R=ritual,T=de

ntalcare

andcosm

etics(Con

tinued)

Species

Usage

PPPrep

aration

Adm

inistration

UC

Citatio

nsInform

ants

Legpain

STBalm

,Crudité

Dermal

M2

Nutrition

FN

1

Redeyes

LDecoctio

n,Percolation

Oral,EyeDrops

M2

Rheumatism

FBalm

Dermal

M1

Skin

disease

RBalm

Dermal

M1

Sprain

FBalm

Dermal

M1

Stom

achpains

RDecoctio

nOral

M1

Struck

bylightning

LBalm

Dermal

M1

Struck

bylightning

REnem

aM

1

Yellow

fever

LDecoctio

nOral

M1

-Citrus

reticulataBlanco,Tange

rineira

(Port.)

Lemon

ade

FOral

N1

1

Tea

LInfusion

Oral

N1

Citrus

spec.,Limão

(Port.),Laladiansa(Kik.)

Bloo

dyurin

RMaceration

M1

4

Cake

FN

1

Diabe

tes

RDecoctio

nOral

M1

Gon

norrhe

RDecoctio

nOral

M1

Lemon

ade

FN

1

-Citrus

xlim

on(L.)Osbeck,Limão

(Port.)

Cold

FDermal

M1

4

Cou

ghF

Crudité,D

ecoctio

nOral

M2

Desinfection

FDermal

M1

Fertility

men

FCrudité

Oral

M1

Fertility

men

RDecoctio

nOral

M1

Skin

disease

FLBalm

Dermal

M1

-Citrus

xsin

ensis

(L.)Osbeck,Laranjeira

(Port.)

F_28

Ang

ina

LDecoctio

nOral

M1

1

Fever

LDecoctio

nOral

M1

-Clem

atishirsutaGuill.&Perr.,Feijaomaluco(Port.),

Mankund

ia(Kik.),Mutsiatsia43350

Headache

LPercolation

NoseDrops

M1

1

-Clem

atisuh

ehensis

Engl.44009

Pupp

etF

L1

1

Lautenschläger et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:51 Page 17 of 73

Table

1Overview

ofallcollected

andiden

tifieduseful

plantsfro

mtheProvince

Uíge:Specieslistedalph

abetically;add

ition

alinform

ationon

usage,used

plantpart(PP),

prep

arationandadministration,

usecatego

ry(UC),nu

mbe

rof

citatio

nsandnu

mbe

rof

inform

ants.Spe

cies

inform

ationprovided

:Orig

in:E

=en

demic;+

=listed;

(-)=no

tlisted;

*=naturalised

accordingto

Plantsof

Ang

ola(Figueiredo

andSm

ith,2008);vernacularnames

inPo

rtug

ues(Port.)

andKikong

o(Kik.);Vo

uche

rnu

mbe

raccordingto

Herbariu

mDresden

seor

Foto

vouche

r(F);Plantparts:B=bark,BU=bu

lb,F

=fru

it,FL

=flower,L

=leaf,LA=latex,MY=mycel,R

=root,RE=resin,RH

=RH

,S=seed

,SS=

stem

sap,

ST=stem

,W=who

leplant,WO=woo

d;Use

Categ

ory:C=drug

sandcigarettes,D

=do

mestic

andcharcoal,F

=hu

ntingandfishing

,H=hand

icrafts,L=ludic,M

=med

icine,N

=nu

trition

,O=othe

r,R=ritual,T=de

ntalcare

andcosm

etics(Con

tinued)

Species

Usage

PPPrep

aration

Adm

inistration

UC

Citatio

nsInform

ants

Clem

atisvillosa

DC.,Zaland

emba

(Kik.)44167

Epilepsy

RMaceration

Oral

M1

1

Clerodendrum

form

icarum

Gürke,Kinda

ngolo,Nlombu

amvula(Kik.),

Nlombamvula43286

Infectionlegs

LBalm

Dermal

M1

4

Legache

LDecoctio

nDermal

M1

Skin

disease

LBalm

Dermal

M1

Stom

achpains

LDecoctio

nEnem

aM

1

Urin

alinfection

L,R

Oral

M2

Clerodendrum

fuscum

Gürke,M

aculu(Port.),44213

Anu

sinfection

LIncine

rate

Dermal

M1

1

Mou

thinfection

LIncine

rate

Dermal

M1

Clerodendrum

splend

ensG.Don

,Kindang

olo(Kik.)

Parasitic

worms

LDecoctio

nOral

M1

1

Stom

achache

LDecoctio

nOral

M1

Weakness

LDecoctio

n,Maceration

Oral

M2

Clerodendrum

welwitschiiGürke,N

diaanzam

ba(Kik.)43254

Otitis

RM

11

Clitand

racymulosaBenth.,M

adinga,M

akalanga

(Kik.)43183

Nutrition

FN

22

Parasitic

worms

LACrudité

Enem

a,Oral

M2

Cnestis

corniculataLam.,Kizikizamba

(Kik.)43886

Allergicshock

RMaceration

Oral

M1

1

Cnestis

ferruginea

Vahl

exDC.43890

Nutrition

FN

11

-Co

ffearobustaL.Lind

enCafé(Port.),Kafi(Kik.)F_30

Toothache

RDecoctio

nMou

thWash

M1

1

Cogn

iauxiapodolaenaBaill.,Mpakambai,Mazakanbu

lu42751

Chills

LDecoctio

nOral

M1

3

Men

strualcram

psR

Enem

aM

1

Spleno

meg

aly

RDecoctio

nEnem

aM

1

Colaacum

inata(P.Beauv.)Scho

tt&Endl.,Cola(Port.),M

akazu(Kik.),

Nkazu

brasa41880

Aph

rodisiac

agen

tS

Pulverize

Oral

M1

7

Back

pain

BDecoctio

nM

1

Backache

SPu

lverize

Oral

M1

Diabe

tes

LDecoctio

nOral

M1

Diarrhe

aS

Crudité

Eat

M1

Hem

orrhoids

SCrudité

Oral

M1

Ope

nfontanelle

SBalm

Dermal

M1

Ritual

SR

1

Stim

ulants

SC

1

Lautenschläger et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:51 Page 18 of 73

Table

1Overview

ofallcollected

andiden

tifieduseful

plantsfro

mtheProvince

Uíge:Specieslistedalph

abetically;add

ition

alinform

ationon

usage,used

plantpart(PP),

prep

arationandadministration,

usecatego

ry(UC),nu

mbe

rof

citatio

nsandnu

mbe

rof

inform

ants.Spe

cies

inform

ationprovided

:Orig

in:E

=en

demic;+

=listed;

(-)=no

tlisted;

*=naturalised

accordingto

Plantsof

Ang

ola(Figueiredo

andSm

ith,2008);vernacularnames

inPo

rtug

ues(Port.)

andKikong

o(Kik.);Vo

uche

rnu

mbe

raccordingto

Herbariu

mDresden

seor

Foto

vouche

r(F);Plantparts:B=bark,BU=bu

lb,F

=fru

it,FL

=flower,L

=leaf,LA=latex,MY=mycel,R

=root,RE=resin,RH

=RH

,S=seed

,SS=

stem

sap,

ST=stem

,W=who

leplant,WO=woo

d;Use

Categ

ory:C=drug

sandcigarettes,D

=do

mestic

andcharcoal,F

=hu

ntingandfishing

,H=hand

icrafts,L=ludic,M

=med

icine,N

=nu

trition

,O=othe

r,R=ritual,T=de

ntalcare

andcosm

etics(Con

tinued)

Species

Usage

PPPrep

aration

Adm

inistration

UC

Citatio

nsInform

ants

Weakness

SPu

lverize

Oral

M1

Colletoecem

adewevrei(DeWild.)E.M.A.Petit,Nzekazeka

(Kik.)F_31

Cou

ghL

Che

wing

Oral

M1

1

Injury

BBalm

Dermal

M1

-Co

locasia

esculenta(L.)Scho

tt,Batatamalanga

(Port.),M

alanga

(Kik.)F_32

Nutrition

RHN

22

Combretum

celastroides

Welw.exM.A.Law

son,

Nzenze(Kik.)43978

Sore

throat

RDecoctio

nInhalatio

nM

11

Combretum

collinu

mFresen

.,mug

iti43881

Con

struction

WO

D1

2

Hem

orrhoids

LBalm

,Decoctio

nDermal,Ene

ma

M2

Combretum

psidioides

Welw.,Nkukuti(Kik.)44215

Backache

RApp

lyOnSurface

Dermal

M1

6

Bloo

dydiarrhea

LDecoctio

nOral

M1

Bron

chitis

FPu

lverize

Oral

M1

Con

struction

WO

D1

Diarrhe

aL,ST

Decoctio

nEnem

aM

2

Hem

orrhoids

BBalm

,Roast

Anal

M2

Hem

orrhoids

RCrudité

Anal

M

Skin

disease

BBalm

,Decoctio

nDermal,Bath

M3

Stom

achpains

LBalm

Oral

M1

Combretum

racemosum

P.Beauv.,N

sumbila,N

'sumbi,N

sumbi

ambi

(Kik.),

nsum

biele44794

Bloo

dydiarrhea

LDecoctio

n,Maceration

Oral

M2

6

Bloo

dydiarrhea

RMaceration

Oral

M1

Diarrhe

aL

Maceration

Oral

M1

Dysen

tery

LDecoctio

nOral

M1

Stom

achpains

RDecoctio

nEnem

aM

1

Commelinadiffusa

Burm

.f.,Kam

buakatela(Kik.)44029

RM

11

Costus

aferKerGaw

l.,Maken

ia,M

ankene

,Matum

batumba,N

sang

alavu,

Nsang

alavua,(Kik.)46847

Activates

lactation

STChe

wing

Oral

M1

14

Cleaninguterus

andtesticles

STM

1

Cou

ghL

Che

wing

Oral

M1

Enuresis

STChe

wing

M1

Epilepsy

STChe

wing

EyeDrops

M4

Epilepsy

LMaceration

Dermal

M1

Lautenschläger et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:51 Page 19 of 73

Table

1Overview

ofallcollected

andiden

tifieduseful

plantsfro

mtheProvince

Uíge:Specieslistedalph

abetically;add

ition

alinform

ationon

usage,used

plantpart(PP),

prep

arationandadministration,

usecatego

ry(UC),nu

mbe

rof

citatio

nsandnu

mbe

rof

inform

ants.Spe

cies

inform

ationprovided

:Orig

in:E

=en

demic;+

=listed;

(-)=no

tlisted;

*=naturalised

accordingto

Plantsof

Ang

ola(Figueiredo

andSm

ith,2008);vernacularnames

inPo

rtug

ues(Port.)

andKikong

o(Kik.);Vo

uche

rnu

mbe

raccordingto

Herbariu

mDresden

seor

Foto

vouche

r(F);Plantparts:B=bark,BU=bu

lb,F

=fru

it,FL

=flower,L

=leaf,LA=latex,MY=mycel,R

=root,RE=resin,RH

=RH

,S=seed

,SS=

stem

sap,

ST=stem

,W=who

leplant,WO=woo

d;Use

Categ

ory:C=drug

sandcigarettes,D

=do

mestic

andcharcoal,F

=hu

ntingandfishing

,H=hand

icrafts,L=ludic,M

=med

icine,N

=nu

trition

,O=othe

r,R=ritual,T=de

ntalcare

andcosm

etics(Con

tinued)

Species

Usage

PPPrep

aration

Adm

inistration

UC

Citatio

nsInform

ants

Eyeprob

lems

STPercolation

DropIn

Eye

M2

Gou

tW

Maceration

Enem

aM

1

Insomnia

WMaceration

Enem

aM

1

Mixture

compo

nent

LChe

wing

Oral

M1

Nutrition

L,ST

N2

Parasitesin

eyes

STPercolation

EyeDrops

M1

Trypanosom

iasis

FOral

M1

Weakness

STChe

wing

M2

Yellow

fever

STChe

wing

EyeDrops

M1

Costus

spectabilis

(Fen

zl)K.Schu

m.,Long

adi

nseke,Long

adiasimbi,

Ntesintesi(Kik.)42652

Erectiledysfun

ction

RHChe

wing,

Maceration

Oral,Enem

aM

34

Eyeprob

lems

RHPercolation

EyeDrop

M1

Water

belly

LM

1

Crassoceph

alum

mon

tuosum

(S.Moo

re)Milne-Redh

.,Bu

ngud

i(Kik.),Bu

ngula43282

Nutrition

LM

11

Crassoceph

alum

rubens

(Juss.ex

Jacq.)S.Moo

re,Bun

gudi

(Kik.),bu

ngud

ia44082

Che

stpain

LCoo

kEat

M1

5

Nutrition

LN

4

Crinum

spec.,Bá

dianseke(Kik.)F_34

Yellow

fever

BUDecoctio

nEnem

aM

11

Crossopteryx

febrifuga

(Afzel.exG.Don

)Benth.,M

vala(Kik.),nh

ala,Vala43907

Baso

children

REnem

aM

110

Cleaningbo

dyR

Decoctio

nEnem

aM

1

Cold

RM

1

Con

stipation

RCrudité

Enem

aM

1

Diabe

tes

REnem

aM

1

Epilepsy

RDecoctio

nNoseDrops

M1

Fertility

men

RDecoctio

nOral

M1

Flatulen

ceR

Crudité,D

ecoctio

nEnem

aM

2

Gon

orrhoea

BDecoctio

nEnem

aM

1

Harelip

RPercolation

NoseDrops

M1

Headache

LDecoctio

nWashing

M1

Headache

RPercolation

NoseDrops

M1

Madne

ssR,L

Percolation

NoseDrops

M3

Lautenschläger et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:51 Page 20 of 73

Table

1Overview

ofallcollected

andiden

tifieduseful

plantsfro

mtheProvince

Uíge:Specieslistedalph

abetically;add

ition

alinform

ationon

usage,used

plantpart(PP),

prep

arationandadministration,

usecatego

ry(UC),nu

mbe

rof

citatio

nsandnu

mbe

rof

inform

ants.Spe

cies

inform

ationprovided

:Orig

in:E

=en

demic;+

=listed;

(-)=no

tlisted;

*=naturalised

accordingto

Plantsof

Ang

ola(Figueiredo

andSm

ith,2008);vernacularnames

inPo

rtug

ues(Port.)

andKikong

o(Kik.);Vo

uche

rnu

mbe

raccordingto

Herbariu

mDresden

seor

Foto

vouche

r(F);Plantparts:B=bark,BU=bu

lb,F

=fru

it,FL

=flower,L

=leaf,LA=latex,MY=mycel,R

=root,RE=resin,RH

=RH

,S=seed

,SS=

stem

sap,

ST=stem

,W=who

leplant,WO=woo

d;Use

Categ

ory:C=drug

sandcigarettes,D

=do

mestic

andcharcoal,F

=hu

ntingandfishing

,H=hand

icrafts,L=ludic,M

=med

icine,N

=nu

trition

,O=othe

r,R=ritual,T=de

ntalcare

andcosm

etics(Con

tinued)

Species

Usage

PPPrep

aration

Adm

inistration

UC

Citatio

nsInform

ants

Malaria

RPercolation

NoseDrops

M1

Scoliosis

LDecoctio

nDermal

M1

Sexualpo

tency

RDecotion

Enem

a,Oral

M2

Spleno

meg

aly

LEnem

aM

1

Croton

muban

goMüll.Arg.,Mbang

umbang

u(Kik.)44230

Backache

BEnem

aM

110

Bodypain

BDecoctio

nOral,Dermal

M2

Bone

pain

B,L

Maceration

Enem

a,Bath

M4

Epilepsy

LPercolation

NoseDrops

M1

Flu

BDecoctio

nSteam

Bath

M1

Fodd

erplant

LF

2

Jointpain

B,L

Maceration

Enem

a,Bath

M4

Malaria

BM

1

Scoliosis

BBalm

Enem

a,Bath

M2

Scoliosis

LBalm

Enem

a,Bath

M2

Shadow

tree

forcoffeeplantatio

nsW

O1

Stom

achpains

BDecoctio

n,Maceration

Enem

a,Oral

M2

Toys

SL

1

Weakness

BEnem

a,Dermal

M2

Croton

sylvaticus

Hochst.,Ndianga,N

sonia(Kik.)43127

Urin

alinfection

BCrudité

Oral,Enem

a,Anal

M3

1

Cryptolepisoblong

ifolia

(Meisn.)Schltr.,Mukon

ki(Kik.)44131

Detoxifying

L,R

Che

wing,

PutBehind

Ear

M3

2

Erectiledysfun

ction

RChe

wing

Oral

M1

-Cu

curbita

maximaDuche

sne,Mueng

eleka,Muteta(Port.),Len

ge(Kik.),

Kosekeleng

eF_35

Headache

FBalm

Dermal

M1

5

Nutrition

L,F,

SN

4

Vertigo

FIncine

rate

NoseDrops

M1

Culcasiaan

golensisWelw.exScho

tt,M

azanzalang

ongo

lo(Kik.)44133

Package

LO

12

Snakebite

LPercolation

Dermal

M1

*Cymbopogoncitratus

(DC.)Stapf,Sind

e(Kik.)42882

App

etizing

LDecoctio

nOral

M1

2

Lautenschläger et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:51 Page 21 of 73

Table

1Overview

ofallcollected

andiden

tifieduseful

plantsfro

mtheProvince

Uíge:Specieslistedalph

abetically;add

ition

alinform

ationon

usage,used

plantpart(PP),

prep

arationandadministration,

usecatego

ry(UC),nu

mbe

rof

citatio

nsandnu

mbe

rof

inform

ants.Spe

cies

inform

ationprovided

:Orig

in:E

=en

demic;+

=listed;

(-)=no

tlisted;

*=naturalised

accordingto

Plantsof

Ang

ola(Figueiredo

andSm

ith,2008);vernacularnames

inPo

rtug

ues(Port.)

andKikong

o(Kik.);Vo

uche

rnu

mbe

raccordingto

Herbariu

mDresden

seor

Foto

vouche

r(F);Plantparts:B=bark,BU=bu

lb,F

=fru

it,FL

=flower,L

=leaf,LA=latex,MY=mycel,R

=root,RE=resin,RH

=RH

,S=seed

,SS=

stem

sap,

ST=stem

,W=who

leplant,WO=woo

d;Use

Categ

ory:C=drug

sandcigarettes,D

=do

mestic

andcharcoal,F

=hu

ntingandfishing

,H=hand

icrafts,L=ludic,M

=med

icine,N

=nu

trition

,O=othe

r,R=ritual,T=de

ntalcare

andcosm

etics(Con

tinued)

Species

Usage

PPPrep

aration

Adm

inistration

UC

Citatio

nsInform

ants

Aromatization

LDecoctio

nOral

N1

Cymbopogondensiflorus

(Steud

.)Stapf,Lunsansang

u(Kik.),luzang

o43869

Ano

rexia

FDecoctio

nOral

M1

2

Spice

FLDecoctio

nOral

N1

Stom

achpains

FLIncine

rate

Oral

M1

Cyperusarticulatus

L.,N

iang

aza

nkoko,Nsaku

nsaku,Tang

awisi(Kik.),

Capid

oTang

auisi,Usakusaku,N

lunianganu

nloki43939

Backache

RHEnem

aM

16

Erectiledysfun

ction

RHM

1

Foot

infection

RHDecoctio

nEnem

aM

1

Stom

achpains

RHEnem

aM

1

Toothache

RHToothBalm

M1

RHMaceration

Oral

M1

RHM

1

CyperuspapyrusL.,Papiro

s(Port.),M

abu(Kik.)F_36

Mat

STH

44

Cyperusspec.

Rope

STH

11

ECyph

oSTm

astipulaceum

(Baker)D

esc.,N

lembu

zu(Kik.)44139

Sore

throat

RBalm

Dermal

M1

1

Dacryodes

edulis(G.Don

)H.J.Lam,N

´safu(Kik.)F_37

Anaem

iaL

Decoctio

nBath,O

ral

M2

3

Nutrition

FN

1

Toothache

R,L

Decoctio

nMou

thWash

M2

EDalbergiacarrington

iana

Sousa,he

la44174

Epilepsy

RPercolation

EyeDrops

M1

1

Epilepsy

LPercolation

EyeDrops

M1

Stom

achpains

R,L

Percolation

EyeDrops

M2

DalbergianitidulaBaker,Katete

(Kik.)44135

Scoliosis

RDecoctio

nDermal

M1

1

Sprain

RDecoctio

nDermal

M1

Dan

ielliaalsteenian

aP.A.Duvign.,M

ulom

ba(Kik.)44210

Con

struction

WO

D1

3

Erectiledysfun

ction

RChe

wing

Oral

M1

Scoliosis

RDecoctio

nBath

M1

Stom

achpains

STDecoctio

nOral

M1

Toothache

BDecoctio

nMou

thWash

M2

Lautenschläger et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:51 Page 22 of 73

Table

1Overview

ofallcollected

andiden

tifieduseful

plantsfro

mtheProvince

Uíge:Specieslistedalph

abetically;add

ition

alinform

ationon

usage,used

plantpart(PP),

prep

arationandadministration,

usecatego

ry(UC),nu

mbe

rof

citatio

nsandnu

mbe

rof

inform

ants.Spe

cies

inform

ationprovided

:Orig

in:E

=en

demic;+

=listed;

(-)=no

tlisted;

*=naturalised

accordingto

Plantsof

Ang

ola(Figueiredo

andSm

ith,2008);vernacularnames

inPo

rtug

ues(Port.)

andKikong

o(Kik.);Vo

uche

rnu

mbe

raccordingto

Herbariu

mDresden

seor

Foto

vouche

r(F);Plantparts:B=bark,BU=bu

lb,F

=fru

it,FL

=flower,L

=leaf,LA=latex,MY=mycel,R

=root,RE=resin,RH

=RH

,S=seed

,SS=

stem

sap,

ST=stem

,W=who

leplant,WO=woo

d;Use

Categ

ory:C=drug

sandcigarettes,D

=do

mestic

andcharcoal,F

=hu

ntingandfishing

,H=hand

icrafts,L=ludic,M

=med

icine,N

=nu

trition

,O=othe

r,R=ritual,T=de

ntalcare

andcosm

etics(Con

tinued)

Species

Usage

PPPrep

aration

Adm

inistration

UC

Citatio

nsInform

ants

Weakness

RDecoctio

nBath

M1

Dan

ielliaklaineiA

.Che

v.,N

lomba

(Kik.)43982

Eyeinfection

FLCrudité

EyeDrops

M1

1

Eyepain

FLCrudité

EyeDrops

M1

*DaturametelL.,teb

u,Tram

puapuasó

43938

Drug

SCrudité

Oral

C1

2

Drug

LOnHand

Dermal

C1

Hallucino

genic

SC

1

*Daturastramon

ium

L.F_38

Rheumatism

LPu

lverize

Dermal

M1

1

Desmodium

setigerum

(E.Mey.)Harv.,Lun

zilanzila,Luvum

a,Mantata,

Mun

gilagila(Kik.)43826

Hem

orrhoids

WDecoctio

nOral

M1

4

Ope

nfontanelle

LBalm

Dermal

M1

Skin

disease

LBalm

Dermal

M1

Spleno

meg

aly

WBalm

Dermal

M1

*Desmodium

cf.tortuosum

(Sw.)DC.,Malam

alama(Kik.)F_39

Antiabo

rting

LMaceration

Enem

aM

11

Desmodium

velutinum

(Willd.)DC.43831

Infertility

wom

enL

Coo

kEat

M1

1

Dialium

englerianu

mHen

riq.,Mbo

ta,M

bota,N

samba

nzeke(Kik.),Umbo

ta43176

Charcoal

WO

D2

12

Diarrhe

aL

Che

wing

Oral

M1

Fodd

erplant

LF

3

Headache

BDecoctio

nOral

M1

Hiccup

BDecoctio

nOral

M1

Lepra

BDecoctio

nEnem

a,Dermal

M2

Nutrition

FN

6

Ope

nfontanelle

BBalm

Dermal

M1

Parasitic

worms

B,R

Maceration

Enem

aM

2

Scoliosis

BBalm

Dermal

M2

Scoliosis

LDecoctio

n,Infusion

Dermal,O

ral,

Enem

aM

5

Skin

disease

BBalm

,Crudité

Dermal

M2

Thrombo

sis

L,R

Decoctio

nDermal

M2

Toothache

BDecoctio

nInhalatio

nM

1

Lautenschläger et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:51 Page 23 of 73

Table

1Overview

ofallcollected

andiden

tifieduseful

plantsfro

mtheProvince

Uíge:Specieslistedalph

abetically;add

ition

alinform

ationon

usage,used

plantpart(PP),

prep

arationandadministration,

usecatego

ry(UC),nu

mbe

rof

citatio

nsandnu

mbe

rof

inform

ants.Spe

cies

inform

ationprovided

:Orig

in:E

=en

demic;+

=listed;

