first hydrodynamics simulations of radiation forces and ... · rolf kuiper first hydrodynamics...

First Hydrodynamics Simulations ofRadiation Forces and Photoionization Feedback

in Massive Star Formation

Tübingen: D. Meyer, N.D. Kee, A. Kölligan, O. Völkel, N. Cimerman, G.-D. Marleau, W. KleyMPIA: Th. Henning, H. Beuther, H. Klahr, A. Bhandare, A. Ahmadi, Ch. FendtMisc: H. W. Yorke (SOFIA), N. J. Turner (JPL), K. Johnston (Leeds), A. McLeod (Canterbury), S. Hirano (Austin), E. Vorobyov (Vienna), R. Pudritz (McMaster), M. Klassen (McMaster), R. Nakatani (Tokyo), H. Fukushima (Kyoto)

EPoS 2018, Ringberg CastleMay 14, 2018

Rolf KuiperTakashi Hosokawa (Kyoto)

Motivation

Tan et al. (2014), PPVI: „… a few caveats are in order. First, no code yet includes all of these physical processes.“

Eric Keto, EPoS 2014: „If it does not form an HII region, it is not a massive star.“

Jets & O

utflows

Radiation Forces

Photoionization&

HII Regions

Stellar Winds

SupernovaKuiper et al. (2010, 2011, 2013ab, 2015, 2016)

Motivation

III

II

I

Rolf Kuiper First Hydrodynamics Simulations of Radiation Forces and Photoionization Feedback in Massive Star Formation May 14, 2018

Physics

Feedback Physics:

• Protostellar Outflows

• Photoionization

• Radiation Forces

Code Development:

• Hydrodynamics (Pluto; Mignone et al. 2007, 2012)

• log-radial spherical grid; axial and midplane symmetry

Simulation Series:✔

✘

✘

✔

✔

✘

✔

✘

✔

✔

✔

✔

• Photoionization (Kuiper, Yorke, & Mignone 2018 subm.)

• Protostellar Outflows (Kuiper et al. 2015, 2016)

• Radiation Transport (Kuiper et al. 2010b, 2018 subm.)

• Dust Evaporation and Sublimation (Bhandare et al. 2018 subm.)

• Stellar Evolution (Hosokawa & Omukai 2009)

• Stellar Atmosphere (Kurucz 1979)

• Self-Gravity (Kuiper et al. 2010b)


Two Accretion Scenarios

0.1 pc

100 M

1000 M1.0 pc

Erot

/Egrav

= 2%<latexit sha1_base64="jYrsOhFNVmArpVHd9MdXvFIVu4A=">AAAC8XichVHLShxBFD22b2N0oks3RQZDVpNuEdSFQYiKG8FARgVHhuq2bJvpF9U1AzrMH/gD2Ylbd271R8y3ZOHpsiePhXib6nvr3HNP3Vvl53FUGNd9GnFGx8YnJqemZ97Nvp+br31YOCyyrg5UM8jiTB/7slBxlKqmiUysjnOtZOLH6sjvfCvzRz2liyhLf5jLXJ0mMkyj8yiQhlC79mmn3UqkudBJX2dmIL6Iv0CoZW8gNsVKa7ldq3sN15pwGxu0tdUq2PDEMFVHZQdZ7RdaOEOGAF0kUEhhGMeQKPidwIOLnNgp+sQ0o8jmFQaYYW2XLEWGJNrhP+TupEJT7kvNwlYHPCXm0qwUWObatYo+2eWpinFB/5vrymLhqyf0rXLZ4SW9T8Vpq7hP3OCCjLcqk4o57OXtynIqg3Os22ki9pdbpJwz+KOzzYwm1rEZgR3LDKnh232PN5DSN9lBectDBWEnPqOX1iurklaKknqavrx99vPvM78eHK40PLfhfV+tb32tHnwKS/iIz3zVNWxhDwfsI8A17vGAR6dwfjo3zu0L1Rmpahbxnzl3z56InjQ=</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="jYrsOhFNVmArpVHd9MdXvFIVu4A=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="jYrsOhFNVmArpVHd9MdXvFIVu4A=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="jYrsOhFNVmArpVHd9MdXvFIVu4A=">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</latexit>

