first assessment of nomrog and dornod mongol strictly

First assessment of Nomrog and Dornod Mongol Strictly Protected Areas for the re-introduction of

Przewalski’s horses in the Eastern Steppe of Mongolia

By Petra Kaczensky

International Takhi Group

January 2005

Contents

Background .................................................................................................. 3Material and Methods ................................................................................. 5

General Approach ........................................................................................ 5Assessment Criteria ..................................................................................... 6

Recent History of the Eastern Provinces ................................................... 8Nomrog SPA ................................................................................................. 9Dornod Mongol SPA .................................................................................... 14Summary ...................................................................................................... 19Acknowledgements ...................................................................................... 23Literature ...................................................................................................... 23

Photo appendix ............................................................................................. 25

Background

The Przewaski’s horse (Equus ferus Przewalskii), called takhi in Mongolian, became extinct in the wild and has only survived due to captive breeding (Wakefield et al. 2002). The last recorded sightings of takhi in the wild occurred in the 1960s in the Dzungarian Gobi of Mon-golia (Sokolov and Orlov 1986, Sokolov et al. 1992). The reasons for the extinction of the takhi are seen in the combined effects of pasture competition with livestock and overhunting. Although the historical range of the species has been frequently debated (Ryder 1993, Bou-man and Bouman 1994), hard facts are largely missing. Historical evidence suggests that takhi occurred in the Gobi as well as the Dornod steppe (Eastern Steppe) of Mongolia (Mongolian Takhi Strategy and Plan Work Group [MTSPWG] 1993). Sokolov and Orlov (1986) cite old records in which a wild takhi mare was caught in the interfluvial area of the Onon and Keru-len rivers in 1637 and later given as a gift to the Manchurian Emperor. Plans to return takhis to the Eastern Steppe date back to the 1980s, but were never realized. In October 2004 we vis-ited two protected areas for a first assessment of their suitability as future takhi re-introduction sites.

In reaction to the extinction of the Przewalski’s horse in southwestern Mongolia and north-western China, the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) of the United Nations and the United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) organized an expert consultation. The group passed a general resolution to reintroduce Przewalski’s horses to their former range in Mon-golia and China as the main method of recovery (FAO 1986). Subsequently, a global manage-ment plan for Przewalski’s horse reintroductions was proposed (Seal 1992). Mongolian Gov-ernment–UNEP-sponsored recommendations for the reintroduction of the Przewalski’s horse suggested establishing multiple sites with a primary free-ranging, self-sustaining population in the Dzuungarin basin of the greater Gobi Desert (MTSPWG 1993).

Fig. 1: Re-introduction sites for Przewalski’s horse in Mongolia.

Starting in 1992 takhis have been re-introduced in Central Mongolia (Hustain Nuruu; Bouman 2000) and in the Dzuungarian Gobi (Takhin Tal; Slotta-Bachmayr et al. 2004). A third project

First assessment of Nomrog and Mongol Dornod SPAs for takhi re-introduction

3

started to re-introduce takhis in the depression of Great Lakes (Khomin Tal) in September 2004 (Walzer pers. comm.). The Eastern Steppe of Mongolia had also been considered previ-ously for takhi re-introduction and in the 1980s an adaptation enclosure was built on the Rus-sian side of the Daurian steppe. With the breakdown of the Soviet Union the project was aban-doned and the requested horses from Askania Nova (Ukraine) were sent for re-introduction to Hustain Nuruu instead (Tseveenmaydag, the former Director of Eastern Mongolia’s Protected Areas pers. comm. to D. Lkhagvasuren).

The Eastern Steppe of Mongolia represents one of the largest intact grazing ecosystems world-wide (Fig. 2). Besides the Gobi region, the Eastern Steppe is one of the least populated regions of Mongolia. The two eastern provinces, Sukhbaatar and Dornod, stretch over 205,900 km² of grasslands, pristine wetlands and rolling hills. Human population averages only 0.63 inhabit-ants / km² and livestock numbers are also relatively low (average 11 animals / km²).

Fig. 2: Location of the Eastern Steppe ecosystem in Mongolia.(1 = Menegiin plain; 2 = Foothills of Khyangan)

During the period 1987-1991 the Russian-Mongolian Complex Biological Expedition (RM-CBE) of the Russian Academy of Science (RAS) and the Mongolian Academy of Science (MAS) identified and evaluated 17 areas in 8 natural regions of Mongolia for their potential as re-introduction sites for Przewalski’s horses (MTSPWG 1993). Two of these sites were lo-cated in the Eastern Steppe: the Mengiin plain and the foothills of Khyangan (Fig. 2). Both sites were judged minor in suitability to the Dzungarian Gobi largely because of high risk fac-tors associated with: number of livestock in the area, limited water sources, concentration of blood-sucking insects, absence of natural shelters, harsh winter conditions and the absence of protected terrain (MTSPWG 1993; also see Table 3).

Although the Eastern Steppe appears to be a large area of largely similar habitat, conditions are actually quite variable. Therefore, the goal of this mission was to make a first assessment of two new areas, Nomrog SPA and Mongol Dornod SPA, as potential takhi re-introduction sites. The Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) had selected these sites based on previous work in the Eastern Steppe.


4

Areas assessed for takhi re-introduc-tion 1987-1991

1

2

Material and Methods

General Approach

The time-frame for the field trip was one week in the period 24-30 October, 2004. Our field crew consisted of: Petra Kaczensky, wildlife biologist with the International Takhi Group; D. Lkhagvasuren, mammal biologist at the National University of Mongolia who also acted as translator; and Tume, a local from Choibalsan, who was hired as a driver.

Given the tight time schedule we interviewed Strictly Protected Area (SPA) staff and military personnel about the area and conditions critical for takhi re-introductions. Criteria were based on our experiences from the re-introduction project in the Dzuungarian gobi (Takhin Tal) and the criteria listed in the “Recommendations for Mongolia’s takhi strategy and plan” (MTSP-WG 1993).

We left Choibalsan in the morning of 24 October and returned in the evening of 30 October. In total we drove ~1,200 km, which led us into Nomrog and through Dornod Mongol SPA (Fig. 3). We documented our route and all waypoints with a handheld GPS unit (Garmin II plus) and for visualization transferred the data into our GIS (ArcView 3.2, ESRI). We used digi-tal Russian military maps, scale 1:500,000 as background images (QV Navigator Mongolia; Burgert PC-Service, Seligenstadt, Germany; http://www.ttqv.com).

Fig. 3: Trip through the Eastern Steppe to Nomrog and Dornod Mongol Strictly Protected Area in October 2004.


5

Assessment Criteria

(1) Size of re-introduction area:To support a viable and self-sustaining takhi population, a re-introduction site needs to house several hundred takhis in multiple harems (Slotta-Bachmayr et al. 2004). Takhis live in ha-rems with one harem stallion and several mares with their offspring (foals + 1- and 2-year-olds). In the Gobi region at Takhin Tal, individual harems have annual home ranges of up to 1,500 km². Because Przewalski’s horses are not territorial, home ranges are shared with other takhi harems. However, at least during the breeding season in June-August, harems separate in space and/or time. In Hustain Nuruu annual ranges are much smaller ranging from 9-44 km² for harem groups and up to 64 km² for a bachelor group (Anonymous 2003). Re-introduced takhi seem to be rather conservative in range use which they initially expand only slowly. However, movements of up to 40 kilometers from the release site have been documented in Takhin Tal and further expansion is expected there. Ideally natural boundaries restrict takhi movements to the suitable re-introduction area and reduce the risk of dispersal into adjacent less suitable areas.

The minimum size required for a suitable re-introduction site will most likely depend on pas-ture quality and the distribution of water points.

(2) Forage resources:The pasture needs to be sufficiently productive to feed several hundred takhi year-round. The estimated daily need of an adult takhi is 10 kg dry weight of forage per day and thus the annu-al need amounts to 3,650 kg of forage/takhi/year (MTSPWG 1993, O. Ganbataar, Great Gobi B SPA administration, pers. comm.).

(3) Water resources:Takhis need to drink daily and generally graze on nearby pastures, normally not traveling more than 10 km from the water point to the pasture area. In winter, water requirements can be covered by snow.

(4) Human presence / attitude / poaching:Takhis were eradicated not due to changes in their habitat, but because of pasture competition with livestock and persecution by human. Thus local people have to be in favor of the re-in-troduction program. Poaching and disturbance (active chasing) by humans could very quickly result in the destabilization of harems, reduced fitness and reproduction, and would eventually exterminate the species a second time.

(5) Livestock:Pasture competition with livestock was one reason for the extinction of the takhi in Central Asia. Thus the area selected for re-introduction should have a low density of livestock. Re-duced pasture productivity might also result from high densities of other wild ungulates and/or outbreaks of small mammals (e.g., Brandt’s vole).

Interbreeding with domestic horses and takhis is possible and has occurred in the past – in captivity as well as in the wild prior to extinction (Bowling et al. 2003). With the small popu-lation size of the free-ranging takhis in Mongolia and the limited gene pool, interbreeding of domestic and wild horses poses a serious threat to the conservation of the Przewalski’s horse and needs to be avoided at all costs (Wakefield et al. 2002).


6

(6) Winter severity:Takhis seem to be quite capable to cope with cold temperatures. Although there is a general belief that takhis need to be able to seek shelter from wind-chill in hill country (MTSPWG 1993), most groups in Takhin Tal spend the winter in a large flat marsh area. Apparently bush-es or small depressions are sufficient for thermal protection.

Snow cover in the winter reduces takhis’ dependency on open water and allows them to make use of pastures unavailable to them in the summer due to the lack of open water. On the other hand, deep snow makes traveling strenuous and eventually covers up the fodder. High snow in combination with an icy ground layer can completely block access to the pasture (white dzud) and ultimately leads to starvation.

(7) PredationPredation on takhis by wolves has been documented mainly in foals both in Takhin Tal and Hustain Nuruu. However, experience from Takhin Tal show that even naïve takhis are quite capable of fighting off wolves. Predation by snow leopards, brown bear and golden eagle may occasionally occur, but most likely would be restricted to very young or weak animals. Thus the wolf is the only important predator for takhis. Wolves are capable of reducing large ungu-late populations and/or holding them at low densities. Especially in the initial phase of a re-in-troduction program wolf predation could be a serious threat.

(8) Blood-sucking insectsHigh loads of blood-sucking insects reduce the time spend grazing and often result in dis-placement and insect avoidance behavior (permanent head nicking, rolling, rubbing, etc.). Be-cause the peak of the insect season also coincides with the peak growing season, takhis may not make optimal use of high quality pasture and might even lose weight during this period. In addition, very high insect loads may result in serious blood loss, cause skin irritations and injuries that can become infected. Animals that are already weak might be further weakened and actually die.

Certain blood-sucking insects might also act as diseases vectors. In Hustain Nuruu and Takhin Tal a significant number of naïve takhis were lost to piroplasmosis, a tick-transmitted blood parasite (Robert et al. in print). This strain of piroplasmosis is endemic in equids of Central Asia, but is not present in Europe, Australia or North America. Thus newly re-introduced takhis do not have antibodies and in combination with a high stress level are at risk to develop clinical symptoms and subsequently die.

(9) Environmental risksCertain environmental factors might pose an additional risk for naïve re-introduced takhis. Possible factors are: large-scale fires, volcanic activities, poisonous plants, disposal of hazard-ous waste, radioactivity, land mines, etc.

(10) Political situation / protection statusThere needs to be the political will and the support of the government for a re-introduction program. The proposed area should be committed to long-term protection and thus ideally be a protected area of a status that does not allow any future development compromising the pro-tected status or negatively impacting the area. Ideally the area should be within the territory of as few administratory units as possible and well away from international borders. If this is not the case, there needs to be proven co-operation between responsible agencies, provinces or countries.


7

(11) Developmental plansDevelopmental plans in or around the proposed release site can result in changed land use pat-terns and need to be evaluated with respect to their potential impact on the re-introduced takhi population and their habitat.

(12) OtherThere might be additional site-specific aspects that are relevant for a potential takhi re-intro-duction project.

Recent History of the Eastern Provinces

When travelling to the east it is somewhat striking that there are so few herders, especially when seeing the productive pastures (when compared to the Gobi areas) and the locally abun-dant water.

The reason for this goes back to the 1930s, when with the creation of Manchuguo, Mongolia acquired a new neighbor and its eastern provinces were of interest not only for Russia and China, but also for Japan. On May 11, 1939 Japanese troops seized Mongolian territory up to the left bank of the Halhyn gol (Halkhiin gol), which resulted in a major border confronta-tion between Russia and Mongolia on the one side and Japan on the other. The initial border incident turned into an actual war and involved ~200,000 troops on both sides, heavy war ma-chinery and aircraft support (Baabar 2004). The local population in the eastern province was evacuated or fled.

After the war, the border areas became military zones, whereas other parts of Dornod and Sukhbataar province were re-settled with people from the northern provinces (especially from Khuvsgul). With the breakdown of the Soviet Union and Mongolia’s independence in 1990, large portions of the Soviet-supported infrastructure broke down and many people went back to their homelands in the northern provinces (Prof. Samjaa, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, pers. Comm.). Thus the areas around Nomrog and Dornod Mongol SPAs experi-enced a population decline and several villages (bags) ceased to exist. Nowadays, high unem-ployment rates and the long distances to the nearest provincial centers and the capital Ulaan-baatar make the area very unattractive for re-settlement.


8

Nomrog SPA

Nomrog Strictly Protected Area (SPA) was established in 1992 and spreads over 3,112 km² of rolling hill country, disected by several river valleys (Photo 1, Fig. 4). The area is the eastern-most corner of Mongolia, sourrounded by China in the north, east and west. The area is rather wet and on average receives 300 mm of precepitation and has 100 days of snow cover. Tem-perature extremes range from -47°C in winter to +40°C in summer, with an annual average of -2°C (Atlas of Mongolia 2004). Elevations range from 900 m in the river valleys to almost 1500 m in the south (Fig. 4).

Nomrog SPA is located 80 km from Sumber (~3,800 inhabitants) the next soum center and 400 km from Choibalsan (~50,000 inhabitants) the next provincal capital. Nomrog SPA is a military zone and special entry permits are required from the military headquarter in Ulaan-baatar. There are 3 checkpoints on the road from Choibalsan to Sumber, 1 military base in Sumber, 1 military base north of the park, and 2 military bases and several small checkpoints within the park (Fig. 3). There are no herders or any other civilians in Nomrog SPA.

Fig. 4: Our route through Nomrog Strictly Protected Area in eastern Mongolia. From the small military camp we climbed Hanshan Mountain (Khanchandan Uul)

for an overview of the area.


9

Photo 1: Nomrog SPA provides a mix of rolling hills, riverside vegetation and small forest patches.

(1) Size of re-introduction area: Given the highly productive pastures and the abundance of water, the 3,112 km² sized Nom-rog SPA seems adequate to house a population of several hundred takhis.

(2) Forage resources:No quantitative data was available. Judging from the conditions in October, the pastures of Nomrog SPA are dominated by various grass species and showed little signs of grazing. Pro-ductivity is much higher than in the Gobi region of Takhin Tal and seems similar or even more productive than in Hustain Nuruu. Shrubs and deciduous trees along rivers and in forest patches provide additional browse.

(3) Water resources:There are several creeks and rivers in the area that are spaced in a fashion that would allow takhis to make use of all available pastureland.

(4) Human presence / attitude / poaching:Nomrog SPA is a military zone and there are no local herders or communities in the area.

All military personnel were in favor of a possible takhi re-introduction. The motivation for the support seems to be a combination of the following factors: recognition of the importance of the army in Nomrog SPA, financial support and infrastructure.

Poaching seems to be a major problem in Nomrog, both by the military and illegal Chinese intruders. D. Lkhagvasuren was on a two-week research expedition to the area in September


10

2004 and observed that almost all soldiers have fishing nets and hunt wildlife, mainly roe deer and wild boar. His statement was supported by the local ranger. On our October trip we were invited for wild boar meat, an animal purportedly killed by the military camp dog. The main motivation for poaching by the military seems boredom – the camps are extremely remote with minimal infrastructure and no recreational facilities (e.g., no TV, no books). Given the highly positive attitude towards a possible takhi re-introduction program, it seems unlikely that soldiers would shoot takhis.

Poaching by Chinese intruders seems to have a long history in the region (Prof. Samijaa, Na-tional University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 2004) and is still going on. Soldiers reported fre-quently observing Chinese intruders; often they are spotted on the daily supervision of the area via spotting scope from Hanshan (Hanchandman) Mountain. Chinese intruders mainly access on foot or horse and use neck snares for moose, deer and wild boar and fishing nets for taimen. Chadd Fitzpatrick, who went with a small crew on a six-week wildlife survey into Nomrog SPA in October and November 2004, came upon an old poacher’s camp, an active poacher’s camp, and encountered three poachers with a spare horse on which what appeared to be a small deer was slung (Chadd Fitzpatrick, Fort Collins, USA, pers. comm. 2005). Most disturbing, military personnel seem to be unable or unwilling to address this well-known problem.

Neck snares set for moose would also catch takhi, whereas neck snares set for roe deer or wild boar might result in serious leg injuries. In addition, recently released takhi will initially be rath-er tame towards people and will make easy prey for poachers. All other ungulates of the park are extremely shy and apparently occur at low densities (Chadd Fitzpatrick, pers. comm. 2005). On our trip in October 2004, we only encountered several groups (2-7 animals each) of roe deer.

(5) Livestock:There is only military livestock present – about 200 horses and 100-150 cows – mainly within 5 km of the military bases 1 and 2. The smaller military camps only have a few riding horses. Thus pasture competition between takhi and livestock is presently not an issue.

Due to the abundance of water and forage, and given full cooperation by the military, it should also be possible to effectively separate wild and domestic horses to avoid hybridization.

(6) Winter severity:Nomrog is located in a similar climatic zone as Hustain Nuruu, but generally seems to get more snow. The topography and forest patches provide good thermal cover. Harsh winters with heavy snow occur and this may cause problems to the takhis. Emergency hay and means of transportation to reach the takhi groups needs to be available in case of severe winter con-dition.

(7) Predation:According to the military wolves are abundant, but predation on livestock is not an issue. Ap-parently the natural prey base is so good that wolves do not key in on livestock.

(8) Blood-sucking insects:The overabundance of mosquito and black flies from June to August seem almost legendary and was mentioned by everyone. Domestic stock and wildlife seem to be able to cope with the pressure. Given the abundance of food it should be possible for takhis to compensate for any weight loss during the summer in the autumn. However, the drain blood-sucking insects cause might be too much for stressed and naïve takhis in the initial phase of the reintroduction. New


11

information can be expected from the most recent takhi re-introduction in Khomin Tal, anoth-er area known for its overabundance of blood-sucking insects. Because of insects, takhis were initially brought to Khomin Tal in early fall, after the insect season.

(9) Other environmental risks:Steppe and forest fires occur, but the scale of such events seems generally small. We are unaware of any further specific environmental risks for takhis in this area.

(10) Political situation / protection status:The area has the highest protection status (SPA) in Mongolia, but so far law enforcement seems weak and ranger presence minimal (the only ranger lives in Sumber).