(-)=no

tlisted;

*=naturalised

accordingto

Plantsof

Ang

ola(Figueiredo

andSm

ith,2008);vernacularnames

inPo

rtug

ues(Port.)

andKikong

o(Kik.);Vo

uche

rnu

mbe

raccordingto

Herbariu

mDresden

seor

Foto

vouche

r(F);Plantparts:B=bark,BU=bu

lb,F

=fru

it,FL

=flower,L

=leaf,LA=latex,MY=mycel,R

=root,RE=resin,RH

=RH

,S=seed

,SS=

stem

sap,

ST=stem

,W=who

leplant,WO=woo

d;Use

Categ

ory:C=drug

sandcigarettes,D

=do

mestic

andcharcoal,F

=hu

ntingandfishing

,H=hand

icrafts,L=ludic,M

=med

icine,N

=nu

trition

,O=othe

r,R=ritual,T=de

ntalcare

andcosm

etics(Con

tinued)

Species

Usage

PPPrep

aration

Adm

inistration

UC

Citatio

nsInform

ants

Dichrostachys

cinerea(L.)Wight

&Arn.,Mvang

a(Kik.)44232

Anaem

iaB

Balm

Dermal

M1

2

Fodd

erplant

LF

1

Dioscorea

BUifera

L.,N

soko

(Kik.)F_40

Nutrition

BURo

astSlices

N1

1

Dioscorea

praehensilisBenth.,G

indu

ngada

mata,Inhame(Port.),

Nsend

eza

nkaka,Nsend

eza

sadi,Sadi(Kik.),batata

kisadi,m

itoto

42602

Bloo

dydiarrhea

BUCoo

ked

Oral

M1

8

Con

stipation

STDecoctio

nEnem

aM

1

Erectiledysfun

ction

RDecoctio

nOral

M1

Infertility

wom

enBU

Boiling

Enem

aM

1

Nutrition

BUN

3

Nutrition

STN

2

Sterility

(men

andwom

en)

RDecoctio

nOral

M1

Stom

achpains

BUCoo

ked

Oral

M1

Stom

achpains

RDecoctio

nOral

M1

Diospyros

heterotricha

(Welw.exHiern)F.White,Lufua

luand

ombe

,Mun

konki(Kik.),lufua43975

Cosmetic

RO

36

Den

talcare

RChe

wing

Oral

T4

Nutrition

FN

1

Skin

disease

FSw

allowing

Oral

M1

Spleno

meg

aly

RMaceration

Enem

aM

1

Toothache

RChe

wing

Oral

M1

Diplorhynchus

cond

ylocarpon(M

üll.Arg.)Pichon

,Mvond

ong

olo,Vo

ndisila,

Nzo

(Kik.),Ihon

degila,m

uhon

dixila,Insen

ge,Kisen

gi42725

Con

struction

WO

D1

11

Diarrhe

aLA

Crudité

Oral

M1

Diarrhe

aR

Decoctio

n,Pu

lverize

Oral

M2

Diarrhe

achildren

RChe

wing,

Decoctio

nOral,Enem

aM

2

Epilepsy

LDecoctio

nSteam

Bath

M1

Gastrointestin

aldisease

RPu

lverize

Oral

M1

Glue

LAO

2

Mosqu

itorepe

llent

LACrudité

Oral

M1

Parasitic

worms

RCrudité,M

aceration

Oral

M2

Snakebite

LACrudité

Oral

M1

Stom

achpains

RM

5

Lautenschläger et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:51 Page 24 of 73

Table

1Overview

ofallcollected

andiden

tifieduseful

plantsfro

mtheProvince

Uíge:Specieslistedalph

abetically;add

ition

alinform

ationon

usage,used

plantpart(PP),

prep

arationandadministration,

usecatego

ry(UC),nu

mbe

rof

citatio

nsandnu

mbe

rof

inform

ants.Spe

cies

inform

ationprovided

:Orig

in:E

=en

demic;+

=listed;

(-)=no

tlisted;

*=naturalised

accordingto

Plantsof

Ang

ola(Figueiredo

andSm

ith,2008);vernacularnames

inPo

rtug

ues(Port.)

andKikong

o(Kik.);Vo

uche

rnu

mbe

raccordingto

Herbariu

mDresden

seor

Foto

vouche

r(F);Plantparts:B=bark,BU=bu

lb,F

=fru

it,FL

=flower,L

=leaf,LA=latex,MY=mycel,R

=root,RE=resin,RH

=RH

,S=seed

,SS=

stem

sap,

ST=stem

,W=who

leplant,WO=woo

d;Use

Categ

ory:C=drug

sandcigarettes,D

=do

mestic

andcharcoal,F

=hu

ntingandfishing

,H=hand

icrafts,L=ludic,M

=med

icine,N

=nu

trition

,O=othe

r,R=ritual,T=de

ntalcare

andcosm

etics(Con

tinued)

Species

Usage

PPPrep

aration

Adm

inistration

UC

Citatio

nsInform

ants

Che

wing,

Crudité,

Decoctio

n,Maceration

Oral,Enem

a,Dermal

Vertigo

LDecoctio

nDermal,O

ral

M3

Dissotisspec.,Mpang

impang

i,Nzang

ani(Kik.)F_41

Baso

LDecoctio

nEnem

a,Oral

M2

3

Ope

nfontanelle

LBalm

Dermal

M1

Dom

beya

burgessia

eGerrard

exHarv.43954

Rope

STH

11

DorsteniapsilurusWelw.,Mikom

bo(Kik.)F_42

Back

pain

RM

26

Che

stpain

RDecoctio

nOral

M1

Cou

ghR

Decoctio

nOral

M1

Infertility

(male)

M1

Malaria

RM

1

Scoliosis

RDecoctio

nOral

M1

Sohide

marihuana

RC

1

Spleno

meg

aly

SDecoctio

nEnem

aM

1

Stom

achpains

RM

2

Weakness

RMaceration

Oral

M1

RM

1

Dracaenacameroonian

aBaker,Nsalabakala(Kik.)F_43

Nutrition

LN

22

Dracaenaman

niiBaker,M

unzadi

nzadi,Nsadisadi

(Kik.),kitond

o44797

Ang

ina

STPercolation

Oral

M1

7

Baby

iscrying

alot

STPercolation

Oral

M1

Bird

trapping

FF

1

Fire

WO

WO

D1

Flu

LMaceration

Bath

M1

Headache

LBalm

,Maceration,Crudité

Dermal,Bath

M3

Headache

BBalm

Dermal

M1

Headache

STDecoctio

nM

1

Ope

nfontanelle

LBalm

Dermal

M1

Otitis

STPercolation

EarDrops

M1

Lautenschläger et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:51 Page 25 of 73

Table

1Overview

ofallcollected

andiden

tifieduseful

plantsfro

mtheProvince

Uíge:Specieslistedalph

abetically;add

ition

alinform

ationon

usage,used

plantpart(PP),

prep

arationandadministration,usecatego

ry(UC),nu

mbe

rof

citatio

nsandnu

mbe

rof

inform

ants.Spe

cies

inform

ationprovided

:Orig

in:E

=en

demic;+

=listed;

(-)=no

tlisted;

*=naturalised

accordingto

Plantsof

Ang

ola(Figueiredo

andSm

ith,2008);vernacularnames

inPo

rtug

ues(Port.)

andKikong

o(Kik.);Vo

uche

rnu

mbe

raccordingto

Herbariu

mDresden

seor

Foto

vouche

r(F);Plantparts:B=bark,BU=bu

lb,F

=fru

it,FL

=flower,L

=leaf,LA=latex,MY=mycel,R

=root,RE=resin,

RH=RH

,S=seed

,SS=

stem

sap,

ST=stem

,W=who

leplant,WO=woo

d;Use

Categ

ory:C=drug

sandcigarettes,D

=do

mestic

andcharcoal,F

=hu

ntingandfishing

,H=hand

icrafts,L=ludic,M

=med

icine,N

=nu

trition

,O=othe

r,R=ritual,T=de

ntalcare

andcosm

etics(Con

tinued)

Species

Usage

PPPrep

aration

Adm

inistration

UC

Citatio

nsInform

ants

*Dysph

aniaam

brosioides

(L.)Mosyakin&Clemants,Santa

Maria(Port.),

Kinsidin

zimba

(Kik.),kibu

ekete42698

Backache

WCrudité

Anal

M1

14

Bloo

dyurin

RMaceration

M1

Cold

LDecoctio

nOral

M1

Fever

WBalm

,Infusion

Dermal,O

ral,

Inhalatio

nM

4

Fever

LBalm

Dermal

M1

Flu

WDecoctio

n,Infusion

Oral,Bath,

Inhalatio

nM

4

Flu

LDecoctio

nSteam

Bath

M1

Headache

WDecoctio

nOral

M1

Headache

LMaceration

Dermal

M1

Hep

atitis

LCrudité

Enem

aM

1

Kidn

eyprob

lems

LMaceration

Enem

aM

1

Malaria

LBalm

Dermal

M1

Malaria

WDecoctio

nOral

M1

Ope

ncervix

LCrudité

Enem

aM

1

Ope

nfontanelle

WBalm

Dermal

M1

Scoliosis

LDecoctio

nDermal

M1

Vertigo

LMaceration

Dermal

M1

Yellow

fever

LDecoctio

nBath

M1

Ekebergiabeng

uelensisWelw.exC.DC.,Fukamen

ankosi(Kik.),koxinti,

Nfuka

men

akoxi,koxanti43900

Con

stipation

RDecoctio

nEnem

aM

15

Fever

RMaceration

Enem

aM

1

Parasitic

worms

RMaceration

Oral

M2

Rheumatism

RBalm

Dermal

M1

Stom

achpains

LDecoctio

nEnem

aM

2

Stom

achpains

RDecoctio

nEnem

aM

2

ElaeisguineensisJacq.,Den

dê,Palmeira

dede

ndê(Port.),N

gazi,N

kula,N

samba,

Nsoko

abá

(Kik.),maruvuda

palm

eira,p

almeira

dede

nd,Kokon

oteF_44

Activates

lactation

SChe

wing,

Crudité

Eat,Oral

M2

17

Bloo

dydiarrhea/dysen

tery

F,B

Pulverize

Oral

M2

Bucket

forpe

anuts

LH

1

Lautenschläger et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:51 Page 26 of 73

Table

1Overview

ofallcollected

andiden

tifieduseful

plantsfro

mtheProvince

Uíge:Specieslistedalph

abetically;add

ition

alinform

ationon

usage,used

plantpart(PP),

prep

arationandadministration,

usecatego

ry(UC),nu

mbe

rof

citatio

nsandnu

mbe

rof

inform

ants.Spe

cies

inform

ationprovided

:Orig

in:E

=en

demic;+

=listed;

(-)=no

tlisted;

*=naturalised

accordingto

Plantsof

Ang

ola(Figueiredo

andSm

ith,2008);vernacularnames

inPo

rtug

ues(Port.)

andKikong

o(Kik.);Vo

uche

rnu

mbe

raccordingto

Herbariu

mDresden

seor

Foto

vouche

r(F);Plantparts:B=bark,BU=bu

lb,F

=fru

it,FL

=flower,L

=leaf,LA=latex,MY=mycel,R

=root,RE=resin,RH

=RH

,S=seed

,SS=

stem

sap,

ST=stem

,W=who

leplant,WO=woo

d;Use

Categ

ory:C=drug

sandcigarettes,D

=do

mestic

andcharcoal,F

=hu

ntingandfishing

,H=hand

icrafts,L=ludic,M

=med

icine,N

=nu

trition

,O=othe

r,R=ritual,T=de

ntalcare

andcosm

etics(Con

tinued)

Species

Usage

PPPrep

aration

Adm

inistration

UC

Citatio

nsInform

ants

Cold(sniffles)

SOil

NoseDrops

M1

Con

stipation

LDecoctio

nOral

M1

Cryptorchidism

RDecoctio

nOral

M1

Diarrhe

aL

Crudité

Oral

M1

Dysen

tery

B,F

Pulverize

Oral

M2

Erectiledysfun

ction

RDecoctio

nOral

M1

Eyeparasites

FPercolation

EyeDrops

M1

Fish

trap

LF

2

Fodd

erplant

STF

1

Kidn

eyprob

lems

FMaceration

Enem

aM

1

Mixture

compo

nent

F,S

Oil

Dermal

M2

Nutrition

F,S

N2

Palm

wine

SSC

3

Palm

wine(preventsfoam

ing)

SO

1

Rippain

FTieAroun

dBo

dyDermal

M1

Ritual

FL,L

R2

Spleno

meg

aly

FDecoctio

nEnem

aM

1

Sprain

FBalm

Dermal

M1

Sterility

(men

andwom

en)

RDecoctio

nOral

M1

Stom

achpains

SChe

wing

Oral

M1

Stom

achpains

RDecoctio

nOral

M1

Stom

achache

FCrudité

Eat

M1

Weakchild

SOil

Dermal

M1

Emiliacoccinea

(Sim

s)G.Don

,Lalulalu,Malalulalu(Kik.),Lanu

43903

Skin

anom

aly:Vitiligo

LMaceration

Enem

aM

13

Skin

disease

LBalm

Dermal

M2

Entada

abyssin

icaA.Rich.,N

sofi(Kik.)43942

Asthm

aL

Crudité

Oral

M1

7

Con

stipation

RDecoctio

nEnem

aM

1

Epilepsy

RDecoctio

nEnem

aM

1

Fodd

erplant

LF

2

Lautenschläger et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:51 Page 27 of 73

Table

1Overview

ofallcollected

andiden

tifieduseful

plantsfro

mtheProvince

Uíge:Specieslistedalph

abetically;add

ition

alinform

ationon

usage,used

plantpart(PP),

prep

arationandadministration,usecatego

ry(UC),nu

mbe

rof

citatio

nsandnu

mbe

rof

inform

ants.Spe

cies

inform

ationprovided

:Orig

in:E

=en

demic;+

=listed;

(-)=no

tlisted;

*=naturalised

accordingto

Plantsof

Ang

ola(Figueiredo

andSm

ith,2008);vernacularnames

inPo

rtug

ues(Port.)

andKikong

o(Kik.);Vo

uche

rnu

mbe

raccordingto

Herbariu

mDresden

seor

Foto

vouche

r(F);Plantparts:B=bark,BU=bu

lb,F

=fru

it,FL

=flower,L

=leaf,LA=latex,MY=mycel,R

=root,RE=resin,RH

=RH

,S=seed

,SS=

stem

sap,

ST=stem

,W=who

leplant,WO=woo

d;Use

Categ

ory:C=drug

sandcigarettes,D

=do

mestic

andcharcoal,F

=hu

ntingandfishing

,H=hand

icrafts,L=ludic,M

=med

icine,N

=nu

trition

,O=othe

r,R=ritual,T=de

ntalcare

andcosm

etics(Con

tinued)

Species

Usage

PPPrep

aration

Adm

inistration

UC

Citatio

nsInform

ants

Headache

LBalm

Dermal

M2

Malaria

RPercolation

NoseDrops

M1

Parasitic

worms

RDecoctio

nEnem

aM

1

Soap

RO

1

Stom

achache

RDecoctio

nEnem

aM

1

Erem

ospathacuspidata(G.Mann&H.Wen

dl.)H.Wen

dl.,Junco(Port.),Lub

amba,

Mbamba

(Kik.)44128

Con

struction

STD

12

Fish

trap

STH

1

Erem

ospathaha

ullevillean

aDeWild.,Junco(Port.),Lub

amba,M

bamba

(Kik.)44129

Con

stipation

STDecoctio

nEnem

aM

14

Den

talcare

STT

1

Fish

trap

STF

1

Handicraft

STH

1

Penisinfection

RDecoctio

nEnem

aM

1

Rattan

STH

1

Erem

ospathahookeri(G.Mann&H.Wen

dl.)H.Wen

dl.,Mbamba

(Kik.),mabam

ba44122

Con

struction

STD

11

Erem

ospathaspec.,Junco(Port.)

F_45

Animaltrap

STF

11

Eriosemaglom

eratum

(Guill.&Perr.)Hoo

k.f.,Bu

lukutu,

Wandu

wandu

(Kik.),moand

o43168

Fodd

erplant

LF

13

Tea

LN

2

Vertiz

LMaceration

Bath

M

Eriosemaspec.,Wando

wando

(Kik.)

Diarrhe

aL

Crudité

Oral

M2

3

Fodd

erplant

LF

1

Erythrinaabyssin

icaDC.,Lung

unlun

gu,M

ungo

mang

oma,

Ngo

mang

oma(Kik.),mulun

dulund

u,mulun

gulung

u43909

Anaem

iachildren

LDecoctio

nOral,Bath

M2

15

Back

pain

BInfusion

,Decoctio

n,Maceration

Oral,Dermal,

Enem

aM

4

Bloo

dydiarrhea

RDecoctio

nEnem

aM

1

Coal

WO

D1

Fodd

erplant

LF

3

Hep

atitis

BDecoctio

n,Maceration

Enem

a,Dermal

M5

Irreg

ular

men

struation

RM

1

Lautenschläger et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:51 Page 28 of 73

Table

1Overview

ofallcollected

andiden

tifieduseful

plantsfro

mtheProvince

Uíge:Specieslistedalph

abetically;add

ition

alinform

ationon

usage,used

plantpart(PP),

prep

arationandadministration,usecatego

ry(UC),nu

mbe

rof

citatio

nsandnu

mbe

rof

inform

ants.Spe

cies

inform

ationprovided

:Orig

in:E

=en

demic;+

=listed;

(-)=no

tlisted;

*=naturalised

accordingto

Plantsof

Ang

ola(Figueiredo

andSm

ith,2008);vernacularnames

inPo

rtug

ues(Port.)

andKikong

o(Kik.);Vo

uche

rnu

mbe

raccordingto

Herbariu

mDresden

seor

Foto

vouche

r(F);Plantparts:B=bark,BU=bu

lb,F

=fru

it,FL

=flower,L

=leaf,LA=latex,MY=mycel,R

=root,RE=resin,RH

=RH

,S=seed

,SS=

stem

sap,

ST=stem

,W=who

leplant,WO=woo

d;Use

Categ

ory:C=drug

sandcigarettes,D

=do

mestic

andcharcoal,F

=hu

ntingandfishing

,H=hand

icrafts,L=ludic,M

=med

icine,N

=nu

trition

,O=othe

r,R=ritual,T=de

ntalcare

andcosm

etics(Con

tinued)

Species

Usage

PPPrep

aration

Adm

inistration

UC

Citatio

nsInform

ants

Kidn

eyB

M1

Ope

ncervix

BHip

Bath

M1

Weakness

BCrudité,M

aceration

Oral

M2

Yellow

fever

BDecoctio

n,Maceration

Enem

a,Oral,

Bath,D

ermal

M6

Yellow

fever

RDecoctio

nM

1

Erythrophleum

african

um(Ben

th.)Harms,Ngu

ngu(Kik.),lugu

ngu43233

Caries

B,L

Decoctio

nMou

thWash

M2

7

Charcoal

WO

D1

Con

struction

WO

D2

Displacerain

LR

1

Fodd

erplant

LF

6

Graveyard

WO

R1

Legpain

BBalm

Dermal

M1

Legpain

RBalm

Dermal

M1

Men

struationprob

lems

RDecoctio

nEnem

aM

1

Noseb

leed

RDecoctio

nEnem

aM

1

Scoliosis

RMaceration

Oral

M1

*Euph

orbiahirtaL.,Kim

vuminakiankom

bo(Kik.)43934

Amoe

bain

belly

WEat,Infusion

Oral

M2

1

Euph

orbiatirucalliL.,M

uteta(Port.),M

bika

(Kik.),Mbiku

F_46

Supp

ortin

gbirth

LADermal

M1

1

-Euph

orbiatithymaloidesL.42692

Decoration

FLs

R1

1

FadogiacienkowskiiSchw

einf.,Mankind

ango

lo(Kik.)43830

Body

pain

LBalm

Dermal

M1

2

Stom

achpains

M1

Weakness

LBalm

Dermal

M1

Ficusbubu

Warb.,C

atato(Port.),

Milend

a(Kik.),milend

emukua

44223

Fodd

erplant

LF

11

Ficusexasperata

Vahl,N

kuakasa(Kik.)44166

Cleaningof

dishes

LO

1

Ficusspec.,Nkuzu,N

sang

ansanga,N

suem

ba(Kik.)F_76

Anaem

iaL

Decoctio

nOral

M1

3

Nutrition

FN

1

Pilao(cassava

pot)

WO

D1

Lautenschläger et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:51 Page 29 of 73

Table

1Overview

ofallcollected

andiden

tifieduseful

plantsfro

mtheProvince

Uíge:Specieslistedalph

abetically;add

ition

alinform

ationon

usage,used

plantpart(PP),

prep

arationandadministration,usecatego

ry(UC),nu

mbe

rof

citatio

nsandnu

mbe

rof

inform

ants.Spe

cies

inform

ationprovided

:Orig

in:E

=en

demic;+

=listed;

(-)=no

tlisted;

*=naturalised

accordingto

Plantsof

Ang

ola(Figueiredo

andSm

ith,2008);vernacularnames

inPo

rtug

ues(Port.)

andKikong

o(Kik.);Vo

uche

rnu

mbe

raccordingto

Herbariu

mDresden

seor

Foto

vouche

r(F);Plantparts:B=bark,BU=bu

lb,F

=fru

it,FL

=flower,L

=leaf,LA=latex,MY=mycel,R

=root,RE=resin,RH

=RH

,S=seed

,SS=

stem

sap,

ST=stem

,W=who

leplant,WO=woo

d;Use

Categ

ory:C=drug

sandcigarettes,D

=do

mestic

andcharcoal,F

=hu

ntingandfishing

,H=hand

icrafts,L=ludic,M

=med

icine,N

=nu

trition

,O=othe

r,R=ritual,T=de

ntalcare

andcosm

etics(Con

tinued)

Species

Usage

PPPrep

aration

Adm

inistration

UC

Citatio

nsInform

ants

Weaknesschildren

LBalm

,Decoctio

nDermal,O

ral

M2

Ficusthon

ning

iiBlum

e,N'sand

a(Kik.),muzandi

44154

Rheumatism

B,L

Decoctio

nBath

M2

5

Ritual

WR

2

Supp

ortbirth

BDecoctio

nOral

M1

Symbo

lW

R2

Fleroyastipulosa(DC.)Y.F.Den

g,Nlong

ua(Kik.),mulon

go43882

Con

stipation

RDecoctio

nEnem

aM

11

Con

struction

WO

D1

Gaertnera

paniculata

Benth.,N

zuni

nzun

i(Kik.)44173

Con

stipation

RDecoctio

nEnem

aM

12

Scoliosis

LDecoctio

nDermal,O

ral,

Enem

aM

3

Stom

achpains

RDecoctio

nOral

M1

Garciniahu

illensis

Welw.,Kabo

bo(Kik.)43854

Diarrhe

aFL

M1

1

Nutrition

FN

1

GarciniakolaHeckel,Ngadiadia(Kik.)44246

Infectionlegs

LBalm

Dermal

M1

6

Intestinepain

SEat

Oral

M1

Malaria

SChe

wing,

Eat

Oral

M4

Skin

disease

LBalm

Dermal

M1

Snakebite

SChe

wing

M1

Snakerepe

llent

SR

2

Stom

achpains

SEat

Oral

M1

Typh

usS

Che

wing

Oral

M2

Yellow

fever

SChe

wing,

Crudité

Oral,Enem

aM

2

Gardeniaternifolia

subsp.

jovis-tona

ntisSchu

mach.&Thon

n.,N

kia,Nkind

ia,

Nlemba

nzau

(Kik.),nd

ai,N

día43245

Bloo

dydiarrhea

BEat

Oral

M1

13

Deb

aso

FPu

lverize,Balm

Dermal

M1

Diarrhe

aB

Eat

Oral

M1

Epilepsy

RPercolation

NoseDrops

M1

Jointpains

LDecoctio

nOral

M1

Ligh

tningcond

uctor

LR

1

Ligh

tningcond

uctor

FO

1

Lautenschläger et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:51 Page 30 of 73

Table

1Overview

ofallcollected

andiden

tifieduseful

plantsfro

mtheProvince

Uíge:Specieslistedalph

abetically;add

ition

alinform

ationon

usage,used

plantpart(PP),

prep

arationandadministration,usecatego

ry(UC),nu

mbe

rof

citatio

nsandnu

mbe

rof

inform

ants.Spe

cies

inform

ationprovided

:Orig

in:E

=en

demic;+

=listed;

(-)=no

tlisted;

*=naturalised

accordingto

Plantsof

Ang

ola(Figueiredo

andSm

ith,2008);vernacularnames

inPo

rtug

ues(Port.)

andKikong

o(Kik.);Vo

uche

rnu

mbe

raccordingto

Herbariu

mDresden

seor

Foto

vouche

r(F);Plantparts:B=bark,BU=bu

lb,F

=fru

it,FL

=flower,L

=leaf,LA=latex,MY=mycel,R

=root,RE=resin,RH

=RH

,S=seed

,SS=

stem

sap,

ST=stem

,W=who

leplant,WO=woo

d;Use

Categ

ory:C=drug

sandcigarettes,D

=do

mestic

andcharcoal,F

=hu

ntingandfishing

,H=hand

icrafts,L=ludic,M

=med

icine,N

=nu

trition

,O=othe

r,R=ritual,T=de

ntalcare

andcosm

etics(Con

tinued)

Species

Usage

PPPrep

aration

Adm

inistration

UC

Citatio

nsInform

ants

Malaria

FPu

lverize,Balm

Dermal

M1

Measles

FBalm

Dermal

M1

Measles

FCrudité

Oral

M

Measles

SSw

allow

Oral

M5

Pain

SM

1

Parasitesin

mou

thF

Decoctio

nMou

thWash

M1

Preven

tmeasles

SCrudité

Eat

M1

Stom

achpains

LChe

wing

Oral

M1

Stom

achpains

BDecoctio

nOral

M1

Toothache

FCrudité

Oral

M1

Typh

usS

M1

Weakness

LInfusion

Oral

M1

SSw

allowing

Oral

M1

Geastrum

spec.F_47

Urin

alinfection

MY

Decoctio

nOral

M1

1

Weakness

MY

Decoctio

nOral

M1

Gladiolus

daleniiVan

Geel,Malavumanun

i(Kik.),kazeka

nkuadi

44010

Backache

BEnem

aM

13

Bird

trap

FLF

1

Urin

alinfection

BUMaceration

Anal,Vaginak

M2

Gloriosa

superbaL.,Pisamaluca(Port.),D

ioko

diakiana,Mvialawu(Kik.)42734

Decoration

FLR

16

Malepo

tency

RHM

3

Parasitic

worms

RHBalm

,Eat

Dermal,O

rak

M2

Stom

achpains

RHBalm

,Eat

Dermal,O

ral

M2

Ximbasu

=badmagic

RHBalm

,Eat

Dermal,O

ral

M2

Gnetum

african

umWelw.,Mfumbw

a(Kik.)41876

Diabe

tes

LCoo

ked

Eat

M1

1

Nutrition

LN

1

Gon

gron

emalatifolium

Benth.

