first aid program mrs. sapana bhattarai rn, bsn, msn (student) organized by kent-nsa (nepalese...

First Aid ProgramFirst Aid ProgramMrs. Sapana Bhattarai

RN, BSN, MSN (Student)

Organized by

Kent-NSA(Nepalese Student Association at Kent State University, OH, USA)

Jan 6, 2007

What is First Aid?What is First Aid?

First Aid- immediate care given to First Aid- immediate care given to injured or suddenly ill person injured or suddenly ill person

First Aid for Sprains & StrainsFirst Aid for Sprains & Strains

• Sprain- overstretching or tearing a ligament, tendon, muscle

• Strain- overstretched or overexerted muscle or tendon

• Pain and swelling

Sprains & Strains Continued… Sprains & Strains Continued…

First Aid• Apply R.I.C.E. - rest, ice, compression, elevation • R- Rest for 24 to 48 hours • I- Ice area for 5 to 20 minutes hourly for 48 to 72

hours • C-Compress area by wrapping tightly with

elastic bandage for 30 minutes, then unwrap for 15 minutes

• E- Elevate area to reduce swelling. Elevate it while you sleep

Sprains & Strains Continued…Sprains & Strains Continued…

• Aspirin, ibuprofen to reduce inflammation and pain

• Acetaminophen (Tylenol) to reduce pain

• Once injured area begins to heal, do M.S.A. (movement, strength, alternate activities)

First Aid for Broken BonesFirst Aid for Broken Bones

Type of broken bones (Fractures):Type of broken bones (Fractures): Simple or closed fracturesSimple or closed fractures: no b: no broken bone roken bone visible through skin, no skin wound near fracture visible through skin, no skin wound near fracture site site Compound or open fractureCompound or open fracture: : partially or partially or completely separated bone, skin wound. Can completely separated bone, skin wound. Can protrude broken bone through the skinprotrude broken bone through the skin

Broken Bones Continued…Broken Bones Continued…

Sign and symptoms:Sign and symptoms: Swelling, deformity, pain, tendernessSwelling, deformity, pain, tenderness Inability to use injured partInability to use injured part

If severe bleeding from open fracture:If severe bleeding from open fracture: Monitor for shock, breathing and pulseMonitor for shock, breathing and pulse Have victim lie flat Have victim lie flat Elevate victim's feet 8 to 12 inches Elevate victim's feet 8 to 12 inches Cover victim with blanket to keep warm Cover victim with blanket to keep warm

Broken Bones Continued…Broken Bones Continued… Remove clothing covering wound. Cut clothing awayRemove clothing covering wound. Cut clothing away Don’t move injured area Don’t move injured area Use plastic bag or many layers of gauze pads to apply Use plastic bag or many layers of gauze pads to apply

direct pressure to wound to stop bleeding direct pressure to wound to stop bleeding Cover wounded area with clean cloth or dressing Cover wounded area with clean cloth or dressing Continue to apply pressure as long as wound bleedsContinue to apply pressure as long as wound bleeds Add new dressings over existing ones Add new dressings over existing ones


Immobilize injured area using splint. Make Immobilize injured area using splint. Make splints from rolled-up newspapers, magazines, splints from rolled-up newspapers, magazines, blanketsblankets

Place splint above and below fracture hold in Place splint above and below fracture hold in place with strip of cloth place with strip of cloth


Broken arm- make a sling with triangular Broken arm- make a sling with triangular piece of cloth. Place forearm in it and tie piece of cloth. Place forearm in it and tie ends around neck so arm is resting at 90 ends around neck so arm is resting at 90 degreedegree

Check pulse, swelling, numbness, If no Check pulse, swelling, numbness, If no pulse, splint is too tight and must be pulse, splint is too tight and must be loosenedloosened

Take aspirin, ibuprofen or TylenolTake aspirin, ibuprofen or Tylenol

First Aid for Burns

Burns result from: • dry heat-fire • moist heat- steam, hot liquids • electricity• Chemicals• Radiation- sunlight

Burns Continued…First degree burns:• Mild sunburn, brief contact with

heat source - hot iron • Affect only outer skin layer • Area appears dry, red, mildly

swollen • Painful and sensitive to touch

Burns Continued…First Aid• Immediately place affected area in

container of cold water or under cold running water for 5 - 10 minutes

• Do not apply ice or cold water for long time

• Keep area uncovered, elevated. Apply dry dressing

• Do not use butter or other ointments.• Call your doctor if infection (fever, chills,

redness, swelling, pus)• Take aspirin, Tylenol, ibuprofen

Burns Continued…Second degree burns • Severe sunburn • hot liquids, flash from gasoline • Affect skin's lower layers and outer

skin • Painful, swollen, show redness,

blisters • Skin develops weepy, watery surface

Burns Continued…For Second Degree Burns

• Immerse affected area in cold (not ice) water until pain subsides.