The military is the key stakeholder in the park and is highly motivated to cooperate in a takhi re-introduction program. However, cooperation between the park administration and the mili-tary seems minimal at the moment. In the past, the military received funds to observe wildlife and control the area. This has ceased and presently there seems very little incentive for the military to support the SPA administration.

The area is surrounded by China on three sides and there are few natural barriers to suppress takhi movements into China. There is a border fence in some areas (which we were unable to visit), but if it looks like the fence along the border in Dornod Mongol it does not pose a seri-ous obstacle to takhis.

Habitat quality on the Chinese side is largely unknown, but large tracts of land adjacent to the park seem to have been converted into agricultural land. Cooperation with the Chinese side seems to be minimal and protection of takhi that cross into China cannot be guaranteed.

Cooperation between the park administration and the Eastern Steppe Biodiversity Project (ESBP) also seems to be weak and support by the ESBP for our mission was poor. On the other hand, the ESBP has detailed data on habitat and wildlife of the Eastern Steppe, most of which is apparently integrated in a GIS database.

(11) Developmental plans:We were told there are plans for a glass factory halfway between Sumber and Nomrog.

There are pending plans for construction of the so-called “Millennium Road” which is sup-posed to span the country from west to east and according to the original plan will touch the northernmost tip of Nomrog SPA. The road would greatly facilitate access to the park. On the positive side, it would reduce the efforts and costs for bringing takhis and research equipment to the park, but on the negative side it might result in even more poaching.


12

Fig. 5: Track of the planned “Millennium Road” in the Eastern Steppe (Source: The Economist 29.01.2004).

(12) OtherThe area is very remote and establishing re-introduction facilities and guaranteeing year-round presence will be a similar challenge as in Takhin Tal in the Dzuungarian Gobi. Establishing a base camp that can operate year-round and that is equipped with adequate communication facilities will be most critical. Traveling by jeep in Nomrog SPA is extremely slow and back-wrenching due to the bumpy permafrost and the lack of bridges for crossing the multiple riv-ers and creeks. There are only few jeep tracks available and most field work will have to be done on foot or horseback.

Photo 2: Images of Nomrog SPA habitat taken during summmer 2004 PA Assessment project.


13

Dornod Mongol SPA

Dornod Mongol SPA was established in 1992 and spreads over 5,705 km² of mainly flat steppe habitat. The area is located along the Mongolian-Chinese border in eastern Mongolia. In respect to climatic conditions the area shows a clear west-east gradient, with more precipi-tation and colder temperatues in the east (average precipitation: 250 mm, average snow cover 100 days, average annual temperatures -2°C) and less precipitation and warmer temperatures in the west (average precipitation: 200 mm, average snow cover 50 days, average annual tem-peratures 0°C; Atlas of Mongolia 2004). Elevations range from 750 m to 1089 m in the SE (Fig. 6).

Dornod Mongol is located about 100 km from Sumber, about 90 km from Matad the next sum centers and 250 km from Choibalson. Like Nomrog, Dornod Mongol is a military zone and special entry permits are required from the military headquarter in Ulaanbaatar. There are 4 military bases and multiple small checkpoints within the park (Fig. 6). There are no herders or any other civilians in Dornod Mongol.

Fig. 6: Our route through Dornod Mongol Strictly Protected Area in eastern Mongolia. We climbed Wantan Zagan Uul (Vangiin Tsagaan Uul) for an overview of the area.


14

Photo 3: Dornod Mongol SPA consists mainly of flat steppe habitat, intermingled with rolling hill country.

(1) Size of re-introduction area: With its 5,704 km² Dornod Mongol is relatively large. However, given the scarcity of water and the long-stretched form, the park might prove too small to house several hundred free-roaming and self-sustaining takhi.

(2) Forage resources:Forage is not as abundant as in Nomrog, but in most areas the steppe vegetation is rather dense, grass dominated and only with moderate signs of grazing.

(3) Water resources:We visited the area during the driest season of the year and after two successive dry summers – thus conditions might have been the worst-case scenario. Still, the lack of surface water seems to be the most critical issue in Dornod Mongol. From the military we learnt that there are only two areas with permanent open water in or near the SPA, one in the northeast (a chain of small lakes) and one in the north-central part (a chain of several springs and small creeks). Both areas are more or less north of the park boundary.

There is apparently also a small spring on the north side of Wantan Zagan Uul ((Vangi-in Tsagaan Uul; Fig. 6) and there may be additional springs and puddles during parts of the year. There is also a large wetland at the southwestern corner, which normally has fresh water. However, in fall 2004 the whole area only contained salt water. All military bases had access to wells and some watered all livestock from there.

(4) Human presence / attitude / poaching:Dornod Mongol SPA is a military zone and there are no local people in the area.


15

All military personnel were in favor of a takhi re-introduction. The motivation for the support again seems to be a combination of the following factors: recognition of the importance of the army in Nomrog SPA, financial support and infrastructure.

Poaching seems to be a moderate problem in Dornod Mongol. The military and to some de-gree illegal Chinese intruders chase and shoot Mongolian gazelles. We encountered multiple herds of Mongolian gazelles of up to 1,000 individuals in the western part of the park

(5) Livestock:There is only military livestock present. From the military we learnt that there are about 700 horses and 250 cows. The smaller military camps only have a few riding horses. Due to the lack of water, takhi and livestock pastures might be seasonally restricted to the vicinity of the two access points to open water. There pasture competition might become an issue, as well as hybridization between domestic and wild horses. Insisting on a strict separation of military horses from important takhi areas can be expected to dampen military support for takhi re-in-troduction.

(6) Winter severity:Dornod Mongol is located along a climatic gradient from east to west, with conditions similar to Nomrog in the east and a slightly drier and warmer climate in the west. Due to the mainly flat topography thermal cover is less easily available than in Nomrog, but the small depres-sions and gullies are probably sufficient. As in Nomrog, harsh winters with lots of snow occur and this might cause problems to the takhis. Emergency hay and means of transportation to reach the takhi groups needs to be available in case of severe winter condition.

(7) Predation:According to the military wolves are abundant, but predation on livestock is not an issue. Ap-parently the natural prey base is so good, that wolves do not key in on livestock. We saw a single wolf.

(8) Blood-sucking insects:Due to the general lack of water, blood-sucking insects are not a big concern and are restricted to the vicinity of wetlands.

(9) Other environmental risks:Large-scale steppe fires regularly occur in and around Dornod Mongol (Fig. 7). Military per-sonnel claim that wild animals are usually able to outrun the flames or jump the line of fire and thus takhis might not be at risk of getting killed by the fire. However, the fire burns down the forage and when occurring in fall, the vegetation does not regenerate for the given season. Mongolian gazelles are know for their large-scale movements and seem able to track areas of high plant productivity (Leimgruber et al. 2001), but re-introduced takhis naïve to the area are most likely not able to do so.


16

Fig. 7: Fire frequency map of Mongolia, Spring 1996-2001 (Source: Khudulmur and Erdenetuya 2002).

(10) Political situation / protection status:The area has the highest protection status (SPA) in Mongolia, but so far law enforcement seems weak and ranger presence minimal.

As in Nomrog, the military is the key stakeholder in the park and is highly motivated to coop-erate in a takhi re-introduction program. However, cooperation between the park administra-tion and the military seems minimal at the moment. In the past, the military received funds to observe wildlife and control the area. This has ceased and presently there seems very little incentive for the military to support the SPA administration.

Dornod Mongol SPA shares ~250 km of borderline with China and there are few natural barri-ers to suppress takhi movements into China. There are two lines of border fence, on the Mon-golian side more of a symbolic fence, on the Chinese side a more solid fence. Both probably do not pose a serious obstacle to takhis.

Habitat quality on the Chinese side is largely unknown, but large tracts of land adjacent to the park seem to have been converted into agricultural or industrial land (mining, iron power plants). Cooperation with the Chinese side seems to be minimal and protection of takhi that cross into China cannot be guaranteed.

Cooperation between the park administration and the Eastern Steppe Biodiversity Project (ESBP) also seems to be weak and support by the ESBP for our mission was poor. On the other hand, the ESBP has detailed data on habitat and wildlife of the Eastern Steppe, most of which is apparently integrated in a GIS database.


17

(11) Developmental plans:We are not aware of any developmental plans. There are oil explorations going on by SOCO oil near the northwestern corner of the park. The oil production is still in the exploration phase, but there seems to be potential for a large production (SOCO official, pers. comm.). The camp has a very good infrastructure, including an airstrip. Local SOCO managers were very cooperative and helpful in the past and would also be likely to support a takhi re-intro-duction initiative (P. Zahler pers. comm.).

A well-graded road connects the SOCO oil base with China and allows relatively fast and comfortable traveling between Choibalsan and the eastern part of Dornod Mongol. On a nega-tive side, the roads also allow easy access for poachers.

(12) Other:Traveling by jeep is very easy in Mongol Dornod and all areas can be reached without prob-lems (Photo 3).

Photo 4: The largely flat steppe makes traveling easy in Dornod Mongol SPA.


18

Summary

From this first assessment of the two areas, I would conclude that Nomrog SPA has the better potential as a re-introduction site (Table 1 and 2).

When roughly comparing Nomrog and Mongol Dorod SPAs with the 17 areas assessed in the period 1987-1991 by the Russian-Mongolian Complex Biological Expedition (RMCBE) of the Russian Academy of Science (RAS) and the Mongolian Academy of Science (MAS), Nomrog SPA receives a similar risk factor score as Hustain Nuruu, whereas Dornod Mongol SPA scores much higher. However, the comparison has to be treated with caution because the spatial scale of the original assessments was often rather small (e.g., instead of assessing the whole of the Great Gobi B SPA, only the foothills of the Takhin Shar Nuruu mountains were assessed) and our knowledge of takhi behavior and habitat requirements in the meantime has greatly improved.

Both SPAs have the huge advantage that the only land user is the military and that livestock numbers are low. Pasture productivity is moderate to good. The military is in favor of a takhi re-introduction project. Predation by wolves on livestock is not an issue. Both SPAs share the disadvantage that cooperation between the SPA administration and the military is presently minimal, no natural barriers separate the SPAs from neighboring China and international co-operation in protected area management has been minimal so far. In addition, both areas have the potential for harsh winters with lots of snow, which can be detrimental for takhis.

In Dornod Mongol SPA, the lack of water, the long border to China, the fire hazard and the ex-pected difficulties in separating takhi from domestic horses at the few permanent water points result in a high risk potential.

In Nomrog SPA the abundance of water would allow takhis to make use of the whole park and would facilitate the separation of takhis from domestic horses. However, before starting any re-introduction program the following risk factors need to be addressed:

1. The abundance of water results in an abundance of blood-sucking insects. The sever-ity of this risk factor can be better assessed in 2-3 years from the takhi re-introduction project in Khomin Tal.

2. Poaching is a major concern and the problem needs to be solved before starting a takhi re-introduction program. (Note that in 2005 WCS will be starting an initiative to train border guards to control poaching within Nomrog SPA.)

3. A strong and proven cooperation between the SPA administrations, other projects (e.g., ESBP) and the military is a prerequisite before starting a takhi re-introduction pro-gram.

4. International cooperation with China has to be established and the protection of takhis dispersing into China needs to be guaranteed.

There are several other protected areas in the Eastern Steppe and it would be good to assess their suitability as potential takhi re-introduction before any steps are taken towards a plan-ning takhi re-introduction program in eastern Mongolia.


19

Table 1: Answers of people, familiar with Nomrog and Dornod Mongol SPA, to my assessment criteria.


20

Table 2: Summary of assessment criteria based on local people’s knowledge and own assess-ment.


21

Table 3: Qualitative comparison of Nomrog and Dornod Mongol SPAs with the 17 areas as-sessed in the period 1987-1991 by the Russian-Mongolian Complex Biological Expedition (RMCBE) of the Russian Academy of Science (RAS) and the Mongolian Academy of Science (MAS). The areas were given risk factors for each variable: 0 = no risk potential; 5 = very high risk potential. Takhin Tal area and Hustain Nuruu with ongoing takhi re-introductions are marked gray. The third area with an ongoing takhi re-introduction, Khomin Tal, was not specifically evaluated by that group.

1 = Uvs nuur depression2 = Zavkhan-Khun gui inter3 = Kharnuur-Zavkhan plain4 = Shargiin depression5 = Boon-tsagannuur depression6 = Borzon gobi

7 = Galbiin gobi 8 = Edrengiin nuruu 9 = Ingenii khooloi10 = foothills of Takhiin nuruu11 = Baruun-Khuurai depression12 = Tarbagatai nuruu

13 = South slope of Khangai14 = Khustain Nuruu15 = Mandal gobi16 = Menengiin plain17 = Foothills of Khyangan


22

Acknowledgements

This assessment was developed by the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) and funded in part by USAID. I would like to thank D. Lkhagvasuren for his company and his patience while translating the same questions over and over again. The driver Tume for venturing with us into unknown territory, crossing rivers and bumping over permafrost in Nomrog SPA and into marmot holes in Dornod Mongol SPA with his much loved 1-year old jeep. The military personnel for sharing much needed information, as well as housing, feeding and guiding us through a fascinating landscape. Kirk Olson for providing information on the area and for providing D. Lkhagvasuren and Tume with real winter sleeping bags – they were appreciated. I would also thank the SPA administration personnel, namely director Enkbuir, the rangers Ulzitumor and Myagmasuren as well as Peace Corps volunteer Jason Merckle and researcher Chadd Fitzpatrick for freely sharing information with us. I would like to thank Peter Zahler for sending me off on this adventure – it was never boring, but a bit less would have done, too! And last but not least, I would like to thank Chris Walzer, International Takhi Group and Waltraut Zimmermann, EEP coordinator for Przewalski’s horses, for valuable comments on an earlier version of the report.

Literature

Anonymous 2004. Bridge to nowhere. The Economist print edition, 29 January 2004, Ulaan-baatar, Mongolia. [Available from:

http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displayStory.cfm?story_id=2388747]Anonymous. 2003. Takhi research report 2003. Unpublished report, Hustain Nuruu NP, Mon-

golia.Baabar. 2004. History of Mongolia. The Mongolian and Inner Asian Studies Unit, University

of Cambridge, UK.Bouman, I. 2000. The reintroduction of Przewalski horses in the Hustai Nuruu mountain for-

est steppe reserve in Mongolia; an integrated conservation development project. Gazel-la, 27:27-52.

Bowling, A. T., W. Zimmermann, O. Ryder, C. Penado, S. Peto, L. Chemnick, N. Yasinets-kaya, and T. Zharkikh. 2003. Genetic variation in Przewalski’s horses, with special fo-cus on the last wild caught mare, 231 Orlitza III. Cytogenetic and Genome Research, 101:226-234.

Food and agricultural organization of the United Nations (FAO). 1986. The Przewalski horse and restoration to its natural habitat in Mongolia. Animal Production and Health Paper 61. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.

Khudulmur, S. and M. Erdenetuya. 2002. Remote sensing in Mongolia. Isprs, 7(4)Leimgruber, P., W. J. McShea, C. J. Brookes, L. Bolor-Erdene, C. Wemmer, and C. Larson.

2001. Spatial patterns in relative primary productivity and gazelle migration in the East-ern Steppes of Mongolia. Biological Conservation, 102:205-212.

Mongolian Takhi Strategy and Plan Work Group. 1993. Recommendations for Mongolia´s takhi strategy and plan. Mongolian Government, Ministry of Nature and Environment, Ulaan Baatar, Mongolia.


23

Roberts, N., C. Walzer, S.R. Ruegg, P. Kaczensky, O. Ganbataar, and C. Stauffer. In press. Pathological investigations of reintroduced Przewalski’s horse (Equus caballus przewal-skii) in Mongolia. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine.

Seal, U. S. 1992. The draft global Przewalski horse conservation plan: a summary and com-ments on goals of captive propagation for conservation. Pages 107–110 in S. Seifert (Eds).

Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on the preservation of the Przewalski horse. Zoologischer Garten Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.

Slotta-Bachmayr, L., R. Boegel, P. Kaczensky, C. Stauffer, and C. Walzer. 2004. Use of pop-ulation viability analysis to identify management priorities and success in reintroduc-ing Przewalski’s horses to southwestern Mongolia. Journal of Wildlife Management, 68(4):790-798.

Sokolov, V.E., and V.N. Orlov. 1986. Introduction of Przewalski horses into the wild. Pages 77-88 in The Przewaqlski Horse and Restoration to its Natural Habitat in Mongolia. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper 61. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 181 pp.