Antiven

inL

Che

wing

Oral

M1

1

Bloo

dydiarrhea

LChe

wing

Oral

M1

Stom

achpains

LChe

wing

Oral

M1

-Gossypium

barbadense

L.,A

lgod

ão(Port.),Vusu(Kik.)42693

Caries

RMaceration

Mou

thWash

M1

3

Lautenschläger et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:51 Page 31 of 73

Table

1Overview

ofallcollected

andiden

tifieduseful

plantsfro

mtheProvince

Uíge:Specieslistedalph

abetically;add

ition

alinform

ationon

usage,used

plantpart(PP),

prep

arationandadministration,

usecatego

ry(UC),nu

mbe

rof

citatio

nsandnu

mbe

rof

inform

ants.Spe

cies

inform

ationprovided

:Orig

in:E

=en

demic;+

=listed;

(-)=no

tlisted;

*=naturalised

accordingto

Plantsof

Ang

ola(Figueiredo

andSm

ith,2008);vernacularnames

inPo

rtug

ues(Port.)

andKikong

o(Kik.);Vo

uche

rnu

mbe

raccordingto

Herbariu

mDresden

seor

Foto

vouche

r(F);Plantparts:B=bark,BU=bu

lb,F

=fru

it,FL

=flower,L

=leaf,LA=latex,MY=mycel,R

=root,RE=resin,RH

=RH

,S=seed

,SS=

stem

sap,

ST=stem

,W=who

leplant,WO=woo

d;Use

Categ

ory:C=drug

sandcigarettes,D

=do

mestic

andcharcoal,F

=hu

ntingandfishing

,H=hand

icrafts,L=ludic,M

=med

icine,N

=nu

trition

,O=othe

r,R=ritual,T=de

ntalcare

andcosm

etics(Con

tinued)

Species

Usage

PPPrep

aration

Adm

inistration

UC

Citatio

nsInform

ants

Costalp

ain

M1

Heartache

LDecoctio

nOral

M1

Otitis

SOil

EarDrop

M1

Gym

nanthemum

glaberrim

um(W

elw.exO.Hoffm

.)H.Rob

.,Nsaku

nsaku,

Nsalukiayakala,Salu

kialuyakala(Kik.),Salu

44157

Abo

rting

RMaceration

Bath

M1

5

Backache

RChe

wing

Oral

M1

Con

stipation

RDecoctio

nOral

M1

Fever

LDecoctio

nSteam

Bath

M

Infertility

LM

1

Parasitic

worms

RMaceration

Oral

M1

Tea

LN

1

Harun

gana

madagascariensisLam.exPo

ir.,Fitila,Leka,

Ntunu

,(Kik.),Kitunu

,Mtunu

43268

App

endix

BDecoctio

nEnem

aM

19

Con

struction

WO

D1

Diarrhe

aL

Crudité

Oral

M1

Headache

LOral

M1

Hep

atitis

LBalm

Enem

aM

3

Hep

atitis

BEnem

aM

2

Hou

sebu

ilding

WO

D1

Men

struation

BDecoctio

nEnem

aM

1

Ope

ncervix

LBalm

Enem

aM

1

Skin

disease

BDecoctio

nEnem

aM

1

Skin

disease

LEnem

aM

1

Spleno

meg

aly

BDecoctio

nEnem

aM

1

Stain

LAH

1

Yellow

fever

BDecoctio

nEnem

aM

1

Heinsiacrinita

(Afzel.)G.Taylor,Nsiam

una,Nsang

umun

i(Kik.)43181

Ano

rexia

BMaceration

Oral

M1

2

Con

stipation

BMaceration

Oral

M1

Cou

ghR

Maceration

Oral

M1

Fever

RMaceration

Oral

M1

Stom

achache

BMaceration

Oral

M1

Lautenschläger et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:51 Page 32 of 73

Table

1Overview

ofallcollected

andiden

tifieduseful

plantsfro

mtheProvince

Uíge:Specieslistedalph

abetically;add

ition

alinform

ationon

usage,used

plantpart(PP),

prep

arationandadministration,

usecatego

ry(UC),nu

mbe

rof

citatio

nsandnu

mbe

rof

inform

ants.Spe

cies

inform

ationprovided

:Orig

in:E

=en

demic;+

=listed;

(-)=no

tlisted;

*=naturalised

accordingto

Plantsof

Ang

ola(Figueiredo

andSm

ith,2008);vernacularnames

inPo

rtug

ues(Port.)

andKikong

o(Kik.);Vo

uche

rnu

mbe

raccordingto

Herbariu

mDresden

seor

Foto

vouche

r(F);Plantparts:B=bark,BU=bu

lb,F

=fru

it,FL

=flower,L

=leaf,LA=latex,MY=mycel,R

=root,RE=resin,

RH=RH

,S=seed

,SS=

stem

sap,

ST=stem

,W=who

leplant,WO=woo

d;Use

Categ

ory:C=drug

sandcigarettes,D

=do

mestic

andcharcoal,F

=hu

ntingandfishing

,H=hand

icrafts,L=ludic,M

=med

icine,N

=nu

trition

,O=othe

r,R=ritual,T=de

ntalcare

andcosm

etics(Con

tinued)

Species

Usage

PPPrep

aration

Adm

inistration

UC

Citatio

nsInform

ants

Helichrysum

globosum

Sch.Bip.,M

pemba

(Kik.)43892

Stom

achpains

RDecoctio

nEnem

aM

22

Helichrysum

mecho

wianu

mKlatt,Ku

tukuang

ô(Kik.)42728

Otitis

LIncine

rate

EarDrop

M1

2

Toiletpape

rL

O2

Helichrysum

spec.,Dim

paludi

(Kik.),Dipakula44116

Earache

RPercolation

EarDrop

M1

3

Parasitic

worms

RDecoctio

n,Maceration

Enem

a,Oral

M2

Hibiscus

acetosellaWelw.exHiern,U

sse(Port.)

F_48

Anaem

iachildren

LDecoctio

n,Infusion

Oral

M2

2

Heartprob

lems

LDecoctio

n,Infusion

Oral

M2

Nutrition

LDecoctio

n,Infusion

Oral

N3

Hillerialatifolia(Lam

.)H.Walter42612

Nutrition

LN

11

Hugon

iamacrocarpaWelw.,Kisilua(Kik.)43126

Urin

aryinfection

RInfusion

Oral

M1

1

Hym

enocardiaacidaTul.,Mpe

te,M

vete

(Kik.),lovete,kihete,Vete,kiheta,Iheta

42738

Anaem

iaL

Decoctio

nBath,O

ral

M2

22

Bloo

dydiarrhea

RMaceration,Decoctio

n,Enem

aOral

M7

Cou

ghL

Crudité,D

ecoctio

nOral

M2

Diarrhe

aL

Crudité,Eat

Oral

M2

Diarrhe

aB

M1

Faintin

gR

Decoctio

nInhalatio

nM

1

Hem

orrhoids

LBalm

,Decoctio

nDermal,Ene

ma

M3

Inflammationlegs

RDecoctio

nDermal

M1

Inflammationtesticles

SDecoctio

nEnem

aM

2

Lepra

BDecoctio

nDermal

M2

Madne

ssL,R

M12

Ope

ncervix

BCrudité

Vaginal

M2

Paralysis

LDecoctio

nDermal

M1

Save

preg

nancy

BCrudité

Oral

M1

Scoliosis

LDecoctio

nDermal,O

ral,

Enem

aM

5

Sprain

BBand

age

Dermal

M1

Stim

ulation

LDecoctio

nOral

M1

Lautenschläger et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:51 Page 33 of 73

Table

1Overview

ofallcollected

andiden

tifieduseful

plantsfro

mtheProvince

Uíge:Specieslistedalph

abetically;add

ition

alinform

ationon

usage,used

plantpart(PP),

prep

arationandadministration,

usecatego

ry(UC),nu

mbe

rof

citatio

nsandnu

mbe

rof

inform

ants.Spe

cies

inform

ationprovided

:Orig

in:E

=en

demic;+

=listed;

(-)=no

tlisted;

*=naturalised

accordingto

Plantsof

Ang

ola(Figueiredo

andSm

ith,2008);vernacularnames

inPo

rtug

ues(Port.)

andKikong

o(Kik.);Vo

uche

rnu

mbe

raccordingto

Herbariu

mDresden

seor

Foto

vouche

r(F);Plantparts:B=bark,BU=bu

lb,F

=fru

it,FL

=flower,L

=leaf,LA=latex,MY=mycel,R

=root,RE=resin,

RH=RH

,S=seed

,SS=

stem

sap,

ST=stem

,W=who

leplant,WO=woo

d;Use

Categ

ory:C=drug

sandcigarettes,D

=do

mestic

andcharcoal,F

=hu

ntingandfishing

,H=hand

icrafts,L=ludic,M

=med

icine,N

=nu

trition

,O=othe

r,R=ritual,T=de

ntalcare

andcosm

etics(Con

tinued)

Species

Usage

PPPrep

aration

Adm

inistration

UC

Citatio

nsInform

ants

Stom

achpains

RDecoctio

nOral

M1

Toothache

BDecoctio

nMou

thWash

M1

Weakness

LDecoctio

nOral

M1

Weakness

RFung

eOral

M1

Hym

enocardiaulmoidesOliv.,Mbang

anvete,Nkalang

angu

la(Kik.),

nzangambala,m

bang

ahete43930

Anaem

iaL

Crudité,D

ecoctio

nOral

M2

10

Bloo

dydiarrhea

LChe

wing

Oral

M1

Cleaningbloo

dL

Decoctio

nOral

M1

Con

struction

WO

D2

Cou

ghL

Crudité,D

ecoctio

nOral,Enem

aM

3

Diarrhe

aL

Che

wing,

Crudité

Oral

M2

Epilepsy

LDecoctio

nEnem

a,Oral

M2

Scoliosis

LBalm

Dermal

M1

Sprain

LBalm

Dermal

M1

Stom

achpains

LChe

wing

Oral

M1

Wou

ndL

Decoctio

nDermal

M1

Hypoestes

forsskaolii(Vahl)R.Br.,Kimanang

angi

(Kik.)43329

Inflammation

LM

11

Wou

nds

LM

1

Hypoxisan

gustifolia

Lam.,Ba

dianseke,Lumpakuludia(Kik.)44136

Erectiledysfun

ction

BU,

LPu

lverize

Dermal

M2

2

Supp

ortin

gpreg

nancy

LM

1

Hypselodelphyspoggeana

(K.Schum

.)Milne-Redh

.,Mangu

ngu(Kik.),mun

gung

u41883

Package

LO

22

Impatiens

spec.,Ndaka

mbo

ma(Kik.)F_49

Stom

achache

WCrudité

Enem

aM

11

Imperata

cylindrica(L.)Raeusch.,Son

ja(Port.),N

sion

i(Kik.)44098

Stom

achpains

RDecoctio

nOral

M1

2

Und

erweigh

tbaby

RHMaceration

Bath,O

ral

M2

Indigofera

capitata

Kotschy,Nkeka

zang

ô(Kik.),mun

kand

o43364

Breathingprob

lems

LDecoctio

nOral

M1

2

Bron

chitis

LDecoctio

nOral

M1

Cou

ghL

Decoctio

nOral

M1

Tumor

RBalm

Dermal

M1

Indigofera

erythrogrammaBaker,Mbadi

mbadi

(Kik.)44015

Stom

achpains

RChe

wing

Oral

M1

1

Lautenschläger et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:51 Page 34 of 73

Table

1Overview

ofallcollected

andiden

tifieduseful

plantsfro

mtheProvince

Uíge:Specieslistedalph

abetically;add

ition

alinform

ationon

usage,used

plantpart(PP),

prep

arationandadministration,usecatego

ry(UC),nu

mbe

rof

citatio

nsandnu

mbe

rof

inform

ants.Spe

cies

inform

ationprovided

:Orig

in:E

=en

demic;+

=listed;

(-)=no

tlisted;

*=naturalised

accordingto

Plantsof

Ang

ola(Figueiredo

andSm

ith,2008);vernacularnames

inPo

rtug

ues(Port.)

andKikong

o(Kik.);Vo

uche

rnu

mbe

raccordingto

Herbariu

mDresden

seor

Foto

vouche

r(F);Plantparts:B=bark,BU=bu

lb,F

=fru

it,FL

=flower,L

=leaf,LA=latex,MY=mycel,R

=root,RE=resin,

RH=RH

,S=seed

,SS=

stem

sap,

ST=stem

,W=who

leplant,WO=woo

d;Use

Categ

ory:C=drug

sandcigarettes,D

=do

mestic

andcharcoal,F

=hu

ntingandfishing

,H=hand

icrafts,L=ludic,M

=med

icine,N

=nu

trition

,O=othe

r,R=ritual,T=de

ntalcare

andcosm

etics(Con

tinued)

Species

Usage

PPPrep

aration

Adm

inistration

UC

Citatio

nsInform

ants

Indigofera

podocarpaBakerf.&Martin

44198

Con

stipation

RMaceration

Enem

aM

11

*Inga

edulisMart.,Banana

macaco(Port.),g

azela44781

Charcoal

WO

D5

5

Fodd

erplant

LF

1

Nutrition

FN

2

Ipom

oeaprism

atosypho

nWelw.,Kiniata(Kik.)43948

Spleno

meg

aly

BUDecoctio

nEnem

aM

11

*Jatropha

curcas

L.,M

puluka,Sinde

diankaka(Kik.),um

pulukua,

Mum

pulukua,Pu

luka,M

upululuka43845

Dermalinfection

REDermal

M1

9

Diabe

tes

RDecoctio

nOral

M1

Diabe

tes

LDecoctio

nOral

M1

Epilepsy

LPercolation

NoseDrops

M1

Fencing

WD

1

Inflammation

LDecoctio

nDermal

M1

Malaria

LPu

lverize

Enem

aM

1

Skin

disease

LPu

lverize

Enem

aM

1

Skin

disease

LADermal

M1

Toothache

LADecoctio

nMou

thWash,

Inhalatio

nM

2

LM

1

Kalancho

ecrenata(And

rews)Haw

.,Ntontozi(Kik.),Luikaika,totozi,

mukaikai,kayuki44194

Againststorms(totozim

alem

bozi)

LR

17

Earache

LPercolation

EarDrops

M2

Eyeprob

lems

LPercolation

EyeDrops

M1

Lepra

L,R

Decoctio

nEnem

aM

2

Otitis

LPercolation

EarDrops

M1

Struck

bylightning

LCrudité

Oral

M1

Lagena

riasiceraria(M

olina)Standl.F_50

Bottle

FO

11

Landolphiacamptoloba(K.Schum

.)Pichon

,Mbu

ngumbu

ngu(Kik.),nzozu,Mata

44119

Nutrition

FN

44

Land

olph

iacongolensis

Nutrition

FN

11

Land

olph

iaow

ariensis

Nutrition

FN

11

Lann

eaan

tiscorbutica(Hiern)Engl.

Nkumbi

(Kik.),mukum

bi43179

Diabe

tes

BMaceration

Oral

M1

12

Lautenschläger et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:51 Page 35 of 73

Table

1Overview

ofallcollected

andiden

tifieduseful

plantsfro

mtheProvince

Uíge:Specieslistedalph

abetically;add

ition

alinform

ationon

usage,used

plantpart(PP),

prep

arationandadministration,

usecatego

ry(UC),nu

mbe

rof

citatio

nsandnu

mbe

rof

inform

ants.Spe

cies

inform

ationprovided

:Orig

in:E

=en

demic;+

=listed;

(-)=no

tlisted;

*=naturalised

accordingto

Plantsof

Ang

ola(Figueiredo

andSm

ith,2008);vernacularnames

inPo

rtug

ues(Port.)

andKikong

o(Kik.);Vo

uche

rnu

mbe

raccordingto

Herbariu

mDresden

seor

Foto

vouche

r(F);Plantparts:B=bark,BU=bu

lb,F

=fru

it,FL

=flower,L

=leaf,LA=latex,MY=mycel,R

=root,RE=resin,

RH=RH

,S=seed

,SS=

stem

sap,

ST=stem

,W=who

leplant,WO=woo

d;Use

Categ

ory:C=drug

sandcigarettes,D

=do

mestic

andcharcoal,F

=hu

ntingandfishing

,H=hand

icrafts,L=ludic,M

=med

icine,N

=nu

trition

,O=othe

r,R=ritual,T=de

ntalcare

andcosm

etics(Con

tinued)

Species

Usage

PPPrep

aration

Adm

inistration

UC

Citatio

nsInform

ants

Eyeprob

lems

BPercolation

EyeDrop

M2

Fracture

BBalm

Dermal

M1

Hem

orrhoids

BBalm

Dermal

M1

Hem

orrhoids

LDecoctio

n,Maceration

Oral,Dermal

M2

Lazeratio

nB

App

lyOnSurface

Dermal

M1

Leginjury

BBalm

Dermal

M2

Sprain

BBand

age,Decoctio

nDermal

M2

Toothache

BDecoctio

nMou

thWash,

Inhalatio

nM

4

Buculosis

FL,L

Decoctio

nM

2

Wou

ndson

chest

FL,L

Decoctio

nM

2

Lann

eaedulis(Son

d.)Engl.,Nkumbi

(Kik.),kand

a,kakumbi

44158

Bloo

dydiarrhea

RDecoctio

n,Maceration

Oral

M2

4

Colorant

RO

1

Diarrhe

aL,R

Decoctio

nM

2

Erectiledysfun

ction

RChe

wing

Oral

M1

Strong

diarrhea

RCrudité

Oral

M1

Lann

eawelwitschii(Hiern)Engl.,Nkumbi

(Kik.)43832

Scoliosis

BDecoctio

nDermal

M1

2

Toothache

BDecoctio

nInhalatio

nM

1

Lantan

aan

golensisMolde

nke,Bu

lukutu

(Kik.)44740

Tea

LN

11

*Lantan

acamaraL.43374

Cou

ghL

Infusion

Oral

M1

2

Obstructedairw

ays

LInfusion

Oral,Steam

Bath

M2

Tea

LN

1

Laportea

moorean

a(Hiern)Che

w,kahidi44164

Asthm

aL

Decoctio

nOral

M1

1

Lasim

orph

asenegalensisScho

tt,Tiokola,Tiokuela(Kik.)44019

Fodd

erplant

LF

12

Packaging

LO

1

-Lavand

ulaan

gustifolia

Mill.

Men

strualcram

psF

Incine

rate

M1

1

Leon

otisleon

urus

(L.)R.Br.,Ku

mba

diamvuala(Kik.)42874

Epilepsy

LMaceration

Enem

aM

23

Hep

atitis

LDecoctio

nOral

M1

Lautenschläger et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:51 Page 36 of 73

Table

1Overview

ofallcollected

andiden

tifieduseful

plantsfro

mtheProvince

Uíge:Specieslistedalph

abetically;add

ition

alinform

ationon

usage,used

plantpart(PP),

prep

arationandadministration,usecatego

ry(UC),nu

mbe

rof

citatio

nsandnu

mbe

rof

inform

ants.Spe

cies

inform

ationprovided

:Orig

in:E

=en

demic;+

=listed;

(-)=no

tlisted;

*=naturalised

accordingto

Plantsof

Ang

ola(Figueiredo

andSm

ith,2008);vernacularnames

inPo

rtug

ues(Port.)

andKikong

o(Kik.);Vo

uche

rnu

mbe

raccordingto

Herbariu

mDresden

seor

Foto

vouche

r(F);Plantparts:B=bark,BU=bu

lb,F

=fru

it,FL

=flower,L

=leaf,LA=latex,MY=mycel,R

=root,RE=resin,RH

=RH

,S=seed

,SS=

stem

sap,

ST=stem

,W=who

leplant,WO=woo

d;Use

Categ

ory:C=drug

sandcigarettes,D

=do

mestic

andcharcoal,F

=hu

ntingandfishing

,H=hand

icrafts,L=ludic,M

=med

icine,N

=nu

trition

,O=othe

r,R=ritual,T=de

ntalcare

andcosm

etics(Con

tinued)

Species

Usage

PPPrep

aration

Adm

inistration

UC

Citatio

nsInform

ants

Stom

achpains

LDecoctio

n,Maceration

Oral,Enem

aM

2

Leptactinabeng

uelensis(W

elw.exBenth.&Hoo

k.f.)R.D.Goo

d,Idídi42825

Nutrition

FN

11

Leptoderris

cong

olensis

(DeWild.)Dun

n,Mfund

i(Kik.)42614

Birthing

prob

lems

LIncine

rate

Vaginal

M1

1

Leptoderris

nobilis

var.Latifoliolata,M

uika

wambu

a(Kik.)43357

Backache

LMaceration

Enem

aM

11

Lippiamultiflora

Molde

nke,Bu

lukutu

(Kik.),tand

ela44101

App

etizing

LDecoctio

nOral

M1

3

Cleaninglymph

LDecoctio

nOral

M1

Tea

LDecoctio

nOral

N1

Luffa

cylindrica(L.)M.Roe

m.,Nsanu

(Kik.)42712

Cosmetics

FT

14

Spon

geF

O4

Maesopsisem

iniiEngl.,Ntend

ani(Kik.),muten

dani

43904

Backache

Enem

aM

12

Spleno

meg

aly

BDecoctio

nEnem

aM

1

*Mangifera

indica

L.,M

angu

eira

(Port.),M

anga

(Kik.)42871

Anaem

iaL

Decoctio

nBath,O

ral

M2

7

Caries

BDecoctio

nMou

thWash

M1

Cornwineprod

uctio

nB

C1

Diarrhe

aB

Decoctio

n,Maceration

Oral

M3

Flavou

rforlung

uila

BDecoctio

nOral

C1

Heartprob

lems

BDecoctio

nBath,O

ral

M2

Ingred

ient

forwine(lung

uila)

BC

1

Nutrition

FN

2

Ope

ncervix

BDecoctio

nBath

M1

Vertiz

BDecoctio

nBath,O

ral

M2

-Manihot

esculentaCrantz,Mandioca(Port.),N

sak(Kik.),kisaka

42760

Activates

lactation

BUCrudité

Oral

M1

5

Beerepe

llent

LF

1

Eyeparasites

RPercolation

EyeDrop

M1

Skin

disease

LDecoctio

nDermal

M1

Toothache

BUIncine

rate

Dermal

M1

-Manihot

glazioviiM

üll.Arg.,Nkueza,N´saki(Kik.),mandiocado

kong

oF_52

Nutrition

LN

33

Repair

LAO

1

Man

otes

expansaSol.ex

Planch.,Men

gamen

ga(Kik.),mam

engamen

ga43953

Hem

orrhoids

LSs

M1

4

Lautenschläger et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:51 Page 37 of 73

Table

1Overview

ofallcollected

andiden

tifieduseful

plantsfro

mtheProvince

Uíge:Specieslistedalph

abetically;add

ition

alinform

ationon

usage,used

plantpart(PP),

prep

arationandadministration,usecatego

ry(UC),nu

mbe

rof

citatio

nsandnu

mbe

rof

inform

ants.Spe

cies

inform

ationprovided

:Orig

in:E

=en

demic;+

=listed;

(-)=no

tlisted;

*=naturalised

accordingto

Plantsof

Ang

ola(Figueiredo

andSm

ith,2008);vernacularnames

inPo

rtug

ues(Port.)

andKikong

o(Kik.);Vo

uche

rnu

mbe

raccordingto

Herbariu

mDresden

seor

Foto

vouche

r(F);Plantparts:B=bark,BU=bu

lb,F

=fru

it,FL

=flower,L

=leaf,LA=latex,MY=mycel,R

=root,RE=resin,

RH=RH

,S=seed

,SS=

stem

sap,

ST=stem

,W=who

leplant,WO=woo

d;Use

Categ

ory:C=drug

sandcigarettes,D

=do

mestic

andcharcoal,F

=hu

ntingandfishing

,H=hand

icrafts,L=ludic,M

=med

icine,N

=nu

trition

,O=othe

r,R=ritual,T=de

ntalcare

andcosm

etics(Con

tinued)

Species

Usage

PPPrep

aration

Adm

inistration

UC

Citatio

nsInform

ants

Nosebleeding

LPercolation

NoseDrops

M1

Scoliosis

LDecoctio

nDermal,O

ral,

Enem

aM

3

Stom

achpains

LPu

lverize+Water

Oral

M1

Maproun

eaafrican

aMüll.Arg.,Kanzon

zo,M

bunza,Nsielensiele(Kik.)42808

Con

stipation

LDecoctio

n,Eat

Oral

M4

15

Con

stipation

REat

Oral

M2

Con

stipation

BM

1

Cou

ghL

Decoctio

n,Eat

Oral

M2

Diabe

tes

RCrudité

Oral

M1

Epilepsy

RChe

wing

Oral

M1

Hernia

RDecoctio

nEnem

aM

1

Legpain

RBalm

Dermal

M1

Ope

ncervix

LCrudité

Vaginal

M1

Poor

lactation

LChe

wing

Oral

M2

Potbelly

REat

Oral

M1

Scoliosis

R,L

Decoctio

nDermal

M2

Toothache

LChe

wing,

Crudité,

Decoctio

nOral,Inhalatio

nM

5

Toothache

RDecoctio

nMou

thWash

M2

Markham

iatomentosa

(Ben

th.)K.Schu

m.exEngl.,Nsasa

(Kik.)43915

Eyeprob

lems

RPercolation

EyeDrops

M1

2

Infertility

LBath

M1

Misfortun

eL

Decoctio

nDermal

R1

Melan

therascan

dens

(Schum

ach.