⌦ / R�1<latexit sha1_base64="7CStlqOuH+T9FBfITl7l8FlX9sQ=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="7CStlqOuH+T9FBfITl7l8FlX9sQ=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="7CStlqOuH+T9FBfITl7l8FlX9sQ=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="7CStlqOuH+T9FBfITl7l8FlX9sQ=">AAAC4HichVFLS8NAEJ7GV1tfVfHkJVgEL5ZEhNqLCD7wIlaxtmCrbOIaQ/NisxVq6d2bePXmVX+R/hYPfllT0UPphM3MfvPNtzO7VuS5sTSMj4w2Nj4xOZXN5adnZufmCwuLF3HYETav2aEXiobFYu65Aa9JV3q8EQnOfMvjdau9l+Tr91zEbhicy27EWz5zAvfWtZkEdF1Ybp743GF6MxJhJEP97Kq3YfavC0WzZCjTjVIFVt5Kg4qpD1JFSq0aFj6pSTcUkk0d8olTQBKxR4xifJdkkkERsBb1gAlErspz6lMetR2wOBgMaBt/B7vLFA2wTzRjVW3jFA9LoFKnNaxDpWiBnZzKEcfwX1gPCnOGntBTykmHXXgLijmleAxc0h0Yoyr9lDnoZXRlMpWkW9pW07joL1JIMqf9q7OPjADWVhmdDhTTgYal9ve4gQC+hg6SWx4o6GriG3imPFcqQarIoCfgk9tHP3+feXhwsVkyjZJ5ulXc3UkfPEsrtErreNUy7dIRVdGHjWle6Y3eNUt71J605x+qlklrluifaS/fs9GXbw==</latexit>

⇢ / r�2<latexit sha1_base64="3d8HEm4hewlVeAm6tc6RuKX6Ovs=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="3d8HEm4hewlVeAm6tc6RuKX6Ovs=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="3d8HEm4hewlVeAm6tc6RuKX6Ovs=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="3d8HEm4hewlVeAm6tc6RuKX6Ovs=">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</latexit>

not t

o sc

ale

M↵ = 2⇥ 10�3 M� yr�1<latexit sha1_base64="HJ2XTDJWSsq1y61dfl/PTUxFB1c=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="HJ2XTDJWSsq1y61dfl/PTUxFB1c=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="HJ2XTDJWSsq1y61dfl/PTUxFB1c=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="HJ2XTDJWSsq1y61dfl/PTUxFB1c=">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</latexit>

t↵ = 52.4 kyr<latexit sha1_base64="MdRgj7DI4d9o25D9CkwXQgma4Kw=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="MdRgj7DI4d9o25D9CkwXQgma4Kw=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="MdRgj7DI4d9o25D9CkwXQgma4Kw=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="MdRgj7DI4d9o25D9CkwXQgma4Kw=">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</latexit>

(524 kyr)<latexit sha1_base64="gBA+WQBIGzi7O3uSMCPFm+eonwo=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="gBA+WQBIGzi7O3uSMCPFm+eonwo=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="gBA+WQBIGzi7O3uSMCPFm+eonwo=">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</latexit><latexit sha1_base64="gBA+WQBIGzi7O3uSMCPFm+eonwo=">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</latexit>

"Infinite" Mass Reservoir:• sustained accretion• ram pressure

Finite Mass Reservoir:• "archetype" of a monolithic

pre-stellar core

Kuiper & Hosokawa (2018)


Result: Stellar Mass

� ��

��-�

��-�

�* [�⊙]

��*[�

⊙��

-�]

� �� -�

��-�

�* [�⊙]

��*[�

⊙��

-�]

Finite Mass Reservoir "Infinite" Mass Reservoir

Outflow only

Out + Photoionization

Out + Radiation Forces

Out + Ion + Rad

Outflow only

Out + Ion

Out + RadOut + Ion + Rad

• controlled by mass loss of the reservoir ✘ Outflows✘ Photoionization✔ Radiation Forces

Mstar = 95 M , tacc ~ 126 kyr

Rres ~ 0.24 pc, Mres ~ 240 MKuiper & Hosokawa (2018)


Result: Outflow Broadening



Result: Outflow Broadening

Cluster1.0 pc

Core0.1 pc

Disk0.01 pc

2000 AU

� ��

��

��

��

��

��

�

��

�

��

�

��

ϑ [°]

�[��]

�[� ��]

� ��

��

��

��

��

��

�

��

�

��

�

��

ϑ [°]

�[��]

�[� ��]

� ��

��

��

��

��

��

�

��

�

��

�

��

ϑ [°]

�[��]

�[� ��]

Out

Out + Ion

Out + Rad

Out + Ion + Rad

Disk Structure sets Opening Angle✘ Photoionization✔ Radiation Forces

Ram Pressure collimates Outflow CavityRadiation Forces > Photoionization

Photoionization > Radiation ForcesHII Region Expansion decreases Infall by 50%



Emmy Noether Research Group



• Disk Fragmentation (Meyer et al. 2017, 2018)

→ see Poster by Rolf Kuiper

Midplane Gas Mass Density




• Observational Comparison / CORE (Ahmadi, Kuiper et al., in prep.)

