first aid training. aims of first aid pppppp reserve life revent worsening romote recovery
TRANSCRIPT
First AidTraining
aims of first aid
P
P
P
reserve Life
revent Worsening
romote Recovery
the airway
emergency action plan
AirwayOpen the airway bytilting the head backand lifting the chin.
Remove Danger
Make the scene safe.Do not take risks.
YES
DANGER?Make sure it is safe for
you to give help.
NO
YESHistoryFind out what has happened.
Signs and SymptomsHow does the patient feel or look?
Try to work out what’s wrong.
TreatmentRemember – If you’re not sure, always seek
professional medical advice.
Response?Shout and gently shake or
tap the casualty.
Help!Shout for help, but don’t leave the casualty yet.
NO
Normal Breathing?
Look, listen and feel for no more than 10
seconds.
If you’re not sure ifbreathing is normal, treat it
as though it is not.
Dial 999Now
(If not already done)
NO
Resuscitation Give 30 chest compressions, then 2 rescue breaths. Continue giving cycles of 30 compressions to 2 rescue breaths. Only stop to recheck the patient if they start breathing normally – otherwise do not interrupt resuscitation. If there is more than one rescuer, change over every 2 minutes to prevent fatigue.
30 to 2
YESSecondary Survey Check for bleeding, injuries and clues
(see your first aid book).
Recovery Position
Recovery Position (see book).Dial 999 if not already done.Monitor Airway and Breathing.Keep the casualty Warm.
priorities of treatment
Primary Survey
Secondary Survey
BBreathing
AAirway
BBleeding (or burns)
BBones
D
R
A
B
anger
resuscitation
esponse
irway
reathing
F
I
S
H
S
H
A
P
E
D
Causes of unconsciousness
ainting
mbalance of heat
hock
ead Injury
troke
eart Attack
sphyxia
oisoning
pilepsy
iabetes
levels of consciousness
A
V
P
U
lert
oice
ain
nresponsive
Confused
Inappropriate words
Utters sounds
No verbal response
Localises pain
Responds only
secondary survey
Primary Survey First! – D.R.A.B.
Bleeding or Burns
Head and NeckHead and Neck
Shoulders and ChestShoulders and Chest
Abdomen and PelvisAbdomen and Pelvis
Legs and ArmsLegs and Arms
Pockets and CluesPockets and Clues
Recovery PositionRecovery Position
head injuries
Concussion Compression
Unconsciousness for a short period, followed by an increase in levels of response and recovery.
Could have a history of recent head injury with apparent recovery, but then deteriorates
Short term memory loss (particularly of the incident). Confusion, irritability.
Levels of response become worse as condition develops
Mild, general headache. Intense headache.
Pale, clammy skin. Flushed, dry skin.
Shallow / normal breathing. Deep, noisy, slow breathing.(Pressure on the respiratory control area of the brain)
Rapid, weak pulse. (Blood diverts away from the extremities)
Slow, strong pulse. (Caused by raised blood pressure)
Normal pupils, reacting to light.
One or both pupils dilate as pressure increases on the brain.
Possible nausea or vomiting on recovery.
Condition becomes worse. Fits may occur. No recovery.
compression
pupils
pupils
pupils
the respiratory system
the respiratory system
Alveoli
collapsed lung
External
Airway
Breathing
Circulation
Control Centre
Suffocation,Drowning, High Altitude
Tongue, Vomit, Choking, Strangulation, Hanging, Burns, Anaphylaxis, Disease.
Crushing, Collapsed Lung, Chest Injury, Poisons, Asthma, Disease, Illness.
Heart Attack, Angina, Bleeding, Poisons, Anaemia.
Stroke, Head Injury, DrugOverdose/Poisons, Spinal Injury,Electric Shock.
hypoxia – the causes
hypoxia – signs and symptoms
Pale, Cold, Clammy / Cyanosis
Nausea / Vomiting
Increase In Pulse Rate
Weak Pulse
Increase in Breathing Rate /Short of Breath
Dizziness / Confusion Lowered Levels of Response
the circulatory system
the heart – blood flow
From the Lungs
To the Lungs
From the
Body
To the Body
Left Ventricle
Right Ventricle
Left AtriumRight
Atrium
the heart
a typical heart attack
electrical impulses of the heart
Shock –normal circulation
Hypovolaemic Shock
cardiogenic shock
fainting
Handbrake!!
anaphylactic shock
anaphylaxis
Picture: Many Thanks to the Anaphylaxis Campaign.
CALIPGAD
ontusion
types of wound
brasion
aceration
ncision
uncture
un Shot
mputation
egloved
fractured wrist
eye / face laceration
finger laceration
Fingertip amputation
puncture wound
blood loss
10% 20% 40%30%
Blood Loss
Blood Pressure
Heart Rate
80
100
120
140
Blood Vessels
Constrict
Dilate
SS
EE
EE
PP
it or Lay
treatment of bleeding
xamine
levate
ressure
SS
CC
AA
LL
DD
ize
severity of burns
ause
ge
ocation
epth
burns – estimating the area
laceration
dislocated kneecap
burns
COOL!