Sokolv, V.E., G. Amarsanaa, M.W. Paklina, M.K. Posdnjakowa, E.I. Ratschkowskaja, and N. Chotoluu.1992. Das letzte Przewalskipferd, Areal und seine geobotanische Charakter-istik. Pages 213–218 in S. Seifert (Eds). Proceedings of the 5th International Sympo-sium on the preservation of the Przewalski horse. Zoologischer Garten Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.[in German]

Wakefield, S., J. Knowles, W. Zimmermann, and M. van Dierendonck. 2002. Status and ac-tion plan for the Przewalski’s horse (Equus ferus przewalskii). Pages 82-92 in P.D. Moe-hlman (Eds). IUCN Publication Services Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom. [available from: http://iucn.org]


24

Nomrog SPA (from top left to bottom right): (1) The entrance sign to Nomrog SPA, (2) near the entrance, (3) Military base 1, (4) Cows near military base 1, (5) Soldiers with spotting scope on top of Hanshan Mountain, (6) View to the east from Hanshan Mountain. [all pictures P.Kaczensky]

Nomrog SPA


25

Nomrog SPA (from top left to bottom right): (1) River valley at the small military camp, (2) near the entrance, (3) pasture, (4) Near the Three-river point, (5) In the Three-river valley, (6) Military horses at the military base 2. [all pictures P. Kaczensky]

Nomrog SPA


26

Dornod Mongol SPA (from top left to bottom right): (1) Chain of small lakes in the NE near military camp 1, (2) Well near military base 1, (3) Hill near military base 1, (4) On the road to military base 2 (5) Chain of small springs & creeks near military base 2, (6) Chain of small springs & creeks near military base 2. [all pictures P. Kaczensky]

Dornod Mongol SPA


27

Dornod Mongol SPA (from top left to bottom right): (1) D. Lkhagvasuren next to Mongolian border fence, (2) View from Wantan Zagan Uul, (3) Salt marsh next to military base 4, (4) Mongolian gazelles (5) The SOCO road, (6) The SOCO oil fields. [all pictures P. Kaczensky]

Dornod Mongol SPA


28

Äîðíîä Ìîíãîëûí Íºìðºã, Äîðíîä Ìîíãîëûí Äàðõàí Öààçàò Ãàçàðò Ïåðæåâàëüñêèéí àäóóã ñýðãýýí

íóòàãøóóëàõ òàëààð õèéñýí àíõíû ñóäàëãàà

Ïåòðà Êàê÷åíñêèé

Îëîí Óëñûí Òàõü Ñóäëàëûí Ãðóïï

2005 îíû 1 ä¿ãýýð ñàð

Гарчиг

Оршил ...................................................................................................... 3Материал, Арга зүй ................................................................................ 5Ерөнхий арга ......................................................................................... 5

Судалгааны шалгуур үзүүлэлтүүд ..................................................... 6Дорнод Ìîíãîëûí сүүлийн үеийн түүх ............................................. 8Нөмрөгийн Дархан Цаазат Газар ....................................................... 9Дорнод Монголын Дархан Цаазат Газар ........................................... 14Дүгнэлт .................................................................................................... 19Талархал .................................................................................................. 23Ном зүй .................................................................................................... 23

Îðøèë

Ïåðæåâàëüñêèéí àäóóã (Equus ferus Przewalskii) Ìîíãîëä òàõü ãýæ íýðëýäýã áºãººä, ýíý àäóóíû çýðëýã òºðºë óñòàæ, çºâõºí ¿ðæ¿¿ëãýýð ¿ðæ¿¿ëñýí àäóó àìüä ¿ëäýýä áàéãàà þì (Wakefield et al. 2002). Òàõèéã õàìãèéí ñ¿¿ëä Ç¿¿íãàðûí Ãîâüä 1960-ààä îíû ¿åä çýðëýãýýð àìüäàð÷ áàéñíûã õàðñàí áàéíà (Ñîêîëîâ, Îðëîâ 1986, Ñîêîëîâ 1992). Òàõü óñòàæ ¿ã¿é áîëñîí øàëòãààíûã ìàëòàé ºðñºëäºæ, õóâààæ èääýã áýë÷ýýðèéí õýìæýý áàãàññàí, õýò èõ àãíàñàíòàé õîëáîîòîé ãýæ ¿çäýã. Õýäèéãýýð òºðºë ç¿éëèéí õóâüä ò¿¿õýíä ìàðãààíòàé òýìäýãëýãäñýí áàéäàã ÷, (Ðàéäåð 1993, Áîóìåí, Áîóìåí 1994), ãîë áàðèìò áàéäàãã¿é. Ò¿¿õ ãýð÷èëæ áàéãààãààð Ìîíãîëûí Ãîâü áîëîí Äîðíîäûí òàë íóòàãò òàõü àìüäàðäàã áàéñàí áàéíà (Ìîíãîëûí Òàõèéí Ñòðàòåãè, Òºëºâëºëòèéí Àæëûí á¿ëýã [ÌÒÑÒÀÁ] 1993). Ñîêîëîâ, Îðëîâûí (1986) á¿òýýëä Îíîí Õýðëýí ìºðºíãèéí íèéëýõ á¿ñ îð÷ìîîñ 1637 îíä çýðëýã òàõèéí ã¿¿ã áàðüñàí áºãººä ñ¿¿ëä Ìàí÷óóðûí ýçýí õààíä áýëýã áîëãîí ºãñºí ãýæ áè÷æýý. Ìîíãîë îðíû Äîðíîä á¿ñ íóòàãò 1980-ààä îíä òàõèéã áóöààæ íóòàãøóóëàõààð òºëºâëºæ áàéñàí áîëîâ÷ õýçýý ÷ áèåëýëýý îëîîã¿é þì. 2004 îíû 10 äóãààð ñàðä áèä òàõèéã ñýðãýýí íóòàãøóóëàõ áîëîìæòîé õî¸ð á¿ñýä î÷èæ ¿çýí àíõíû ñóäàëãààãàà õèéñýí þì.

Ìîíãîë îðíû ç¿¿í ºìíºä á¿ñ, Õÿòàäûí áàðóóí õîéä á¿ñýä Ïåðæåâàëüñêèéí àäóó óñòñàíû äàðàà Í¯Á-èéí Õ¿íñ, Õºäºº Àæ Àõóéí Áàéãóóëëàãà áîëîí Í¯Á-èéí Áàéãàëü Îð÷íû Õºòºëáºðèéí ìýðãýæèëòí¿¿ä çºâëºãººí çîõèîí áàéãóóëñàí áºãººä Ïåðæåâàëñêèéí àäóóã òýäíèé óíàãàí íóòàã áîëîõ Ìîíãîë, Õÿòàäàä ñýðãýýí íóòàãøóóëàõ íü àñóóäëûã øèéäâýðëýíý ãýñýí øèéä ãàðãàñàæýý (ÕÕÀÀÁ 1986). Èéíõ¿¿, Ïåðæåâàëüñêèéí àäóóã ñýðãýýí íóòàãøóóëàõ ìåíåæìåíòèéí òºëºâëºãººã çîõèîñîí áàéíà (Ñèë 1992). Ìîíãîë Óëñûí Çàñãèéí Ãàçàð-Í¯Á-ûí ÁÎÕ-èéí äýìæëýãòýéãýýð Ïåðæåâàëüñêèéí àäóóã íóòàãøóóëàõ, õýä õýäýí á¿ñèéã ñàíàë áîëãîñîí áà Ìîíãîë îðíû Èõ Ãîâèéí Ç¿¿íãàðûí ýëñýí öºëèéã òàõü ÷ºëººòýé áýë÷ýýðëýæ, áèå äààí àìüäðàõ íºõöºëòýé õýìýýí ñàíàë áîëãîæýý (ÌÒÑÒÀÁ 1993).

Çóðàã 1: Ìîíãîëä Ïåðæåâàëüñêèéí àäóóã ñýðãýýí íóòàãøóóëñàí ãàçðóóä

1992 îíîîñ ýõëýí òàõèéã Ìîíãîë îðíû òºâ á¿ñèéí íóòàãò (Õóñòàéí Íóðóó; Áîóìåí 2000) áîëîí Ç¿¿íãàðûí Ãîâüä (Òàõèéí Òàë; Ñëîòòà-Áà÷ìåéð 2004) ñýðãýýí íóòàãøóóëæ ýõýëæýý. Òàõèéã Èõ Íóóðûí îð÷èì (Õººìèéí Òàë) ñýðãýýí íóòàãøóóëàõ ãóðàâ äàõü

Íºìðºã, Äîðíîä Ìîíãîëûí ÄÖÃ-ò òàõèéã ñýðãýýí íóòàãøóóëàõ àíõíû ñóäàëãàà

3

Äàóðèéí òàëÎÕÓ

ÁÍÕÀÓ

Ìîíãîë Óëñ

Óëààíáààòàð

Õóñòàéí íóðóóÕîìûí òàë

Òàõèéí òàë

Êèëîìåòð

òºñºë 2004 îíû 9 ñàðä ýõýëñýí áàéíà (Âàëöåð). Äîðíîä Ìîíãîëûí Òàë íóòàãò òàõèéã ñýðãýýí íóòàãøóóëàõ òàëààð óðüä íü ÿðèãäàæ áàéñàí áºãººä 1980-ààä îíä Äàóðèéí Òàë îð÷ìûí Îðîñûí íóòàãò äàñàí çîõèöóóëàõ õààëò áàðüñàí õýäèé ÷ Çºâëºëò Õîëáîîò Óëñ çàäàðñíààð óã òºñºë îðõèãäîæ, Àñêàíèÿ Íîâàãààñ (Óêðàéí) àâàõààð òîõèðîëöñîí áàéñàí ìîðüäûã Õóñòàé Íóðóóíä íóòàãøóóëàõààð øèëæ¿¿ëñýí áàéíà (Äîðíîä Ìîíãîëûí Äàðõàí Öààçàò Ãàçðûí çàõèðàë áàéñàí Öýâýýíìÿäàãèéí Ä.Ëõàãâàñ¿ðýíä ÿðüñíààð).

Äîðíîä Ìîíãîëûí òàë íóòàã äýëõèé äýýðõè õºíäºãäººã¿é ýêîñèñòåì á¿õèé òîìîîõîí õýìæýýíèé òàëáàéòàé íóòãóóäûí íýã þì (Çóðàã 2). Ìºí ò¿¿í÷ëýí, Äîðíîäûí òàë Ãîâèéí á¿ñýýñ ãàäíà Ìîíãîë Óëñûí õ¿í àì õàìãèéí áàãà ñóóðüøñàí á¿ñ íóòàã. Ç¿¿í á¿ñèéí 2 àéìàã áîëîõ Ñ¿õáààòàð, Äîðíîä àéìãóóä 205,900 êì² áýë÷ýýð, ãîë ãîðõè, ã¿âýý òîëãîäòîé. Õ¿í àìûí ñóóðøèë äóíäæààð çºâõºí 0.63 õ¿í / êì² áà ìàëûí òîî ÷ õàðüöàíãóé áàãà (äóíäæààð 11 ìàë / êì²).

Çóðàã 2: Äîðíîä Ìîíãîëûí ýêîñèñòåìèéí áàéðøèë. (1 = Ìýíýíãèéí òàë; 2 = Õÿíãàíû Íóðóó)

1987-1991 îíóóäàä Îðîñûí Õîëáîîíû Óëñûí Øèíæëýõ Óõààíû Àêàäåìè (ÎÕÓØÓÀ), Ìîíãîë Óëñûí Øèíæëýõ Óõààíû Àêàäåìè (ÌÓØÓÀ)-ààñ á¿ðýëäñýí Îðîñ Ìîíãîëûí õàìòàðñàí Áèîëîãèéí Ñóäàëãààíû áàã (ÎÌÁÑÁ) Ïåðæåâàëüñêèéí àäóóã ñýðãýýí íóòàãøóóëàõààð 8 á¿ñèéí 17 ãàçðûã ñîíãîí, ¿íýëãýý õèéñýí áàéíà (ÌÒÑÒÀÁ 1993). Ýäãýýð ãàçðûí õî¸ð íü Äîðíîä Ìîíãîëä áóþó Ìýíýíãèéí òàë, Õÿíãàíû Íóðóó áàéæýý (Çóðàã 2). Ýíýõ¿¿ õî¸ð ãàçàð Ç¿¿íãàðûí Ãîâüòîé õàðüöóóëâàë òîõèðîìæ ìóóòàé, ó÷èð íü òóñ á¿ñ íóòàã äàõü ìàëûí òîî, óñíû ýõ ¿¿ñâýð õÿçãààðëàãäìàë, öóñ ñîðîã÷ õîðõîé øàâüæ èõ, áàéãàëèéí õàìãààëàõ îðîìæ õààëò áàéõã¿é, õ¿íä õýö¿¿ ºâºë áîëäîã, õàìãààëàëòòàé á¿ñ íóòàã áàéõã¿é çýðýã íü òîõèðîìæã¿é áîëîõûã õàðóóëíà ãýæ ¿íýëñýí áàéíà (ÌÒÑÒÀÁ 1993; Õ¿ñíýãò 3-èéã õàð).Õýäèéãýýð Äîðíîä Ìîíãîë äýýðõèòýé íýëýýä òºñòýé íºõöºë áàéäàëòàé òîìîîõîí íóòàã áîëîâ÷ ¿íýí õýðýã äýýðýý íýëýýä ÿëãààòàé. Òèéìýýñ, ýíýõ¿¿ àæëûí ýðõýì çîðèëãî íü Äîðíîä Ìîíãîëûí Íºìðºã, Äîðíîä Ìîíãîëûí Äàðõàí Öààçàò Ãàçðóóäàä òàõèéã ñýðãýýí íóòàãøóóëàõ áîëîìæèéã ñóäëàõ àíõíû ñóäàëãàà áàéëàà. Çýðëýã Àìüòäûã Õàìãààëàõ Íèéãýìëýã (ÇÀÕÍ) ýäãýýð ãàçðóóäûã ñîíãîõäîî Äîðíîä Ìîíãîëä ºìíº íü õèéãäýæ áàéñàí àæëóóä äýýðýý ¿íäýñëýí ñîíãîñîí þì.


4

Ìîíãîë Óëñ

Óëààíáààòàð

1987-1991 онуудад тахийг сэргээн

нутагшуулахаар судалж байсан газрууд

×îéáàëñàí

ªíäºðõààíÄîðíîä Ìîíãîë

Ñ¿ìáýð1

2

ÎÕÓ

ÁÍÕÀÓ

Ìàòåðèàë, Àðãà ç¿é

Åðºíõèé àðãà

Îðîí íóòàãò õèéõ ñóäàëãààíû àæèë íü 2004 îíû 10 ñàðûí 24-30 õîîðîíä íýã äîëîî õîíîãèéí õóãàöààòàé áîëñîí. Îðîí íóòãèéí ñóäàëãààíû áàãèéí á¿ðýëäýõ¿¿íä Îëîí Óëñûí Òàõü Ñóäëàëûí Ãðóïïûí çýðëýã àìüòíû áèîëîãè ñóäëàà÷ Ïåòðà Êàê÷åíñêèé, ÌÓÈÑ-èéí ñ¿¿í òýæýýëòíèé áèîëîãè ñóäëàà÷ Ä.Ëõàãâàñ¿ðýí (ìºí îð÷óóëàã÷ààð àæèëëàñàí), Ò¿ìýý (×îéáàëñàíãààñ æîëîî÷îîð õºëñºëæ àæèëëóóëñàí) íàð îðñîí.

Íýãýíò áèäíèé àÿëàëûí õóãàöàà áîãèíî áàéñàí òóë áèä Äàðõàí Öààçàò Ãàçðûí àæèëòíóóä, öýðãèéí àëáàíûõàíòàé óóëçàæ òóñ ãàçàðò òàõèéã ñýðãýýí íóòàãøóóëàõàä çàéëøã¿é õàðãàëçàõ íºõöºë áàéäëûí òàëààð ÿðèëöàâ. Ç¿¿íãàðûí ãîâüä (Òàõèéí Òàë) òàõü ñýðãýýí íóòàãøóóëñàí òºñëèéí òóðøëàãà, “Ìîíãîëûí òàõèéí ñòðàòåãè, òºëºâëºëòèéí çºâëºìæ” (ÌÒÑÒÀÁ 1993)-ä æàãñààñàí øàëãóóð çýðýãò ¿íäýñëýí àæëàà ÿâóóëàâ.

10 ñàðûí 24-íèé ºãëºº áèä ×îéáàëñàí õîòîîñ ãàð÷ 10 ñàðûí 30-íèé îðîé áóöàæ èðñýí. Áèä Íºìðºã, Äîðíîä Ìîíãîëûí Äàðõàí Öààçàò Ãàçðóóäààð äàéðàí íèéòäýý 1,200 êì çàì òóóëàâ (Çóðàã 3). Áèä ÿâñàí ãàçðûí çàìàà GPS (Garmin II plus) áàãàæààð õýìæèæ, GIS ìýäýýëýëä õºðâ¿¿ëæ áóóëãàñàí (ArcView 3.2, ESRI). Áèä Îðîñûí öýðãèéí äèæèòàë 1:500,000 õýìæýýñ á¿õèé ãàçðûí çóðãèéã ôîí çóðàãëàë áîëãîí àøèãëàñàí (QV Navigator Mongolia; Burgert PC-Service, Seligenstadt, Germany; http://www.ttqv.com).

Çóðàã 3: Íºìðºã, Äîðíîä Ìîíãîëûí Äàðõàí Öààçàò Ãàçðóóäûí íóòãààð 2004 îíû 10 ñàðä àÿëñàí àÿëàëûí ìàðøðóò.


5

Ìîíãîë Äàãóóðûí ÄÖÃ - À õýñýã

ÁÍÕÀÓ

ÎÕÓ

Ìîíãîë Äàãóóðûí ÄÖÃ - Á õýñýã

Óãòàì Óóë ßõü íóóð

Òîñîí Õóëñòàé

Õàð ßìààò

×îéáàëñàí

Íºìðºã Óóë

Êèëîìåòð

Äîðíîä Ìîíãîë ÄÖÃ

SOCO

Ñ¿ìáýð

Öýðãèéí ïîñòóóä

Õàìãààëàëòòàé ãàçðóóä

Çàì (2004.10)

Ñóäàëãààíû øàëãóóð ¿ç¿¿ëýëò¿¿ä

(1) Ñýðãýýí íóòàãøóóëàõ ãàçðûí õýìæýý:Ñýðãýýí íóòàãøóóëàõ ãàçàð íóòàã áèå äààí àìüäðàõ ÷àäâàð á¿õèé íýëýýä îëîí ñ¿ðýã, õýäýí çóóí òàõü àìüäðàõ íºõöºëèéã õàíãàõóéö áàãòààìæòàé áàéõ õýðýãòýé (Ñëîòòàé-Áà÷ìåéð 2004). Òàõü ñ¿ðãýýð àìüäàðäàã, íýã ñ¿ðýãò àçàðãà, õýä õýäýí ã¿¿, óíàãà, óäìûí õàìò áàéäàã. Òàõèéí Òàëûí ãîâèéí á¿ñ íóòàãò íýã ñ¿ðýã æèëäýý îéðîëöîîãîîð 1,500 êì² íóòàãò í¿¿äýëëýí àìüäàðäàã áàéíà. Ïåðæåâàëüñêèé àäóóíû õóâüä òîäîðõîé õÿçãààð íóòàã ýçýëæ àìüäàðäàãã¿é áóñàä òàõèéí ñ¿ðýãòýé íóòãàà õóâààæ àìüäàðäàã. Ãýâ÷, 6 ñàðààñ 8 ñàðûí õîîðîíä îðîîíû ¿åýðýý òîäîðõîé îðîí çàé, õóãàöààãààð áóñàä ñ¿ðãýýñýý òóñãààðëàãääàã. Õóñòàéí Íóðóóíä æèëèéí áýë÷ýýðèéí õýìæýý õàðüöàíãóé áàãà íýã àçàðãà àäóóíûõ 9-44 êì² áàéõ áà ã¿¿, óíàãàã¿é ñ¿ðãèéí õóâüä 64 êì² õ¿ðòýë õýìæýýòýé áàéäàã áàéíà (Íýðã¿é 2003). Øèíýýð ñýðãýýí íóòàãøóóëñàí òàõèéí õóâüä áýë÷ýýðëýõ òàëáàéãàà ýõýíäýý ìàø óäààíààð òýëäýã áàéäàë àæèãëàãäñàí áàéíà. Ãýñýí õýäèé ÷ Òàõèéí Òàëä íóòàãøóóëñàí òàõèéí ñ¿ðýã àíõíû òàâüñàí ãàçðààñàà 40 õ¿ðòýë êì íóòàãò í¿¿äýëëýñýí òóõàé áàðèìò òýìäýãëýñýí áàéäàã áºãººä öààøèä ÷ òýëýõ õàíäëàãàòàé áàéãàà þì áàéíà. Èéíõ¿¿, áàéãàëèéí õèë õÿçãààð òàõü ñýðãýýí íóòàãøóóëàõàä òîõèðîìæòîé ãàçàð íóòàã ðóó í¿¿äýëëýõ òàõèéí í¿¿äëèéã õÿçãààðëàæ, òîõèðîìæ ìóó ãàçàð íóòàã ðóó í¿¿äýëëýõ ýðñäýëèéã áàãàñãàäàã.

Ñýðãýýí íóòàãøóóëàõ òîõèðîìæòîé ãàçàð íóòãèéí õàìãèéí áàãà õýìæýý íü áýë÷ýýðèéí ÷àíàð, óñíû öýã¿¿äèéí òàðõàëòààñ õàìààðíà.