→ see Poster by Aida Ahmadi #P2

→ see Poster by Rolf Kuiper #P23



• UV-line Scattering Feedback onto the near-star Disk (Kee et al. 2018, + subm.)

Density [g cm-3]

Velocity [cm s-1]

R [Rstar]R [Rstar]



• MHD-driven Jets and Outflows (Kölligan & Kuiper, in prep.)



• First Larson Cores (Bhandare, Kuiper, Henning, Fendt, Marleau, Kölligan, subm.)

→ see Poster by Asmita Bhandare #P5

�0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

log (Initial cloud mass / M�)

�0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

log

(Fir

stco

relif

etim

e/y

ears

) / M�0.5

/ M�2.5

�0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

log (Initial cloud mass / M�)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Mea

nfir

stco

rera

dius

[au]




• Observational Comparison / CORE (Ahmadi, Kuiper et al., in prep.)

• UV-line Scattering Feedback onto the near-star Disk (Kee et al. 2018, + in prep.)

• MHD-driven Jets and Outflows (Kölligan & Kuiper, in prep.)

• First Larson Cores (Bhandare, Kuiper, Henning, Fendt, Marleau, Kölligan, subm.)

→ see Poster by Aida Ahmadi #P2

→ see Poster by Rolf Kuiper #P23

→ see Poster by Asmita Bhandare #P5

Jets & Outflows

Radiation Forces

Photoionization& HII Regions

Summary

→ finite mass

reserv

oirs

→ late epochs + large scales

→ terminate stellar accretion

Obstacles / Open Questions:• 2D long-timescale vs. 3D high-resolution

• broad parameter space / initial conditions


Photoionization feeding the Disk

Time

20 kyr 30 kyr 40 kyr 50 kyr

2000 AU

Photoionization's positive Feedback:

• Protostar keeps bloated until ~30 Msol (~30 kyr)(Hosokawa & Omukai 2009, Kuiper & Yorke 2013)

‣Thermal Pressure Feedback acts like Scissor Handles

‣HII Region fills Bipolar Outflow Cavity


� �� -�

��-�

�* [�⊙]��

*[�

⊙��

-�]

Outflow only

Out + Ion

Out + Rad Out + Ion + Rad


Feedback from First Stars


photoevaporation, allowing the H II region to expand inequatorial directions (Figure 7(d)), and accretion onto the staris effectively shut off for M*;67.4 :M at t=8×104 years.

In Figure 8, we plot the evolution of the stellar mass for caseD (solid black line). For comparison, we show the stellar massgrowth for case D-NF (blue dashed line), for which all UVfeedback effects had been turned off. We see that massaccretion onto the protostar is significantly reduced by UV

feedback effects. This figure also displays the stellar massgrowth for a test case (case D-DF) that only includedphotodissociation (FUV) feedback (solid magenta line).Comparing these mass growth histories we conclude thatFUV feedback does hinder mass accretion somewhat, but itsimpact is much weaker than EUV feedback.Figure 9 shows the variation of the envelope temperature–

density–velocity structure with differing UV feedback effects.For case D-NF with neither EUV nor FUV feedback (Figure 9(a)), the disk is surrounded by a warm (T;300–500 K)envelope, where compressional heating due to gas infall isbalanced by H2 molecular line cooling. The gas temperature ishigher (T;5000 K) in a central region r103 au, where H−

free-bound emission is the main cooling process. For caseD-DF with only FUV feedback (Figure 9(b)), the warmenvelope is larger, because FUV radiation reduces theabundances of efficient coolants via H2 photodissociation andH− photodetachment. However, this only occurs in polarregions. Because the bulk of stellar FUV radiation is blockedby the disk, the envelope structure is hardly affected inequatorial directions, where the disk mostly accretes gas fromthe envelope. As seen in Figure 9(c) EUV feedbackdramatically changes the envelope structure. In addition tothe bipolar photoevaporation flow within the H II region,portions of the envelope outside the H II region are expelledfrom the computational grid as shocks propagate through theenvelope and spread the pressure excess of ionized gas.