REMOVE
DRESS
1
2
3
burns treatment
the skeleton
the spine
5 Fused Sacral
5 Lumbar
12 Thoracic
7 Cervical
Closed
Open
Complicated
Green Stick
types of fracture
PPLLUUSSDDIICCTT
ain
types of wound
oss of power
natural movement
welling or bruising
eformity
rregularity
repitus
enderness
open fracture
open fracture
Note the poor aseptic technique!
open fractured wrist
RR
II
CC
EE
est
sprains and strains
ce
ompression
levation
body temperature
25
30
26
27
28
29
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
24
77
78.8
80.6
82.4
75.2
84.2
86
87.8
95
93.2
91.4
89.6
104
102.2
100.4
98.6
96.8
109.4
107.6
105.8
0C0F
Unconsciousness / fitting.Confused / restless.Headache, dizzy, uncomfortable.Strong bounding pulse.Flushed dry skin, hot to touch.Cramps in stomach / arms / legs.Pale sweaty skin.Nausea / loss of appetite.
Normal Body Temperature
ShiveringFatigue, Slurred speechConfusion, forgetfulnessShivering stops, muscle rigidityVery slow, very weak pulseNoticeable drowsiness
Severe reduction in response levelsUnconsciousnessDilated pupilsPulse undetectable
Appearance of death
Death
HeatStroke
HeatExhaustion
Mild Hypothermia
Severe Hypothermia
Normal
body temperature
25
30
26
27
28
29
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
24
77
78.8
80.6
82.4
75.2
84.2
86
87.8
95
93.2
91.4
89.6
104
102.2
100.4
98.6
96.8
109.4
107.6
105.8
0C0F
Unconsciousness / fitting.Confused / restless.Headache, dizzy, uncomfortable.Strong bounding pulse.Flushed dry skin, hot to touch.Cramps in stomach / arms / legs.Pale sweaty skin.Nausea / loss of appetite.
Normal Body Temperature
ShiveringFatigue, Slurred speechConfusion, forgetfulnessShivering stops, muscle rigidityVery slow, very weak pulseNoticeable drowsiness
Severe reduction in response levelsUnconsciousnessDilated pupilsPulse undetectable
Appearance of death
Death
HeatStroke
HeatExhaustion
Mild Hypothermia
Severe Hypothermia
Normal
body temperature
25
30
26
27
28
29
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
24
77
78.8
80.6
82.4
75.2
84.2
86
87.8
95
93.2
91.4
89.6
104
102.2
100.4
98.6
96.8
109.4
107.6
105.8
0C0F
Unconsciousness / fitting.Confused / restless.Headache, dizzy, uncomfortable.Strong bounding pulse.Flushed dry skin, hot to touch.Cramps in stomach / arms / legs.Pale sweaty skin.Nausea / loss of appetite.
Normal Body Temperature
ShiveringFatigue, Slurred speechConfusion, forgetfulnessShivering stops, muscle rigidityVery slow, very weak pulseNoticeable drowsiness
Severe reduction in response levelsUnconsciousnessDilated pupilsPulse undetectable
Appearance of death
Death
HeatStroke
HeatExhaustion
Mild Hypothermia
Severe Hypothermia
Normal
body temperature
25
30
26
27
28
29
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
24
77
78.8
80.6
82.4
75.2
84.2
86
87.8
95
93.2
91.4
89.6
104
102.2
100.4
98.6
96.8
109.4
107.6
105.8
0C0F
Unconsciousness / fitting.Confused / restless.Headache, dizzy, uncomfortable.Strong bounding pulse.Flushed dry skin, hot to touch.Cramps in stomach / arms / legs.Pale sweaty skin.Nausea / loss of appetite.
Normal Body Temperature
ShiveringFatigue, Slurred speechConfusion, forgetfulnessShivering stops, muscle rigidityVery slow, very weak pulseNoticeable drowsiness
Severe reduction in response levelsUnconsciousnessDilated pupilsPulse undetectable
Appearance of death
Death
HeatStroke
HeatExhaustion
Mild Hypothermia
Severe Hypothermia
Normal
body temperature
25
30
26
27
28
29
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
24
77
78.8
80.6
82.4
75.2
84.2
86
87.8
95
93.2
91.4
89.6
104
102.2
100.4
98.6
96.8
109.4
107.6
105.8
0C0F
Unconsciousness / fitting.Confused / restless.Headache, dizzy, uncomfortable.Strong bounding pulse.Flushed dry skin, hot to touch.Cramps in stomach / arms / legs.Pale sweaty skin.Nausea / loss of appetite.
Normal Body Temperature
ShiveringFatigue, Slurred speechConfusion, forgetfulnessShivering stops, muscle rigidityVery slow, very weak pulseNoticeable drowsiness
Severe reduction in response levelsUnconsciousnessDilated pupilsPulse undetectable
Appearance of death
Death
HeatStroke
HeatExhaustion
Mild Hypothermia
Severe Hypothermia
Normal
the digestive system
diabetes
High Blood Sugar Low Blood Sugar
Onset Slow Fast
Levels of response
Deteriorate slowly Deteriorate rapidly
Skin Dry and Warm Pale, cold, sweaty
Breathing Deep sighing breaths
Shallow and rapid
Pulse Rapid Rapid
Other symptoms
Excessive urinationVery thirsty
HungerFruity smell on breath
May be confused for drunkenness
moving and handling
For most women, reduce weight by one thirdReduce weight by 10% for twisting 45o
Reduce weight by 20% for twisting 90 o
Assumptions:The load is grasped in both hands.
The handler is in a stable body positionThe lift takes place in reasonable working conditions
An average adult weighs 60 to 70kg!
moving and handling
Chin up as you lift
Bend with your knees not your back
Keep your back upright
Keep the load as close to your body as possible
Feet apart to give you balance