(2) Òýæýýëèéí ýõ ¿¿ñâýð:Áýë÷ýýð íü õýäýí çóóí òàõèéã æèëèéí òóðø òýæýýõ õàíãàëòòàé õýìæýýíèé òýæýýëëýã áàéõ øààðäëàãàòàé. Íàñàíä õ¿ðñýí òàõèéí ºäðèéí õîîëíû õýðýãöýý 10 êã òýæýýëèéí õóóðàé æèí áóþó æèëèéí õýðýãöýýíèé õýìæýý 3,650 êã òýæýýë/æèë áàéíà (ÌÒÑÒÀÁ 1993, Î.Ãàíáààòàð, Èõ Ãîâèéí Äàðõàí Öààçàò Ãàçðûí Çàõèðãàà).

(3) Óñíû ýõ ¿¿ñâýð: ªäºð á¿ð óñíû õýðýãöýý øààðäëàãà ãàðàõ áà òàõü åðºíõèéäºº óñíû îéðîëöîî áóþó óñíààñ 10 êì-ýýñ õîëã¿é áýë÷ýýðëýäýã. ªâºëäºº, óñíû õýðýãöýýã öàñíû óñíààñ àâ÷ áîëíî.

(4) Õ¿í / õàíäëàãà / õóëãàéí àí:Òàõü ººñðäèéíõ íü àìüäðàõ îð÷èíä ãàðñàí ººð÷ëºëòººñ áîëæ ¿ã¿é áîëîîã¿é, ìàëòàé áýë÷ýýð õóâààëöàõ ºðñºëäººí, õ¿íèé ìºðäëºãº, õàâ÷èëòààñ øàëòãààëñàí. Òýð óòãààðàà îðîí íóòãèéí õ¿ì¿¿ñ èéíõ¿¿ òàõèéã ñýðãýýí íóòàãøóóëàõ õºòºëáºðòýé ñàíàë íýãäýæ àæèëëàõ øààðäëàãàòàé. Õóëãàéí àí áîëîí õ¿ì¿¿ñèéí õººõ çýðýã íü ñ¿ðýã òîãòâîðòîé áóñ áîëîõ, òàõèéí áèå ìàõáîäèéí õºãæèë, ¿ðæèë áóóðàõàä ìàø õóðäàí íºëººëæ, ýöýñòýý ýíýõ¿¿ òºðºë ç¿éë õî¸ð äàõü óäààãàà óñòàõàä íºëººëæ áîëçîøã¿é.

(5) Ìàë àæ àõóé:Ìàëòàé áýë÷ýýðèéã õóâààëöàí áýë÷ýýðëýõ ºðñºëäººí Òºâèéí á¿ñýä òàõü óñòàæ ¿ã¿é áîëîõ íýã øàëòãààí áàéñàí. Òèéìýýñ òàõèéã ñýðãýýí íóòàãøóóëàõààð ñîíãîñîí ãàçàðò ìàëûí íÿãòðàë áàãà áàéõ ¸ñòîé. Çýðëýã òóóðàéòàí àìüòàä áà æèæèã õºõòºí àìüòäûí (º.õ ¿ëèéí öàãààí îãîòíî) òîî íýìýãäýõ íü áýë÷ýýðèéí òýæýýëëýã áóóðàõàä íºëººëæ áîëçîøã¿é.

Òàõü íóòãèéí àäóóòàé ýðëèéçæèõ ÿâäàë ãàðàõûã ¿ã¿éñãýõã¿é áà óðüä íü ÷ çýðëýãýýð àìüäàð÷ áàéñàí áîëîí òýæýýìýë òàõèéí àëü àëèíä íü èéì òîõèîëäîë ãàð÷ áàéñàí.


6

(Áîóëèí et al. 2003). Ìîíãîëä çýðëýãýýð àìüäàð÷ áàéãàà òàõèéí òîî öººí, ãåíèéí ñàí õÿçãààðëàãäìàë áàéãàà ºíºº ¿åä íóòãèéí àäóó çýðëýã àäóóòàé ýðëèéçæèõ ÿâäàë Ïåðæåâàëüñêèéí àäóóã õàìãààëàõ àæèëä íýëýýä àþóë ó÷ðóóëæ áàéãàà áºãººä ¿¿íýýñ àëü áîëîõ çàéëñõèéõ õýðýãòýé (Âýéêôèëä et al. 2002).

(6) ªâëèéí íºõöºë:Òàõü õ¿éòýí öàã àãààðûã äàâàí òóóëàõ ÷àäâàðòàé. Õýäèéãýýð ºâëèéí õ¿éòýí ñàëõè, àãààðûí óðñãàëààñ íóóãäàõ îðîìæ õýðýãòýé áîëíî ãýñýí åðºíõèé îéëãîëò áàéäàã ÷ (ÌÒÑÒÀÁ 1993), Òàõèéí Òàëä áàéäàã èõýíõè ñ¿ðýã çàäãàé õàâòãàé òàëä ºâºëæäºã. Èéìýýñ áóò, áàãà õýìæýýíèé õîíõîðõîé çýðýã íü äóëààöàõ, îðîãíîõîä õàíãàëòòàé áàéõ áîëíî.

Öàñíû íºìðºã òàõèéí óñíààñ õàðààò áàéõ áàéäëûã áóóðóóëæ, óñã¿éãýýñ çóíäàà õ¿ðäýãã¿é áýë÷ýýðèéí íººöèéã àøèãëàõ áîëîìæîîð õàíãàíà. Íºãºº òàëààñ, çóçààí öàñ ºâºëäºº õîë ÿâàõàä ñààä áîëæ, öààøèëáàë áýë÷ýýð òýæýýëèéã á¿ðõýíý. Èõ ºíäºð îðñîí öàñ, ìºñëºã ãàçðûí õºðñºí äàâõàðãà áýë÷ýýðèéã á¿ðõýæ (öàãààí çóä), ýöýñòýý ºëñãºëºíä õ¿ðãýæ áîëçîøã¿é.

(7) Ìàõ÷èí àìüòàä:Ãîë÷ëîí òàõèéí óíàãà ÷îíîíä èä¿¿ëñýí òîõèîëäîë Òàõèéí Òàë, Õóñòàéí Íóðóóíä á¿ðòãýãäñýí áàéíà. Ãýâ÷, Òàõèéí Òàëûí òóðøëàãààñ õàðàõàä õàìãèéí ãýíýí òàõü ÷ ÷îíîòîé òýìöýõ ÷àäâàðòàé ãýäãèéã õàðóóëñàí áàéíà. Öàñíû èðâýñ, áîð áààâãàé, àëòàí á¿ðãýä çýðýã àìüòäàä èä¿¿ëýõ òîõèîëäîë ãàð÷ áîëîõ áîëîâ÷ èõýâ÷ëýí áàãà çàëóó, ñóë àìüòàä ë ¿¿íä ºðòºõ ìàãàäëàëòàé. Òèéìýýñ ÷îíî òàõèéí õóâüä õàìãèéí àþóëòàé àìüòàí áîëæ áàéíà. Òóóðàéòàí àìüòäûí ñ¿ðãèéã àãíàæ, òýäíèé òîîã áàãàñãàäàã õàìãèéí àþóë çàíàëõèéëñýí àìüòàí áîë ÷îíî áàéäàã. ßëàíãóÿà ýíýõ¿¿ ñýðãýýí íóòàãøóóëàõ õºòºëáºðèéí ýõíèé ¿åä ÷îíî õàìãèéí èõ àþóë áàéæ ìàãàäã¿é.

(8) Öóñ ñîðîã÷ øàâüæ õîðõîé:Öóñ ñîðîã÷ øàâüæ èõ áàéõ íü áýë÷ýýðò áàéõ õóãàöààã áàãàñãàæ, èõýâ÷ëýí ººð òèéø øèëæèí í¿¿äýëëýõ, øàâüæíààñ çàéëñõèéõ çàí àâèð (áàéíãà òîëãîéãîî øèëãýýõ, ø¿ðãýõ, õºðâººõ ãýõ ìýò) ãàðãàõàä õ¿ðãýäýã. ªâñ, íîãîîíû óðãàëòûí îðãèë ¿åä øàâüæíû õàìãèéí èõ áîëîõ óëèðàëòàé çýðýãöäýã òóë, òàõü ºâñ íîãîîíû õàìãèéí èõ ÷àíàðòàé áàéõ ýíý ¿åä òýæýýë àâ÷ ÷àäàõã¿é, öààøèëáàë æèí àëäàæ ÷ áîëçîøã¿é. Ìºí ò¿¿í÷ëýí, èõ õýìæýýãýýð øàâüæèä õàòãóóëñàíààð öóñ àëäàõàä õ¿ðãýõ, àðüñ ¿ðýâñýí ãýìòýí, õàëäâàð îðîõ áîëîìæòîé. Åðºíõèéäºº ñóë àìüòäûí áèåèéí ýñýðã¿¿öýë áóóð÷, ¿õýæ ÷ áîëíî.

Çàðèì íýã öóñ ñîðîã÷ øàâüæ ºâ÷èí äàìæóóëàã÷èéí ¿¿ðýã ã¿éöýòãýäýã. Õóñòàéí Íóðóó, Òàõèéí Òàëä, ïèðîïëàçìîç áóþó õà÷ãààð äàìæäàã öóñíû ïàðàçèòòàõ ºâ÷íººð öººíã¿é òàõü ¿õñýí (Ðîáåðò et al. õýâëýìýë õýëáýðýýð). Ïèðîïëàçìîçûí ýíý òºðºë Òºâ Àçèä ýíäýì õýëáýðýýð òîõèîëääîã áà Åâðîï, Àâñòðàëè, Õîéä Àìåðèêò ãàð÷ áàéãààã¿é. Òèéìýýñ ñýðãýýí íóòàãøóóëñàí òàõüä ýíý ºâ÷íèéã ýñýðã¿¿öýõ ýñðýã áèåò áóþó ýñýðã¿¿öýõ òîãòîëöîî áàéõã¿é, ìºí øèíý îð÷èíä èðñýí ñòðåññèéí áàéäàë çýðýã óã ºâ÷íººð ºâ÷ëºõ ºíäºð ýðñäýëòýé áºãººä öààøèëáàë ¿õýæ ÷ áîëíî.

(9) Áàéãàëü îð÷èíòîé õîëáîîòîé ýðñäýë¿¿ä:Øèíýýð ñýðãýýí íóòàãøóóëñàí òàõèíä áàéãàëü îð÷íû áóñàä õ¿÷èí ç¿éëñ íýìýëò ýðñäýë áîëæ ìàãàäã¿é. ¯¿íä: òîìîîõîí õýìæýýã õàìàðñàí ò¿éìýð, ãàçàð õºäëºëò, õîðòîé ºâñ


7

óðãàìàë, áàéãàëüä àþóë õîðòîé õîã õàÿãäàë, ðàäèîèäýâõò áîäèñûí õàÿãäàë, óõñàí í¿õ çýðýã.

(10) Óëñ òºðèéí íºõöºë áàéäàë / õàìãààëàëòûí ñòàòóñ:Òàõèéã ñýðãýýí íóòàãøóóëàõ ýíýõ¿¿ õºòºëáºðò òºð, çàñãèéí ãàçðûí äýìæëýã õýðýãòýé. Òºëºâëºæ áóé ãàçðûã óäààí õóãàöààãààð õàìãààëàëòàä àâàõ òàë äýýð ñàíàà òàâüæ, öààøèëáàë, õàìãààëàëòòàé ãàçðûí ñòàòóñòàé áîëãîõ, öààøèä ýíý ñòàòóñòàé çºð÷èëäºõ ýñâýë òóõàéí ãàçàð íóòàãò ñºðãººð íºëººëºõ àëèâàà ¿éë àæèëëàãààã ÿâóóëàõã¿é áàéõ çýðýã àæèëä àíõààðàõ øààðäëàãàòàé. Ìºí òóõàéí ãàçàð çàñàã çàõèðãààíû íýãæ öººòýé, óëñûí õèëýýñ çàéäóóõàí áàéðëàñàí áàéâàë òóí çîõèñòîé. Õýðýâ èíãýæ ÷àäàõã¿é áîë, õàìòðàã÷ àãåíòëàã, àéìàã îðîí íóòãèéí õîîðîíäûí õàìòûí àæèëëàãààã áàòàëãààæóóëñàí áàéõ õýðýãòýé áîëíî.

(11) Õºãæëèéí òºëºâëºãºº:Àëèâàà õºãæëèéí òºëºâëºãºº òàõèéã íóòàãøóóëàõ ãàçàð áîëîí ýðãýí òîéðíû ãàçàð àøèãëàëòûí çóðàãëàëä ººð÷ëºëò îðóóëàõ òóë ñýðãýýí íóòàãøóóëñàí òàõü, òýäíèé àìüäðàõ îð÷èíä ¿ç¿¿ëýõ íºëºº çýðãèéã ñàéòàð ¿íýëýí ä¿ãíýõ õýðýãòýé.

(12) Áóñàä Òàõü ñýðãýýí íóòàãøóóëàõ òºñºëòýé õîëáîãäîë á¿õèé òóõàéí ãàçàð íóòãèéí îíöëîãòîé õîëáîîòîé àñóóäëóóä ãàðàõûã ¿ã¿éñãýõã¿é.

Äîðíîä Ìîíãîëûí ñ¿¿ëèéí ¿åèéí ò¿¿õ

Äîðíîä Ìîíãîëûí íóòãààð àÿëæ áàéõàä ¿ðæèë øèì ñàéòàé áýë÷ýýð (Ãîâèéí á¿ñòýé õàðüöóóëàõàä), óñíû íººöòýé áîëîâ÷ öººí ìàë÷èí ºðõ¿¿ä áàéãàà áàéäàë àíõààðàë òàòàæ áàéâ.

¯¿íèé øàëòãààí íü 1930-ààä îíû Ìàí÷óãîãèéí ¿éë ÿâäàëòàé õîëáîãäîõ áà Ìîíãîë øèíý õºðø¿¿äòýé áîëæ, Äîðíîä Ìîíãîë Îðîñ, Õÿòàäûí òºäèéã¿é ßïîíû ñîíèðõîëûã òàòàõ áîëñîí áàéíà. 1939 îíû 5 äóãààð ñàðûí 11-íä ßïîíû öýðã¿¿ä Ìîíãîëûí ãàçàð íóòàãò Õàëõûí Ãîë õ¿ðòýë öºìºð÷ îðæ èðñýíýýð Îðîñ Ìîíãîëûí àðìè ßïîíû òàëòàé õèëèéí òóëààí ¿¿ñýõýä õ¿ðãýñýí áàéíà. Èéíõ¿¿ õèëèéí ìàðãààí íü õî¸ð òàëä îéðîëöîîãîîð 200,000 öýðýã, öýðýã äàéíû õ¿íä ìàøèí, îíãîö îðîëöñîí äàéí áîëîí äýãäñýí áàéíà (Áààáàð 2004). Ýíý ¿åä ç¿¿í á¿ñèéí íóòãèéí àðä èðãýä øèëæèí ñóóðøèæ, îðãîí çóãàòñàí áàéíà.

Äàéíû äàðààãààð õèëèéí îð÷èì öýðãèéí á¿ñ íóòàã áîëæ, Äîðíîä Ñ¿õáààòàð àéìãèéí áóñàä õýñýãò õîéä íóòãààñ (ÿëàíãóÿà Õºâñãºëººñ) õ¿ì¿¿ñ èðæ ñóóðøèõ áîëñîí áàéíà. 1990 îíä Çºâëºëò Õîëáîîò Óëñ çàäðàñíààð, Çºâëºëòèéí äýìæëýãòýé äýä á¿òöèéí íýëýýä òîìîîõîí õýñýã çàäðàí óíàæ, îëîí õ¿í áóöàæ õîéä íóòàã ðóóãàà í¿¿öãýýñýí áàéíà (Ïðîô. Ñàìæàà, ÌÓÈÑ, Óëààíáààòàð, pers. Comm.). Èéíõ¿¿ Íºìðºã, Äîðíîä Ìîíãîëûí Äàðõàí Öààçàò Ãàçðóóäûí îð÷èìä õ¿í àìûí ñóóðüøèë áóóð÷, õýä õýäýí òîñãîí òºâëºðñºí ãàçàð (áàã) àëãà áîëîâ. ªíºº ¿åä, àæèëã¿éäëèéí ò¿âøèí ºíäºð, Óëààíáààòàð áîëîí òºâëºðñºí õîò ñóóðèí ãàçðààñ õîë áàéäàã çýðýã íü õ¿í àì äàõèí ñóóðøèõàä òºäèéëºí òààòàé áóñ áîëãîäîã áàéíà.


8

Íºìðºãèéí Äàðõàí Öààçàò Ãàçàð

Íºìðºãèéí Äàðõàí Öààçàò Ãàçàð (ÄÖÃ) 1992 îíä áàéãóóëàãäñàí áºãººä 3,112 êì² òàëáàé á¿õèé ã¿âýý, òîëãîä, ýäãýýðèéã çààãëàñàí õýä õýäýí ãîëûí õºíäèéãººñ á¿ðäýíý (Ôîòî 1, Çóðàã 4). Ýíý ãàçàð íóòàã Ìîíãîëûí õàìãèéí ç¿¿í òàëûí õýñýã áºãººä õîéä, ç¿¿í áîëîí áàðóóí òàëààðàà Õÿòàäòàé õèë çàëãàäàã. Ýíä ÷èéãëýã, äóíäæààð 300 ìì õóð òóíàäàñ îðäîã, æèëèéí 100 ºäºð öàñòàé áàéäàã. Àãààðûí õýì ºâºëäºº -47°C, çóíäàà +40°C-ò õýëáýëçýæ, æèëèéí äóíäàæ àãààðûí õýì -2°C áàéäàã áàéíà (Ìîíãîëûí ãàçðûí çóðàã 2004). ªìíºä õýñãèéí ãîëûí õºíäèé 900 ì-ýýñ áàðàã 1500 ì-ò ºðãºãäñºí (Çóðàã 4).

Íºìðºãèéí Äàðõàí Öààçàò Ãàçðûí îéðîëöîîõ ñóì áîëîõ Ñ¿ìáýð ñóìààñ (~3,800 õ¿í àìòàé) 80 êì çàéä, îéðîëöîîõ àéìãèéí òºâ áîëîõ ×îéáàëñàí õîòîîñ (~50,000 õ¿í àìòàé) 400 êì çàéä áàéðëàíà. Íºìðºãèéí ÄÖÃ öýðãèéí á¿ñ íóòàã òóë Óëààíáààòàð äàõü Õèë Õàìãààëàõ Åðºíõèé Ãàçðààñ á¿ñýä íýâòðýõ òóñãàé çºâøººðºë àâàõ øààðäëàãàòàé áîëäîã. ×îéáàëñàíãààñ Ñ¿ìáýð îðîõîä øàëãàí íýâòð¿¿ëýõ 3 öýãòýé, Ñ¿ìáýð ñóìàíä öýðãèéí àíãè íýã, äàðõàí öààçàò ãàçðûí õîéä õýñýãò íýã öýðãèéí àíãèòàé, ìºí òóñ ÄÖÃ-ò 2 öýðãèéí àíãè, æèæèã øàëãàí íýâòð¿¿ëýõ öýãòýé (Çóðàã 3). Íºìðºãèéí ÄÖÃ-ò ìàë÷èä áîëîí áóñàä ýíãèéí èðãýä áàéõã¿é.