&Thon

n.)Ro

berty,Nkaiala43972

Injury

LM

11

MelinisminutifloraP.Beauv.,M

alekam

bua(Kik.)43896

Fodd

erplant

WF

11

Prem

aturecontractions

(pregn

ancy)

WOral

M1

Stom

achpainspreg

nancy

WOral

M1

-Millettia

laurentiiDeWild.,Paupreto(Port.)

Con

struction

WO

D1

1

Millettia

versicolor

Baker,Pauferro(Port.),M

´bota(Kik.),Mbo

temband

u43220

Con

struction

WO,

BD

28

Lautenschläger et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:51 Page 38 of 73

Table

1Overview

ofallcollected

andiden

tifieduseful

plantsfro

mtheProvince

Uíge:Specieslistedalph

abetically;add

ition

alinform

ationon

usage,used

plantpart(PP),

prep

arationandadministration,

usecatego

ry(UC),nu

mbe

rof

citatio

nsandnu

mbe

rof

inform

ants.Spe

cies

inform

ationprovided

:Orig

in:E

=en

demic;+

=listed;

(-)=no

tlisted;

*=naturalised

accordingto

Plantsof

Ang

ola(Figueiredo

andSm

ith,2008);vernacularnames

inPo

rtug

ues(Port.)

andKikong

o(Kik.);Vo

uche

rnu

mbe

raccordingto

Herbariu

mDresden

seor

Foto

vouche

r(F);Plantparts:B=bark,BU=bu

lb,F

=fru

it,FL

=flower,L

=leaf,LA=latex,MY=mycel,R

=root,RE=resin,

RH=RH

,S=seed

,SS=

stem

sap,

ST=stem

,W=who

leplant,WO=woo

d;Use

Categ

ory:C=drug

sandcigarettes,D

=do

mestic

andcharcoal,F

=hu

ntingandfishing

,H=hand

icrafts,L=ludic,M

=med

icine,N

=nu

trition

,O=othe

r,R=ritual,T=de

ntalcare

andcosm

etics(Con

tinued)

Species

Usage

PPPrep

aration

Adm

inistration

UC

Citatio

nsInform

ants

Cop

pice

forfencing

STD

1

Malaria

LDecoctio

nOral

M1

Rheumatism

LApp

lyOnSurface

Dermal

M1

Rippain

BTieAroun

dBo

dyDermal

M1

Sprain

LDecoctio

n,App

lyOn

Surface,Balm

Dermal

M3

Tend

onstrain

LDecoctio

nDermal

M1

*Mirabilis

jalapa

L.,jovan,Bellede

nuit43131

Anaem

iaL

Infusion

Oral

M1

2

Decoration

WM

1

Nutrition

LInfusion

Oral

N1

Mom

ordica

charan

tiaL.,D

imbu

nzu,Lumbu

zuambu

zua,Mam

buzu,(Kik.),

Mbu

suabusua

42620

Antifertil

M1

8

Backache

WPu

tinto

Trou

sers

Dermal

M1

Baso

M1

Childho

oddisease

LM

1

Clean

babysbe

llyL

Enem

aM

1

Clean

breastmilk

LEnem

a,Oral

M2

Con

stipation

LMaceration

Oral,Bath

M3

Stom

achpains

LMaceration

Enem

a,Oral

M4

Mom

ordica

foetidaSchu

mach.F_53

Chills

LDecoctio

nOral

M1

1

Mon

diawhitei(Hoo

k.f.)Skeels,Kim

biolon

gua,Lond

olon

do(Kik.)44674

Bodypain

RChe

wing

Oral

M1

12

Cou

ghL

Balm

Dermal

M1

Den

talcare

RT

2

Erectiledysfun

ction

RCrudité,C

hewing,

Decoctio

nOral

M13

Nutrition

LN

7

Toothcleaning

R, WO

T1

Vege

table

LN

1

Mon

odoramyristica(Gaertn.)Dun

al,M

peve

(Kik.)44707

Aph

rodisiac

agen

tS

Pulverize

Oral

M1

15

App

etizing

F,S

Pulverize

Oral

M2

Lautenschläger et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:51 Page 39 of 73

Table

1Overview

ofallcollected

andiden

tifieduseful

plantsfro

mtheProvince

Uíge:Specieslistedalph

abetically;add

ition

alinform

ationon

usage,used

plantpart(PP),

prep

arationandadministration,usecatego

ry(UC),nu

mbe

rof

citatio

nsandnu

mbe

rof

inform

ants.Spe

cies

inform

ationprovided

:Orig

in:E

=en

demic;+

=listed;

(-)=no

tlisted;

*=naturalised

accordingto

Plantsof

Ang

ola(Figueiredo

andSm

ith,2008);vernacularnames

inPo

rtug

ues(Port.)

andKikong

o(Kik.);Vo

uche

rnu

mbe

raccordingto

Herbariu

mDresden

seor

Foto

vouche

r(F);Plantparts:B=bark,BU=bu

lb,F

=fru

it,FL

=flower,L

=leaf,LA=latex,MY=mycel,R

=root,RE=resin,

RH=RH

,S=seed

,SS=

stem

sap,

ST=stem

,W=who

leplant,WO=woo

d;Use

Categ

ory:C=drug

sandcigarettes,D

=do

mestic

andcharcoal,F

=hu

ntingandfishing

,H=hand

icrafts,L=ludic,M

=med

icine,N

=nu

trition

,O=othe

r,R=ritual,T=de

ntalcare

andcosm

etics(Con

tinued)

Species

Usage

PPPrep

aration

Adm

inistration

UC

Citatio

nsInform

ants

Backache

S,F

Infusion

Oral

M3

Che

stpain

RDecoctio

nOral

M1

Cou

ghS

Balm

Dermal

M1

Cou

ghR

Decoctio

nOral

M1

Deb

aso

SPu

lverize,Balm

Dermal

M1

Fever

SEat,Infusion

Oral

M2

Infertility

SDecoctio

nOral

M2

Inne

rdiseases

B,S

Oral

M2

Kidn

eyS

Roast

Dermal

M1

Malaria

SPu

lverize,Balm

Dermal

M1

Parasitic

worms

B,S

Oral

M2

Prem

aturecontractions

(pregn

ancy)

SOral

M1

Scoliosis

S,R

Decoctio

nDermal

M2

Spleno

meg

aly

SDecoctio

nEnem

aM

1

Sprain

SM

1

Stom

achpainspreg

nancy

SOral

M1

Stom

achache

SRo

ast

Eat

M1

Weakness

R,S

Maceration

Oral

M3

Morinda

lucida

Benth.,N

siki(Kik.),masiki,nxiki42744

Intestinalbacteria

R,L

Decoctio

nOral

M2

8

Malaria

L,B

Decoctio

nOral

M3

Parasitic

worms

B,L

Decoctio

nOral

M3

Parasitic

worms

RDecoctio

nOral

M1

Spleno

meg

aly

LDecoctio

nEnem

aM

1

Sterility

(men

andwom

en)

LDecoctio

nOral

M1

Stom

achpains

LDecoctio

nOral,Enem

aM

5

Stom

achpains

B,R

Decoctio

nOral,Enem

aM

4

Typh

usL,R

Decoctio

nOral

M2

Morinda

morindoides

(Baker)Milne-Redh

.,Disudialung

uenia,Meso-nkam

a(Kik.),

Kong

obololo,Nkong

obololo43356

Cleaningbloo

dL

Decoctio

nM

111

Parasitic

worms

LDecoctio

n,Infusion

Oral,Enem

aM

7

Lautenschläger et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:51 Page 40 of 73

Table

1Overview

ofallcollected

andiden

tifieduseful

plantsfro

mtheProvince

Uíge:Specieslistedalph

abetically;add

ition

alinform

ationon

usage,used

plantpart(PP),

prep

arationandadministration,

usecatego

ry(UC),nu

mbe

rof

citatio

nsandnu

mbe

rof

inform

ants.Spe

cies

inform

ationprovided

:Orig

in:E

=en

demic;+

=listed;

(-)=no

tlisted;

*=naturalised

accordingto

Plantsof

Ang

ola(Figueiredo

andSm

ith,2008);vernacularnames

inPo

rtug

ues(Port.)

andKikong

o(Kik.);Vo

uche

rnu

mbe

raccordingto

Herbariu

mDresden

seor

Foto

vouche

r(F);Plantparts:B=bark,BU=bu

lb,F

=fru

it,FL

=flower,L

=leaf,LA=latex,MY=mycel,R

=root,RE=resin,

RH=RH

,S=seed

,SS=

stem

sap,

ST=stem

,W=who

leplant,WO=woo

d;Use

Categ

ory:C=drug

sandcigarettes,D

=do

mestic

andcharcoal,F

=hu

ntingandfishing

,H=hand

icrafts,L=ludic,M

=med

icine,N

=nu

trition

,O=othe

r,R=ritual,T=de

ntalcare

andcosm

etics(Con

tinued)

Species

Usage

PPPrep

aration

Adm

inistration

UC

Citatio

nsInform

ants

Stom

achpains

LCrudité,D

ecoctio

nEnem

a,Oral

M10

Stom

achpains

RDecoctio

nOral

M1

Typh

usR,L

Decoctio

nOral

M2

Weakness

LDecoctio

nOral

M1

-Morus

nigraL.,D

oce(Port.),A

moreira

F_54

Fodd

erplant

LN

12

Nutrition

FN

2

Mucun

apruriens

(L.)DC.,Feijaomaluco(Port.),M

ankund

ia(Kik.)F_55

Foam

yurine

LDecoctio

nOral

M1

2

Halluzino

gens

LC

1

Soilim

provem

ent

WO

1

-Musa×paradisia

caL.,Banana(Port.),M

ambu

atisa,Mfuka

wadinkon

go(Kik.)

Cou

ghF

Balm

M1

9

Diarrhe

aF

Coo

kEat

M1

Hem

orrhoids

FIncine

rate

Dermal

M1

Nutrition

F,L

N2

Rheumatism

LApp

lyOnSurface

Dermal

M1

Sanitary

pad

LO

1

Skin

disease

FLBalm

Dermal

M1

Toothache

FIncine

rate

Dermal

M1

Tradition

albanh

eira

LD

1

Transport

LH

1

Musan

gacecropioides

R.Br.exTedlie,N

seng

ansen

ga,N

seng

a(Kik.)Musenga,

musengaseng

a,F_75

Birthing

prob

lems

LDecoctio

nEnem

aM

16

Deh

ydratio

nR,SS

Drin

kOral

M1

Diarrhe

aFL,L

Incine

rate

Dermal

M2

Injury

FL,L

Incine

rate

Dermal

M2

Revitalization

STDrin

kOral

M1

Toothache

B,L

Decoctio

nMou

thWash

M2

Weakness

R,SS

Crudité

Oral

M2

Mussaenda

arcuataPo

ir.,M

aboleb

ole,Nsiam

una(Kik.)42654

Ano

rexia

RChe

wing

Oral

M1

7

Hep

atitis

L,R

M2

Lautenschläger et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:51 Page 41 of 73

Table

1Overview

ofallcollected

andiden

tifieduseful

plantsfro

mtheProvince

Uíge:Specieslistedalph

abetically;add

ition

alinform

ationon

usage,used

plantpart(PP),

prep

arationandadministration,

usecatego

ry(UC),nu

mbe

rof

citatio

nsandnu

mbe

rof

inform

ants.Spe

cies

inform

ationprovided

:Orig

in:E

=en

demic;+

=listed;

(-)=no

tlisted;

*=naturalised

accordingto

Plantsof

Ang

ola(Figueiredo

andSm

ith,2008);vernacularnames

inPo

rtug

ues(Port.)

andKikong

o(Kik.);Vo

uche

rnu

mbe

raccordingto

Herbariu

mDresden

seor

Foto

vouche

r(F);Plantparts:B=bark,BU=bu

lb,F

=fru

it,FL

=flower,L

=leaf,LA=latex,MY=mycel,R

=root,RE=resin,

RH=RH

,S=seed

,SS=

stem

sap,

ST=stem

,W=who

leplant,WO=woo

d;Use

Categ

ory:C=drug

sandcigarettes,D

=do

mestic

andcharcoal,F

=hu

ntingandfishing

,H=hand

icrafts,L=ludic,M

=med

icine,N

=nu

trition

,O=othe

r,R=ritual,T=de

ntalcare

andcosm

etics(Con

tinued)

Species

Usage

PPPrep

aration

Adm

inistration

UC

Citatio

nsInform

ants

Men

struationprob

lems

RInfusion

Enem

aM

1

Nutrition

L,F

N3

Parsiticworms

RMaceration

Oral

M1

Stom

achpains

RDecoctio

n,Maceration

Oral

M2

Supp

ortbirth

LInfusion

Oral

M1

RDecoctio

nOral

M1

EMussaenda

nijensisR.D.Goo

d,Nzamun

a43224

Nutrition

FN

11

Mussaenda

spec.,Nsamun

a(Kik.)F_56

Nutrition

FN

12

Otitis

RPercolation

EarDrops

M1

Myrianthu

sarboreus

P.Beauv.,M

bonzo(Kik.),Ntusu,M

bonzu43174

Nutrition

FN

23

Yellow

fever

LDecoctio

nOral

M1

Yellow

fever

STEyeDrops

M1

-New

bouldialaevis(P.Beauv.)Seem

.,Kafuki,Kavuki,kuvuiti

43913

Fence

STD

13

Hem

orrhoids

RHip

Bath

M1

Hem

orrhoids

M1

Thrombo

sis

BDecoctio

nDermal

M1

-Nicotiana

tabacum

L.,Tabacode

kimbu

ndu(Port.),M

fomo,Tabaco

(Kik.),

Kizumba,Lulon

gu42883

Cigarettes

LC

37

Cryptorchidism

RRo

ast

Dermal

M1

Eyeprob

lems

LExtractJuice

EyeDrops

M1

Eyesight

LPercolation

EyeDrops

M1

Hernia

LBalm

Dermal

M1

Sore

throat

LMaceration

NoseDrops

M1

Stom

achpains

L,R

Roast

Dermal

M2

Nym

phaealotusL.,Lon

gadiamaza(Kik.)44143

Infectionlegs

LM

11

Ochna

afzeliisubsp.

mecho

wiana

(O.Hoffm

.)N.Rob

son,

Nkosinti,Ngo

nti(Kik.),

muh

onga

44187

Anaem

iaB

Decoctio

nOral

M3

10

Anaem

iaL

Decoctio

nM

1

Backache

BDecoctio

nOral

M2

Body

pain

BDecoctio

nOral

M1

Con

stipation

RDecoctio

nEnem

aM

1

Lautenschläger et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:51 Page 42 of 73

Table

1Overview

ofallcollected

andiden

tifieduseful

plantsfro

mtheProvince

Uíge:Specieslistedalph

abetically;add

ition

alinform

ationon

usage,used

plantpart(PP),

prep

arationandadministration,

usecatego

ry(UC),nu

mbe

rof

citatio

nsandnu

mbe

rof

inform

ants.Spe

cies

inform

ationprovided

:Orig

in:E

=en

demic;+

=listed;

(-)=no

tlisted;

*=naturalised

accordingto

Plantsof

Ang

ola(Figueiredo

andSm

ith,2008);vernacularnames

inPo

rtug

ues(Port.)

andKikong

o(Kik.);Vo

uche

rnu

mbe

raccordingto

Herbariu

mDresden

seor

Foto

vouche

r(F);Plantparts:B=bark,BU=bu

lb,F

=fru

it,FL

=flower,L

=leaf,LA=latex,MY=mycel,R

=root,RE=resin,RH

=RH

,S=seed

,SS=

stem

sap,

ST=stem

,W=who

leplant,WO=woo

d;Use

Categ

ory:C=drug

sandcigarettes,D

=do

mestic

andcharcoal,F

=hu

ntingandfishing

,H=hand

icrafts,L=ludic,M

=med

icine,N

=nu

trition

,O=othe

r,R=ritual,T=de

ntalcare

andcosm

etics(Con

tinued)

Species

Usage

PPPrep

aration

Adm

inistration

UC

Citatio

nsInform

ants

Eyeprob

lems

LDecoctio

nSteam

Bath

M1

Increasesbloo

dB

Decoctio

nOral

M1

Lepra

BDecoctio

nEnem

a,Dermal

M2

Paralysis

LDecoctio

nDermal

M1

Scoliosis

LDecoctio

nDermal

M3

Sculptures

WO

H1

Skin

disease

BDecoctio

nOral

M1

Sore

throat

B,L

Decoctio

nSteam

Bath

M3

Tool

hand

leWO

D1

Weakness

BDecoctio

nOral

M1

Ochna

pygm

aeaHiern,N

dombe

,Nsosi(Kik.)44181

Epilepsy

RPercolation

EyeDrops

M1

1

Parasitic

worms

RPercolation

EyeDrops

M1

Spleno

meg

aly

RDecoctio

nEnem

aM

1

Ocimum

gratissimum

L.,D

inioka

nioka,Lumba

lumba,M

azud

izud

i,Mansusuansusua

(Kik.)42649

After

birth

LDecoctio

nBath

M1

7

Cold

LDecoctio

nOral

M1

Flu

LDecoctio

nInhalatio

nM

1

Flu

WDecoctio

nBath

M1

Malaria

WDecoctio

nOral

M1

Malaria

LDecoctio

nInhalatio

n,Enem

aM

2

Pain

LBalm

,Infusion

Dermal,O

ral

M2

Spice

LN

1

Toothache

LChe

wing

Oral

M1

M1

-Oldfieldiaafrican

aBenth.&Hoo

k.f.,Mfilu(Kik.)44731

Vomit

RDecoctio

nEnem

aM

11

OncobadentataOliv.,Dikakadiand

iang

a(Kik.)42821

Urin

alinfection

BMaceration

Oral,Enem

a,Anal

M3

1

OncobawelwitschiiOliv.,Mbamba

(Kik.)45033

Cold(sniffles)

R,SS

Crudité

NoseDrops

M1

13

Con

stipation

B,F

Decoctio

nEnem

aM

2

Lautenschläger et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:51 Page 43 of 73

Table

1Overview

ofallcollected

andiden

tifieduseful

plantsfro

mtheProvince

Uíge:Specieslistedalph

abetically;add

ition

alinform

ationon

usage,used

plantpart(PP),

prep

arationandadministration,usecatego

ry(UC),nu

mbe

rof

citatio

nsandnu

mbe

rof

inform

ants.Spe

cies

inform

ationprovided

:Orig

in:E

=en

demic;+

=listed;

(-)=no

tlisted;

*=naturalised

accordingto

Plantsof

Ang

ola(Figueiredo

andSm

ith,2008);vernacularnames

inPo

rtug

ues(Port.)

andKikong

o(Kik.);Vo

uche

rnu

mbe

raccordingto

Herbariu

mDresden

seor

Foto

vouche

r(F);Plantparts:B=bark,BU=bu

lb,F

=fru

it,FL

=flower,L

=leaf,LA=latex,MY=mycel,R

=root,RE=resin,RH

=RH

,S=seed

,SS=

stem

sap,

ST=stem

,W=who

leplant,WO=woo

d;Use

Categ

ory:C=drug

sandcigarettes,D

=do

mestic

andcharcoal,F

=hu

ntingandfishing

,H=hand

icrafts,L=ludic,M

=med

icine,N

=nu

trition

,O=othe

r,R=ritual,T=de

ntalcare

andcosm

etics(Con

tinued)

Species

Usage

PPPrep

aration

Adm

inistration

UC

Citatio

nsInform

ants

Con

struction

WO

D1

Eyepain

R,SS

Crudité

EyeDrops

M1

Fish

hunting

FF

1

Fodd

erplant

LF

2

Headache

LInfusion

Inhalatio

nM

1

Headache

RMaceration,Percolation

NoseDrops

M4

Nutrition

FN

2

Paralysis

LDecoctio

nDermal

M1

Parasitic

worms

M1

Scoliosis

LDecoctio

n,Infusion

Dermal,O

ral,

Enem

aM

5

Stain

FH

1

Stom

achpains

RMaceration

NoseDrops

M1

*Opuntiaficus-indica

(L.)Mill.