Figure 7. Time evolution of the temperature distribution in a plane containing the polar axis for case D. The stellar mass and evolutionary time are given in the insetsof panels (a)–(d). The color scale for temperature is the same as in Figure 4. The 3D white and red contours delineate the structure of dissociation and ionization fronts,within which the hydrogen atomic and molecular fractions are below 0.5 and 10−4, respectively.

Figure 8. Example of the impact of differing stellar UV feedback on stellarmass growth. The black solid (case D), magenta solid (case D-DF), and bluebashed lines (case D-NF) represent the cases including both the ionizing anddissociating feedback, with the dissociating feedback only, and without UVfeedback, respectively.

11

The Astrophysical Journal, 824:119 (26pp), 2016 June 20 Hosokawa et al.

Present-Day Star Formation

� �� -�

��-�

�* [�⊙]

��*[�

⊙��

-�]

Outflow only

Out + Ion

Out + RadOut + Ion + Rad

First Stars

Hosokawa, Hirano, Kuiper, et al. (2016)


A parsec-scale Jet from a Massive Young Star

McLeod, Reiter, Kuiper, Klaassen, & Evans, Nature

Large Magellanic Cloud - N180 HH 1177

Halphaoptical


A Disk around a Massive Young Star

Johnston, Robitaille, Beuther, Linz, Boley, Kuiper, Keto, Hoare, & van Boekel (2015)

AFGL 4176 p-V diagrams

however in the K = 7, 8 lines. A similar blue asymmetry is seenin the PV diagrams of the low-excitation K-lines of CH3CNJ = 12–11 observed by Cesaroni et al. (2014) and Hunter et al.(2014), whereas the high-excitation lines are either symmetricalor exhibit a red asymmetry. The CH3CN J = 19–18 K = 2 PVdiagram of G35.03+0.35 HMCA also shows this blueasymmetry (Beltrán et al. 2014). This has been suggested tobe due to an asymmetric disk structure; however, the fact thatso many objects exhibit the same features in their PV diagramssuggests this is more likely due to a radiative transfer effectand/or a geometry that is present in all sources.

To check whether a Keplerian-disk model is consistent withour observations, we ran a grid of self-consistent gas and dustradiative transfer models, where the line and continuumradiative transfer were performed using the codes MOLLIE

(assuming LTE; Keto & Caselli 2010) and HYPERION

(Robitaille 2011), using the Milky Way dust properties fromDraine (2003a, 2003b) with RV = 5.5, respectively. To fit themodels to the line and continuum observations, we fit theprofiles of the continuum and CH3CN J = 13–12 K = 2–8emission collapsed along the major and minor axes, as well asthe integrated spectra for the lines. The models were convolvedto the observed beam before fitting.

Panels (e)–(h) of Figure 4 show the CH3CN J = 13–12 PVdiagrams for a model that provides a good fit to the line andcontinuum data. The model consists of a Keplerian flared diskof radius 2000 AU (the inner radius is set to be the dustsublimation radius, which in this case is 31.3 AU), total gasmass 12Me, with a surface density decreasing as r−1.5, and an

inclination of 30°. The scale height of the disk is given byz 6.7 100 AU 1.29v= ( ) AU, where ϖ is the cylindrical radiusand the constants were determined in order for the disk to be inhydrostatic equilibrium. The model includes a rotationallyflattened infalling envelope (Ulrich 1976) with an infall rate of4.6 × 10−4Me yr−1 and an outer radius of 150,000 AU. Thecentral object is a 25Me zero-age main-sequence O7 star, withproperties determined from Meynet & Maeder (2000) andMartins et al. (2005), specifically T= 36,872 K and R= 6.71Re.The Keplerian velocity field in the model accounts for thecircumstellar mass interior to a given radius. The abundance ofCH3CN relative to H2 is taken to be 10

−8 at>100K, dropping to5 × 10−9 for 90K < T < 100K, and again to 10−10 for <90 K(Collings et al. 2004; Gerner et al. 2014). The grid of models aswell as more detailed results will be presented in a futurepublication (K. G. Johnston et al. 2016, in preparation).We note that the model disk mass of 12Me differs from that

derived using the single temperature of 190 K (8Me) because itaccounts for the expected variance in temperature and opticaldepth over the disk and is the best fit from a discrete set of diskmasses. In addition, a Gaussian fit to the continuum modelimage gives a major FWHM of 880 AU, in good agreementwith the fit to the observations (FWHM = 870 AU), whichindicates the Gaussian fit underestimates the actual disk size.