• Dip clean cloths in cold water and apply them over and over again to burned area for an hour

Burns Continued…

• Do not break any blisters• Avoid applying antiseptic sprays,

ointments• Dress area with single layer of

loose gauze. Hold in place with bandage

• Change dressing next day and every two days after that

Burns Continued…

• Elevate burnt area higher than body

• Call your doctor if infection develops

• Take aspirin, ibuprofen, tylenol

Burns Continued…Third degree burns • Outer, deeper skin layers, tissue,

organs. • Appear black and white • Swollen skin and exposed underlying

tissue • Less pain• May be no pain at all if destroyed

nerve endings • Emergency treatment, hospitalization

Burns Continued…

• Turn off electric current, "stop, drop and roll" on floor or ground or douse with cold water or wrap victim in cotton blanket or rug

• Check breathing, pulse, shock • Remove clothing, only if not stick to burned

area.• Cut unstuck clothing

Burns Continued…

• Remove jewelry, if possible• Elevate burned arm or leg above

heart level. If face burned, have victim sit up

• Cool burned skin with cool water• Don't use cold water on large, third

degree burns. Don't immerse in ice water

Burns Continued…

• Use cold compresses on burns of hands, feet, face for 15-20 minutes

• Cover with clean cloth or sterile dressing.

• Don't apply ointment, cream, butter • Don't give victim anything to drink or

eat

First Aid for Chest Pain

Causes of chest pain : Heart attack Chest wall or lung injury Collapsed lung

Other causes : Pneumonia or bronchitis Heartburn Anxiety

Chest Pain Continued…

Symptoms of chest pain due to heart attack

Pain that spreads to arm, neck or jaw

Feeling of pressure, especially on left side

Shortness of breath or trouble breathing

Nausea and/or vomiting

Sweating

irregular pulse or heartbeat

Feeling anxious


Ask victim if he uses heart medicine (nitroglycerin). If yes, place tablet under tongue. Give up to 3 tablets in 10 minutes Keep victim in comfortable position Do not have victim lie down, if he has breathing problemsHalf-sitting position is better with legs up and bent at knees. Put pillow or rolled towel under knees, support back


Reassure victim and stay with him until you get help

Loosen any clothing around victim's neck, chest, waist

Monitor victim for breathing, pulse

First Aid for ChokingFirst Aid for ChokingAdults: Conscious VictimAdults: Conscious Victim Choking is indicated by Distress Signal Choking is indicated by Distress Signal

(hands clutching throat) (hands clutching throat) If victim can speak, cough or breathe, don’t If victim can speak, cough or breathe, don’t

interfere interfere If victim can’t speak, cough or breathe, give If victim can’t speak, cough or breathe, give

abdominal thrusts (Heimlich maneuver) abdominal thrusts (Heimlich maneuver) Reach around victim's waist. Position one Reach around victim's waist. Position one

clenched fist above navel and below rib clenched fist above navel and below rib cage. Grasp fist with other hand cage. Grasp fist with other hand

Pull clenched fist sharply and directly Pull clenched fist sharply and directly backward and upward under rib cage 6 to backward and upward under rib cage 6 to 10 times quickly10 times quickly

Choking Continued…Choking Continued…

In late pregnancy, give chest In late pregnancy, give chest thrusts. Stand behind victim. Place thrusts. Stand behind victim. Place thumb of left fist against middle of thumb of left fist against middle of breastbone. Grab fist with right hand. breastbone. Grab fist with right hand. Squeeze chest 4 times quickly Squeeze chest 4 times quickly

Continue uninterrupted until Continue uninterrupted until obstruction is relieved or advanced obstruction is relieved or advanced life support is available. life support is available.