Nutrition

FN

11

-Ouratea

welwitschii(Tiegh

.)Exell,Ko

mbasesa

(Kik.)44064

Animaltrap

LF

12

Scoliosis

LDecoctio

nBath

M1

*Pachira

glabra

Pasq.,Amendo

im(Port.),N

guba

(Kik.)F_58

Nutrition

SN

11

Palisotaam

bigua(P.Beauv.)C.B.Clarke,kudi

44175

Nutrition

LN

11

Palisotaschw

einfurthiiC.B.Clarke,Mabun

dabu

nda(Kik.),kibu

ndabun

da,

Paukisong

oF_70

Abrasion

F,L

Decoctio

nDermal

M2

15

Family

prob

lems

FCrudité

Oral

R1

Gon

orrhoea

BUDecoctio

nEat

M1

Impo

tence

LDecoctio

nOral

M1

Infertility

men

RM

1

Inflammationlegs

LBalm

Dermal

M1

Lepra

LDecoctio

nEnem

a,Dermal

M2

Lepra

FPu

lverize

Dermal

M1

Nutrition

STN

1

Packageof

colaSs

forstorage

LO

1

Lautenschläger et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:51 Page 44 of 73

Table

1Overview

ofallcollected

andiden

tifieduseful

plantsfro

mtheProvince

Uíge:Specieslistedalph

abetically;add

ition

alinform

ationon

usage,used

plantpart(PP),

prep

arationandadministration,

usecatego

ry(UC),nu

mbe

rof

citatio

nsandnu

mbe

rof

inform

ants.Spe

cies

inform

ationprovided

:Orig

in:E

=en

demic;+

=listed;

(-)=no

tlisted;

*=naturalised

accordingto

Plantsof

Ang

ola(Figueiredo

andSm

ith,2008);vernacularnames

inPo

rtug

ues(Port.)

andKikong

o(Kik.);Vo

uche

rnu

mbe

raccordingto

Herbariu

mDresden

seor

Foto

vouche

r(F);Plantparts:B=bark,BU=bu

lb,F

=fru

it,FL

=flower,L

=leaf,LA=latex,MY=mycel,R

=root,RE=resin,

RH=RH

,S=seed

,SS=

stem

sap,

ST=stem

,W=who

leplant,WO=woo

d;Use

Categ

ory:C=drug

sandcigarettes,D

=do

mestic

andcharcoal,F

=hu

ntingandfishing

,H=hand

icrafts,L=ludic,M

=med

icine,N

=nu

trition

,O=othe

r,R=ritual,T=de

ntalcare

andcosm

etics(Con

tinued)

Species

Usage

PPPrep

aration

Adm

inistration

UC

Citatio

nsInform

ants

Paralysis

LIncine

rate

Dermal

M1

Potency

ST,R

Decoctio

nEnem

aM

2

Rheumatism

LDecoctio

nDermal

M1

Ritual

LR

1

Scoliosis

LDecoctio

nBath,D

ermal

M2

Sexualpo

tency

REnem

aM

1

Sore

throat

FSw

allowing

Oral

M1

Tea

STN

1

LM

1

Palisotaam

bigua,kudi

44783

Nutrition

LN

11

Parinaricapensis

Harv.,salaki,salakia,salakizu,ikia42733

Bloo

dydiarrhea

LMaceration

Oral

M1

6

Breathingprob

lems

LM

1

Cou

ghL

Decoctio

nOral

M2

Nutrition

FN

5

Scoliosis

LDecoctio

nEnem

aM

1

Paropsiabrazzaeana

Baill.,Mbasa,M

basa

nseka(Kik.)43129

Backache

LM

16

Diarrhe

aL

Decoctio

nEnem

aM

1

Infertility

wom

enL

Che

wing

Oral

M1

Inflammationleg

RDecoctio

nDermal

M1

Legache

L,R

Decoctio

nOral

M2

Men

struation(severe)

LChe

wing

Dermal

M1

Pain

whileplayingsoccer

LApp

lyOnSurface

Dermal

M1

Scoliosis

LDecoctio

nDermal,O

ral,

Enem

aM

3

Stom

achpains

RDecoctio

nM

1

Xibasu

=badmagic

RM

1

Parquetinanigrescens

(Afzel.)Bu

llock,M

putumpu

tu(Kik.)

Diarrhe

aL

Crudité

Oral

M1

1

Stom

achpains

LCrudité

Oral

M1

*PassiflorafoetidaL.,44257

Nutrition

FN

22

Lautenschläger et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:51 Page 45 of 73

Table

1Overview

ofallcollected

andiden

tifieduseful

plantsfro

mtheProvince

Uíge:Specieslistedalph

abetically;add

ition

alinform

ationon

usage,used

plantpart(PP),

prep

arationandadministration,

usecatego

ry(UC),nu

mbe

rof

citatio

nsandnu

mbe

rof

inform

ants.Spe

cies

inform

ationprovided

:Orig

in:E

=en

demic;+

=listed;

(-)=no

tlisted;

*=naturalised

accordingto

Plantsof

Ang

ola(Figueiredo

andSm

ith,2008);vernacularnames

inPo

rtug

ues(Port.)

andKikong

o(Kik.);Vo

uche

rnu

mbe

raccordingto

Herbariu

mDresden

seor

Foto

vouche

r(F);Plantparts:B=bark,BU=bu

lb,F

=fru

it,FL

=flower,L

=leaf,LA=latex,MY=mycel,R

=root,RE=resin,RH

=RH

,S=seed

,SS=

stem

sap,

ST=stem

,W=who

leplant,WO=woo

d;Use

Categ

ory:C=drug

sandcigarettes,D

=do

mestic

andcharcoal,F

=hu

ntingandfishing

,H=hand

icrafts,L=ludic,M

=med

icine,N

=nu

trition

,O=othe

r,R=ritual,T=de

ntalcare

andcosm

etics(Con

tinued)

Species

Usage

PPPrep

aration

Adm

inistration

UC

Citatio

nsInform

ants

Paulliniapinn

ataL.43906

Activatelactation

LDecoctio

nM

11

Pauridiantha

mayum

bensis(R.D.Goo

d)Brem

ek.,Simão

(Port.)

44014

Scoliosis

LDecoctio

nBath,D

ermal

M2

1

Pentadipland

rabrazzean

aBaill.,Ham

ba(Kik.)43341

Flatulen

ceR

Che

wing

Oral

M1

1

Nutrition

FN

1

Pentarho

palopilia

marquesii(Eng

l.)Hiepko,

Nkombo

(Kik.)44176

Con

stipation

RDecoctio

nEnem

aM

12

Stom

achpain

RDecoctio

nOral

M1

Pericha

smalaetificata

Miers,Kaziling

izim

ue(Kik.)41875

Epilepsy

RCrudité

Oral

M1

2

Helps

solvingprob

lems

RChe

wing,

Putinto

Pocket

R4

Protectio

ndu

ringwar

RR

1

-Persea

american

aMill.,Abacate,A

bacateiro

,Carosode

abacate(Port.),

Mavoka,Mvoka

(Kik.)

Headache

B,S

Balm

Dermal

M2

3

Hem

orrhoids

BBalm

Dermal

M1

Hem

orrhoids

BDecoctio

nEnem

aM

2

Stain

FH

1

Petersianthu

smacrocarpus

(P.Beauv.)Libe

n,Nsati(Kik.)44188

Fodd

erplant

LF

11

*PhaseolusvulgarisL.,M

akasikila

(Kik.),42758

Nutrition

SN

11

Nutrition

LN

1

Phyllanthu

spolyan

thus

Pax,Mantomina(Kik.)44016

Cou

ghL

Che

wing,

Pulverize

Oral

M2

1

Phyllanthu

sspec.,Mfung

amfung

a(Kik.)44251

Skin

disease

LBalm

Dermal

M1

1

*Physalisan

gulata

L.,Bulabula,Mabulabula(Kik.)44793

Stom

achpains

LMaceration

Enem

aM

12

Stom

achpainsbaby

LEnem

aM

1

PiperguineenseSchu

mach.&Thon

n.,Kum

pidi

(Kik.),Kapidi

44780

Nutrition

FN

14

Parasitic

worms

FOral

M1

Spices

FN

2

Stom

achpains

FOral

M1

Cou

ghF

Crudité

Oral

M1

Piperum

bellatum

L.,Lem

be,Lem

bekiamfinda,M

alem

balemba,

Nkáng

ati(Kik.)42664

Burn

LCrudité

Dermal

M1

5

Che

stpain

LEat

Oral

M1

New

born

baby

crying

LColocateIn

Bed

Dermal

M1

Lautenschläger et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:51 Page 46 of 73

Table

1Overview

ofallcollected

andiden

tifieduseful

plantsfro

mtheProvince

Uíge:Specieslistedalph

abetically;add

ition

alinform

ationon

usage,used

plantpart(PP),

prep

arationandadministration,usecatego

ry(UC),nu

mbe

rof

citatio

nsandnu

mbe

rof

inform

ants.Spe

cies

inform

ationprovided

:Orig

in:E

=en

demic;+

=listed;

(-)=no

tlisted;

*=naturalised

accordingto

Plantsof

Ang

ola(Figueiredo

andSm

ith,2008);vernacularnames

inPo

rtug

ues(Port.)

andKikong

o(Kik.);Vo

uche

rnu

mbe

raccordingto

Herbariu

mDresden

seor

Foto

vouche

r(F);Plantparts:B=bark,BU=bu

lb,F

=fru

it,FL

=flower,L

=leaf,LA=latex,MY=mycel,R

=root,RE=resin,RH

=RH

,S=seed

,SS=

stem

sap,

ST=stem

,W=who

leplant,WO=woo

d;Use

Categ

ory:C=drug

sandcigarettes,D

=do

mestic

andcharcoal,F

=hu

ntingandfishing

,H=hand

icrafts,L=ludic,M

=med

icine,N

=nu

trition

,O=othe

r,R=ritual,T=de

ntalcare

andcosm

etics(Con

tinued)

Species

Usage

PPPrep

aration

Adm

inistration

UC

Citatio

nsInform

ants

Nutrition

LDecoctio

nN

3

Supp

ortbirth

LEat

Oral

M1

Piptadeniastrum

african

um(Hoo

k.f.)Bren

an,N

sing

ansinga

(Kik.)42798

Spleno

meg

aly

Decoctio

nEnem

aM

11

*Plan

tago

major

L.43841

Gastritis

LDecoctio

nOral

M1

1

Typh

usL

Decoctio

nOral

M1

Plectran

thus

esculentus

N.E.Br.,Batata

gitamba

42813

Nutrition

BUN

11

Pleiotaxisrugosa

O.Hoffm

.,Matita,N

talamakatesi,Telemakatesi(Kik.)43893

Abd

ominalinfect

RChe

wing

Oral

M1

8

Ano

rexia

LCrudité

Oral

M1

Diabe

tes

LDecoctio

nOral

M1

Diarrhe

aBU

,L

Decoctio

nOral

M2

Hun

tersgo

osluck

RR

1

Infertility

men

RDecoctio

nOral

M1

Inflammationtesticles

BUs

Decoctio

nEnem

a,Dermal

M2

Lack

ofappe

tite

RChe

wing

Oral

M1

Parasitic

worms

L, BUDecoctio

nOral

M2

Stom

achpains

RChe

wing,

Decoctio

nOral

M4

Plum

bago

zeylan

icaL.,Bau

bau(Kik.)42829

Fever

R,L

Bath

M2

1

Legache

RDermal

M1

Polliacond

ensata

C.B.Clarke,Calde

ia(Port.),Kiesekiese,Mpimpita

(Kik.)

mam

pipita,p

ipita

44227

Fraud

SSw

allowing

Oral

R1

7

Helps

solvingprob

lems

SPu

tinto

Pocket,

Swallowings

Oral

R4

Pleasure

SL

1

Ritual

SR

1

Spleno

meg

aly

M1

Protea

petiolaris

(Hiern)Baker&C.H.Wrig

ht,Kikum

bikiang

unga,M

bimbi,

Mvang

a,Sokila(Kik.)44208

Charcoal

WO

D2

5

Diarrhe

aR

M1

Fodd

erplant

LF

1

Lautenschläger et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:51 Page 47 of 73

Table

1Overview

ofallcollected

andiden

tifieduseful

plantsfro

mtheProvince

Uíge:Specieslistedalph

abetically;add

ition

alinform

ationon

usage,used

plantpart(PP),

prep

arationandadministration,usecatego

ry(UC),nu

mbe

rof

citatio

nsandnu

mbe

rof

inform

ants.Spe

cies

inform

ationprovided

:Orig

in:E

=en

demic;+

=listed;

(-)=no

tlisted;

*=naturalised

accordingto

Plantsof

Ang

ola(Figueiredo

andSm

ith,2008);vernacularnames

inPo

rtug

ues(Port.)

andKikong

o(Kik.);Vo

uche

rnu

mbe

raccordingto

Herbariu

mDresden

seor

Foto

vouche

r(F);Plantparts:B=bark,BU=bu

lb,F

=fru

it,FL

=flower,L

=leaf,LA=latex,MY=mycel,R

=root,RE=resin,RH

=RH

,S=seed

,SS=

stem

sap,

ST=stem

,W=who

leplant,WO=woo

d;Use

Categ

ory:C=drug

sandcigarettes,D

=do

mestic

andcharcoal,F

=hu

ntingandfishing

,H=hand

icrafts,L=ludic,M

=med

icine,N

=nu

trition

,O=othe

r,R=ritual,T=de

ntalcare

andcosm

etics(Con

tinued)

Species

Usage

PPPrep

aration

Adm

inistration

UC

Citatio

nsInform

ants

Headache

LBalsam

Dermal

M1

Infertility

RDecoctio

nEnem

aM

1

Men

struationprob

lems

RDecoctio

nEnem

aM

1

Rheumatism

LDecoctio

nDermal

M1

Stom

achpains

RDecoctio

nEnem

aM

2

Pseudospon

dias

long

ifolia

Engl.,Nviwa(Kik),nviwua,nviua

44199

Anaem

iaL

Decoctio

nBath,O

ral

M2

4

Backache

LFerm

entatio

nOral

M1

Diarrhe

aB

Maceration

Enem

aM

1

Hem

orrhoids

LDecoctio

nOral

M1

Nutrition

FN

1

-Psidium

guajavaL.,G

oiaba,Goiabeira

(Port.),Mfuluta

(Kik.)42660

Asthm

aL

Infusion

Oral

M1

8

Bloo

dydiarrhea

RDecoctio

nOral

M1

Cou

ghL

Infusion

Oral

M2

Diarrhe

aL

Che

wing,

Crudité,

Decoctio

nOral

M6

Nutrition

FN

5

Psorosperm

umfebrifugum

Spach,

Kileng

oleng

o,Kisoko

soko,Len

gula,M

fiofio,

Mfitila,N

fiofiofio,N

leng

ula,Nsoko

nsoko,Windu

wakiana

(Kik.),Fiofio,kifitile,

Mho

tola42626

Bird

trapping

FF

219

Bleeding

RDecoctio

nEnem

aM

1

Bleeding

penis

LChe

wing

Oral

M1

Bloo

dydiarrhea

LChe

wing,

Decotion

Oral,Enem

aM

2

Bloo

dydiarrhea

BDecoctio

nEnem

aM

1

Cou

ghL

Che

wing

Oral

M1

Decoration

FPu

tOnBed

R1

Diarrhe

a(heavy)

LChe

wing

Oral

M1

Eyeprob

lems

FSw

allowing

Oral

M3

Heartprob

lems

LRo

ast

Oral

M1

Hem

orrhoids

LDecoctio

nEnem

aM

1

Lepra

LIncine

rate

Dermal

M1

Lepra(m

aladim

akay)

BDecoctio

nDermal

M1

Lautenschläger et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:51 Page 48 of 73

Table

1Overview

ofallcollected

andiden

tifieduseful

plantsfro

mtheProvince

Uíge:Specieslistedalph

abetically;add

ition

alinform

ationon

usage,used

plantpart(PP),

prep

arationandadministration,

usecatego

ry(UC),nu

mbe

rof

citatio

nsandnu

mbe

rof

inform

ants.Spe

cies

inform

ationprovided

:Orig

in:E

=en

demic;+

=listed;

(-)=no

tlisted;

*=naturalised

accordingto

Plantsof

Ang

ola(Figueiredo

andSm

ith,2008);vernacularnames

inPo

rtug

ues(Port.)

andKikong

o(Kik.);Vo

uche

rnu

mbe

raccordingto

Herbariu

mDresden

seor

Foto

vouche

r(F);Plantparts:B=bark,BU=bu

lb,F

=fru

it,FL

=flower,L

=leaf,LA=latex,MY=mycel,R

=root,RE=resin,

RH=RH

,S=seed

,SS=

stem

sap,

ST=stem

,W=who

leplant,WO=woo

d;Use

Categ

ory:C=drug

sandcigarettes,D

=do

mestic

andcharcoal,F

=hu

ntingandfishing

,H=hand

icrafts,L=ludic,M

=med

icine,N

=nu

trition

,O=othe

r,R=ritual,T=de

ntalcare

andcosm

etics(Con

tinued)

Species

Usage

PPPrep

aration

Adm

inistration

UC

Citatio

nsInform

ants

Noseb

leed

R,L

Percolation

NoseDrops

M2

Skin

disease

BBalm

,Decoctio

nDermal

M4

Skin

disease

F, SS,R

Balm

Dermal

M5

Typh

usF

Swallowing

Oral

M1

Psycho

triaspec.,Nseke

nseke(Kik.)F_59

Injury

BM

11

Toothache

BM

1

Pteridium

aquilinum

subsp.

Africanu

m,M

atekua,M

anzemba

nzelele,

Mitekua,(Kik.),kinzelele42671

Asthm

aL

Decoctio

nOral

M1

8

Legache

LDecoctio

nDermal

M1

Noseb

leed

LM

1

Nutrition

LN

6

Skin

disease

LCrudité

Dermal

M1

Vertigo

LBalm

,Percolatio

nDermal,N

ose

Drops

M2

Pterocarpusan

golensisDC.,Nkulankula,Ntete

mbu

la,N

kosu

(Kik.)42735

Bloo

dydiarrhea

RDecoctio

nEnem

aM

16

Childrenno

twalking

FBalm

Dermal

M2

Med

icine

RM

1

Men

struation(severe)

RDecoctio

nEnem

aM

2

Save

preg

nancy

RMaceration

Enem

aM

1

Smoking

FC

1

Pycnan

thus

angolensis(W

elw.)Warb.,M

uscada

(Port.),Banda

nzazi,Ndidila,

Nlend

a,,M

unzang

a,Nozun

gunkum

bi(Kik.)44478

Con

struction

WO

D1

7

Drums

WO

L1

Fodd

erplant

LF

3

Infertility

wom

enF,B

M2

Spice

SN

1

Raph

iaspec.,Bo

rdão

(Port.),M

atom

be,N

kulu

(Kik.)F_60

Asthm

aF

Incine

rate

Oral

M1

20

Bottlecork

formaruvucan

LO

1

Bron

chitis

FBalm

Dermal

M3

Con

struction

LD

4

Lautenschläger et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:51 Page 49 of 73

Table

1Overview

ofallcollected

andiden

tifieduseful

plantsfro

mtheProvince

Uíge:Specieslistedalph

abetically;add

ition

alinform

ationon

usage,used

plantpart(PP),

prep

arationandadministration,

usecatego

ry(UC),nu

mbe

rof

citatio

nsandnu

mbe

rof

inform

ants.Spe

cies

inform

ationprovided

:Orig

in:E

=en

demic;+

=listed;

(-)=no

tlisted;

*=naturalised

accordingto

Plantsof

Ang

ola(Figueiredo

andSm

ith,2008);vernacularnames

inPo

rtug

ues(Port.)

andKikong

o(Kik.);Vo

uche

rnu

mbe

raccordingto

Herbariu

mDresden

seor

Foto

vouche

r(F);Plantparts:B=bark,BU=bu

lb,F

=fru

it,FL

=flower,L

=leaf,LA=latex,MY=mycel,R

=root,RE=resin,RH

=RH

,S=seed

,SS=

stem

sap,

ST=stem

,W=who

leplant,WO=woo

d;Use

Categ

ory:C=drug

sandcigarettes,D

=do

mestic

andcharcoal,F

=hu

ntingandfishing

,H=hand

icrafts,L=ludic,M

=med

icine,N

=nu

trition

,O=othe

r,R=ritual,T=de

ntalcare

andcosm

etics(Con

tinued)

Species

Usage

PPPrep

aration

Adm

inistration

UC

Citatio

nsInform

ants

Diabe

tes

FCrudité

Oral

M1

Fibe

rL

H1

Fish

trap

LH

2

Fodd

erplant

STF

3

Measles

LIncine

rate

Dermal

M1

Nutrition

FN

1

Palm

wine

SSC

2

Parasitic

worms

FCrudité

Oral

M2

Typh

usF

Roast

Eat

M1

Raph

iatextilisWelw.,Bo

rdão,M

aruvo(Port.)

F_61

Fibe

rL

H1

1

Palm

wine

SSC

1

Rauvolfia

man

niiStapf,Zum

budianken

to(Kik.)43923

Drug

BC

11

Rauvolfia

vomitoria

Afzel.,Mvuala,Nzumbu

diakabo

nzo,Zu

mbu

,Mun

dung

u(Kik.)42723

Drug

BC

18

Infertility

men

RMaceration

Enem

aM

1

Malaria

RDecoctio

nOral

M1

Stom

achpains

BChe

wing

Oral

M1

Stom

achpains

RCrudité

Oral,Enem

aM

5

Renealmiaafrican

aBenth.,D

insasa

diampu

mba,M

ansansa(Kik.)43946

Backache

R,F

M2

Malaria

R,F

M2

Nutrition

FN

1

Ricino

dend

ronheudelotiisubsp.

african

um(M

üll.Arg.)J.Léo

nard,M

ungu

ela,

Mon

guela(Kik.)42845

Drum

WO

L1

Fodd

erplant

LF

5

Headache

LBalm

Dermal

M1

Nutrition

FN

1

Stom

achpains

BDecoctio

n,Maceration

Enem

aM

2

*Ricinu

scommun

isL.,M

panza,Ngo

no,M

ahanzu,G

imon

o,Mbo

no(Kik.)42668

Con

stipation

SChe

wing

Oral

M1

6

Eyes

pain

LPercolation

EyeDrops

M1

Hem

orrhoids

LDecoctio

nBath

M1

Highbloo

dpressure

LBalm

,Decoctio

nDermal,Bath

M2

Lautenschläger et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:51 Page 50 of 73

Table

1Overview

ofallcollected

andiden

tifieduseful

plantsfro

mtheProvince

Uíge:Specieslistedalph

abetically;add

ition

alinform

ationon

usage,used

plantpart(PP),

prep

arationandadministration,

usecatego

ry(UC),nu

mbe

rof

citatio

nsandnu

mbe

rof

inform

ants.Spe

cies

inform

ationprovided

:Orig

in:E

=en

demic;+

=listed;

(-)=no

tlisted;

*=naturalised

accordingto

Plantsof

Ang

ola(Figueiredo

andSm

ith,2008);vernacularnames

inPo

rtug

ues(Port.)

andKikong

o(Kik.);Vo

uche

rnu

mbe

raccordingto

Herbariu

mDresden

seor

Foto

vouche

r(F);Plantparts:B=bark,BU=bu

lb,F

=fru

it,FL

=flower,L

=leaf,LA=latex,MY=mycel,R

=root,RE=resin,RH

=RH

,S=seed

,SS=

stem

sap,

ST=stem

,W=who

leplant,WO=woo

d;Use

Categ

ory:C=drug

sandcigarettes,D

=do

mestic

andcharcoal,F

=hu

ntingandfishing

,H=hand

icrafts,L=ludic,M

=med

icine,N

=nu

trition

,O=othe

r,R=ritual,T=de

ntalcare

andcosm

etics(Con

tinued)

Species

Usage

PPPrep

aration

Adm

inistration

UC

Citatio

nsInform

ants

Inflammation

LDecoctio

nDermal,Bath

M3

Scoliosis

SCrudité

Dermal

M1

Stom

achpains

SChe

wing

Oral

M1

Rothman

niawhitfieldii(Lind

l.)Dandy,Lub

anziluampakasa

(Kik.)F_62

Tattoo

FExtractio

nR

11

*Saccha

rum

officinarum

L.,C

anade

açúcar

(Port.),C

anade

lung

uila(Kik.)

Wine

SSDecoctio

nOral

C3

3

-Sambucuscana

densisL.,M

umvumbi

(Kik.)42580

Food

ache

sL

Balm

Dermal

M1

1

Sarcocepha

luslatifolius(Sm.)E.A.Bruce,Kilolo

kiapu

mba,Lolo,Lolo

kiamabun

du,

Nlolo,N

zeleng

e(Kik.)43154

Anaem

iaL

Balm

,Decoctio

nDermal,Bath,

Oral

M3

16

Antibiotic

RDecoctio

nOral

M1

Diabe

tes

FCrudité

Oral

M1

Diarrhe

aR

Maceration

Oral

M1

Erectiledysfun

ction

RDecoctio

nOral

M1

Infertility

RDecoctio

nEnem

a,Oral

M3

Malnu

trition

LBalm

Dermal

M1

Parasitic

worms

RChe

wing

Oral

M3

Parasitic

worms

BMaceration

Oral

M1

Revitalization(m

anydiseases)

B,R

Maceration

Oral

M2

Stom

achpains

RDecoctio

n,Maceration

Oral

M6

Stom

achpains

LDecoctio

nOral

M1

Stom

achpains

FEat

Oral

M1

Stom

achpains

R,B

Maceration

Oral

M2

Streng

then

ing

RMaceration

Oral

M1

Typh

usR

Decoctio

nOral

M1

Wom

ensinfertility

BDecoctio

nOral,Enem

aM

2

RM

1

-Sarcoph

rynium

priono

gonium

(K.Schum

.)K.Schu

m.,Folhade

kwanga

(Port.),

Makayamakw

anga

(Kik.)F_63

Baskets

LH

12

Package

LO

1

Schinzioph

yton

rautan

enii(Schinz)Radcl.-Sm

.,Dikelekese(Kik.)44018

Charcoal

WO

D1

1

Nutrition

FN

44

Lautenschläger et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:51 Page 51 of 73

Table

1Overview

ofallcollected

andiden

tifieduseful

plantsfro

mtheProvince

Uíge:Specieslistedalph

abetically;add

ition

alinform

ationon

usage,used

plantpart(PP),

prep

arationandadministration,

usecatego

ry(UC),nu

mbe

rof

citatio

nsandnu

mbe

rof

inform

ants.Spe

cies

inform

ationprovided

:Orig

in:E

=en

demic;+

=listed;

(-)=no

tlisted;

*=naturalised

accordingto

Plantsof

Ang

ola(Figueiredo

andSm

ith,2008);vernacularnames

inPo

rtug

ues(Port.)

andKikong

o(Kik.);Vo

uche

rnu

mbe

raccordingto

Herbariu

mDresden

seor

Foto

vouche

r(F);Plantparts:B=bark,BU=bu

lb,F

=fru

it,FL

=flower,L

=leaf,LA=latex,MY=mycel,R

=root,RE=resin,

RH=RH

,S=seed

,SS=

stem

sap,

ST=stem

,W=who

leplant,WO=woo

d;Use

Categ

ory:C=drug

sandcigarettes,D

=do

mestic

andcharcoal,F

=hu

ntingandfishing

,H=hand

icrafts,L=ludic,M

=med

icine,N

=nu

trition

,O=othe

r,R=ritual,T=de

ntalcare

andcosm

etics(Con

tinued)

Species

Usage

PPPrep

aration

Adm

inistration

UC

Citatio

nsInform

ants

Schizoph

yllum

commun

e,Cog

umelo,Turu

turu

(Port.),Luvua,Kakeketele,

Okulokulo

(Kik.)F_64

Sclerocroton

cornutus

(Pax)K

ruijt

&Ro

ebers,Nding

ambu

ela,Ngu

ingu

imbu

ela,

Ntekele,N

batekela,N

ding

uimbu

ele,mutekele(Kik.)43897

Bird

trapping

FF

28

Breathingprob

lems

L,B

Decoctio

nOral

M2

Con

stipation

LM

1

Cou

ghR,B,

LChe

wing,

Decoctio

nOral

M12

Flu

BChe

wing

Oral

M1

Toys

FL

1

Sclerospermaman

niiH

.Wen

dl.,Mam

ia,M

anga

(Kik.)