Çóðàã 4: Íºìðºãèéí Äàðõàí Öààçàò Ãàçðààð áèäíèé ÿâñàí çàìûí ìàðøðóò. Öýðãèéí æèæèã àíãèàñ áèä Õàíøàí Óóë (Õàí÷àíäàí Óóë)

ºãñºæ àâñàí òóñ á¿ñèéí åðºíõèé çóðàã.


9

Ôîòî 1: Íºìðºãèéí ÄÖÃ ã¿âýý òîëãîä, ãîëûí îð÷ìûí ºâñ óðãàìàë, áàãà õýìæýýíèé îéí çóðâàñòàé.

(1) Ñýðãýýí íóòàãøóóëàõ ãàçðûí õýìæýý: Íºìðºãèéí ÄÖÃ-ûí ¿ð øèì á¿õèé áýë÷ýýð, ãîë óñ á¿õèé 3,112 êì² ãàçàð íóòàã õýä õýäýí çóóí òàõèéí ñ¿ðýã áàéðøóóëàõ áîëîìæòîé íü õàðàãäàæ áàéíà.

(2) Òýæýýëèéí ýõ ¿¿ñâýð: Òîîí ìýäýýëýë îëäîîã¿é. 10 äóãààð ñàðûí áàéäëûã õàðæ ä¿ãíýõýä Íºìðºãèéí ÄÖÃ-ûí áýë÷ýýð òºðºë á¿ðèéí ºâñ óðãàìëûí òºðºë ç¿éëýýð ãîë÷ëîí äàâàìãàéëæ, ìàë áýë÷ýýðëýñýí øèíæ òýìäýã áàðàã áàéõã¿é áàéëàà. Ýíäõèéí áýë÷ýýðèéí øèìò ÷àíàðûã Òàõèéí Òàëûí ãîâèéí á¿ñèéí áýë÷ýýðèéí øèìò ÷àíàðòàé õàðüöóóëâàë øèìò ÷àíàð õàðüöàíãóé èõ, Õóñòàéí Íóðóóíûõòàé õàðüöóóëâàë áàðàã àäèëõàí, õàðèí ÷ èë¿¿ øèìòýé õàðàãäàæ áàéâ. Ãîëûí äàãóóõ áîëîí îéí çóðâàñò áóé áóòëàã óðãàìàë, ìîä çýðýã íü òýæýýëèéí íýìýëò ýõ ¿¿ñâýð áîëæ áîëíî.

(3) Óñíû ýõ ¿¿ñâýð: Òóñ ãàçàðò õýä õýäýí ãîë ãîðõè áàéõ òóë òàõü õ¿ð÷ áîëîõ á¿õèé ë áýë÷ýýðèéã àøèãëàõ áîëîìæòîé áàéäàëòàé áàéíà.

(4) Õ¿í / õàíäëàãà / õóëãàéí àí:Íºìðºãèéí ÄÖÃ öýðãèéí á¿ñ íóòàã áºãººä òóñ ãàçàðò ìàë÷èä, ýíãèéí àðä èðãýä áàéõã¿é.

Áèäíèé óóëçñàí öýðãèéí àëáàí õààã÷èä òàõèéã ñýðãýýí íóòàãøóóëàõ áîëîìæèéí òóõàé íýëýýä ñîíèðõîæ áàéâ. Òýäíèé äýìæèõ áàéäàë íü äîîðõè õî¸ð õ¿÷èí ç¿éëñòýé õîëáîîòîé: Íºìðºãèéí ÄÖÃ-ò öýðãèéí áààçòàé îíöëîí ¿çýõ, ñàíõ¿¿ãèéí äýìæëýã áîëîí äýä á¿òöèéí àñóóäàë.


10

Öýðãèéíõýí áîëîí Õÿòàäààñ õóóëü áóñ õèë äàâàã÷èä õóëãàéí àí õèéäýã íü Íºìðºãèéí ÄÖÃ-ò íýëýýä òîìîîõîí àñóóäàë þì. Ä.Ëõàãâàñ¿ðýí 2004 îíû 9 ñàðä ñóäàëãààíû àæëààð ýíý ãàçàðò èðýõýä áàðàã á¿õ öýðã¿¿ä çàãàñ÷èëäàã, çýðëýã àí àìüòàí àãíàäàã, èõýíõäýý áîð ãºðººñ, çýðëýã áîäîí àãíàäàã áîëîõûã àæèãëàñàí áàéíà. ¯¿íèéã ÷ ìºí îðîí íóòãèéí áàéãàëü õàìãààëàã÷ õýëæ áàéñàí. 10 ñàðä áèäíèéã î÷èõîä öýðãèéíõýí çýðëýã áîäîíãèéí ìàõààð äàéëñàí áºãººä öýðãèéíõýí íîõîéãîîðîî àí õèéäýã þì øèã ñàíàãäàæ áàéëàà. Àëñëàãäìàë, äýä á¿òýö ìàø ìóó, ÷ºëººò öàãàà ºíãºðººõ ç¿éëã¿é (ººðººð õýëáýë, çóðàãò, íîì ñîíèí áàéõã¿é) çýðýã íü òýäíèéã èéíõ¿¿ õóëãàéí àí õèéõýä õ¿ðãýäýã áàéõ. Òàõèéã ñýðãýýí íóòàãøóóëàõ õºòºëáºðèéã èõ äýìæèæ áàéãàà áàéäëûã õàðàõàä öýðãèéíõýí òàõèéã áóóäàõã¿é áàéõ ãýñýí ñýòãýãäýë òºðºâ.

Õÿòàäûí õóóëü áóñ õèë äàâàã÷èä õóëãàéí àí õèéäýã íü íýëýýä óðò óäààí õóãàöààíû ò¿¿õòýé áºãººä îäîî ÷ ¿ðãýëæèëñýýð áàéãàà þì áàéíà (ïðîô. Ñàìæàà, Ìîíãîë Óëñûí Èõ Ñóðãóóëü, Óëààíáààòàð 2004). Öýðãèéíõýíèé àæèãëàñíààð Õàíøàí Óóëûí õàðóóëûí öýãýýñ Õÿòàäûí õóóëü áóñ õèë çºð÷èã÷äèéã óäàà äàðàà ¿çýãäñýíèéã òýìäýãëýæ áàéñàí áàéíà. Õÿòàäûí õóóëü áóñ õèë çºð÷èã÷èä õºëººðºº ýñâýë ìîðüòîé îðæ èðæ, õàíäãàé, áóãà, çýðëýã áîäîíã áóãóéëäàæ àãíàäàã, öóë çàãàñ àãíàõ çàãàñíû òîðòîé áàéäàã áàéíà. ×àä Ôèòçïàòðèê áàãèéí õàìò 2004 îíû 9, 10 ñàðä Íºìðºãèéí ÄÖÃ-ò 6 äîëîîí õîíîã çýðëýã àìüòíû ñóäàëãàà õèéõýýð èðýýä õóëãàéí àí õèéæ áàéñàí õ¿ì¿¿ñèéí áóóäàëä èðæ òààðñàí áºãººä òýíä 3 õ¿í, íýã èë¿¿ ìîðüòîé ÿâæ áàéñàí áºãººä íýã æèæèã áóãà àãíàñàí áàéñàí áàéíà (×àä Ôèòçïàòðèê, Ôîðò Êîëëèíç, ÀÍÓ 2005). Õàìãèéí ãîë íü ýíý ìýòèéí õóëãàéí àíãèéí òàëààð öýðãèéíõýí ìýäýæ áàéãàà ÷ ÿðèõ äóðã¿é áàéëàà.

Õàíäãàé áàðèõ ãýæ òàâüñàí õàâõàíä òàõü îðæ áîëîõ áà ãºðººñ, áîäîí áàðèõààð òàâüñàí õàâõàíä òàõü îðâîë õºë íü õ¿íä ãýìòýõ àþóëòàé. Ìºí ò¿¿í÷ëýí, øèíýýð òàâüñàí òàõü õ¿íòýé èõ àìàðõàí ãàðøèõ òóë õóëãàéí àí÷äàä ºãººø áîëîõ àþóëòàé. ÄÖÃ-ûí áóñàä òóóðàéòàí àìüòàä èõ ¿ðãýìòõèé, îíãîí áºãººä öººí òîîãîîð áàéäàã (×àä Ôèòçïàòðèê, 2005). Áèä 2004 îíû 10 ñàðä ÿâæ áàéõàä öººõºí õýäýí ñ¿ðýã (2-7 ãºðººñ) ãºðººñòýé òààðñàí.

(5) Ìàë àæ àõóé: Ýíä çºâõºí öýðãèéí àíãèéí ìàë áàéäàã áºãººä îéðîëöîîãîîð 200 àäóó, 100-150 ¿õýðòýé, òýä ãîë òºëºâ öýðãèéí 1, 2-ð áààçûí îéðîëöîîõ 5 êì îð÷èìä áàéäàã áàéíà. Öýðãèéí æèæèã áààçóóä öººí õýäýí óíààíû ìîðüòîé. Òèéìýýñ òàõü ýíäýõèéí ìàëûí õîîðîíä áýë÷ýýðèéí ºðñºëäººí ¿¿ñýõ àñóóäàë áàéõã¿é.

Óñ òýæýýëèéí àðâèí, ýíäýõèéí öýðãèéíõýí õàìòðàí àæèëëàõ õ¿ñýë ýðìýëçýëòýé áàéãàà íü çýðëýã áîëîí ãàðøìàë àäóó ýðëèéçæèõýýñ õàìãààëàõ, òýäíèéã ñàëàíãèä áàéëãàõ áîëîìæòîé áàéõ ¸ñòîé.

(6) Õ¿íä õ¿÷èð ºâºë:Íºìðºãèéí ÄÖÃ Õóñòàéí Íóðóóòàé òºñòýé öàã óóðûí á¿ñ á¿ñë¿¿ðò áàéðøäàã, åðºíõèéäºº èõ öàñ óíàäàã áàéäàëòàé áàéñàí. Ãàçàðç¿éí áàéðøèë áîëîí îéí çóðâàñ äóëààí õàìãààëàëò áîëæ ºãíº. Èõ öàñòàé õ¿éòýí ºâºë òàõü ºâºëæèõºä õ¿íäðýë ó÷ðóóëæ áîëçîøã¿é. Õ¿íä, öàñ èõòýé ºâºë îíöãîé áàéäàëä õýðýãëýõ ºâñ íîãîî, òàõèéí ñ¿ðýãò õ¿ðýõ òýýâýð çýðýã àñóóäëûã çîõèöóóëñàí áàéõ õýðýãòýé.

(7) Ìàõ÷èí àìüòàä:Öýðãèéíõýíèé ÿðüñíààð ÷îíî èõòýé õýäèé ÷ òýäíèé ìàëûã áàðüæ èäýõ àñóóäàë ãàð÷ áàéãààã¿é ãýâ. Áàéãàëèéí èäýø áîëîõ àìüòàä èõ áàéäàã òóë ÷îíî ìàë ðóó äàéðäàãã¿é áàéãàà íü õàðàãäàæ áàéâ.


11

(8) Öóñ ñîðîã÷ øàâüæ:Øóìóóë, õàð ÿëàà 6 ñàðààñ 10 ñàð õ¿ðòýë õýò èõýñäýã ãýäãèéã á¿ãä õýëæ áàéâ. Ãýðèéí ìàë áîëîí çýðëýã àí àìüòàä ¿¿íèéã äàâàí òóóëàõ ÷àäâàðòàé ìýò õàðàãäàæ áàéâ. Òàõèéí õóâüä ºâñ òýæýýë õàíãàëòòàé òóë çóí íàìàðòàà æèí àëäàõ àñóóäëûã çîõèöóóëàõ áîëîìæòîé. Ãýâ÷, öóñ ñîðîã÷ øàâüæ ºâ÷òýé, ñóëüäàà òàõèéí õóâüä íóòàãøóóëñàí ýõíèé ¿åä õýò ñòðýññ áîëæ ìàãàäã¿é. Õºìèéí Òàë öóñ ñîðîã÷ øàâüæ õýò èõòýé, ñàÿõàí òýíä òàõü ñýðãýýí íóòàãøóóëñàí áºãººä òýäíýýñ ýíý òóõàé ìýäýýëýë àâ÷ áîëîõ þì. Øàâüæíààñ áîëæ Õºìèéí Òàëä òàõèéã àíõ àâàà÷èõäàà íàìàð ýðò øàâüæíû óëèðàë äóóñìàãö íóòàãøóóëñàí.

(9) Áàéãàëü îð÷íû áóñàä ýðñäýë¿¿ä:Òàë, îéí ò¿éìýð òîõèîëääîã, ãýõäýý õàðüöàíãóé áàãà õýìæýýã õàìàðñàí áàéäàã ìýò ñàíàãäñàí. Ýíý á¿ñýä òàõèíä òîõèîëäîæ áîëîõ áóñàä áàéãàëü îð÷íû ýðñäýë¿¿äèéí òóõàé áèä ìýäñýíã¿é.

(10) Óëñ òºðèéí íºõöºë áàéäàë / õàìãààëàëòûí ñòàòóñ:Ýíý á¿ñ íóòàã Ìîíãîëä õàìãèéí ºíäºð õàìãààëàëòòàé íóòàã, ãýâ÷ îäîîãîîð õóóëèéí õýðýãæèëò ñóë, áàéãàëü õàìãààëàã÷ öººí áàéäàã (Ñ¿ìáýð ñóìàíä çºâõºí ãàíöõàí áàéãàëü õàìãààëàã÷ áàéäàã).

Òóñ õàìãààëàëòòàé á¿ñýä öýðãèéíõýí ãîë îðîëöîã÷ áîëîõ áºãººä òàõèéã ñýðãýýí íóòàãøóóëàõ õºòºëáºðò õàìòðàí îðîëöîõ ìàø èõ ñîíèðõîëòîé áàéãàà. Ãýâ÷, õàìãààëàëòòàé ãàçðûí çàõèðãàà, öýðãèéíõýíèé õîîðîíäûí õàìòûí àæèëëàãàà ìàø áàãà ìýò ñàíàãäàæ áàéâ. Óðüä íü, öýðãèéíõýí çýðëýã àí àìüòäûã õàðæ õàìãààëàõ, õÿíàëò òàâèõààð ñàíõ¿¿æèëò àâ÷ áàéñàí. Ýíý ñàíõ¿¿æèëò äóóññàí áºãººä îäîîãîîð ÄÖÃ-ûí çàõèðãààã äýìæèõ õºø¿¿ðýã áàãà ìýò õàðàãäàæ áàéâ.

Ýíý íóòàã Õÿòàäûí ãàçàð íóòàãòàé ãóðâàí òàëààðàà õèëëýäýã áºãººä òàõèéã Õÿòàä ðóó øèëæèí í¿¿äýëëýõýýñ õàìãààëàõ áàéãàëèéí õààëò áàãà. Çàðèì ãàçàðò õèëèéí õàéñ áàéäàã (áèä õàðæ ÷àäààã¿é) áºãººä õýðýâ ýíý õàéñ Äîðíîä Ìîíãîëûí ÄÖÃ-èéí õèëèéí õàéñ øèã ìóó áîë òàõü í¿¿äýëëýõýýñ õàìãààëàëò áîëîõã¿é áàéõ.

Õÿòàäûí òàëä áàéäàã àìüäðàõ îð÷íû áàéäàë, ÷àíàð íü ¿ë ìýäýãäýõ áàéäàëòàé, ãýâ÷ äàðõàí öààçòàé ãàçàðòàé çýðãýëäýý îðøèõ òîìîîõîí ãàçàð õºäºº àæ àõóéí ãàçàð áîëñîí ìýò áàéëàà. Õÿòàäûí òàëòàé õàìòûí àæèëëàãàà ìàø áàãà ìýò áàéñàí áà òàõü Õÿòàäûí õèë äàâàõààñ õàìãààëàõ àñóóäëûã áàòàëãààæóóëæ áîëîìæã¿é.

“Äîðíîä” Õàìãààëàëòòàé Ãàçðûí Ççàõèðãàà, “Äîðíîä Ìîíãîëûí Áèîëîãèéí Òºðºë Ç¿éë Òºñºë”-èéí (ÄÌÁÒÇÒ) õîîðîíä õàìòûí àæèëëàãàà ÷ ñóë ìýò áàéñàí áºãººä ÄÌÁÒÇÒ áèäíèé ýíý àæëûã ñàéí äýìæèõã¿é áàéëàà. Íºãºº òàëààñ, ÄÌÁÒÇÒ Äîðíîä Ìîíãîëûí àìüäðàõ îð÷èí, çýðëýã àí àìüòäûí òóõàé äýëãýðýíã¿é ìýäýý, ìýäýýëýëòýé áàéñàí áà èõýíõè ìýäýýëëèéã GIS ºãºãäëèéí ñèñòåìä îðóóëñàí áàéëàà.

(11) Õºãæëèéí òºëºâëºãºº:Ñ¿ìáýð, Íºìðºãèéí äóíä øèëíèé ¿éëäâýð áàéãóóëàõ ãýæ áàéãàà òóõàé ñîíññîí. “Ìÿíãàíû Çàì” íýðòýé Ìîíãîëûã áàðóóíààñ ç¿¿í ð¿¿ õîëáîõ çàìûí çàñâàðûí òºëºâëºãºº õ¿ëýýãäýæ áàéãàà áºãººä àíõíû òºëºâëºãººãººð áîë Íºìðºãèéí ÄÖÃ-ûí õàìãèéí õîéä ¿ç¿¿ðèéã ø¿ðãýí òàâèãäàõ þì áàéíà. Çàì õàìãààëàëòòàé ãàçàðò õ¿ðýõ òýýâðèéí àñóóäëûã øèéäâýðëýõýä ìàø èõýýð òóñ áîëîõ þì áàéíà. Ìºí, ýåðýã òàëààñ íü ¿çâýë, òàõü áîëîí ñóäàëãààíû áàãàæ òºõººðºìæèéã õàìãààëàëòòàé ãàçàð õ¿ðãýõ


12

îðîëäëîãî, ºðòºãèéã áàãàñãàõ áà ñºðºã òàëààñ íü ¿çâýë, õóëãàéí àí èë¿¿ èõñýõýä íºëººëæ áîëçîøã¿é þì.