Have victim examined by physicianHave victim examined by physician

Choking Continued…Choking Continued…If Victim Becomes UnconsciousIf Victim Becomes Unconscious Position victim on back, arms by side Position victim on back, arms by side Shout for "Help". Call 9-1-1 Shout for "Help". Call 9-1-1 Perform finger sweep to try to remove Perform finger sweep to try to remove

foreign body foreign body Perform rescue breathing. If unsuccessful, Perform rescue breathing. If unsuccessful,

give 6-10 abdominal thrustsgive 6-10 abdominal thrusts Be on both sides of victim’s thighBe on both sides of victim’s thigh Put heel of one hand against middle of Put heel of one hand against middle of

victim’s abdomen above navel and below victim’s abdomen above navel and below sternum’s notchsternum’s notch


Press inward and upward using both Press inward and upward using both hands with up to 6-10 abdominal hands with up to 6-10 abdominal thruststhrusts

Repeat sequence: perform finger Repeat sequence: perform finger sweep, rescue breathing, perform sweep, rescue breathing, perform abdominal thrusts until successful or abdominal thrusts until successful or advanced life support is available. advanced life support is available.

If successful, have victim examined If successful, have victim examined by doctorby doctor


Conscious Child (Over 1 year old)Conscious Child (Over 1 year old) Abdominal thrusts same as adults Abdominal thrusts same as adults

Unconscious Child (Over 1 year old)Unconscious Child (Over 1 year old) Abdominal thrusts same as adults.Abdominal thrusts same as adults. But Don’t do blind finger sweep in But Don’t do blind finger sweep in

children up to 8 years old. Do tongue-children up to 8 years old. Do tongue-jaw lift and remove foreign body only if jaw lift and remove foreign body only if you can see it you can see it

First Aid for Eye InjuriesFirst Aid for Eye Injuries

Causes of eye injuries: Causes of eye injuries: Physical blow to eye Physical blow to eye Harsh chemicals like bleach and acids Harsh chemicals like bleach and acids

can burn eye tissue and damage eyes can burn eye tissue and damage eyes grain of sand, fleck of paint, sliver of grain of sand, fleck of paint, sliver of

metal or splinter of wood- scratch metal or splinter of wood- scratch cornea and cause infection cornea and cause infection

Insect bitesInsect bites

Eye Injuries Continued…Eye Injuries Continued…

If foreign body sticking into eye:If foreign body sticking into eye:Do not try to remove object Do not try to remove object Do not press, touch or rub eye Do not press, touch or rub eye Wash hands with soap and water Wash hands with soap and water Cover affected eye with paper cup or Cover affected eye with paper cup or

other clean object other clean object Hold paper cup in place with tape Hold paper cup in place with tape

without putting pressurewithout putting pressure


Gently cover unaffected eye to keep Gently cover unaffected eye to keep affected eye from moving affected eye from moving

If alone, do not cover unaffected eye, If alone, do not cover unaffected eye, avoid side to side or up and down avoid side to side or up and down eye movement. Phone or yell for helpeye movement. Phone or yell for help


If severe blow to the eyeIf severe blow to the eye Close the eye Close the eye Put cold compress over injured area, not Put cold compress over injured area, not

directly on eye. Can use ice in plastic directly on eye. Can use ice in plastic bag or bag of frozen vegetables bag or bag of frozen vegetables

Do not use firm pressure Do not use firm pressure Keep victim lying down with eyes closedKeep victim lying down with eyes closed If alone, phone or yell for help If alone, phone or yell for help


If a cut to eye or eyelidIf a cut to eye or eyelidLoosely cover both eyes with sterile Loosely cover both eyes with sterile

cloth or pad and gently tape in place cloth or pad and gently tape in place Keep victim lying flat on back Keep victim lying flat on back If alone, phone for help If alone, phone for help Loosely cover only affected eye with Loosely cover only affected eye with

sterile cloth or pad and keep your sterile cloth or pad and keep your other eye from movingother eye from moving


If eye exposed with harmful chemicalIf eye exposed with harmful chemicalFlush eye with water immediatelyFlush eye with water immediatelyHave victim lie down and turn his head Have victim lie down and turn his head

to side with affected eye lower than to side with affected eye lower than other eye other eye

Hold affected eye open with your thumb Hold affected eye open with your thumb and forefinger and forefinger

Pour large quantities of warm water from Pour large quantities of warm water from pitcher or other clean container over pitcher or other clean container over entire eye from inside to outside corner entire eye from inside to outside corner


Continue pouring water for at least 10 - 30 Continue pouring water for at least 10 - 30 minutes minutes

Loosely bandage eye with sterile cloth and Loosely bandage eye with sterile cloth and tape tape

Do not touch eye Do not touch eye If both eyes affected- pour water over both If both eyes affected- pour water over both

eyes at the same time or quickly alternate eyes at the same time or quickly alternate from one eye to another from one eye to another

Or, place victim's face in sink or container Or, place victim's face in sink or container filled with warm water. Have him or her filled with warm water. Have him or her move his or her eyelids up and down move his or her eyelids up and down


To remove foreign object in the eye: To remove foreign object in the eye: Wash your hands Wash your hands Twist piece of tissue, moisten tip with Twist piece of tissue, moisten tip with

tap water, try to touch small piece with tap water, try to touch small piece with the tip. the tip.