Con

struction

LD

12

Con

struction

LD

1

Roofing

LD

1

Securidacalong

ipedun

culata

Fresen

.,Nsund

anti,Nsund

a(Kik.),Misun

da42740

Backache

R,B

Balm

,Decoctio

nDermal

M5

14

Body

pain

RBalm

,Pulverize

Dermal

M2

Breathingprob

lems

RDecoctio

nInhalatio

nM

1

Bron

chitis

RBalsam

Dermal

M1

Cold

RM

1

Con

stipation

RCrudité,D

ecoctio

nOral,Enem

aM

2

Hem

orrhoids

(internal)

RDecoctio

nOral

M1

Inflammation

R,L,

BBalm

Dermal

M4

Legache

RBalm

Dermal

M1

Musclecram

pR

Decoctio

nDermal

M1

Pain

RBalm

Dermal

M1

Scoliosis

R,L,

BBalm

,Maceration

Dermal,Ene

ma

M5

Stom

achache

RDecoctio

n,Maceration

Enem

aM

3

Thrombo

sis

RMaceration

Enem

aM

1

Selaginella

myosurusAlston,Malekazanga,M

azangazang

amakita

(Kik.)44262

Ritualbath

WR

12

Scoliosis

WDecoctio

nM

1

Lautenschläger et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:51 Page 52 of 73

Table

1Overview

ofallcollected

andiden

tifieduseful

plantsfro

mtheProvince

Uíge:Specieslistedalph

abetically;add

ition

alinform

ationon

usage,used

plantpart(PP),

prep

arationandadministration,

usecatego

ry(UC),nu

mbe

rof

citatio

nsandnu

mbe

rof

inform

ants.Spe

cies

inform

ationprovided

:Orig

in:E

=en

demic;+

=listed;

(-)=no

tlisted;

*=naturalised

accordingto

Plantsof

Ang

ola(Figueiredo

andSm

ith,2008);vernacularnames

inPo

rtug

ues(Port.)

andKikong

o(Kik.);Vo

uche

rnu

mbe

raccordingto

Herbariu

mDresden

seor

Foto

vouche

r(F);Plantparts:B=bark,BU=bu

lb,F

=fru

it,FL

=flower,L

=leaf,LA=latex,MY=mycel,R

=root,RE=resin,

RH=RH

,S=seed

,SS=

stem

sap,

ST=stem

,W=who

leplant,WO=woo

d;Use

Categ

ory:C=drug

sandcigarettes,D

=do

mestic

andcharcoal,F

=hu

ntingandfishing

,H=hand

icrafts,L=ludic,M

=med

icine,N

=nu

trition

,O=othe

r,R=ritual,T=de

ntalcare

andcosm

etics(Con

tinued)

Species

Usage

PPPrep

aration

Adm

inistration

UC

Citatio

nsInform

ants

*Senn

aalata(L.)Ro

xb.,Balakasa

(Kik.)44134

Skin

disease

LBalm

Dermal

M2

2

*Senn

aoccidentalis(L.)Link,M

anioka

nioka,Mansambi

nsam

binkau,

Nioka

nioka(Kik.)42630

Coffee

SC

113

Con

stipation

RMaceration

Oral

M1

Diarrhe

aR

Maceration

Oral

M1

Dysen

tery

LCrudité

Oral

M1

Infertility

wom

enR

Decoctio

nOral

M1

Kidn

eyprob

lems

LMaceration

Enem

aM

1

Liverprob

lems

RM

1

Loss

ofappe

tite

RCrudité,D

ecoctio

nEnem

aM

3

Respiratory

prob

lems

SRo

ast

Oral

M1

Stom

achpains

R,L

Che

wing,

Crudité,

Decoctio

n,Maceration

Oral,Enem

aM

15

Stom

achpainsbaby

(first2weeks)

LEnem

aM

1

Vomit

RMaceration

Oral

M1

*Senn

aseptem

triona

lis(Viv.)H.S.Irwin

&Barneb

y,Malulu(Kik.),Malulua

43177

Stom

achpains

LEnem

aM

11

Sesamum

indicum

L.,Bulukutu,Wangu

ila(Kik.)43895

Cicatrices

SOil

Dermal

M1

2

Inflammation

SOil

Dermal

M1

Nutrition

SN

1

Pain

WDecoctio

nInhalatio

nM

1

Thrombo

ses

SOil

Dermal

M1

Weakness

WDecoctio

nInhalatio

nM

1

Sesamum

radiatum

Schu

mach.&Thon

n.,W

andu

wandu

,Wangu

ila(Kik.)42742

Blem

ishe

dskin

LDecoctio

nBath

M1

2

Typh

usL

Decoctio

nEnem

aM

1

Sesban

iasesban

(L.)Merr.,Nkuam

ba(Kik.),Ku

anda

42632

Indu

cedabortio

nR

Crudité

Enem

aM

11

Setaria

megaphylla

(Steud

.)T.Durand&Schinz,C

apim

dodiabo(Port.),

Kang

aya,Makangaya

(Kik.)43246

Arm

pain

LBalm

Dermal

M1

5

Fodd

erplant

LF

2

Supp

ortsbirth

LMaceration

Oral

M1

Urin

arybladde

rpain

RDecoctio

nOral

M1

Lautenschläger et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:51 Page 53 of 73

Table

1Overview

ofallcollected

andiden

tifieduseful

plantsfro

mtheProvince

Uíge:Specieslistedalph

abetically;add

ition

alinform

ationon

usage,used

plantpart(PP),

prep

arationandadministration,

usecatego

ry(UC),nu

mbe

rof

citatio

nsandnu

mbe

rof

inform

ants.Spe

cies

inform

ationprovided

:Orig

in:E

=en

demic;+

=listed;

(-)=no

tlisted;

*=naturalised

accordingto

Plantsof

Ang

ola(Figueiredo

andSm

ith,2008);vernacularnames

inPo

rtug

ues(Port.)

andKikong

o(Kik.);Vo

uche

rnu

mbe

raccordingto

Herbariu

mDresden

seor

Foto

vouche

r(F);Plantparts:B=bark,BU=bu

lb,F

=fru

it,FL

=flower,L

=leaf,LA=latex,MY=mycel,R

=root,RE=resin,RH

=RH

,S=seed

,SS=

stem

sap,

ST=stem

,W=who

leplant,WO=woo

d;Use

Categ

ory:C=drug

sandcigarettes,D

=do

mestic

andcharcoal,F

=hu

ntingandfishing

,H=hand

icrafts,L=ludic,M

=med

icine,N

=nu

trition

,O=othe

r,R=ritual,T=de

ntalcare

andcosm

etics(Con

tinued)

Species

Usage

PPPrep

aration

Adm

inistration

UC

Citatio

nsInform

ants

Sida

urensL.,Lum

vumbu

(Kik.)F_65

Madne

ssL

Percolation

NoseDrops

M1

1

Smilaxan

ceps

Willd.,M

polo,N

gilang

ila,N

zilanzila

(Kik.)43197

Bloo

dydiarrhea

L,R

Crudité,D

ecoctio

nOral

M4

13

Cou

ghL

Decoctio

nOral

M2

Epilepsy

LPercolation

EyeDrops

M1

Erectiledysfun

ction

RChe

wing

Oral

M2

Hernia

REnem

aM

1

Infectionlegs

LBalm

Dermal

M1

Inflammations

LM

1

Neckpain

LM

1

Skin

disease

LBalm

Dermal

M1

Skin

disease

FEat,Sw

allows

Oral

M2

Tea

LDecoctio

nN

1

Vertigo

LBalm

,Percolatio

nDermal,N

ose

Drops

M2

RDecoctio

nM

1

*Solanu

maethiopicum

L.,M

bolong

wa(Kik.)43113

Nutrition

FN

11

*Solanu

mam

erican

umMill.

Parasitic

worms

FChe

wing

Oral

M1

1

Stom

achpains

FChe

wing

Oral

M1

Solanu

mmacrocarpon

L.,C

ouve

preta(Port.),Lezo(Kik.)44099

Nutrition

L,F

N2

2

*Solanu

mmauritianu

mScop

.,Daniel,Malulua

branca

44682

App

endix

LDecoctio

nEnem

aM

13

Con

stipation

LDecoctio

nEnem

aM

1

Knee

pain

LApp

lyOnSurface

Dermal

M1

Measles

M1

Stom

achpains

LDecoctio

nEnem

aM

1

*Spon

dias

mom

binL.,G

ajajeira,G

ajaja(Port.),M

ungien

gie(Kik.)42879

Diarrhe

aB

Decoctio

nM

14

Eyeprob

lems

BPercolation

EyeDrop

M1

Fence

STD

2

Nutrition

FN

1

Yellow

fever

LDecoctio

nBath

M1

Lautenschläger et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:51 Page 54 of 73

Table

1Overview

ofallcollected

andiden

tifieduseful

plantsfro

mtheProvince

Uíge:Specieslistedalph

abetically;add

ition

alinform

ationon

usage,used

plantpart(PP),

prep

arationandadministration,

usecatego

ry(UC),nu

mbe

rof

citatio

nsandnu

mbe

rof

inform

ants.Spe

cies

inform

ationprovided

:Orig

in:E

=en

demic;+

=listed;

(-)=no

tlisted;

*=naturalised

accordingto

Plantsof

Ang

ola(Figueiredo

andSm

ith,2008);vernacularnames

inPo

rtug

ues(Port.)

andKikong

o(Kik.);Vo

uche

rnu

mbe

raccordingto

Herbariu

mDresden

seor

Foto

vouche

r(F);Plantparts:B=bark,BU=bu

lb,F

=fru

it,FL

=flower,L

=leaf,LA=latex,MY=mycel,R

=root,RE=resin,

RH=RH

,S=seed

,SS=

stem

sap,

ST=stem

,W=who

leplant,WO=woo

d;Use

Categ

ory:C=drug

sandcigarettes,D

=do

mestic

andcharcoal,F

=hu

ntingandfishing

,H=hand

icrafts,L=ludic,M

=med

icine,N

=nu

trition

,O=othe

r,R=ritual,T=de

ntalcare

andcosm

etics(Con

tinued)

Species

Usage

PPPrep

aration

Adm

inistration

UC

Citatio

nsInform

ants

-Stachytarpheta

cayenn

ensis

(Rich.)Vahl,A

guade

joelho

(Port.)

42710

Che

stpain

WDecoctio

nOral

M1

5

Clean

lung

sW

Balm

Dermal

M2

Inflammations

WBalm

Dermal

M1

Knee

pain

WBalm

Dermal

M1

Shou

lder

pain

LApp

lyOnFing

erDermal

M1

Skin

disease

WDecoctio

nOral

M1

Typh

usfever

LDecoctio

nOral

M1

Weakness

LCrudité

Oral

M1

Stegan

otaeniaaraliaceaHochst.,Mum

vumbivumbi,N

kulamvumbi

(Kik.),

kitomon

a,Mukalamvumbi

43172

Analgesic

RDecoctio

nOral

M1

7

Backache

LDecoctio

nOral

M3

Baddreams

LR

2

Body

pain

LMaceration

Bath

M1

Cold

RDed

octio

nOral

M1

Gon

orrhoe

aR

Maceration

Oral

M1

Insomnia

RMaceration

Oral

M1

Refre

shmen

tB

Maceration

Oral

M2

Scoliosis

RDecoctio

nDermal

M1

Stom

achpains

RDed

octio

nOral

M1

Sterculia

quinqueloba(Garcke)

K.Schu

m.,Mulen

di(Kik.)44732

Backache

LRo

ast

Dermal

M1

1

Con

struction

WO

D2

Fibe

rplant

BH

1

Fodd

erplant

LF

1

Inflammation

LRo

ast

Dermal

M1

Sterculia

tragacan

thaLind

l.,Milend

a,Ntutu

(Kik.)

Nkombo

lokia,kombo

lokia44004

Fire

WO

WO

D1

6

Fodd

erplant

LF

1

Handicraft

FR

1

Hem

orrhoids

BDecoctio

nOral

M1

Pren

atalinfection

BMaceration

Enem

aM

1

Urin

alinfection

BM

1

Lautenschläger et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:51 Page 55 of 73

Table

1Overview

ofallcollected

andiden

tifieduseful

plantsfro

mtheProvince

Uíge:Specieslistedalph

abetically;add

ition

alinform

ationon

usage,used

plantpart(PP),

prep

arationandadministration,

usecatego

ry(UC),nu

mbe

rof

citatio

nsandnu

mbe

rof

inform

ants.Spe

cies

inform

ationprovided

:Orig

in:E

=en

demic;+

=listed;

(-)=no

tlisted;

*=naturalised

accordingto

Plantsof

Ang

ola(Figueiredo

andSm

ith,2008);vernacularnames

inPo

rtug

ues(Port.)

andKikong

o(Kik.);Vo

uche

rnu

mbe

raccordingto

Herbariu

mDresden

seor

Foto

vouche

r(F);Plantparts:B=bark,BU=bu

lb,F

=fru

it,FL

=flower,L

=leaf,LA=latex,MY=mycel,R

=root,RE=resin,

RH=RH

,S=seed

,SS=

stem

sap,

ST=stem

,W=who

leplant,WO=woo

d;Use

Categ

ory:C=drug

sandcigarettes,D

=do

mestic

andcharcoal,F

=hu

ntingandfishing

,H=hand

icrafts,L=ludic,M

=med

icine,N

=nu

trition

,O=othe

r,R=ritual,T=de

ntalcare

andcosm

etics(Con

tinued)

Species

Usage

PPPrep

aration

Adm

inistration

UC

Citatio

nsInform

ants

Stom

atan

thes

african

us(Oliv.&

Hiern)R.M.King&H.Rob

.,Kisalu

kiakento,

Nkutakani,Salukialuken

to(Kik.)44748

Backache

L,W

Decoctio

nEnem

aM

24

Erectiledysfun

ction

LDecoctio

nOral

M1

Fatig

ueL

Decoctio

nOral

M1

Goo

dde

velopm

entof

baby

durin

gpreg

nancy

RM

2

Heartprob

lems

LDecoctio

nOral

M1

Infertility

LM

1

Supp

ortspreg

nancy

LDecoctio

nOral

M1

Stroph

anthus

welwitschii(Baill.)K.Schu

m.,Luvuma,Mvuma(Kik.)42757

Talisman

FR

12

M1

Strychno

scocculoidesBaker,Maboq

ue(Port.),

Kaho

le44124

Baso

children

F,R

Enem

aM

29

Cryptorchidism

RMaceration

Oral

M1

Diarrhe

aF

Crudité

Eat

M1

Drin

king

vessel

FH

1

Flute

FL

1

Hernia

R,F

Che

wing

Oral

M2

Nutrition

FN

8

Parasitic

worms

RMaceration

M1

Stom

achpains

RChe

wing,

Decoctio

n,Maceration

Oral,Enem

aM

4

Stom

achpains

FChe

wing

Oral

M1

Strychno

spung

ensSoler.,Mabum

i,Mbu

mi(Kik.),Kaho

lamuand

a,mbitu

43884

Hernia

FDecoctio

nM

13

Pain

afterbirth

LLeaves

Putinto

Clothes,

Decoctio

nDermal,Ene

ma

M2

Rattrap

FF

1

Skin

disease

BBalm

Dermal

M1

Stom

achpains

FDecoctio

nM

1

Symph

oniaglobulifera

L.f.,Ntadiang

ombo

(Kik.)43924

Cou

ghL

Che

wing

Oral

M2

2

Witche

ryLA

R1

Synsepalum

cerasiferum

(Welw.)T.D.Penn.,N

suam

ankima(Kik.),musuamankima43283

Backache

BEnem

aM

11

Lautenschläger et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:51 Page 56 of 73

Table

1Overview

ofallcollected

andiden

tifieduseful

plantsfro

mtheProvince

Uíge:Specieslistedalph

abetically;add

ition

alinform

ationon

usage,used

plantpart(PP),

prep

arationandadministration,

usecatego

ry(UC),nu

mbe

rof

citatio

nsandnu

mbe

rof

inform

ants.Spe

cies

inform

ationprovided

:Orig

in:E

=en

demic;+

=listed;

(-)=no

tlisted;

*=naturalised

accordingto

Plantsof

Ang

ola(Figueiredo

andSm

ith,2008);vernacularnames

inPo

rtug

ues(Port.)

andKikong

o(Kik.);Vo

uche

rnu

mbe

raccordingto

Herbariu

mDresden

seor

Foto

vouche

r(F);Plantparts:B=bark,BU=bu

lb,F

=fru

it,FL

=flower,L

=leaf,LA=latex,MY=mycel,R

=root,RE=resin,

RH=RH

,S=seed

,SS=

stem

sap,

ST=stem

,W=who

leplant,WO=woo

d;Use

Categ

ory:C=drug

sandcigarettes,D

=do

mestic

andcharcoal,F

=hu

ntingandfishing

,H=hand

icrafts,L=ludic,M

=med

icine,N

=nu

trition

,O=othe

r,R=ritual,T=de

ntalcare

andcosm

etics(Con

tinued)

Species

Usage

PPPrep

aration

Adm

inistration

UC

Citatio

nsInform

ants

Syzygium

guineense(W

illd.)DC.,Nkizu,lun

gama(Kik.)44138

Bloo

dydiarrhea

RDecoctio

nOral

M1

12

Diarrhe

aB,L,

RMaceration,Decoctio

nOral

M4

Fodd

erplant

LF

3

Nutrition

FN

8

Parasitesin

eyes

BPercolation

EyeDrops

M1

Protectio

nof

eyes

LR

1

Stom

achpains

BDecoctio

nOral

M1

Toothache

BDecoctio

nInhalatio

nM

1

Typh

usB

Decoctio

nOral

M1

-Syzygium

jambos(L.)AlstonF_66

Nutrition

FN

11

Tabernaemon

tana

crassa

Benth.,N

gavuaza

mpu

tu(Kik.)42823

Con

struction

WO

D1

3

Hiccup

B,L

Maceration

Oral

M2

Snakeb

iteF, LA

Extractio

nDermal

M1

TagetesminutaL.,N

kamansong

o(Kik.)42576

Flu

LDecoctio

nSteam

Bath

M1

1

Tapina

nthu

sdepend

ens(Eng

l.)Danser,Kikund

a42763

Headache

L,ST

Decoctio

nSteam

Bath

M2

1

Teph

rosia

vogeliiHoo

k.f.,Bu

alu,Mbaka

(Kik.)42824

Epilepsy

LSs

EyeDrops

M1

5

Fish

toxin

LF

5

Term

inaliabrachySTmaWelw.exHiern,m

ungo

lo,m

oeia44180

Fever

FCrudité

Oral

M1

2

Flu

FCrudité

Oral

M1

Fodd

erplant

LF

2

Sore

throat

RDecoctio

nInhalatio

nM

1

Stom

achache

RDecoctio

nEnem

aM

1

-Term

inaliacatappaL.F_67

Decorationvillage

WR

11

-Tetracerastuh

lman

nian

aGilg,N

kudi

ankayi(Kik.)43833

Nutrition

SSN

11

-Thon

ning

iasang

uineaVahl,Langa

diamfinda,M

beng

ela,

Timba

timba

(Kik.),pisa

demaluca43263

Cou

ghRH

Che

wing,

Maceration

Oral

M2

9

Erectiledysfun

ction

RHChe

wing,

Decotion

Oral

M9

Parasitic

worms

RHCrudité

Oral

M1

Lautenschläger et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:51 Page 57 of 73

Table

1Overview

ofallcollected

andiden

tifieduseful

plantsfro

mtheProvince

Uíge:Specieslistedalph

abetically;add

ition

alinform

ationon

usage,used

plantpart(PP),

prep

arationandadministration,

usecatego

ry(UC),nu

mbe

rof

citatio

nsandnu

mbe

rof

inform

ants.Spe

cies

inform

ationprovided

:Orig

in:E

=en

demic;+

=listed;

(-)=no

tlisted;

*=naturalised

accordingto

Plantsof

Ang

ola(Figueiredo

andSm

ith,2008);vernacularnames

inPo

rtug

ues(Port.)

andKikong

o(Kik.);Vo

uche

rnu

mbe

raccordingto

Herbariu

mDresden

seor

Foto

vouche

r(F);Plantparts:B=bark,BU=bu

lb,F

=fru

it,FL

=flower,L

=leaf,LA=latex,MY=mycel,R

=root,RE=resin,RH

=RH

,S=seed

,SS=

stem

sap,

ST=stem

,W=who

leplant,WO=woo

d;Use

Categ

ory:C=drug

sandcigarettes,D

=do

mestic

andcharcoal,F

=hu

ntingandfishing

,H=hand

icrafts,L=ludic,M

=med

icine,N

=nu

trition

,O=othe

r,R=ritual,T=de

ntalcare

andcosm

etics(Con

tinued)

Species

Usage

PPPrep

aration

Adm

inistration

UC

Citatio

nsInform

ants

Stom

achache

RHCrudité

Eat

M1

Urin

alinfection

RHSyrup

Oral

M1

Thun

bergialancifolia

T.And

erson,

Malavudianson

gui,

Malavumason

guia(Kik.),mpand

azeka44011

Con

stipation

RMaceration

Enem

aM

14

Hernia

RDecoctio

nEnem

aM

1

Parasitic

worms

RDecoctio

nEnem

aM

1

Stom

achpains

RMaceration,Decoctio

n,Che

wing

Oral,Enem

aM

4

*Tithon

iadiversifolia

(Hem

sl.)A.Gray,Malulua,M

alulu(Kik.)44090

Con

stipation

LEnem

aM

11

Decorationgraveyard

FLR

1

Parasitic

worms

LEnem

aM

1

Trem

aorientalis(L.)Blum

e,Ndianu

ni(Kik.),Mud

ianu

ni,

mezen

deng

uenia,yanu

ni44216

Fodd

erplant

LF

23

Heartache

L,B

Decoctio

nOral

M2

Hostplant

LF

1

-TriStm

aleiocalyxCog

n.,Bananade

deus

(Port.),Kim

bung

ambu

nga,

Mbu

ngambu

nga(Kik.).makon

domakam

bolo

F_73

Nutrition

FCrudité

Oral

N4

4

Triumfettacordifolia

A.Rich.,Luvun

ga,M

pung

a,Mvung

ila,N

gong

i(Kik.),

gigo

nge,pu

nguila,m

pung

uele,xipun

ga,kivun

gala42650

Baskets

STH

18

Fibe

rST

H2

Fish

trap

STF

1

Jute

sack

STH

2

Rope

STH

3

Skin

prob

lem

RBalm

Dermal

M1

-Uapacavanh

outteiDeWild.,musam

bi44171

Fodd

erplant

LF

11

Uraria

picta(Jacq.)DC.,Zu

mbu

(Kik.)42629

Malepo

tency

RM

12

Stom

achpains

R, BUCrudité

Enem

aM

2

Urena

lobata

L.,Kikulokoso,Ko

lokoso,Lun

zunzu,Makolokoso(Kik.),pu

nga43227

Backache

LBalm

Dermal

M1

11

Con

stipation

RDecoctio

nOral

M1

Dysen

tery

LEnem

aM

1

Flatulen

cebaby

LEnem

aM

1

Healingum

bilicus

ofne

wbo

rnL

App

lyOnSurface

Dermal

M1

Lautenschläger et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:51 Page 58 of 73