Çóðàã 5: Äîðíîä Ìîíãîëîîð “Ìÿíãàíû Çàì” äàéðàí ºíãºðºõ áàéäàë. (Ýäèéí Çàñàã÷ 29.01.2004)

(12) Áóñàä:Ýíý ãàçàð íü õýò àëñëàãäìàë òóë òàõèéã ñýðãýýí íóòàãøóóëàõ áàéãóóëàìæ áàéãóóëàõ, æèëèéí òóðø ñóäàëãàà õèéõ çýðýãò Ç¿¿íãàðûí Ãîâü, Òàõèéí Òàëä òàõü ñýðãýýí íóòàãøóóëñàíòàé àäèë òºñòýé áýðõøýýë ãàðíà. Òîíîã òºõººðºìæ á¿õèé á¿òýí æèë áàéíãûí õîëáîîòîé àæèëëàõ ñóäàëãààíû áààç á¿ðä¿¿ëýõ íü õàìãèéí ÷óõàë. Íºìðºãèéí ÄÖÃ-ààð àÿëàõ íü, ó÷èð íü áàðòààò çàì, îëîí ñàëàà ãîë ãîðõèéã òóóëàõ ã¿¿ð áàéõã¿é çýðãýýñ õàìààðàí íýëýýä öàã çàðöóóëäàã. Ãàíö íýã ìàøèíû çàìòàé áºãººä èõýíõè ñóäàëãààíû àæëûã ìîðèîð ýñâýë ÿâãàíààð ÿâæ õèéõ øààðäëàãàòàé áîëíî.

Ôîòî çóðàã 2: 2004 îíû çóí Õàìãààëàëòòàé Ãàçðóóäûã ¯íýëýõ àæëààð ÿâæ áàéõ ¿åèéí Íºìðºãèéí ÄÖÃ-ûí îð÷íû çóðàã.


13

ÌÎÍÃÎË ÓËÑ

ÁÍÕÀÓ

ÎÕÓ

Íºìðºã ãîë

ÄÎÐÍÎÄ ÌÎÍÃÎË

Ñ¿ìáýð×îéáàëñàí

ªíäºðõààíÓëààíáààòàð

Áýýæèí

Äîðíîä Ìîíãîëûí ÄÖÃ

Äîðíîä Ìîíãîëûí ÄÖÃ-ûã 1992 îíä äàðõàí öààçòàé áîëãîñîí áºãººä íèéòäýý 5,705 êì² ãîë÷ëîí õýýð òàë á¿õèé òàëáàéã áàãòààñàí. Ýíý íóòàã Ìîíãîë-Õÿòàäûí õèëèéí äàãóó Ìîíãîë îðíû ç¿¿í õýñýãò îðøèíî. Ýíý íóòàã íü óóð àìüñãàëûí õóâüä õ¿íä íºõöºëòýé áàðóóíààñ ç¿¿í ð¿¿ ÷èãëýñýí ç¿¿í òàë ðóóãàà èë¿¿ õ¿éòýí öàã àãààðòàé, ìàø èõ õóð òóíàäàñ îðäîã (äóíäæààð 250 ìì õóð òóíàäàñ óíàäàã, æèëä äóíäæààð 100 ºäºð íü öàñòàé, æèëèéí äóíäàæ òåìïåðàòóð -2°C), ìºí áàðóóí õýñýãòýý áàãà õóð òóíàäàñ óíàäàã áà öàã àãààð íü õàðüöàíãóé äóëààí (äóíäæààð 200 ìì õóð òóíàäàñ óíàäàã, æèëäýý äóíäæààð 50 ºäºð íü öàñòàé áàéäàã, æèëèéí äóíäàæ òåìïåðàòóð 0°C; 2004 îíû Ìîíãîë îðíû ãàçðûí çóðàã). Ç¿¿í ºìíºä õýñýãòýý äàëàéí ò¿âøèíýýñ 750 ì-1089 ì ºðãºãäñºí (Çóðàã 6). Äîðíîä Ìîíãîëûí ÄÖÃ Ñ¿ìáýð ñóìààñ 100 êì çàéòàé áàéðëàäàã, äàðààãèéí ñóìûí òºâ Ìàòàäààñ 90 êì-ò, ×îéáàëñàí õîòîîñ 250 êì çàéòàé. Íºìðºãèéí ÄÖÃ-ûí àäèë Äîðíîä Ìîíãîëûí ÄÖÃ íü öýðãèéí á¿ñ òóë íýâòðýõèéí òóëä Óëààíáààòàð äàõü Õèëèéí Öýðãèéí Óäèðäàõ Ãàçðààñ òóñãàé çºâøººðºë àâàõ øààðäëàãàòàé áîëäîã. Ýíý ÄÖÃ 4 öýðãèéí àíãè, õýä õýäýí æèæèã øàëãàí íýâòð¿¿ëýõ öýã¿¿äòýé (Çóðàã 6). Ýíý ãàçàð ìàë÷èä áîëîí ýíãèéí àðä èðãýä áàéõã¿é.

Çóðàã 6: Äîðíîä Ìîíãîëûí Äàðõàí Öààçàò Ãàçðààð áèäíèé àÿëñàí ìàðøðóò. Âàíãèéí Öàãààí Óóëàíä àâèð÷, îð÷íûã õàðñàí.


14

Ôîòî çóðàã 3: Äîðíîä Ìîíãîëûí ÄÖÃ ã¿âýý òîëãîä á¿õèé ãîë òºëºâ õàâòãàé òàë íóòàãòàé.

(1) Ñýðãýýí íóòàãøóóëàõ ãàçðûí õýìæýý: Äîðíîä Ìîíãîëûí ÄÖÃ 5,704 êì² òàëáàé á¿õèé õàðüöàíãóé òîì ãàçàð íóòàãòàé. Õýäèé òèéì ÷, óñíû õîìñäîë, óðòààø ñóíàñàí ãàçàð íü ÷ºëººòýé í¿¿äýëëýí áèå äààí àìüäðàõ õýäýí çóóí òàõü ñóóðøèõàä õýòýðõèé áàãà õýìæýýòýé áàéæ áîëíî.

(2) Òýæýýëèéí ýõ ¿¿ñâýð:Õ¿íñ òýæýýëèéí õóâüä Íºìðºãò áàéäàã øèã ýëáýã áèø, ãýõäýý èõýíõè ãàçàð ºòãºí ºâñ íîãîî, áýë÷ýýðòýé, áýë÷ýýð àøèãëàãäàõ áàéäàë äóíä çýðýã.

(3) Óñíû ýõ ¿¿ñâýð:Áèä ýíý ãàçàðò æèëèéí õàìãèéí õóóðàé óëèðëûí ¿åýð çî÷èëñîí, ìºí óðüä õî¸ð æèëä íü èõ õóóðàé çóí áîëñîí òóë áèä õàìãèéí ìóó íºõöºë áàéäàëòàé ¿åèéã õàðñàí áàéæ áîëîõ þì. Ãýâ÷ óñíû ýõ ¿¿ñâýðèéí õóâüä Äîðíîä Ìîíãîëûí íóòàãò óñíû õàíãàìæã¿é áàéäàë õàìãèéí íîöòîé àñóóäàë ìýò ñàíàãäëàà. Ýíý ÄÖÃ-ûí äîòîð áîëîí îéðîëöîî áàéíãûí óñíû íººö áîëîõ õî¸ð ãàçàð áàéãààã öýðãèéíõýíýýñ ìýäñýí: íýã íü ç¿¿í õîéä õýñýãò (æèæèã íóóðóóä) ìºí íºãººõ íü õîéä òºâ õýñýãò (õýäýí æèæèã áóëàã, ãîðõèóä) áàéäàã. Ýíý õî¸ð ãàçàð ÄÖÃ-ààñ óìàðä ç¿ãò áàéäàã.

Âàíãèéí Öàãààí Óóëûí óìàðä õýñýãò (Âàíãèéí Öàãààí Óóë; Çóðàã. 6) íýã æèæèã áóëàã áàéõ áà ìºí íýìýëò õýä õýäýí áóëàã øàíä áàéæ áîëîõ þì. Áàðóóí ºìíºä õýñýãò íü ìºí öýâýð óñòàé ãàçàð áàéäàã. Ãýâ÷ 2004 îíû íàìðûí áàéäëààð á¿õ ãàçàð äàâñòàé óñòàé áàéñàí. Á¿õ öýðãèéí áààçóóä óíäíû óñàà õóäãààñ àâ÷, ìàëàà óñàëäàã.

(4) Õ¿í / õàíäëàãà / õóëãàéí àí:Äîðíîä Ìîíãîëûí ÄÖÃ öýðãèéí á¿ñ íóòàã òóë ýíãèéí àðä èðãýä áàéõã¿é.


15

Òàõèéã ñýðãýýí íóòàãøóóëàõûã öýðãèéíõýí äýìæèæ áàéâ. Äýìæëýã ¿ç¿¿ëýõ íü ìºí ë äîîðõè õî¸ð õ¿÷èí ç¿éëñòýé õîëáîîòîé: òóñ ÄÖÃ-ò öýðãèéí áààç áàéãààãèéí ÷óõëûã îéëãîõ, ñàíõ¿¿ãèéí äýìæëýã áîëîí äýä á¿òöèéã àñóóäëûã øèéäâýðëýõ.

Äîðíîä Ìîíãîëûí íóòàãò õóëãàéí àíãèéí àñóóäàë õàðüöàíãóé áàãà. Öýðãèéíõýí áîëîí Õÿòàäûí õóóëü áóñ õèë äàâàã÷èä Ìîíãîë îðíû áºõºí ãºðººñèéã õººæ àãíàäàã. Áèä 1,000 øàõóó òîëãîé áºõºí ãºðººñòýé òóñ ãàçðûí áàðóóí õýñýãò òààðñàí.

(5) Ìàë:Çºâõºí öýðãèéí àíãèéí ìàë áàéäàã. Öýðãèéíõýíèé õýëñýíýýð 700 ìîðü 250 ¿õýð áàéäàã. Æèæèã öýðãèéí àíãè óíààíû öººí õýäýí ìîðüòîé. Óñíû õ¿ðýëöýýã¿é áàéäëààñ õàìààðàí òàõü, ìàë çàäãàé óñòàé äýýð äóðäñàí õî¸ð ãàçàðò áýë÷ýýðëýæ, áóñàä áýë÷ýýðèéí àøèãëàëò óëèðëûí ÷àíàðòàé õÿçãààðëàãäàæ ìàãàäã¿é. Ýíä áýë÷ýýðèéí ºðñºëäººí íýëýýä òîì àñóóäàë áîëæ ìàãàäã¿é, ò¿¿íýýñ ãàäíà ìàëòàé òàõü ýðëèéçæèõ àñóóäàë ìºí ãàð÷ áîëçîøã¿é. Èéìýýñ öýðãèéõýí ìîðèî òàõü áàéãàà íóòàã äýâñãýðýýñ õîë áàéëãàõûã øààðäàõ, òàõèéã ñýðãýýí íóòàãøóóëàõàä öýðãèéíõýíèé äýìæëýãèéã áóóðóóëàõ àñóóäàë ãàð÷ ìàãàäã¿é.

(6) ªâëèéí áàéäàë:Äîðíîä Ìîíãîëûí óóð àìüñãàë íü ç¿¿íýýñ áàðóóí ðóó íýìýãäýõ óðñãàëûí äàãóó áàéðëàäàã áºãººä ç¿¿í õýñýãòýý Íºìðºãèéí ÄÖÃ-òàé àäèë öàã óóðòàé, áàðóóí õýñýãòýý áàãà çýðýã õóóðàé, äóëààí óóð àìüñãàëòàé. Ãîë òºëºâ õàâòãàé ãàçàð íóòàãòàé òóë Íºìðºãòýé õàðüöóóëâàë õààëò, õàìãààëàëò áîëîõ ãàçàð õîâîð, ãýâ÷ æèæèã õîíõîð õîòãîð èõòýé áºãººä èéìýðõ¿¿ ãóó æàëãà õààëò õèéõýä õ¿ðýëöýýòýé. Íºìðºãò ºâºë íü ìàø õ¿íä, èõ öàñ îðäîã òóë òàõüä õ¿íäðýë ó÷ðóóëæ ìàãàäã¿é. Èéìýýñ õ¿íä ºâºë áîëîõîä õýðýãöýýò ºâñ, òýæýýëèéã áýëýí áàéëãàõ, òàõèéí ñ¿ðýãò î÷èõ òýýâðèéí àñóóäëûã øèéäâýðëýõ øààðäëàãàòàé áîëíî.

(7) Ìàõ÷èí àìüòàä:Öýðãèéíõýíèé õýëñíýýð ÷îíî ýëáýã, ãýâ÷ òýäíèé ìàëûã áàðüñàí èäñýí àñóóäàë ãàð÷ áàéãààã¿é ãýâ. Áàéãàëèéí èäýø áîëîõ àìüòàä èõ áàéäàã òóë ÷îíî ìàë ðóó äàéðäàãã¿é áàéãàà íü õàðàãäàæ áàéâ. Áèä ãàíö ÷îíîòîé äàéðàëäñàí.

(8) Öóñ ñîðîã÷ øàâüæ:Óñíû õ¿ðýëöýýã¿é áàéäëààñ õàìààðààä, öóñ ñîðîã÷ øàâüæ òºäèéëºí èõ áèø, çºâõºí ÷èéãëýã îð÷èíä áàéäàã áàéíà.

(9) Áàéãàëü îð÷íû áóñàä ýðñäýë¿¿ä:Äîðíîä Ìîíãîëûí ýðãýí òîéðîíä òîì õýìæýýíèé ãàçàð íóòàã õàìàðñàí ò¿éìýð áàéíãà ãàðäàã (Çóðàã 7). Öýðãèéí õ¿íèé õýëñíýýð çýðëýã àìüòàä ãàëûí äºëººñ çóãòäàã, ò¿éìðèéí çóðâàñûã õàðàéæ ãàðàõ çýðãýýð èõýâ÷ëýí ò¿éìðèéí àþóëûã äàâàõ ÷àäâàðòàé òóë òàõü ÷ ò¿éìýðò ºðòºæ ¿õýõ ýðñäýë õàðüöàíãóé áàãà. Õýäèé òèéì ÷, ò¿éìýð ºâñ óðãàìëûã øàòààõ áà õýðýâ íàìàð îðîé ò¿éìýð ãàðâàë ºâñ óðãàìàë òóõàéí æèëäýý äàõèí íºõºí ñýðãýæ óðãàõã¿é. Ìîíãîë îðíû áºõºí ãºðººñ èõ òîì õýìæýýíèé ãàçàð í¿¿äýëëýæ, ºâñ óðãàìëûí àëü øèìòýé ãàçðûã îëæ áýë÷ýýðëýäýã (Leimgruber et al. 2001), ãýâ÷ äºíãºæ øèíýýð ñýðãýýí íóòàãøóóëæ áóé òàõü èéíõ¿¿ øèì òýæýýëòýé áýë÷ýýð îëæ ÷àäàõã¿é áàéõ.


16

Çóðàã 7: Ìîíãîë îðíû ò¿éìýðò ºðòºìõèé ãàçðóóä, 1996-2001 îíû õàâàð (Õºäºëìºð, Ýðäýíýòóÿà 2002).

(10) Óëñ òºðèéí íºõöºë áàéäàë / õàìãààëàëòûí ñòàòóñ:Òóñ á¿ñ íóòàã äàðõàí öààçòàé áóþó Ìîíãîë îðíû õàìãèéí ºíäºð õàìãààëàëòòàé ãàçàð, ãýâ÷ îäîîãîîð õóóëèéí õýðýãæèëò ñóë, áàéãàëü õàìãààëàã÷ öººí áàéäàã.

Íºìðºãòýé àäèë öýðãèéíõýí ãîë îðîëöîã÷ áîëîõ áºãººä òàõü ñýðãýýí íóòàãøóóëàõ õºòºëáºðò õàìòðàí îðîëöîõ ñîíèðõîë èõòýé áàéãàà. Ãýâ÷, õàìãààëàëòòàé ãàçðûí çàõèðãàà, öýðãèéíõýíèé õîîðîíäûí õàìòûí àæèëëàãàà ìàø ñóë ìýò ñàíàãäàæ áàéâ. Óðüä íü, öýðãèéíõýí àí àìüòäûã õàðæ õàìãààëàõ, õÿíàëò òàâèõààð ñàíõ¿¿æèëò àâ÷ áàéñàí. Ýíý ñàíõ¿¿æèëò äóóññàí áºãººä îäîîãîîð ÄÖÃ-ûí çàõèðãààã äýìæèõ õºø¿¿ðýã áàðàã áàéõã¿é ìýò õàðàãäàæ áàéâ.

Äîðíîä Ìîíãîëûí ÄÖÃ õèëèéí 250 êì ãàçðààð Õÿòàäòàé õèëëýäýã áºãººä òàõèéã Õÿòàä ðóó øèëæèí í¿¿äëýõ áàéãàëèéí öººí õýäýí õààëòòàé. Õèëèéí õî¸ð øóãàìàí õàøààòàé, Ìîíãîëûí òàëûí õàøàà áýëýã òýìäãèéí òºäèé, Õÿòàäûí òàëûí õàøàà õàðèí áàò áºõ õàðàãäàæ áàéâ. Ýíý õàøààíóóä òàõèéí í¿¿äýëä ñààä áîëîõã¿é áàéõ.

Õÿòàäûí òàëûí áàéãàëü, àìüäðàõ îð÷íû áàéäàë ¿ë ìýäýãäýõ áàéäàëòàé, ãýâ÷ ÄÖÃ-òàé çýðãýëäýý îðøèõ ãàçàð òîìîîõîí õºäºº àæ àõóéí áîëîí ¿éëäâýðëýëèéí (óóë óóðõàéí, òºìºðëºãèéí òîìîîõîí ¿éëäâýð) ãàçàð áîëîí õóâèðñàí. Õÿòàäûí òàëòàé õàìòûí àæèëëàãàà áàéõã¿é áà òàõü Õÿòàä ðóó õèë äàâàõààñ õàìãààëàõ àñóóäëûã áàòàëãààæóóëàõ áîëîìæã¿é.

“Äîðíîä” Õàìãààëàëòòàé Ãàçðûí Çàõèðãàà, “Äîðíîä Ìîíãîëûí Áèîëîãèéí Òºðºë Ç¿éë Òºñºë”-èéí (ÄÌÁÒÇÒ) õîîðîíä õàìòûí àæèëëàãàà ÷ ñóë ìýò áàéñàí áºãººä ÄÌÁÒÇÒ


17

ÁÎß, Êîìïüþòåð ìýäýýëëèéí Òºâ

Ò¿éìýðò ºðòñºí ãàçàð - 1 äýõ æèëäýýÒ¿éìýðò ºðòñºí ãàçàð - 2 äàõü æèëäýýÒ¿éìýðò ºðòñºí ãàçàð - 3 äàõü æèëäýýÒ¿éìýðò ºðòñºí ãàçàð - 4 äýõ æèëäýýÒ¿éìýðò ºðòñºí ãàçàð - 5 äàõü æèëäýýÒ¿éìýðò ºðòñºí ãàçàð - 6 äàõü æèëäýý

Òàíèõ òýìäýã¿¿ä

Àéìãèéí õèëÃîëÃîë çàìÀéìãèéí òºâÍóóðóóä

áèäíèé ýíý àæëûã ñàéí äýìæèõã¿é áàéëàà. Íºãºº òàëààñ, ÄÌÁÒÇÒ Äîðíîäûí òàëûí àìüäðàõ îð÷èí, çýðëýã àí àìüòäûí òóõàé äýëãýðýíã¿é ìýäýý, ìýäýýëýëòýé áàéñàí áà èõýíõè ìýäýýëëèéã GIS ºãºãäëèéí ñèñòåìä îðóóëñàí áàéëàà.