If it is under upper lid, look down and If it is under upper lid, look down and pull upper lid away from eyeball by pull upper lid away from eyeball by grabbing eyelashes grabbing eyelashes

Try to touch debris with tip of moistened Try to touch debris with tip of moistened tissuetissue


Do not rub eye. Never use tweezers Do not rub eye. Never use tweezers Gently wash eye with cool water Gently wash eye with cool water Cover eye with patch for 24 hours to Cover eye with patch for 24 hours to

relieve painrelieve pain

First Aid for FaintingFirst Aid for FaintingBrief loss of consciousness for several seconds Brief loss of consciousness for several seconds

or up to an hour or up to an hour

Causes of fainting:Causes of fainting: Low blood sugar Low blood sugar Anemia Anemia Rapid loss of blood (internal bleeding or Rapid loss of blood (internal bleeding or

external bleeding) external bleeding) Heart attack or stroke. Heart attack or stroke. Heat stroke or heat exhaustionHeat stroke or heat exhaustion

Fainting Continued…Fainting Continued…

Just before fainting, person may: Just before fainting, person may: Feel a sense of dread Feel a sense of dread Feel dizzy Feel dizzy See spots before his or her eyes See spots before his or her eyes Have nauseaHave nausea

Fainting Continued…Fainting Continued…First AidFirst Aid Catch person before he falls. Catch person before he falls. Have person lie down with head below level Have person lie down with head below level

of heart. Raise legs 8 to 12 inches. of heart. Raise legs 8 to 12 inches. If victim is about to faint lies down right If victim is about to faint lies down right

away, he may not lose consciousness. away, he may not lose consciousness. Turn victim's head to side so tongue doesn't Turn victim's head to side so tongue doesn't

fall back into throat fall back into throat Loosen any tight clothing. Loosen any tight clothing. Apply moist towels to person's face and Apply moist towels to person's face and

neck neck


Keep victim warmKeep victim warm Don't shake anyone who's just fainted. Don't shake anyone who's just fainted. Don't try to give person anything to eat Don't try to give person anything to eat

or drink until fully consciousor drink until fully conscious Don't allow person who's fainted to get Don't allow person who's fainted to get

up until sense of physical weakness up until sense of physical weakness passes.passes.

Watch for few minutes to make sure he Watch for few minutes to make sure he doesn't faint again doesn't faint again


Self-Care Self-Care

when you feel faint: when you feel faint: Sit down, bend forward and put your Sit down, bend forward and put your

head between your knees, or head between your knees, or Lie down and elevate both legs 8 to Lie down and elevate both legs 8 to

12 inches12 inches

First Aid for NosebleedsFirst Aid for Nosebleeds

First AidFirst Aid

minor nosebleeds minor nosebleeds Sit with your head leaning forward Sit with your head leaning forward Pinch nostrils, using your thumb and Pinch nostrils, using your thumb and

forefinger to gently squeeze nasal forefinger to gently squeeze nasal septum septum

Hold for 15 minutes, breath through Hold for 15 minutes, breath through mouth mouth

Nosebleeds Continued…Nosebleeds Continued…

Apply cold compresses to area Apply cold compresses to area around nose around nose

Elevated head above the heart for 24 Elevated head above the heart for 24 hours hours

Do not blow nose, lift heavy objects, Do not blow nose, lift heavy objects, exercise for 24 hours exercise for 24 hours

Nosebleeds Continued…Nosebleeds Continued…

After nose bleeding stopped: After nose bleeding stopped: Keep nostrils moist : Keep nostrils moist :

cool-mist vaporizer or humidifier in your cool-mist vaporizer or humidifier in your bedroom, especially in winter. bedroom, especially in winter.

dab of petroleum jelly inside nostril.dab of petroleum jelly inside nostril.Don't pick or rub nose Don't pick or rub nose Don't smoke, take aspirin or drink Don't smoke, take aspirin or drink

very hot or alcoholic beverages for very hot or alcoholic beverages for one week one week

Questions…????Questions…????

Thank YouThank You

first aid program mrs. sapana bhattarai rn, bsn, msn (student) organized by kent-nsa (nepalese...

Documents

swelling slide

skin slide

injured area dont

ice area

strip of cloth slide

warm slide

skin wound

injured area use plastic