Table

1Overview

ofallcollected

andiden

tifieduseful

plantsfro

mtheProvince

Uíge:Specieslistedalph

abetically;add

ition

alinform

ationon

usage,used

plantpart(PP),

prep

arationandadministration,

usecatego

ry(UC),nu

mbe

rof

citatio

nsandnu

mbe

rof

inform

ants.Spe

cies

inform

ationprovided

:Orig

in:E

=en

demic;+

=listed;

(-)=no

tlisted;

*=naturalised

accordingto

Plantsof

Ang

ola(Figueiredo

andSm

ith,2008);vernacularnames

inPo

rtug

ues(Port.)

andKikong

o(Kik.);Vo

uche

rnu

mbe

raccordingto

Herbariu

mDresden

seor

Foto

vouche

r(F);Plantparts:B=bark,BU=bu

lb,F

=fru

it,FL

=flower,L

=leaf,LA=latex,MY=mycel,R

=root,RE=resin,

RH=RH

,S=seed

,SS=

stem

sap,

ST=stem

,W=who

leplant,WO=woo

d;Use

Categ

ory:C=drug

sandcigarettes,D

=do

mestic

andcharcoal,F

=hu

ntingandfishing

,H=hand

icrafts,L=ludic,M

=med

icine,N

=nu

trition

,O=othe

r,R=ritual,T=de

ntalcare

andcosm

etics(Con

tinued)

Species

Usage

PPPrep

aration

Adm

inistration

UC

Citatio

nsInform

ants

Hem

orrhoids

RCrudité

M1

Kidn

eys

LBalm

Dermal

M1

Noseb

leed

RCrudité

M1

Preg

nancyhard

belly

Crudité

Oral

M1

Rope

STH

2

Stom

achpainschildren

LPu

lverize

Enem

aM

1

Stom

achpainswhilebirth

LCrudité

Oral

M1

Wou

nds

LBalm

Dermal

M1

Vang

ueria

infausta

Burch.,m

amuemuita

43857

Nutrition

FN

11

-Vernon

ellasubaph

ylla(Baker)H.Rob

.&Skvarla,M

akútula42795

Inflammationfinge

rL

Dermal

M1

1

Typh

usfever

RM

1

Vernon

iaam

ygdalinaDelile,M

alulu(Kik.)43285

Dermalinfection

BUBalm

Dermal

M1

5

Con

stipationchildren

LMaceration

Enem

aM

1

Dermalallergy

LBalm

Dermal,Bath

M3

Malaria

LCrudité

M1

Parasites

LInfusion

Oral

M1

Parasitic

worms

LInfusion

,DecoctonBalm

Oral,Dermal

M3

Stom

achpains

LDecoctio

nM

1

-Vernon

iajaegeriC

.D.Adams,Matita

(Kik.)43888

Stom

achpains

RCrudité

Enem

a,Oral

M2

1

Skin

infection

BUBalm

Dermal

M1

Vitexdonian

aSw

eet,Mfilu(Kik.),mulolo,Filufilu,nzulozulo,Mafilu

43366

Backache

LDecoctio

nOral

M1

9

Con

stipation

RDecoctio

nEnem

aM

2

Cou

ghL

Decoctio

nOral

M1

Diarrhe

aR

Maceration

Oral

M1

Epilepsy

RM

1

Fatig

ueB,L

Decoctio

nOral

M2

Flu

LDecoctio

nInhalatio

nM

1

Headache

LDecoctio

nInhalatio

nM

1

Hem

orrhoids

(internal)

LDecoctio

nOral

M1

Lautenschläger et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:51 Page 59 of 73

Table

1Overview

ofallcollected

andiden

tifieduseful

plantsfro

mtheProvince

Uíge:Specieslistedalph

abetically;add

ition

alinform

ationon

usage,used

plantpart(PP),

prep

arationandadministration,

usecatego

ry(UC),nu

mbe

rof

citatio

nsandnu

mbe

rof

inform

ants.Spe

cies

inform

ationprovided

:Orig

in:E

=en

demic;+

=listed;

(-)=no

tlisted;

*=naturalised

accordingto

Plantsof

Ang

ola(Figueiredo

andSm

ith,2008);vernacularnames

inPo

rtug

ues(Port.)

andKikong

o(Kik.);Vo

uche

rnu

mbe

raccordingto

Herbariu

mDresden

seor

Foto

vouche

r(F);Plantparts:B=bark,BU=bu

lb,F

=fru

it,FL

=flower,L

=leaf,LA=latex,MY=mycel,R

=root,RE=resin,RH

=RH

,S=seed

,SS=

stem

sap,

ST=stem

,W=who

leplant,WO=woo

d;Use

Categ

ory:C=drug

sandcigarettes,D

=do

mestic

andcharcoal,F

=hu

ntingandfishing

,H=hand

icrafts,L=ludic,M

=med

icine,N

=nu

trition

,O=othe

r,R=ritual,T=de

ntalcare

andcosm

etics(Con

tinued)

Species

Usage

PPPrep

aration

Adm

inistration

UC

Citatio

nsInform

ants

Nutrition

FN

1

Scoliosis

R,L

Decoctio

nEnem

a,Bath

M4

Stom

achpains

RDecoctio

nEnem

aM

1

Tea

LN

4

Thrombo

sis

RDecoctio

nDermal

M1

VitexmadiensisOliv.

Anaem

iaL

Decoctio

n,Infusion

Bath,O

ral

M3

20

Antibiotic

LInfusion

Oral

M1

Back

pain

LDecoctio

n,Infusion

Oral,Dermal

M3

Backache

BDecoctio

nOral

M1

Bloo

dydiarrhea

R,L

Decoctio

nOral

M2

Body

ache

sL

Infusion

Dermal

M1

Cerem

ony

LR

1

Che

stpain

RPercolation

NoseDrops

M1

Cleaning

LDecoctio

nOral

M1

Cou

ghL

Decoctio

nOral

M1

Diabe

tes

LDecoctio

nOral,Enem

aM

21

Epilepsy

LDecoctio

nEnem

aM

1

Eyeprob

lems

RSqueeze

EyeDrops

M1

Forchildrendu

ringmango

season

LInfusion

Oral

M1

Headache

LInfusion

,Decotion

Dermal

M2

Headache

RPercolation

NoseDrops

M1

Nutrition

FN

2

Nutrition

RRo

ast

N1

Parasitic

worms

LMaceration

Oral

M1

Ritualto

overcomeillne

ssW

R1

Scoliosis

LDecoctio

nDermal,O

ral,

Enem

aM

4

Sterility

(men

andwom

en)

LDecoctio

nOral

M1

Lautenschläger et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:51 Page 60 of 73

Table

1Overview

ofallcollected

andiden

tifieduseful

plantsfro

mtheProvince

Uíge:Specieslistedalph

abetically;add

ition

alinform

ationon

usage,used

plantpart(PP),

prep

arationandadministration,

usecatego

ry(UC),nu

mbe

rof

citatio

nsandnu

mbe

rof

inform

ants.Spe

cies

inform

ationprovided

:Orig

in:E

=en

demic;+

=listed;

(-)=no

tlisted;

*=naturalised

accordingto

Plantsof

Ang

ola(Figueiredo

andSm

ith,2008);vernacularnames

inPo

rtug

ues(Port.)

andKikong

o(Kik.);Vo

uche

rnu

mbe

raccordingto

Herbariu

mDresden

seor

Foto

vouche

r(F);Plantparts:B=bark,BU=bu

lb,F

=fru

it,FL

=flower,L

=leaf,LA=latex,MY=mycel,R

=root,RE=resin,RH

=RH

,S=seed

,SS=

stem

sap,

ST=stem

,W=who

leplant,WO=woo

d;Use

Categ

ory:C=drug

sandcigarettes,D

=do

mestic

andcharcoal,F

=hu

ntingandfishing

,H=hand

icrafts,L=ludic,M

=med

icine,N

=nu

trition

,O=othe

r,R=ritual,T=de

ntalcare

andcosm

etics(Con

tinued)

Species

Usage

PPPrep

aration

Adm

inistration

UC

Citatio

nsInform

ants

Stim

ulation

LDecoctio

nOral

M1

Stom

achpains

LDecoctio

nOral,Enem

aM

4

Tea

LInfusion

Oral

N3

Weakness

B,L

Decoctio

nOral

M2

Xylopiaaethiopica

(Dun

al)A.Rich.,N

kuwankuw

a,N´sanu(Kik.),nkuakua,

Mvamba

kuakua

F_71

Aph

rodisiac

agen

tF

Pulverize

Oral

M1

16

Aromatization

B,F

N2

Asthm

aF

Crudité

Oral

M1

Backache

FCrudité

Oral

M2

Che

stpain

RDecoctio

nOral

M1

Childho

oddisease:Kikong

oF

Pulverize,Balm

Dermal

M1

Con

struction

WO

D2

Cou

ghF

Crudité

Oral

M1

Cou

ghR

Decoctio

nOral

M1

Deb

aso

FPu

lverize,Balm

Dermal

M1

Flavou

rformeal

FN

1

Infertility

men

FDecoctio

nOral

M1

Infertility

wom

enS

Roast

Oral

M1

Inflammationtesticles

FDecoctio

nEnem

aM

2

Kidn

eyF

Roast

Dermal

M1

Malaria

FPu

lverize,Balm

Dermal

M1

Mixture

compo

nent

FM

1

Parasitesin

stom

ach

FDecoctio

nOral

M1

Scoliosis

F,R

Decoctio

nDermal,O

ral

M2

Skin

prob

lems

R,S

Balm

Dermal

M2

Spleno

meg

aly

FDecoctio

nEnem

aM

1

Sprain

FM

1

Stom

achpains

SPu

lverize

Oral

M1

Universealrem

edy

FM

1

Weakness

FMaceration

Oral

M3

Lautenschläger et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:51 Page 61 of 73

Table

1Overview

ofallcollected

andiden

tifieduseful

plantsfro

mtheProvince

Uíge:Specieslistedalph

abetically;add

ition

alinform

ationon

usage,used

plantpart(PP),

prep

arationandadministration,usecatego

ry(UC),nu

mbe

rof

citatio

nsandnu

mbe

rof

inform

ants.Spe

cies

inform

ationprovided

:Orig

in:E

=en

demic;+

=listed;

(-)=no

tlisted;

*=naturalised

accordingto

Plantsof

Ang

ola(Figueiredo

andSm

ith,2008);vernacularnames

inPo

rtug

ues(Port.)

andKikong

o(Kik.);Vo

uche

rnu

mbe

raccordingto

Herbariu

mDresden

seor

Foto

vouche

r(F);Plantparts:B=bark,BU=bu

lb,F

=fru

it,FL

=flower,L

=leaf,LA=latex,MY=mycel,R

=root,RE=resin,

RH=RH

,S=seed

,SS=

stem

sap,

ST=stem

,W=who

leplant,WO=woo

d;Use

Categ

ory:C=drug

sandcigarettes,D

=do

mestic

andcharcoal,F

=hu

ntingandfishing

,H=hand

icrafts,L=ludic,M

=med

icine,N

=nu

trition

,O=othe

r,R=ritual,T=de

ntalcare

andcosm

etics(Con

tinued)

Species

Usage

PPPrep

aration

Adm

inistration

UC

Citatio

nsInform

ants

Xyris

spec.,Capim

(Port.)

F_72

Fortattoo

ing

LR

11

Zantho

xylum

gilletii(DeWild.)P.G.Waterman,N

kong

omayen

o(Kik.)F_68

Bottlecork

STO

24

Injury

foot

STBalm

Dermal

M2

Toothache

BCrudité

Dermal

M1

*ZeamaysL.,M

ilho(Port.),M

asangu

,Nzemvo

zamasangu

(Kik.),maiz

Aids

FInfusion

Oral

M1

5

Flavou

rforlung

uila

SDecoctio

nOral

C1

Testiclepain

FInfusion

Oral

M1

Urin

aryston

eF

Decoctio

nOral

M1

Vertigo

SBalm

Dermal

M1

Vertigo

STIncine

rate

Dermal

M2

-Zing

iberofficinaleRo

scoe

,Gen

gibre(Port.),Tanga

wisi(Kik.)F_69

Aph

rodisiac

agen

tRH

Pulverize

Oral

M1

2

Backache

RHPu

lverize

Oral

M1

Mixture

compo

nent

RHM

1

Weakness

RHPu

lverize

Oral

M1

Che

stpain

RHPu

lverize

Oral

M1

Lautenschläger et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:51 Page 62 of 73

illustrate that healers use the same species for the treat-ment of the same illness.

RFCs ¼ FCs

N¼

XiNi¼i1 URi

N

Formula 1: Calculation of the Relative Frequency ofCitations (RFC): s = species, FC = Frequency of Citationby one informant; N = total number of informants [54].

CIs ¼XuNC

u¼u1

XiNI

i¼i1

URui

NI

Formula 2: Calculation of the Cultural ImportanceIndex (CI): s = species, u = use categories; N = totalnumber of informants, i = informants, NC = the numberof use categories, URui = the use report of informant I inuse [51].

Fic ¼ nur−ntnur−1

Formula 3: Calculation of the Informant ConsensusFactor (Fic): nur = number of use-reports in each use cat-egory; nt = number of taxa used [56].Literature available on medicinal applications of the

listed plant species were used for comparison: Neuwin-ger [57], Iwu [58] and Latham and Konda ku Mbuta [11]of which the latter two reported data in the adjacentDemocratic Republic of Congo [11, 57, 58]. In the fol-lowing the term citation is used in the same way asuse-report.

Results and discussionGeneral findings on vegetation of used plantsThe heterogeneity of Uíge’s landscapes and vegetationformations is mirrored by a high variability of data.Nevertheless, several tendencies can be postulated. Ourstudy presents 2390 use-reports (Table 1). Three hun-dred fifty-eight species representing 96 plant familieswere identified, 17 of them only to genus level. Of theseused plant species, 35% were trees, 26% perennial herbs,16% shrubs, 12% climbers, 10% annuals and less than 1%parasites. In contrast to a study in southern Angola [6]and one in Namibia [59], woody plants are not usedmore frequently in our study area compared to herbssince herbaceous plants are found all year around due tothe humid forest habitats, and because the much shorterdry season results in a higher availability of plants fromsavannah areas [6, 24]. Apparently, men (13%) use moreclimbers than women (8%) certainly due to the fact thatclimbers are a characteristic element of forest and transi-tion zone where men are going to hunt regularly. How-ever the difference is not significant (chi-square test,P = 0.108, χ2 = 2.578). The use patterns of the other

growth forms do not differ between genders in contrastto, e.g. in Eastern Tanzania, where women are more re-sponsible for collecting herbaceous plants while menwork with arborescent species [60].Concurrently, 27% are plants growing in different

savannah types, 24% in forests, and 21% in the transitionzone connecting these two ecosystems. Furthermore,20% of the used plants are cultivated, 7% were collectedin disturbed areas and 1% are water plants. Comparinghabitat and growth form data, some features become ap-parent. Forty-five percent of the forest species are trees,21% climbers. This proportion is shifting towards thetransition zone where 40% are trees and 31% climbers.These often anthropogenically induced forest edges arecharacterized by a moist climate with a simultaneoushigh solar radiation imitating natural gaps caused bytreefall. As tropical rainforest disturbance increases, rela-tive abundance of climbers increases, as well [61, 62]. Incontrast, from the collected plant species of the studiedsavannah formations, 42% are trees and 32% perennialherbs [24]. Fifty percent of species collected in disturbedareas are annual herbs, which confirms the fact that an-nuals are typical for disturbed areas [63]. While justthree out of 358 mentioned species are endemic toAngola, 71 species are naturalized that is equivalent toone fifth, 73% of which are still cultivated. In total, 15%of all citations refer to these species. This high numberis not surprising. Different studies document the integra-tion of introduced plants into the ethnobotanical reper-toires of people [7, 64, 65]. In a study in Brazil, Santos etal. [66] even detected that invasive species overall wereconsidered useful more often than non-invasive species.A closer look reveals that the naturalized species do notfill a gap described in Alencar et al. or Medeiros et al.[67, 68]. They make up a small part in all medicinal cat-egories with an average of 14%, with just one exceptionin the category “fevers, malaria” where they represent36%. Out of the 53 citations for this disease category, 15citations are based only on Chromolaena odorata (L.)R.M.King & H.Rob. (8) and Dysphania ambrosioides (L.)Mosyakin & Clemants (7). Although a wide range ofspecies exist to treat stomachache, the most frequentlyused species is Senna occidentalis (L.) Link, introducedfrom tropical America, and used for various applicationsworldwide [69].Angola’s turbulent history as a Portuguese colony and

the resulting cultural influences from other Portuguesecolonies such as Brazil led to an interchange of plant useand knowledge as for Nicotiana tabacum L., which ar-rived in Africa in the 1600s or Arachis hypogaea L.,which was incorporated at the same time into Africanethnomedical systems [70]. In particular, certain arablecrops from the New World were introduced in Angola,especially from the Solanaceae and Euphorbiaceae.

Lautenschläger et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:51 Page 63 of 73

Actual international listings and reports on neophytesand invasive species are still very incomplete for Angola[71, 72]. According to the list of invasive species in East-ern Africa [73], 24 species of our study are detected tohave invasive potential. Due to our observations innorthern Angola, six plant species display an invasivebehaviour: Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King &H.Rob., Inga edulis Mart., Lantana camara L., Sennaoccidentalis (L.) Link, Solanum mauritianum Scop., andTithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A.Gray. The species ofmost invasive power Chromolaena odorata forms densethickets in savannah and forest gaps, disrupting forestsuccessions.Local people are aware that this plant is not native to

their region. Different myths surround its arrival sug-gesting that Chromolaena odorata was introduced ratherrecently [32, 72]. Nevertheless, in terms of its traditionaluse in our study, it is in 6th position regarding itsRFC-value (Table 2).With regard to the species number, the predominant

used plant families are Fabaceae (11.7%), Asteraceae(6.1%) and Rubiaceae (5.6%), followed by Apocynaceae,Malvaceae and Euphorbiaceae (4.2%). The distributionof plant families is difficult to discuss without referringto the occurring vegetation units. Our results thereforeconfirm the mosaic like heterogeneity of the studiedarea, influenced by Guineo-Congolian rain forests, Zam-besian dry evergreen forests, Miombo woodlands andsecondary (wooded) grasslands [24]. This shows a re-spective preference: species from Fabaceae and Astera-ceae have a high percentage of used savannah plants (>50%) while the percentage of forest plants increaseswithin the other families, especially in Rubiaceae (26%).

The quotient of citations and species number withinone plant family (C/S) emphasizes the importance of ci-tations within one plant family, including the fact thatbig families like Fabaceae or Asteraceae inherently showhigh citation numbers. As illustrated in Fig. 2, some plantfamilies were mentioned with just a few species but highcitation rate (high C/S). For example in Annonaceae, 120citations for 5 species lead to a C/S of 24. While the fam-ilies Annonaceae and Asteraceae exhibit an equally highnumber of citations, the number of species is considerablyhigher in Asteraceae. The proportion for one speciestherefore is much higher in Annonaceae than in Asteraceae.By contrast, in Solanaceae, 34 citations for 11 species lead toa C/S of 3.1.

Ethnobotanical resultsWillingness of visited people to collaborate was very high.One hundred sixty-two informants were interviewed in 62groups. Two thirds were older than 40 years. Some healersspecialized on one or two diseases only while othersdemonstrated their broad knowledge to heal a largevariety of diseases (Additional file 1).Seventy-six percent of the citations collected in our study

refer to medicinal uses, 10% to nutritional use and 4% to itsuse as fodder plant. The remaining 10% are divided into theother 7 use categories. Although the unequal split of citationswithin the 10 use categories suggests a low use of plants insome of them, plenty of species are used for several purposesand daily needs. Thus, 41 species are used for domestic ap-plications, 33 species for rituals, 29 species as drugs or ciga-rettes, 21 species for handicrafts and 9 for ludic ambits.Compared to other studies (e.g. Vodouhê, [74]), the percent-age of medicinal uses is very high, although Göhre et al. [7]

Table 2 List of the 11 species with the highest Relative Frequency Citation (RFC) including habitat, used plant parts (PP), use categories(UC), number of citations (NC), and Cultural Importance Index (CI). Habitat (Hab.): C cultivated, F forest, S savannah. Plant Parts: B bark, Ffruit, L leaf, R root, S seed, SS stem sap, ST stem, W whole plant, Wo wood. Use category: C drugs and cigarettes, D domestic and charcoal,F Hunting, fishing and animal feed, H handicrafts, L ludic, childrens’ toys, M medicinal use, N nutrition, spices and herbal teas, R rituals, Tdental care and cosmetics, O others; *neophyte

Species Hab. PP UC NC RFC CI

Annona stenophylla subsp. cuneata S R, L, F M, N 50 0.371 0.435

Hymenocardia acida S B, L, R, S M 40 0.355 0.355

Vitex madiensis S B, L, R, F, W M, N, R 43 0.323 0.468

Psorospermum febrifugum S B, L, R, F, SS F, M, R 29 0.306 0.371

Raphia matombe F F, L, SS, ST C, D, F, H, M, N, O 24 0.306 0.371

Chromolaena odorata* S L, W M, O 26 0.274 0.290

Elaeis guineensis C B, F, FL, L, R, SS, S C, F, H, M, N, O, R 35 0.274 0.387

Aframomum alboviolaceum S F, L, R, ST M, N 34 0.258 0.339

Sarcocephalus latifolius S B, F, L, R M 32 0.258 0.242

Smilax anceps S F, L, R M, N 20 0.258 0.226

Xylopia aethiopica F B, F, R, S, Wo D, M, N 33 0.258 0.306

Lautenschläger et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:51 Page 64 of 73

detected quite similar use category distributions. One reasonmight be that our study design required at least one personwith knowledge of traditional medicine to accompany theinterview. On the other side, this split is an indication of thecrucial role of plants in rural health care.In general, the predominantly used part is the leaf (37%,

890 citations, 220 species), followed by the different stemtissues wood, bark, bast fibres, and resins (17%, 407 cita-tions, 110 species), underground organs like roots, tubersand rhizomes (15%, 367 citations, 140 species) as well asfruits and seeds with 15% (354 citations, 114 species). Insome cases, the whole plant (56 citations, 27 species) orflowers (16 citations, 12 species) were used. Regardingonly the medicinal use category, the proportion of the ci-tations describing the use of leaves remains almost un-changed with 39% (689 citations, 178 species) while theproportion of the use of underground organs increases bymore than the double to 32% (582 citations, 137 species).This detected plant part percentage is consistent with theone observed by Urso et al. [6], Giday et al. [75], or Chei-khyoussef and Embashu, [76]. As already mentioned anddiscussed in Urso et al. [6], the intensive use of under-ground organs in medical applications may be due to thefact that underground organs need effective defence strat-egies based on a high content of secondary metabolites [6,77]. By contrast, the studies of Upadhyay and Kumar [78]and Panghal et al. [79] confirm leaves as the most fre-quently used plant part in remedies [78, 79]. In this

context, strain and increasing mortality in species ofwhich primarily bark and roots or bulbs are collected forremedies, are discussed [80–83]. No awareness of inter-viewed people in Uíge province for this emerging problemwas detected during our study.As expected, in the category “nutrition”, the main

plant parts used are fruits (57%), leaves (31%), and seeds(5%) which is in concordance with literature [6, 76].Fruits are consumed fresh, except the fruits ofAdansonia digitata L., Piper guineense Schumach. &Thonn. and Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A.Rich. whichcan also be dried. Tubers, although an important sourceof starch, were seldom mentioned. This may be becauseduring field trips these tubers are not abundant but nor-mally cultivated. For fodder purposes, mainly, leaves areused (75%); fruits and stem tissues only play a subordin-ate role.Stems and timber, respectively, are the main plant

parts used domestically (67%). Except the significantlymore frequent utilization of fruits and seeds by women(chi-square test, P = 7 × 10−5, χ2 = 15.8), no othergender-specific difference was detected. This resultcould be caused by the daily behaviour and responsibil-ities women have; those inter alia walk to and work inthe field, carry and take care of the children while col-lecting edible fruits along the wayside. For the Ibowomen in Nigeria for instance, their ownership of fruittrees was described [84].