4. CONCLUSIONS

We present ALMA observations that uncover the presence ofa Keplerian-like disk around an O-type star, detected in both1.21 mm continuum and CH3CN. The velocity structure as traced

Figure 3. Panels (a) and (b) show first- and second-moment maps of the CH3CN J = 13–12, K = 3 emission from AFGL 4176 mm1 in colorscale. Panels (c)–(f) showthe results of the CASSIS pixel-to-pixel spectrum fitting. Continuum emission (starting at 10σ) similar to that shown in Figure 1 is overplotted as contours in all panelsexcept (d), which shows the integrated K = 3 emission at 10%, 30%, 50%, 70%, and 90% of the peak. The beam is shown in the bottom left corner of all panels. Panel(f) shows the positions of the Class II methanol masers from Phillips et al. (1998).

4

The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 813:L19 (5pp), 2015 November 1 Johnston et al.

by CH3CN moment maps and LTE line modeling shows a clearvelocity gradient and evidence of higher velocities at small radii,as expected for a Keplerian disk. In addition, we present aradiative transfer model that agrees with our ALMA observationsnot only in terms of the morphology of the PV diagram, but alsoin terms of the absolute flux of the lines and the continuum, andcorroborates that we have uncovered the best example to date ofa disk in Keplerian-like rotation around a forming O-type star.

We thank the referee for insightful comments that helpedimprove this Letter. We are grateful to have been able toobserve with ALMA and APEX on Llano de Chajnantor,Chile. ALMA is a partnership of ESO (representing its memberstates), NSF (USA) and NINS (Japan), together with NRC(Canada), NSC and ASIAA (Taiwan), and KASI (Republic ofKorea), in cooperation with the Republic of Chile. The JointALMA Observatory is operated by ESO, AUI/NRAO andNAOJ. We thank Frank Wyrowski, Miguel Angel Requena

Torres, and our ALMA contact scientist Edwige Chapillon.P.B. acknowledges support from the Russian Science Founda-tion, grant No. 15-12-10017.

REFERENCES

Beltrán, M. T., Brand, J., Cesaroni, R., et al. 2006, A&A, 447, 221Beltrán, M. T., Cesaroni, R., Neri, R., & Codella, C. 2011, A&A, 525, A151Beltrán, M. T., Sánchez-Monge, Á., Cesaroni, R., et al. 2014, A&A, 571, A52Bisschop, S. E., Jørgensen, J. K., van Dishoeck, E. F., & de Wachter, E. B. M.

2007, A&A, 465, 913Boley, P. A., Linz, H., van Boekel, R., et al. 2012, A&A, 547, A88Boley, P. A., Linz, H., van Boekel, R., et al. 2013, A&A, 557, C1Brinch, C., Crapsi, A., Jorgensen, J. K., Hogerheijde, M. R., & Hill, T. 2007,

A&A, 475, 915Caswell, J. L., Kesteven, M. J., Stewart, R. T., Milne, D. K., & Haynes, R. F.

1992, ApJL, 399, L151Cesaroni, R., Galli, D., Lodato, G., Walmsley, C. M., & Zhang, Q. 2007, in

Protostars and Planets V, ed. B. Reipurth, D. Jewitt & K. Keil (Tuscon, AZ:Univ. Arizona Press), 197

Cesaroni, R., Galli, D., Neri, R., & Walmsley, C. M. 2014, A&A, 566, A73Cesaroni, R., Neri, R., Olmi, L., et al. 2005, A&A, 434, 1039Collings, M. P., Anderson, M. A., Chen, R., et al. 2004, MNRAS, 354, 1133De Buizer, J. M., Redman, R. O., Longmore, S. N., Caswell, J., &

Feldman, P. A. 2009, A&A, 493, 127de Wit, W. J., Hoare, M. G., Oudmaijer, R. D., & Lumsden, S. L. 2010, A&A,