(11) Õºãæëèéí òºëºâëºãºº:Áèä ÿìàð íýãýí õºãæëèéí òºëºâëºãººíèé òàëààð ñîíñîæ ìýäñýíã¿é. ÄÖÃ-ûí áàðóóí õîéä áóëàíä SÎCÎ êîìïàíè ãàçðûí òîñíû îëáîðëîëò õèéæ áàéãàà. Ãàçðûí òîñíû ¿éëäâýðëýë îëáîðëîëòûí øàòàíäàà ÿâæ áàéãàà, ãýâ÷ òîìîîõîí ¿éëäâýðëýë ÿâàãäàõ áîëîìæòîé (SOCO-ãèéí àæèëòàí). Ýíäýõèéí öýðãèéí áààç õàðüöàíãóé ñàéí äýä á¿òýöòýé, ìºí îíãîö ãàçàðäàõ çóðâàñòàé. Òýíäýõèéí SOCO êîìïàíèé ìåíåæåð íýëýýä õàðüöàà ñàéòàé õ¿í áàéñàí áºãººä èõ òóñ áîëæ áàéñàí áàéíà, òèéìýýñ òàõü ñýðãýýí íóòàãøóóëàõ ñàíàà÷ëàãûã íýëýýä äýìæèõ áàéñàí áàéõ (P. Zahler pers. comm.).

SOCO êîìïàíèé ãàçðûí òîñíû áààç Õÿòàäòàé õîëáîñîí ñàéí ÷àíàðûí çàìòàé áºãººä ×îéáàëñàí, Äîðíîä Ìîíãîëûí ç¿¿í õýñãèéí õîîðîíä òóõòàé, õóðäàí àÿëàõ áîëîìæòîé áîëãîñîí. Ñºðºã òàëààñ íü õàðâàë, õóëãàéí àí õèéã÷äýä õÿëáàð áîëîõ òàëòàé.

(12) Áóñàä:Äîðíîä Ìîíãîëûí ÄÖÃ ìàøèíààð ÿâàõàä òºâºãã¿é áºãººä á¿õ ãàçàðò î÷èõîä ÿìàð íýã àñóóäàëã¿é (Ôîòî çóðàã 3).

Ôîòî çóðàã 4: Èõýâ÷ëýí òàë íóòàã òóë Äîðíîä Ìîíãîëûí ÄÖÃ àÿëàõàä õ¿íäðýëã¿é


18

Ä¿ãíýëò

Ýíý õî¸ð ãàçðààñ Íºìðºãèéí ÄÖÃ òàõèéã ñýðãýýí íóòàãøóóëàõ áîëîìæîîð èë¿¿ ñàéí ãýæ ä¿ãíýæ áàéíà (Õ¿ñíýãò 1, 2).

1987-1991 îíóóäàä Ìîíãîë Óëñûí Øèíæëýõ Óõààíû Àêàäåìè (ÌÓØÓÀ), Îðîñûí Õîëáîîíû Óëñûí Øèíæëýõ Óõààíû Àêàäåìèéí Îðîñ-Ìîíãîëûí Õàìòàðñàí Áèîëîãèéí Ñóäàëãàà (ÎÌÕÁÑ) Íºìðºã áà Äîðíîä Ìîíãîëûí ÄÖÃ-óóäûã ººð 17 ãàçàðòàé õàðüöóóëæ ¿çýõýä, Íºìðºãèéí ÄÖÃ Õóñòàéí Íóðóóòàé àäèë ýðñäëèéí õ¿÷èí ç¿éëèéí ¿íýëãýý àâ÷, Äîðíîä Ìîíãîëûí ÄÖÃ èë¿¿ èõ ýðñäýëòýé ãýæ ¿íýëýãäñýí áàéíà. Ãýâ÷, ýíýõ¿¿ õàðüöóóëàëòûã íýëýýä áîëãîîìæòîé àâ÷ ¿çýõ õýðýãòýé, ó÷èð íü ¿íýëãýý õèéñýí ãàçðûí õýìæýý ìàø áàãà (òóõàéëáàë, Èõ Ãîâèéí ÄÖÃ-ûã á¿õýëä íü ñóäëàí ¿íýëýõèéí îðîíä çºâõºí Òàõèéí Øàð Íóðóó, ò¿¿íèé îð÷ìûã ¿íýëñýí áàéâ) áàéñàí. Òàõèéí çàí àâèð, àìüäðàõ îð÷íû øààðäëàãà çýðãèéí òàëààðõ áèäíèé ìýäëýã íýëýýä ñàéæèðñàí.

Ýíý õî¸ð ÄÖÃ, çºâõºí öýðãèéõýí, òýäíèé öººí òîîíû ìàë ãàçàð àøèãëàäàã óòãààðàà äàâóó òàëòàé. Áýë÷ýýðèéí øèìò ÷àíàð äóíäààñ ñàéí. Òàõü ñýðãýýí íóòàãøóóëàõ õºòºëáºðèéã öýðãèéíõýí äýìæèæ áàéñàí. Ìàë ìàõ÷èí àìüòàä, ÷îíîíä èä¿¿ëýõ àñóóäàë áàðàã áàéõã¿é. ÄÖÃ-óóäûí çàõèðãàà öýðãèéíõýíèé õîîðîíäûí õàìòûí àæèëëàãàà áàãà, áàñ ÄÖÃ-óóäûã Õÿòàäààñ òóñãààðëàõ áàéãàëèéí õààëò áàéõã¿é, õàìãààëàëòòàé ãàçðûí ìåíåæìåíòèéí îëîí óëñûí õàìòûí àæèëëàãàà áàãà. Ìºí ò¿¿í÷ëýí, ýíý õî¸ð ãàçàðò ºâºë íü èõ õ¿íä, ìàø èõ öàñ îðäîã íü òàõüä õ¿íäðýë ó÷ðóóëæ áîëçîøã¿é.

Äîðíîä Ìîíãîëûí ÄÖÃ, óñíû äóòàãäàëòàé, Õÿòàäòàé ìàø óðò ãàçðààð õèë çàëãàäàã, ãàë ò¿éìýðèéí àþóëòàé, ìºí òýæýýìýë ìîðüäîîñ òàõèéã ñàëàíãèä áàéëãàõ õ¿íäðýë çýðýã íü ºíäºð ýðñäýë áèé áîëãîæ áàéíà.

Íºìðºãèéí ÄÖÃ óñ ýëáýãòýé òóë òàõü òóñ ãàçðûí á¿õ áýë÷ýýðèéã àøèãëàõ, ìºí òàõü, ãýðèéí òýæýýìýë ìîðèéã òóñàä íü áàéëãàõ çýðýã àñóóäëûã çîõèöóóëàõ áîëîìæòîé. Ãýâ÷, òàõü ñýðãýýí íóòàãøóóëàõ àëèâàà õºòºëáºð ýõëýõèéí ºìíº äàðààõü ýðñäýë¿¿äèéã àâ÷ ¿çñýí áàéõ õýðýãòýé:

1. Óñ, ÷èéã ýëáýã áàéõ íü öóñ ñîðîã÷ øàâüæíóóä èõ áàéõàä íºëººëäºã. Ýðñäýëèéí ýíýõ¿¿ õ¿÷èí ç¿éëèéí õ¿íä áàéäëûã Õºìèéí Òàëä òàõü ñýðãýýí íóòàãøóóëæ áóé òºñëèéí òóðøëàãààñ 2-3 æèë õóãàöààíä ñóäëàí õàðàõ õýðýãòýé.

2. Õóëãàéí àí òîìîîõîí ñàíàà òàâèõ àñóóäàë áºãººä òàõü ñýðãýýí íóòàãøóóëàõ õºòºëáºðèéã ýõë¿¿ëýõèéí ºìíº ¿¿íèéã øèéäâýðëýõ øààðäëàãàòàé (2005 îíä ÇÀÕÍ Íºìðºãèéí ÄÖÃ-ûí õèë÷äýä õóëãàéí àíä õÿíàëò òàâèõ ñóðãàëòûã ýõýëíý).

3. ÄÖÃ-ûí çàõèðãàà, áóñàä òºñºë õºòºëáºð (ÄÌÁÒÇÒ), öýðãèéíõýíòýé íàéäâàðòàé õàìòûí àæèëëàãàà áèé áîëãîõ àñóóäàë òàõü ñýðãýýí íóòàãøóóëæ ýõëýõèéí ºìíºõ áýëòãýë àæèë áàéõ ¸ñòîé.

4. Õÿòàäòàé îëîí óëñûí õàìòûí àæèëëàãàà áèé áîëãîõ øààðäëàãàòàé áºãººä òàõü Õÿòàäûí íóòàã ðóó íýâòðýí îðîõîîñ õàìãààëàõ àñóóäëûã áàòàëãààæóóëàõ õýðýãòýé.

Äîðíîä Ìîíãîëûí íóòàãò õàìãààëàëòòàé íýëýýä õýäýí ãàçàð áàéäàã áºãººä àëèâàà òàõü ñýðãýýí íóòàãøóóëàõ ¿éë àæèëëàãàà ýõëýõèéí ºìíº òýäãýýð ãàçàðò òàõü ñýðãýýí íóòàãøóóëàõàä òîõèðîìæòîé ýñýõèéã ñóäëàñàí áàéõ õýðýãòýé.


19

Õ¿ñíýãò 1: Íºìðºã, Äîðíîä Ìîíãîëûí ÄÖÃ-ûí òóõàé ìýääýã õ¿ì¿¿ñýýñ àñóóñàí àñóóëòûí õàðèóëòß

ðèëö

ëàãà

àâñ

àíÕ

îîë

Óñ

Íóò

ãèéí

õ¿

ì¿¿ñ

Õàí

äëàã

àÕ

óëãà

éí à

íÌ

àë à

æ à

õóé

ªâë

èéí

õ¿íä

áà

éäàë

Ìàõ

÷èí

àìüò

àäÏ

àðàç

èòÕ

èë/î

ëîí

óëñû

í õà

ìòû

í àæ

èëëë

àãàà

Õºã

æëè

éí

òºëº

âëºã

ººÁó

ñàä

Íºì

ðºãè

éí Ä

ÖÃ

3,11

2 êì

²

Öýð

ãèéí

áàà

ç - 1

Ìàø

ñà

éí

Ìàø

ñàé

í,

ÄÖ

Ã-ò

îéðî

ëöîî

ãîîð

10

ãîë

áèé

áàéõ

ã¿é

Òàõü

ñýð

ãýýí

íó

òàãø

óóëà

õûã

äýìæ

ñýí

Òàõè

éí õ

óâüä

àñó

óäàë

áî

ëîõã

¿é, á

îð ã

ºðºº

ñ,

õàíä

ãàé,

çàãà

ñ àã

íàäà

ã

Öýð

ãèéí

áà

àçàà

ñ 5

êì-ä

ãîë

òîé

îéðî

ëöîî

öý

ðãèé

í ìà

ë áè

é

80 à

äóó,

50

-60

¿íýý

òýé

Çàðè

ì ºâ

ºë 4

0 ñì

öàñ

îðä

îã×î

íî ò

ºäèé

ëºí

àñóó

äàë

áèø

Øóì

óóë

èõòý

é ÷

ìîðü

äîä

õîðò

îé

áèø

Õàø

ààòà

é, ã

ýâ÷

Õÿò

àä

îðîî

íû ¿

åýð

õààë

ãàà

íýýä

ýã, Õ

ÿòàä

ûí

òàëò

àé

õàðè

ëöàà

ìóó

Ñ¿ì

áýð

Íºì

ðºãè

éí

õîîð

îíä

øèë

íèé

¿éëä

âýð

áàéã

óóëà

õ ãý

æ á

àéãà

à, “

Ìÿí

ãàíû

Çà

ì”, Ä

ÖÃ-

ûí

Õÿò

àäû

í òà

ëûí

õîéä

õý

ñýãò

ÕÀ

À õ

ºãæ

ñºí

Èõý

íõè

æóó

ë÷èä

Ãå

ðìàí

÷óóä

Öýð

ãèéí

øàë

ãàí

íýâò

ð¿¿ë

ýõ

öýã¿

¿äòý

é

Ìàø

ñà

éíÌ

àø ñ

àéí

áàéõ

ã¿é

Òàõü

ñýð

ãýýí

íó

òàãø

óóëà

õûã

äýìæ

ñýí

Õàâ

õ, á

óãóé

ëààð

àãí

àäàã

, Õ

ÿòàä

ààñ

õóóë

ü áó

ñààð

ìî

ðüòî

é, ÿ

âãàí

èðæ

áîð

ãº

ðººñ

, õàí

äãàé

, çàã

àñ

àãíà

äàã

Óíà

àíû

õýä

ýí

ìîðü

5-10

àäó

ó

2004

îíä

÷îí

î èõ

ñýæ

, õàí

äãàé

÷î

íîíä

èä¿

¿ëñý

í,

åðºí

õèéä

ºº

ìàõ÷

èí à

ìüòà

ä àñ

óóäà

ë áè

ø

Õºí

äèéã

ººðº

º ø

óìóó

ë èõ

òýé,

îð

îéãî

îð õ

àð ÿ

ëàà

èõòý

é, çó

í ø

àâüæ

èõ

òýé

Õàí

øàí

û Ó

óëíà

àñ

õàðà

õàä

ºäºð

á¿ð

1

öàã

îð÷è

ì õ¿

í õà

ðàãä

äàã

Öýð

ãèéí

áàà

ç - 2

Ìàø

ñà

éí

2004

îíä

èõ

õóóð

àé çó

í áî

ëñíî

îñ ã

îðõè

ø

èðãý

ñýí

áàéõ

ã¿é

Òàõü

ñýð

ãýýí

íó

òàãø

óóëà

õûã

äýìæ

ñýí

Òýäí

èé á

ààçû

í îé

ðîëö

îî

õóëã

àéí

àí á

àéõã

¿é, ö

ººí

õàíä

ãàé

áàéä

àã

Öýð

ãèéí

ìà

ëàà

õóäã

ààñ

óñàë

äàã

40 à

äóó

Çàðè

ì ºâ

ºë

èõ ö

àñ î

ðæ,

ìîðè

îð ÿ

âàõà

ä õ¿

íäðý

ë ó÷

èðäà

ã

×îíî

èõò

ýé, ã

ýâ÷

ìàõ÷

èí à

ìüòà

ä àñ

óóäà

ë áè

øÖ

ººí

øóì

óóëò

àéÕ

àøàà

áàð

üæ ä

óóñà

àã¿é

, çà

ñâàð

ûí

àæèë

ÿâà

ãäàæ

áà

éãàà

Ýíõ

áóéð

ÄÕ

Ç-û

çà

õèðà

ë Ì

àø

ñàéí

Ìàø

ñàé

íáà

éõã¿

éÒà

õü ñ

ýðãý

ýí

íóòà

ãøóó

ëàõû

ã äý

ìæñý

í

Öýð

ãèéí

õýí

õóëã

àéí

àí

õèéä

ýãÁà

éõã¿

éÁà

éõã¿

éÈ

õ öà

ñ îð

äîã

×îíî

èõò

ýéØ

óìóó

ë èõ

òýé

Á¿õ

õèëè

éí ä

àãóó

õà

øàà

ã¿é

Æýé

ñîí,

Ý

íõ Ò

àéâí

û

Êîð

ïóñû

í àæ

èëòà

í

Ìàø

ñà

éíÌ

àø ñ

àéí

Õàø

ààòà

é áà

éõ, ç

ºâõº

í Ä

àëàé

íóó

ð õà

âüöà

à Õ

ÿòàä

òàé

õàðè

ëöàà

òàé

Õÿò

àäû

í òà

ëä Õ

ÀÀ

õº

ãæñº

í

Æóó

ë÷èä

àâà

õ ñî

íèðõ

îëòî

é, ý

íä

èðýõ

ýä õ

ýö¿¿

Ìÿã

ìàðñ

¿ðýí

, áà

éãàë

ü õà

ìãàà

ëàã÷

Ìàø

ñà

éíÌ

àø ñ

àéí

Ñ¿ì

áýðè

éí

îéðî

ëöîî

ãî

ëûí

îð÷è

ìä 1

00

ãàðà

í àé

ë áè

é

Ãîë÷

ëîí

Õÿò

àäû

í õó

óëü

áóñ

õèë

çºð÷

èã÷è

ä õà

íäãà

é, á

îð ã

ºðºº

ñ,

çàãà

ñ àã

íàäà

ã

Öýð

ãèéí

ìàë

áè

é

7-8

ñàðä

øóì

óóë

èõýñ

äýã,

ìîð

üäîä

èõ

õ¿í

äðýë

òýé

1700

/180

0 îí

û ¿

åä

Âàí

ãèéí

Öàã

ààí

Óóë

àíä

òýíä

ýõèé

í íî

¸í õ

óëàí

¿ðæ

¿¿ëæ

áà

éñàí

, 192

0 îí

õ¿

ðòýë

õóë

àí

àìüä

àðäà

ã áà

éñàí

Äîð

íîä

Ìîí

ãîëû

í Ä

ÖÃ

- 5,7

02 ê

ì²

Öýð

ãèéí

áàà

ç - 1

Ìàø

ñà

éí

Öýð

ãèéí

áàà

çààñ

õî

éä ç¿

ãò õ

ýä

õýäý

í æ

èæèã

íó

óð á

èé

ÄÖ

Ã-û

í õî

éä

ç¿ãò

óñò

àé

ãàçð

ààð

50-6

0 àé

ë áè

é

Òàõü

ñýð

ãýýí

íó

òàãø

óóëà

õ õº

òºëá

ºðèé

ã äý

ìæèí

ý, ö

ýðã¿

¿ä

òàõè

éã õ

àðæ

áîë

íî

Õóë

ãàéí

àíã

èéí

àñóó

äàë

áàéõ

ã¿é

Öýð

ãèéí

ìàë

160

àäóó

Õàø

ààòà

é, Ì

îíãî

ëûí

òàëû

í õà

øàà

ìóó

, Õ

ÿòàä

ûí

òàëû

í õà

øàà

ñà

éí

Õÿò

àäû

í òà

ëä è

õ ìà

ë õà

ðàãä

äàã

Æóó

ë÷èä

øóâ

óó

¿çýõ

ýýð

èðäý

ã

Öýð

ãèéí

áàà

ç - 2

Ìàø

ñà

éí

10 î

ð÷èì

æèæ

èã

ãîë

ãîðõ

è íý

ãäñý

í

Öýð

ãèéí

ìàë

ìà

ëëàä

àã í

ýã

àéë

áèé

Òàõü

ìýä

ýõã¿

éÁº

õºí

ãºðº

ºñèé

ã õº

ºæ,

áóóä

àæ à

ëäàã

Ãîðõ

èí

äýýð

îëî

í ìà

ë áà

éñàí

, áó

ñàä

áààç

öº

ºí ì

àëòà

é áî

ëîëò

îé

100

àäóó

, 50

¿íý

ý×î

íî è

õòýé

Öýð

ãèéí

áàà

ç - 3

Ìàø

ñà

éíÇº

âõºí

õó

äàãò

àé

Áàðó

óí

õýñý

ãò 3

-5

àéë

áèé

Äýì

æèí

ýÖ

ýðãè

éí ì

àë20

0 àä

óó,

50 ¿

íý

Òàø

ààãà

àð

òàòñ

àí è

õ öà

ñ îð

äîã

Öýð

ãèéí

áàà

ç - 4

Ìàø

ñà

éíÕ

óäàã

òàé,

áóñ

àä

óñ ä

àâñò

àéÄ

ýìæ

èíý

SOC

O-è

éí

äýðã

ýä 3

àéë

200

àäóó

, 70

¿íý

ýÈ

õ öà

ñòàé

, õ¿í

ä ºâ

ºë á

îëäî

ãØ

óìóó

ë èõ

òýé

Ýíõ

áóéð

- ÄÕ

Ç-û

û

í çà

õèðà

ëÑ

àéí

Ìóó

áàéõ

ã¿é

Äýì

æèí

ýÖ

ýðãè

éíõý

í õó

ëãàé

í àí

õè

éäýã

ÄÖ

Ã-û

í õî

éä õ

ýñýã

ò ãî

ë, í

óóðû

í îð

÷èìä

ìàë

áè

é, è

õýâ÷

ëýí

ÿìàà

?È

õ öà

ñ îð

äîã

×îíî

èõò

ýé19

20 î

í õ¿

ðòýë

Ä

îðíî

ä Ì

îíãî

ëä

Õóë

àí á

àéäà

ã áà

éñàí

ªëç

èéòº

ìºð-

áà

éãàë

ü õà

ìãàà

ëàã÷

Ìàø

ñà

éí3

áàéí

ãûí

óñíû

öý

ãòýé

5 öý

ðãèé

í áà

àç, ì

àëòà

é,

ìàë÷

èä

áàéõ

ã¿é

Öýð

ãèéí

õýí

õóëã

àéí

àí

õèéæ

, ìàõ

àíä

õýðý

ãëýä

ýãÖ

ýðãè

éí ì

àë15

0-30

0 ìà

ë×î

íî è

õòýé

Æýé

ñîí-

Ýíõ

òàéâ

íû

Êîð

ïóñû

í àæ

èëòà

í

Ìàø

õóó

ðàé

Õî¸

ð òà

ë õî

¸óëà

à õà

øàà

òàé


20

Õ¿ñíýãò 2: Îðîí íóòãèéí õ¿ì¿¿ñèéí ìýäëýã, ä¿ãíýëò äýýð ¿íäýñëýñýí ñóäàëãààíû øàëãóóð ¿ç¿¿ëýëò¿¿äèéí íýãòãýë.