Fig. 2 Plant family distribution correlating species number with the number of citations including data about its C/S-Quotient depicted by thesize of the circles. Abbreviations of families: ANN Annonaceae, ACA Acanthaceae, ANA Anacardiaceae, APO Apocynaceae, ARE Arecaceae, ASTAsteraceae, EUP Euphorbiaceae, HYP Hypericaceae, LAM Lamiaceae, MAL Malvaceae, PHY Phyllanthaceae, POL Polygalaceae, RUB Rubiaceae, SOLSolanaceae, ZIN Zingiberaceae

Lautenschläger et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2018) 14:51 Page 65 of 73

Ethnobotanical indices of used plantsRFC and CI of all mentioned species were calculated toevaluate the importance of the species use. Here, 67% ofthe species have a RFC below 0.05, 14% between 0.05and 0.1, and 20% more than 0.1. The values range from0.37 to 0.02. The species with the highest RFC also showa high variety of its used plant parts and use categories(Table 2). The calculated CI covers values from 0.47 to0.02 with an average value of 0.07 while Göhre et al. [7]calculated an average value of 0.09 in savannah regionsnear Uíge city.Eight of the 11 species listed in Table 2 are typical

savannah species demonstrating the importance of thisvegetation in traditional plant usage [7]. The most im-portant species is Annona stenophylla subsp. cuneata(Oliv.) N. Robson, a subshrub, which, due to its woodyrhizome, is able to regrow after periodical fires. Fruitsare edible, frequent and therefore known by everyone.Its medicinal use is broad but with focus on gastrointes-tinal disorders. This application was mentioned for therelated A. stenophylla and A. stenophylla subsp. nana[57]. Hymenocardia acida Tul. as well as Psorospermumfebrifugum Spach are frequent small savannah treesoften used for treating bloody diarrhoea, bleeding or an-aemia due to its red root bark producing a reddishcoloured decoction and therefore related to blood, ac-cording to the tradition of local people. We noticed acomparable relationship between the bark of Erythrinaabyssinica DC., which produces a yellow decoction andis used to treat yellow fever, and the use of pulverizedthorns of the trunk of Zanthoxylum gilletii (De Wild.)P.G.Waterman to treat injuries to the feet. Hence, forsome plants, appearance is related to functionality, com-parable to the doctrine of signatures developed by Para-celsus in the sixteenth century [85, 86]. The shrub Vitexmadiensis Oliv. produces edible fruits and has a widevariety of healing properties. Another frequent tree isSarcocephalus latifolius (Sm.) E.A.Bruce whose roots areoften sold at local markets as a tonic. Aframomum albo-violaceum (Ridl.) K.Schum. is a common perennial thatproduces edible fruits sold at local markets during thelate rainy season. Smilax anceps Willd. is the only climb-ing plant in this list, widespread in African savannahsand therefore used diversely [57].Secondly, three species (Elaeis guineensis Jacq., Raphia

matombe De Wild., Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A.Rich) arean important part of remedy mixtures and thus quite wellknown in the literature [57]. Several liposoluble substancescan be dissolved in the oil of Elaeis guineensis fruits, whichis therefore used for skin diseases [57, 58]. At the sametime, palm fruits present a food for better nutrition andhealth due to its components such as palmitic-oleic richsemi solid fat as well as vitamin E, carotenoids and phytos-terols [87]. Xylopia aethiopica is most commonly used as

an addition to remedy mixtures of pulverized seeds due toits diverse constituents [58, 88]. In contrast, the other palmspecies Raphia matombe is one of the most important spe-cies in Bakongo culture inter alia because of its commontraditional utilization to produce palm wine [89]. Inaddition, alcohol also serves as solvent for active ingredients[90–92]. Some plants traditionally are macerated in alco-holic beverages and used in medical applications, mainly asaphrodisiac or against pain [57]. However, parts of Raphiaalso serve as base for other applications such as the leaf ra-chis for domestic use, edible fruits or fibres for handicrafts[32].Interestingly, the invasive species Chromolaena odor-

ata, native to Central-America, is part of the list but alsoused worldwide for the same purpose or other applica-tions [90, 91, 93–95]. Its biochemical and antimicrobialactivities as well as anticancer properties are already wellstudied [96, 97].

Ethnobotanical indices of medical plantsIf we consider only medical plants, the selected ethno-botanical indices attain values similar to those for theuseful plants in general. Out of the 1813 use reports,68% of the listed plant species exhibit a RFC below 0.05(corresponding to 3 citations maximal, 13% between0.05 and 0.1 (4 to 6 citations), and 19% more than 0.1(from 7 citations up). The values range from 0.34 to0.02. The species with the highest RFC in this use cat-egory are shown in Table 3. Eight of them are alreadymentioned in Table 3. The calculated CI values rangefrom 0.44 to 0.02 with an average value of 0.08.Ten percent out of 1813 citations for medicinal uses

refer to stomach ache (183 citations), 8% to respiratorydiseases (140 citations), 7% to pain and rheumatism (124citations), 6% to diarrhoea (115 citations) and 6% toheadache and weakness (101 citations). According toHeinrich et al. [55], the informant’s consensus can helpto select plant species for further pharmaceutical ana-lyses. The calculated Informant Consensus Factor (FIC)of the 41 secondary use categories ranged between 0 and0.78. The disease “measles” has the highest FIC (0.78),followed by the disease groups “diarrhoea” (0.61), “skel-etal deformation” (0.6), “anaemia” (0.58) and “stomachache” (0.58). For 14 out of the 41 defined disease cat-egories, FIC was below 0.2. Table 4 shows the plant spe-cies, which were cited at least five times for one disease,sorted by the Informant Consensus Factor (FIC) of eachdisease. Statistical analysis with Chi-square test of inde-pendence did not detect any significance in gender-spe-cific treatment of the 41 disease categories, except inthe treatment of scoliosis (chi-square test, P = 1 ×10−9, χ2 = 37.1).The importance of traditional medicinal plants is dem-

onstrated by the high number of medical use-reports

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(76%). This value coincides with those of former studiesin this area [7, 9]. The relatively low FIC values could beexplained by the heterogeneity of vegetation forms inthe studied area. In case of non-availability of one plantspecies, another will be chosen to treat the same disease.Cheikhyoussef et al. [59] reported much higher FIC dueto the considerably lower number of citations, describedspecies and disease categories [59]. The FIC encouragedus to choose reliable data of plants which could be ana-lysed either in medical or phytochemical studies. Themajority of the medical applications mentioned at leastfive times (Table 4) is already known and documented[11, 57, 58], but a few citations are new to science (18%),e.g. Gardenia ternifolia subsp. jovis-tonantis (Welw.)Verdc. seems to be promising for treatment of measles;except in Göhre et al. [7], the use of Brillantaisia owar-iensis P.Beauv. for cardiovascular diseases was still notdocumented and Annona stenophylla subsp. cuneatawas neither ethnobotanically nor phytochemically inves-tigated although several studies document the use of re-lated species [7]. With decreasing number of citationsthe quantity of still unknown uses increases. The diseaseskeletal deformation/scoliosis is rarely mentioned inethnobotanical literature as its management is domi-nated by physiotherapies and bracing and not by herbalpreparations. Hulse mentioned deer antlers to cure skel-eton deformities according to Chinese medicine andcalled it of dubious credibility [98]. A study fromNamibia mentioned Ximenia americana L. as a cure forscoliosis [59]. The standard reference Neuwinger [57]neither mentions skeletal deformation nor scoliosis astraditionally treated diseases [57]. Nevertheless, we doc-umented this traditional healing concept as part ofBakongo health treatment culture.Administration methods vary from community to

community, from healer to healer and from disease to

disease. Using a decoction to prepare a remedy is themost frequently found method of preparation (45%),followed by the manufacture of an ointment (13%), ma-ceration (12%) and the application as raw material, whilenearly half of all preparations are administered orally(45%), followed by dermal application (20%) in only 16%is an enema used. This is in contrast to commonly usedmethods used in West African traditional health systems[99]. According to these analyses of administrations, thefour most important combinations of preparation andapplication of medicinal plants are (1) decoction takenorally (21%); (2) raw material crushed, taken orally,chewed or swallowed (14%); (3) maceration of plantparts taken orally (11%); and (4) the preparation of oint-ment applied to the skin (11%). These findings are inline with those of several studies [6, 7, 100].

Nutritional plantsThirty percent of mentioned plant species do have a cer-tain nutritional value for local people. Out of the 107species used for nutrition, 10 were cited more than fivetimes. Besides the species already listed above (Aframomumalboviolaceum (F), Annona stenophylla subsp. cuneata (F),Vitex madiensis (F)), these are as follows: Anisophylleaquangensis Engl. ex Henriq. (F), Dialium englerianumHenriq. (F), Mondia whitei (Hook.f.) Skeels (L), Parinaricapensis Harv. (F), Pteridium aquilinum subsp. africanum(L.) Kuhn (L), Strychnos cocculoides Baker (F) and Syzygiumguineense (Willd.) DC. (F).The use of these species is comparable to Biloso and

Lejoly [101], who found very similar results in the prov-ince Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. Termoteand Van Damme [102] as well as Latham and Konda kuMbuta [11] also point out the economic importance ofthese species. On the other hand, 12% of the citations(13 species) are plants which up to now are not known

Table 3 List of 11 medical plant species with the highest Relative Frequency Citation (RFC) including habitat, used plant parts (PP),and Cultural Importance Index (CI). Habitat: C cultivated, F forest, S savannah. Plant parts: B bark, F fruit, L leaf, R root, S seed, SS stemsap, ST stem, W whole plant; *neophyte

Species Habitat PP RFC CI

Hymenocardia acida S B, L, R, S 0.3387 0.4355

Vitex madiensis S B, L, R 0.3226 0.4032

Psorospermum febrifugum S B, F, L, R, SS 0.3065 0.3226

Annona stenophylla subsp. cuneata S L, R 0.2903 0.4032

Chromolaena odorata* S L 0.2581 0.3226

Sarcocephalus latifolius S B, F, L, R 0.2581 0.4032

Aframomum alboviolaceum S L, R, ST 0.2419 0.3226

Dysphania abrosioides* D L, R, W 0.2419 0.3226

Maprounea africana S B, L, R 0.2419 0.3226

Monodora myristica F B, F, R, S 0.2419 0.371

Xylopia aethiopica F F, R, S 0.2419 0.3387

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Table 4 Diseases with at least one species mentioned with 5 citations listed in order of its Informant Consensus Factor (FIC). Insquare brackets the number of citations of disease category (UR) and the FIC; Known to literature: + known, – not known, *indirectlyrelated; Literature used: Neuwinger, Iwu, Latham and Konda ku Mbuta [11, 57, 58]

Disease Species UR L

measles [UR 10; FIC 0.78] Gardenia ternifolia subsp. jovis-tonantis 8 –

(bloody) diarrhoea, dysentery[UR 115; FIC 0.61]

Bridelia ferruginea 11 +

Hymenocardia acida 10 +

Psidium guajava 8 +

Combretum racemosum 6 +

Diplorhynchus condylocarpon 6 +

Elaeis guineensis 5 +

Lannea edulis 5 +

Syzygium guineense 5 +

skeletal deformation, scoliosis[UR 82; FIC 0.6]

Aframomum alboviolaceum 8 –

Dialium englerianum 7 –

Hymenocardia acida 5 –

Oncoba welwitschii 5 –

Securidaca longipedunculata 5 –

anaemia [UR 39; FIC 0.58] Annona stenophylla subsp. cuneata 6 –

Ochna afzelii subsp. mechowiana 5 +

stomachache [UR 183; FIC 0.58] Senna occidentalis 16 +

Morinda morindoides 11 +

Morinda lucida 10 +

Sarcocephalus latifolius 10 +

Annona stenophylla subsp. cuneata 6 +

Rauvolfia vomitoria 6 +

Diplorhynchus condylocarpon 5 +

erectile dysfunction, impotence [UR 59; FIC 0.57] Mondia whitei 13 +

Thonningia sanguinea 9 *

injury, sprain [UR 40; FIC 0.56] Chromolaena odorata 7 +

hepatitis [UR 16; FIC 0.53] Erythrina abyssinica 5 +

skin infection, problems, leprosy, cicatrices [UR 79; FIC 0.5] Psorospermum febrifugum 11 +

Chaetocarpus africanus 5 +

parasitic worms (intestine) [UR 59; FIC 0.48] Morinda morindoides 8 +

Morinda lucida 6 +

fever, malaria [UR 53; FIC 0.48] Chromolaena odorata 8 *

Dysphania ambrosioides 7 +

toothache, caries [UR 44; FIC 0.47] Maprounea africana 7 +

heart problems, blood pressure [UR 18; FIC 0.47] Brillantaisia owariensis 5 –

respiratory diseases [UR 140; FIC 0.47] Dysphania ambrosioides 6 +

rheumatism, gout, pain [UR 124; FIC 0.47] Croton mubango 11 +

Securidaca longipedunculata 9 +

Vitex madiensis 6 +

headache, vertigo, weakness, fatigue [UR 101; FIC 0.45] Oncoba welwitschii 5 +

Vitex madiensis 5 +

eye parasites, eye problems [UR 36; FIC 0.4] Albizia adianthifolia 5 +

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to literature [7, 9, 11, 103–105]. Especially one speciesshould be highlighted: Dracaena camerooniana, whoseleaves are locally known as nsalabayakala, is also sold atlocal markets and therefore of economic value. By con-trast, fruits like those of Cnestis ferruginea or Renealmiaafricana might be edible but not of good taste, so thatjust a few people do consume these wild fruits, found inthe forests. Furthermore, for the consumed aerial partsof Hilleria latifolia toxicity studies showed histopatho-logical changes at high doses [106]. As several speciesare just cited once, further studies on reliability of dataas well as on distribution of species, and their nutritivevalues and toxicities are recommended.

Influence of gender, age and distanceGenderIt is postulated that women and men have separate andunique relationships with biodiversity [37]. Different studiesdetected either a gender-specific plant use [59, 107] orgender-independent knowledge [108]. In our study, twothirds of informants were male, one third female. In average,female informants concentrate on using plants from savan-nahs (49%) and villages (38%) while male interviewees focuson the use of forest (40%) and savannah (44%) species.Although women represent just a fifth of all citations

(22%), their contribution to medicinal plants was pro-portionally even higher (83%) than those of men (74%)(chi-square test, P = 9 × 10−6, χ2 = 19.7). Deleting usecategories “medicinal plants” and “nutritional plants”,the remaining use categories can be broken down in

detail. It appears that all use categories are nearly homo-genously distributed regarding their number of citationsbetween genders and do not differ significantly fromeach other (chi-square test, P > 0.05).Fifty percent of all plants mentioned in the study were

listed just by men, 12% just by women. When looking atmore details of the use category “medicinal plants”, asimilar pattern can be seen: 48% of the plants werebrought up by men only and 14% just by women. Theten most important species mentioned for medical appli-cation by women and men, with a percentage of morethan 50%, respectively, and the highest numbers ofuse-reports are shown in Table 5. There is thus a strongsuspicion that these species might have a medical appli-cation for illnesses specific to women as in Cheikhyoussefet al. [59] or mentioned by Kamatenesi-Mugisha [109]. Bycontrast, our analyses do not confirm this assumption.Medical plant applications especially for women’s illnesses(menstruation problems, birth, pregnancy, open cervix,lactation, and abortive use) are not significantly more fre-quently quoted by women than others (chi-square test,P > 0.05). On the other hand, mens’ specific illnesses(erectile dysfunction, impotence) and the associated plantsare not mentioned just by men, but by women too. Onthe contrary, percentages are almost evenly distributed.In Bakongo culture, both sexes play a plurality of roles.

Nevertheless, a majority of men hunts while womenmaintain the household, take care of the children andwork in the field. However, individual differences fromperson to person blur these culturally not strictly fixed

Table 5 List of 10 species representing ≥50% citations of women and men, respectively (%) and highest number of use-reports (UR), withtheir habitat (H), Habitat: S = savanna, F = forest, V = village; *neophyte

Species mentioned mainly by women UR % H Species mentioned mainly by men UR % H

Aframomum alboviolaceum 15 54 S Annona stenophylla subsp. cuneata 32 91 S

Dialium englerianum 8 50 S Hymenocardia acida 28 70 S

Jatropha curcas* 7 64 V Securidaca longipedunculata 26 90 S

Combretum psidioides 6 86 S Sarcocephalus latifolius 25 78 S

Ekebergia benguelensis 6 67 S Monodora myristica 24 80 F

Stachytarpheta cayennensis* 6 67 V Vitex madiensis 23 66 S

Gaertnera paniculata 5 100 F Chromolaena odorata* 22 88 S

Cola acuminata 5 63 F Psorospermum febrifugum 22 85 S

Zingiber officinale* 4 100 V Bridelia ferruginea 21 84 S

Strychnos pungens 4 80 S Morinda lucida 21 91 S, F

Table 4 Diseases with at least one species mentioned with 5 citations listed in order of its Informant Consensus Factor (FIC). Insquare brackets the number of citations of disease category (UR) and the FIC; Known to literature: + known, – not known, *indirectlyrelated; Literature used: Neuwinger, Iwu, Latham and Konda ku Mbuta [11, 57, 58] (Continued)

Disease Species UR L

epilepsy, convulsion [UR 42; FIC 0.39] Costus afer 5 +

constipation, flatulence [UR 48; FIC 0.34] Maprounea africana 7 +

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boundaries, so that men also help on the fields. The re-sults of our study on the influence of gender on plantusage in all areas of daily life did not show prominentdifferences of genders in traditional plant usage ofBakongo tribes. Handicraft and house constructing ac-tivities are performed by both sexes, depending on thetransfer of knowledge within the families rather than ongender. Not even in the context of gender-specific ill-nesses, significant differences could be detected. That alladds up to the conclusion that treatment of illnesses isopen and pragmatic and not biased by gender. This no-tion also contradicts the self-perception of male healerswho “use plants of whose women do not know their ef-fects”. But further studies should be undertaken to sup-port this observation, also because the percentage ofwomen was low.

Distance to Uíge cityAs the study was conducted in the whole province cov-ering an area of 59,000 km2, different vegetation zonesare included which merge together seamlessly forming acomplex mosaic. For this reason, it is difficult to detect aclear influence of the distance in regard to species com-position in traditional healer’s concepts. What could bedetected significantly with respect to the distance toUíge city are differences in two use categories. The lar-ger the distance, the higher the number of use citationsof medical plants ranging from 72% (zone A) to 80%(zone B) (chi-square test, P = 9 × 10−6, χ2 = 19.6) whilethe use of nutritional plants decrease from 12% (zone A)to 8% (zone B) (chi-square test, P = 0.002, χ2 = 9.6). Nei-ther plant part utilization nor medical plant explanationor age of informants was significantly different. With in-creasing distance from the city Uíge and its manifold of-fers of modern society such as health centres orsupermarkets, no significant difference of plant usagecould be detected (chi-square test, P > 0.05). Similar re-sults were achieved by Ávila et al. [64] who, dependingon different urbanization levels, documented the main-tenance of a similar ethnobotanical repertoire in Brazil-ian Quilombola groups. In contrast, Pirker et al. [110]stated an influence of rural–urban urbanization andglobalization processes on traditional knowledge. Thisshould be more fully investigated, especially in accord-ance with the shifts from traditional healing to modernhealth care in Angola.

AgeNearly one third of informants were younger than40 years whereas only a quarter of all citations werementioned by this group. The older people thereforeshow a significantly greater knowledge (chi-square test,P = 0.000955, χ2 = 10.913). Especially concerning the usecategory “medicine”, significantly more uses were

mentioned by the older people (chi-square test, P =0.00097, χ2 = 10.877). Voeks [107] described a similarsituation in northeast Brazil and justified his results toshow that the greater knowledge of plant medicinalproperties was linked to the greater age of the partici-pant. The reason that the number of young healers iscomparatively low is explained by the slow process oftransferring knowledge from one generation to another[59]. Further studies should compare firstly youngerpeople and secondly people from urban and rural areas,regardless of their knowledge.

ConclusionDespite (or because of ) the long-lasting military conflictin Angola, traditional knowledge of plant usage is still animportant part of cultural heritage. Plants therefore areessential elements in all areas of livelihood, especially inthe medical sector. This situation is compounded by thestill very poor health care system in the country, espe-cially in rural areas.The study reveals the following key messages:

1. A considerable heterogeneity in plant usage of thestudied area could be detected, influenced by the highcomplexity of flora composed of both, Guineo-Congolian and Zambesian elements and the diversetopography.

2. Although the area is large, no significant influenceof the distance in regard to species composition intraditional healer’s concepts of the respective villagewas found.

3. Although several plants were just mentioned bywomen or men, respectively, no significantrestriction to gender-specific illnesses in medicalplant use could be found.

4. Merely concerning the age of informants a slightshift could be detected, because one third ofinformants were younger than 40 years whereasonly one fourth of all citations were mentioned bythis group. Regarding the analysis within usecategories, this tendency could not be substantiatedsignificantly.

5. At least three species are worth evaluating for theirpharmacological potential due to their high FICvalue regarding the following diseases: Gardeniaternifolia subsp. jovis-tonantis seems to bepromising for treatment of measles; Brillantaisiaowariensis has still not been analysed for treatingcardiovascular diseases; Annona stenophylla subsp.cuneata was mentioned for treating anaemia.

People in Angola still depend very much on the naturalenvironment, and the knowledge of how to use plants intheir daily life is fundamental—even people living in the

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large cities or urban areas do have family in the rural re-gions or at least have lived part of their life there. But byvirtue of the already existing and for the future expectedurbanization and the resultant loss of direct dependenceupon nature, traditional knowledge is expected to be lostin future [111], especially if taking into account thatAngola has a high amount of unused land, suitable forcrops which will be converted in near future, resulting in anegative impact on biodiversity [112]. The study thereforeat the same time provides an important contribution oftraditional knowledge documentation, which so far is veryrare for the area investigated here. Collected data are aworthwhile base for the establishment of a Botanical Gar-den integrated in the Universidade Kimpa Vita in Uígewith focus on useful plants. Furthermore, ethnopharmaco-logical studies of several selected plant species might use-fully be undertaken.

Additional file

Additional file 1: Short movie: Two of the authors during field studiesin Uíge. A traditional healer demonstrates the preparation andapplication of an herbal funnel. (MOV 142656 kb)

AbbreviationsCI: Cultural Importance Index; COI: Herbarium Coimbra; FIC : InformantConsensus Factor; LISC : Herbarium Lisbon; RFC: Relative Frequency ofCitations

AcknowledgementsThe analysis and discussion contained within this article would not havebeen possible without the contribution of knowledge from the villagers ofthe province of Uíge. The University Kimpa Vita was an essential base foroperations and provided logistical support. The authors would like to thankBarbara Ditsch, Gerard van der Weerden, Paul Latham, Christian Schulz,Daniel Nickrent, Anne Göhre, Roseli Buzanelli Torres, Thomas Couvreur andUlrich Meve for assistance in the identification of selected herbariumspecimens. We are also grateful to the Herbarium LISC in Lisbon and theHerbarium COI in Coimbra, Portugal for the assistance as well as to theBotanical Garden of the TU Dresden for cultivating plants until essentialcharacters for identification appeared. Thanks to Andreas Kempe forpreparing Fig. 1 and Stefan Bischoff for preparing Fig. 2.We acknowledge support by the Open Access Publication Funds of theSLUB/TU Dresden.

FundingThe fieldwork in Angola was supported by a travel fund from the GermanAcademic Exchange Service (DAAD) and the program “StrategicPartnerships” of the TU Dresden. These published results were obtained incollaboration with the Instituto Nacional da Biodiversidade e Áreas deConservação (INBAC) of the Ministério do Ambiente da República de Angola.

Availability of data and materialsAll data are available from the corresponding author. All voucher specimensare deposited in the Herbarium Dresdense (DD) of the Institute of Botany,Technische Universität Dresden, Germany. As soon as suitable conditions areestablished, parts of the collection will be deposited at University Kimpa Vita,Uíge, Angola.

Authors’ contributionsTL carried out field work, analysed the collected data and drafted themanuscript. MM, MP, JLM and MFB participated in field work and establishedcontact with local people. CH and CN participated in the design of the study

and helped to draft the manuscript. All authors read and approved the finalmanuscript.

Authors’ informationSince 2012, the Universidade Kimpa Vita in Uíge, Angola and the TechnischeUniversität Dresden, Germany, have a multifaceted cooperation including theestablishment of a Botanical Garden with the focus on local medicinal plantsas well as biodiversity assessments.

Ethics approval and consent to participateNot applicable.

Consent for publicationNot applicable.

Competing interestsThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Publisher’s NoteSpringer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims inpublished maps and institutional affiliations.

Author details1Department of Biology, Institute of Botany, Faculty of Science, TechnischeUniversität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany. 2University Kimpa Vita,Province of Uíge, Rua Henrique Freitas No. 1, Bairro Popular, Uíge, Angola.

Received: 10 February 2018 Accepted: 29 May 2018

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