515, A45Draine, B. T. 2003a, ARA&A, 41, 241Draine, B. T. 2003b, ApJ, 598, 1017Draine, B. T. 2011, Physics of the Interstellar and Intergalactic Medium

(Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press)Ellingsen, S. P., Shabala, S. S., & Kurtz, S. E. 2005, MNRAS, 357, 1003Gerner, T., Beuther, H., Semenov, D., et al. 2014, A&A, 563, A97Gibb, E., Nummelin, A., Irvine, W. M., Whittet, D. C. B., & Bergman, P. 2000,

ApJ, 545, 309Green, J. A., & McClure-Griffiths, N. M. 2011, MNRAS, 417, 2500Hildebrand, R. H. 1983, QJRAS, 24, 267Hughes, A. M., Wilner, D. J., Andrews, S. M., Qi, C., & Hogerheijde, M. R.

2011, ApJ, 727, 85Hunter, T. R., Brogan, C. L., Cyganowski, C. J., & Young, K. H. 2014, ApJ,

788, 187Ilee, J. D., Wheelwright, H. E., Oudmaijer, R. D., et al. 2013, MNRAS,

429, 2960Johnston, K. G., Beuther, H., Linz, H., et al. 2014, in The Labyrinth of Star

Formation (Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings, Vol. 36; Cham,Switzerland: Springer International), 413

Johnston, K. G., Keto, E., Robitaille, T. P., & Wood, K. 2011, MNRAS,415, 2953

Jørgensen, J. K., van Dishoeck, E. F., Visser, R., et al. 2009, A&A, 507, 861Keto, E., & Caselli, P. 2010, MNRAS, 402, 1625Krumholz, M. R., Klein, R. I., McKee, C. F., Offner, S. S. R., &

Cunningham, A. J. 2009, Sci, 323, 754Kuiper, R., Klahr, H., Beuther, H., & Henning, T. 2010, ApJ, 722, 1556Kuiper, R., Klahr, H., Beuther, H., & Henning, T. 2011, ApJ, 732, 20Martins, F., Schaerer, D., & Hillier, D. J. 2005, A&A, 436, 1049Meynet, G., & Maeder, A. 2000, A&A, 361, 101Milam, S. N., Savage, C., Brewster, M. A., Ziurys, L. M., & Wyckoff, S. 2005,

ApJ, 634, 1126Murillo, N. M., Lai, S.-P., Bruderer, S., Harsono, D., & van Dishoeck, E. F.

2013, A&A, 560, A103Phillips, C. J., Norris, R. P., Ellingsen, S. P., & McCulloch, P. M. 1998,

MNRAS, 300, 1131Pineda, J. E., Quanz, S. P., Meru, F., et al. 2014, ApJL, 788, L34Reid, M. J., Menten, K. M., Zheng, X. W., et al. 2009, ApJ, 700, 137Robitaille, T. P. 2011, A&A, 536, A79Sánchez-Monge, Á., Cesaroni, R., Beltrán, M. T., et al. 2013, A&A, 552, L10Shabala, S. S., Ellingsen, S. P., Kurtz, S. E., & Forbes, L. K. 2006, MNRAS,

372, 457Tobin, J. J., Hartmann, L., Chiang, H.-F., et al. 2012, Natur, 492, 83Ulrich, R. K. 1976, ApJ, 210, 377Wang, K.-S., van der Tak, F. F. S., & Hogerheijde, M. R. 2012, A&A,

543, A22Yorke, H. W., & Sonnhalter, C. 2002, ApJ, 569, 846Zapata, L. A., Palau, A., Galván-Madrid, R., et al. 2015, MNRAS, 447, 1826

Figure 4. Panels (a)–(d): position–velocity diagrams of CH3CNJ = 13–12 K = 2, 4, 6, and 8 averaged along a cut centered on the mm1continuum peak position, with PA = 61°. 5 and width = 1″. The horizontal andvertical dashed lines mark the position of the continuum peak and a velocity of−52 km s−1. The crosses in the bottom left of each panel show theobservational spatial and spectral resolution. Panels (e)–(h): position–velocitydiagrams of the same lines for the model described in the text. Contour levelsare 10%, 20%, 30%,..., 90% of the peak flux, except for K = 8, which insteadstarts at 30%.

5

The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 813:L19 (5pp), 2015 November 1 Johnston et al.CH3CN

first hydrodynamics simulations of radiation forces and ... · rolf kuiper first hydrodynamics...

Documents