Хэм

жээ

Тэж

ээл

Ус

Хүн

Хандлага

Хулгайн ан

Мал

Хүнд өвөл

Махчин амьтад

Паразит

Байгаль орчны эрсдэл

Улс

төри

йн н

өхцө

л/ха

мга

алал

ттай

ст

атус

Хөг

жли

йн

төлө

влөг

өөБу

сад

Сум

Нөм

рөг

3.11

2 км

²м

аш с

айн

асуудалгүй

Орон нутгийн хүн байхгүй, зөвхөн

цэргийнхэн

Цэргийнхэний хандлага маш эерэг

Гол асуудал

Цэргийн мал, ~200 адуу, ~100-150үнээ

Их цас орох магадлалтай

Том асуудал биш

6-10 сард цус сорогч шавьж ихтэй

мэдэгдэхгүй

Хан

галт

тай

том

ДЦ

Г, гэ

вч

хил

давс

ан н

үүдэ

л га

рах

өндө

р эр

сдэл

тэй,

оро

х зө

вшөө

рөл

хэрэ

гтэй

, ха

мты

н аж

илла

гаа

ханг

алтг

үй

Мян

ганы

Зам

, Ш

илни

й үй

лдвэ

рХ

үрэх

эд х

эцүү

, ая

лах

хэцү

ү

00

00

05

04

14

02

32

21

Дор

нод

Мон

гол

5.70

4 км

²са

йн

Улирлаар нилээд хязгаарлагдмал

Орон нутгийн хүн байхгүй, зөвхөн цэргийнхэн

Цэргийнхэний хандлага маш эерэг

асуудал болдог

Цэргийн мал, ~700 адуу, ~250 үнээ, усны цэгүүд дээр нийлэх боломж

өндөр

Их цас орох магадлалтай

Том асуудал биш

Санаа зовох зүйлгүй

Томоохон хэмжээний түймэр

Хан

галт

тай

том

ДЦ

Г,

гэвч

тар

хсан

хэл

бэрэ

эс

хам

аара

н хи

л да

всан

нү

үдэл

гара

х өн

дөр

эрсд

элтэ

й, о

рох

зөвш

өөрө

л хэ

рэгт

эй,

хам

тын

ажил

лага

а ха

нгал

тгүй

Газр

ын

тосн

ы

олбо

рлол

тС

удал

гаа

хийх

эд

явж

очи

ход

амар

32

50

03

34

10

44

20

28


21

Õ¿ñíýãò 3: 1987-1991 îíóóäàä Îðîñ Ìîíãîëûí Øèíæëýõ Óõààíû Àêàäåìèéí Îðîñ Ìîíãîëûí Õàìòàðñàí Áèîëîãèéí Ñóäàëãààãààð Íºìðºã, Äîðíîä Ìîíãîëûí ÄÖÃ-óóäûã áóñàä 17 ãàçàðòàé õàðüöóóëñàí òîîí ¿ç¿¿ëýëò. Òóñ ãàçðóóäûí òîîí ¿ç¿¿ëýëòýä ýðñäýëèéí õ¿÷èí ç¿éëýýð íü: 0=ýðñäýëã¿é, 5=ºíäºð ýðñäýëòýé ãýæ ¿íýëñýí. Òàõèéã ñýðãýýí íóòàãøóóëàõ òºñºë ¿ðãýëæèëæ áóé Òàõèéí òàë, Õóñòàéí Íóðóóã ñààðëààð òýìäýãëýñýí. Òàõèéã ñýðãýýí íóòàãøóóëæ áóé ãóðàâ äàõü ãàçàð áîëîõ Õîìûí òàë òóñ ñóäàëãààíä áàãòààã¿é.

Ãàçàð íóòàã

Èõ

íóóð

ûí

õîòã

îð

Íóó

ðûí

õºíä

èé

Àëà

øàí

ãîâ

ü

Àëò

àéí

ãîâü

Ç¿¿í

ãàðû

í ãî

âü

Õàí

ãàéí

Íóð

óó

Òºâ

Ìîí

ãîë

Äîð

íîä

Ìîí

ãîë

Íºì

ðºã

Äîð

íîä

Ìîí

ãîë

Ìàëûí òîî 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Çýðëýã àäóóíû òîî 5 2 3 4 4 4 4 5 2 0 0 5 5 3 5 5 3 0 1

Óñíû ýõ ¿¿ñâýðèéí òîî 0 0 3 2 0 4 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 3

Öóñ ñîðîã÷ øàâüæ 3 3 2 2 4 4 0 2 2 0 0 3 2 2 2 5 4 0 5

Ãåîõèìèéí àþóëòàé ç¿éëñ 3 0 3 0 4 4 2 0 0 0 0 3 3 1 0 5 5 4 0

Áýë÷ýýðèéí ãàðö 0 0 0 4 3 4 0 5 4 0 5 2 0 0 0 0 3 0 0

Áàéãàëèéí îðîìæ, õàìãààëàëò 3 2 3 2 3 4 4 3 4 3 4 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 2

ªâëèéí öàã àãààð 2 0 5 4 5 4 0 0 5 0 5 0 0 0 3 5 3 0 2

Öàñàí á¿ðõ¿¿ëèéí õýìæýý 5 5 5 4 4 4 3 4 1 2 2 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4

Õàìãààëàëòòàé ãàçàð íóòàã áàéõã¿é áàéäàë 3 1 2 3 4 4 4 3 2 2 1 5 5 4 3 5 5 4 4

Ñóì 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 0 5 0 3 5 5 0 5 5 5 1 3

29 18 31 30 36 4 27 22 25 7 20 28 25 14 28 34 32 13 24

1 = Óâñ íóóð2 = Çàâõàí - Õ¿í3 = Õàð íóóð - Çàâõàí4 = Øàðãûí õîíõîð5 = Áººí öàãààí íóóð6 = Áîðçîí ãîâü

7 = Ãàëáèéí ãîâü 8 = Ýäðýíãèéí íóðóó 9 = Èíãýíèé õîîëîé10 = Òàõèéí íóðóóíû áýë÷èð11 = Áàðóóí Õóóðàéí õîíõîð12 = Òàðâàãàòàéí íóðóó

13 = Õàíãàéí íóðóóíû ªìíºä õýâãèé14 = Õóñòàéí Íóðóó15 = Ìàíäàë ãîâü16 = Ìýíýíãèéí òàë17 = Õÿíãàíû íóðóó


22

Òàëàðõàë

“Çýðëýã Àìüòäûã Õàìãààëàõ Íèéãýìëýã”-èéí Ìîíãîë äàõü Õºòºëáºðèéí Ãàçàð ýíýõ¿¿ ñóäàëãààã áîëîâñðóóëæ, ÀÍÓ-ûí Îëîí Óëñûí Õºãæëèéí Àãåíòëàã ñàíõ¿¿æ¿¿ëýâ. Àÿëàëä îðîëöîæ, äàõèí äàâòàãäñàí àñóóëòóóäûã òýâ÷ýýðòýé îð÷óóëñàí Ä. Ëõàãâàñ¿ðýíä òàëàðõàëàà èëýðõèéëüå. 1 æèë áîëæ áàéãàà øèíý ìàøèíààðàà óðüä íü ÿâæ áàéãààã¿é Íºìðºã, Äîðíîä Ìîíãîëûí ÄÖÃ-ûí áàðòààò çàìûã òóóëæ ýðñäýë ¿¿ð÷ æîëîî áàðüñàí Ò¿ìýýä ìºí áàÿðëàæ áóéãàà õýëüå. Öýðãèéíõýíèé ¿íýòýé ìýäýýëýë õóâààëöàæ, îðîí áàéðààð õàíãàí, õîîë õ¿íñýýð äàéëæ, ãàçàð÷èëñàí ÿâäàëä ìºí òàëàðõàæ áàéãààãàà äàìæóóëúÿ. Êè¸ðê Îëñîí òóñ ãàçðûí òóõàé ìýäýýëëýýð õàíãàñàíä, ìºí Ä. Ëõàãâàñ¿ðýí, Ò¿ìýý íàðò àÿíû õºíæèë ºãñºíä òýä èõ áàÿðëàæ áàéñàí. Äîðíîä Õàìãààëàëëòàé Ãàçðûí Çàõèðãààíû àæèëòíóóä, çàõèðàë Ýíõáóéð, áàéãàëü õàìãààëàã÷ ªëçèéòºìºð, Ìÿãìàðñ¿ðýí, Ýíõ Òàéâíû Êîðïóñûí àæèëòàí Æýéñîí Ìåðêåë, ñóäëàà÷ ×àä Ôèòïàòðèê íàðò áèäýíòýé ìýäýý ìýäýýëýë ñîëèëöîæ òóñàëñàíä òàëàðõàæ áàéíà. Ýíý àäàë ÿâäàëò àæèëä íàìàéã ñîíãîí ÿâóóëñàí “Çýðëýã Àìüòäûã Õàìãààëàõ Íèéãýìëýã”-èéí Àçèéí Õºòºëáºðèéí Äýä Çàõèðàë Ïåòð Çàëåðò áàÿðëàæ áóéãàà õýëìýýð áàéíà. Õàìãèéí ñ¿¿ëä íü Îëîí Óëñûí Òàõü Ñóäëàëûí Ãðóïïèéí Êðèñ Âàëöåð, EEP-èéí Ïåðæåâàëüñêèéí àäóó òºñëèéí çîõèöóóëàã÷ Âàëòðàóò Öèììýðìýí óã òàéëàíãèéí àíõíû õóâèëáàðò ¿íýòýé ñàíàë îðóóëñàíä áàÿðëàñíàà èëýðõèéëüå.

Íîì ç¿é

Anonymous 2004. Bridge to nowhere. The Economist print edition, 29 January 2004, Ulaan-baatar, Mongolia. [Available from:

http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displayStory.cfm?story_id=2388747]Anonymous. 2003. Takhi research report 2003. Unpublished report, Hustain Nuruu NP, Mon-

golia.Baabar. 2004. History of Mongolia. The Mongolian and Inner Asian Studies Unit, University

of Cambridge, UK.Bouman, I. 2000. The reintroduction of Przewalski horses in the Hustai Nuruu mountain for-

est steppe reserve in Mongolia; an integrated conservation development project. Gazel-la, 27:27-52.

Bowling, A. T., W. Zimmermann, O. Ryder, C. Penado, S. Peto, L. Chemnick, N. Yasinets-kaya, and T. Zharkikh. 2003. Genetic variation in Przewalski’s horses, with special fo-cus on the last wild caught mare, 231 Orlitza III. Cytogenetic and Genome Research, 101:226-234.

Food and agricultural organization of the United Nations (FAO). 1986. The Przewalski horse and restoration to its natural habitat in Mongolia. Animal Production and Health Paper 61. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.

Khudulmur, S. and M. Erdenetuya. 2002. Remote sensing in Mongolia. Isprs, 7(4)Leimgruber, P., W. J. McShea, C. J. Brookes, L. Bolor-Erdene, C. Wemmer, and C. Larson.

2001. Spatial patterns in relative primary productivity and gazelle migration in the East-ern Steppes of Mongolia. Biological Conservation, 102:205-212.

Mongolian Takhi Strategy and Plan Work Group. 1993. Recommendations for Mongolia´s takhi strategy and plan. Mongolian Government, Ministry of Nature and Environment,


23

Ulaan Baatar, Mongolia.Roberts, N., C. Walzer, S.R. Ruegg, P. Kaczensky, O. Ganbataar, and C. Stauffer. In press.

Pathological investigations of reintroduced Przewalski’s horse (Equus caballus przew-alskii) in Mongolia. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine.

Seal, U. S. 1992. The draft global Przewalski horse conservation plan: a summary and com-ments on goals of captive propagation for conservation. Pages 107–110 in S. Seifert (Eds).

Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on the preservation of the Przewalski horse. Zoologischer Garten Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.

Slotta-Bachmayr, L., R. Boegel, P. Kaczensky, C. Stauffer, and C. Walzer. 2004. Use of pop-ulation viability analysis to identify management priorities and success in reintroduc-ing Przewalski’s horses to southwestern Mongolia. Journal of Wildlife Management, 68(4):790-798.

Sokolov, V.E., and V.N. Orlov. 1986. Introduction of Przewalski horses into the wild. Pages 77-88 in The Przewaqlski Horse and Restoration to its Natural Habitat in Mongolia. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper 61. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 181 pp.

Sokolv, V.E., G. Amarsanaa, M.W. Paklina, M.K. Posdnjakowa, E.I. Ratschkowskaja, and N. Chotoluu.1992. Das letzte Przewalskipferd, Areal und seine geobotanische Charakter-istik. Pages 213–218 in S. Seifert (Eds). Proceedings of the 5th International Sympo-sium on the preservation of the Przewalski horse. Zoologischer Garten Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.[in German]

Wakefield, S., J. Knowles, W. Zimmermann, and M. van Dierendonck. 2002. Status and ac-tion plan for the Przewalski’s horse (Equus ferus przewalskii). Pages 82-92 in P.D. Moe-hlman (Eds). IUCN Publication Services Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom. [available from: http://iucn.org]


24

Íºìðºãèéí ÄÖÃ (Ç¿¿í äýýðýýñ áàðóóí äîîä õ¿ðòýë): (1) Íºìðºãèéí ÄÖÃ óðóó îðîõ òýìäýã, (2) îðîõ òýìäýãèéí îéðîëöîîõ áàéäàë, (3) 1 ä¿ãýýð õèëèéí çàñòàâ, (4) 1 ä¿ãýýð õèëèéí çàñòàâûí îéð áýë÷èæ áóé ¿õð¿¿ä, (5) Öýðã¿¿ä Õàíøàí óóëûí îðîé äýýð, (6) Õàíøàí óóëûí ç¿¿íøýý õàðàãäàõ áàéäàë. [á¿õ çóðãèéã Ï. Êàê÷åíñêèé àâñàí áîëíî]



25

Íºìðºãèéí ÄÖÃ (Ç¿¿í äýýðýýñ áàðóóí äîîä õ¿ðòýë): (1) õèëèéí ïîñòûí õàæóó äàõü ãîëûí õºíäèé, (2) îðîõ òýìäýãèéí îéðîëöîîõ áàéäàë, (3) áýë÷ýýð, (4) Ãóðâàí ãîëûí îéðîëöîî, (5) Ãóðâàí ãîëûí õºíäèéä, (6) õèëèéí çàñòàâûí ìîðüä 2. [á¿õ çóðãèéã Ï.Êàê÷åíñêèé àâñàí áîëíî]



26

Äîðíîä Ìîíãîëûí ÄÖÃ (Ç¿¿í äýýðýýñ áàðóóí äîîä õ¿ðòýë): (1) 1 ä¿ãýýð õèëèéí çàñòàâûí îéðîëöîîõ æèæèã íóóð, (2) 1 ä¿ãýýð õèëèéí çàñòàâûí îéðîëöîîõ õóäàã, (3) 1 ä¿ãýýð õèëèéí çàñòàâûí îéðîëöîîõ äîâ, (4) 2 äóãààð õèëèéí çàñòàâ óðóó ÿâàõ çàìä, (5) 2 äóãààð õèëèéí çàñòàâûí îéðîëöîîõ æèæèã áóëàã ãîðõè, (6) 2 äóãààð õèëèéí çàñòàâûí îéðîëöîîõ æèæèã áóëàã ãîðõè. [á¿õ çóðãèéã Ï.Êàê÷åíñêèé àâñàí áîëíî]

Äîðíîä Ìîíãîëûí Äàðõàí Öààçàò Ãàçàð


27

Äîðíîä Ìîíãîëûí ÄÖÃ (Ç¿¿í äýýðýýñ áàðóóí äîîä õ¿ðòýë): (1) Ä.Ëõàãâàñ¿ðýí Ìîíãîë óëñûí õèëèéí õàøààíû õàæóóä, (2) Âàíãèéí Öàãààí Óóëíààñ õàðàãäàõ áàéäàë, (3) 4 ä¿ãýýð õèëèéí çàñòàâûí õàæóóõàíä áàéäàã äàâñòàé íàìàã, (4) Ìîíãîë îðíû öàãààí çýýð (5) SOCO (ãàçðûí òîñ îëáîðëîëòûí êîìïàíè) óðóó ÿâàõ çàì, (6) SOCO-ãèéí ãàçðûí òîñ îëáîðëîëò. [á¿õ çóðãèéã Ï.Êàê÷åíñêèé àâñàí áîëíî]

Äîðíîä Ìîíãîëûí Äàðõàí Öààçàò Ãàçàð


28

first assessment of nomrog and dornod mongol strictly

Documents