first aid processes ing

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First aid is the immediate help given to somebody who has been injured, or who suddenly becomes

ill, before medical help is available. First aid is of two types - one where minor injuries can be dealt

with and the other to provide basic care to a seriously injured individual before medical help can be

obtained.

First aid has three key aims:

1. to keep the injured or ill person alive;

2. to stop the condition worsening; and

3. to promote the recovery of the patient.

These aims can be met with simple skills that require little or no special quipment, but you must alwaysput your own safety first. If you become a victim yourself, you will not be able to help the person and

will make the situation worse.

This section give detailed information on how to practice first aid quickly, calmly and effectively.

Reading this section gives you the underpinning knowledge to carry out first aid, but the term first aideris generally applied to somebody who has completed a set standard of training with an accredited

training provider, such as the British Red Cross.

Taking a practical course in first aid is the best preparation for dealing with an emergency. However,even if you are untrained there are simple measures that you can take at an mergency scene that cansave lives.

This section aims to provide you with clear instructions to help you deal with common first aid

situations, should they arise. Each spread in this chapter covers a particular aspect of first aid. First aid

for children and infants often requires different techniques, and these are clearly explained when theyneed to be done.

First Aid Articles describe how to assess a casualty so that appropriate treatment can be given while

you wait for professional medical help to arrive. There are also practical discussions of emergency

procedures, including checking for breathing and circulation, placing a person in the recovery position,and life-saving techniques such as giving rescue breaths (mouth-to-mouth resuscitation) if breathing

has stopped, and chest compression if both breathing and circulation have ceased. Using these

techniques will ensure that vital organs such as the brain receive enough oxygen to keep the personalive until medical help is at hand.

Further articles describe how to deal with other life-threatening situations or injuries, such as drowning,

choking, shock, burns, poisoning and severe bleeding. Asthma, heart attack, epilepsy and allergic

reactions may also require emergency treatment.

Specific injuries such as head and eye injuries, broken bones and spinal injuries are also covered in thissection. Although these may not be immediately life- threatening, first aid may help someone recover

more quickly and avoid permanent damage.

Most first aid situations will involve no more than minor cuts and bruises, but you should be equippedto deal with major accidents or emergencies, and you will need to understand andpractice thetechniques detailed in this section to give first aid effectively. You should also keep a well-stocked first

aid box that is accessible in an emergency but kept out of the reach of children.

I like firstaid section most in this site - we always ignore the basic knowledge for any injury. Thanks ---

georgy

Knowing the basic of Firstaid is very essential for our daily life. Thanks for including this section. - gel

looking for a doctor that will take total care -- denise


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First aid

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

This article is about the provision of immediate care. For the 'Transformers' character, see First Aid(Transformers).

First Aid symbol

First aid is the provision of initial care for an illnessorinjury. It is usually performed by a non-expertperson to a sick or injured person until definitive medical treatment can be accessed. Certain self-

limiting illnesses or minor injuries may not require further medical care past the first aid intervention. It

generally consists of a series of simple and in some cases, potentially life-saving techniques that an

individual can be trained to perform with minimal equipment.While first aid can also be performed on all animals, the term generally refers to care of human

patients.
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Contents

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[edit] History

The instances of recorded first aid were provided by religious knights, such as the Knights Hospitaller,

formed in the 11th century, providing care to pilgrims and knights, and training other knights in how to

treat commonbattlefield injuries.[1] The practice of first aid fell largely in to disuse during the HighMiddle Ages, and organized societies were not seen again until in 1859 Henry Dunant organized local

villagers to help victims of the Battle of Solferino, including the provision of first aid. Four years later,

four nations met in Geneva and formed the organization which has grown into the Red Cross, with akey stated aim of "aid to sick and wounded soldiers in the field".[1] This was followed by the formation

ofSt. John Ambulance in 1877, based on the principles of the Knights Hospitaller, to teach first aid,

and numerous other organization joined them with the term first aid first coined in 1878 as civilianambulance services spread as a combination of 'first treatment' and 'national aid'[1] in large railway

centres and mining districts as well as with police forces. First aid training began to spread through the

empire throughorganisations such as St John, often starting, as in the UK, with high risk activities such

as ports and railways.[2]

Many developments in first aid and many other medical techniques have been driven by wars, such as

in the case of the American Civil War, which prompted Clara Barton to organize the American Red

Cross.[3] Today, there are several groups that promote first aid, such as the military and the Scoutingmovement. New techniques and equipment have helped make todays first aid simple and effective.

[edit] Aims

the key aims offirst aid can be summarized in three key points:[4]

Preserve life - the overriding aim of all medical care, including first aid, is to save lives

Prevent further harm - also sometimes called prevent the condition from worsening, this

coversboth external factors, such as moving a patient away from any cause of harm, and

applying first aid techniques to prevent worsening of the condition, such as applying pressure to

stop a bleed becoming dangerous. Promote recovery - first aid also involves trying to start the recovery process from the illness

or injury, and in some cases might involve completing a treatment, such as in the case ofapplying a plaster to a small wound

First aid training also involves the prevention of initial injury and responder safety, and the treatment

phases.

[edit] Key skills

This section does not citeany references or sources.Please helpimprove this article by adding citations toreliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged

andremoved.(May 2010)
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undertake what is probably the most recognized first aid procedure - Cardiopulmonary resuscitation or

CPR, which involves breathing for the patient, and manually massaging the heart to promote blood

flow around the body.

[edit] Promoting recovery

The first aideris also likely to be trained in dealing with injuries such as cuts,grazesorbone fracture.

They may be able to deal with the situation in its entirety (a small adhesive bandage on a paper cut), ormay be required to maintain the condition of something like a broken bone, until the next stage of

definitive care (usually an ambulance) arrives.

[edit] Training

First aid scenario training in progress

Basic principles, such as knowing to use an adhesive bandage or applying direct pressure on a bleed,

are often acquired passively through life experiences. However, to provide effective, life-saving firstaid interventions requires instruction and practical training. This is especially true where it relates to

potentially fatal illnesses and injuries, such as those that requirecardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR);

these procedures may be invasive, and carry a risk of further injury to the patient and the provider. Aswith any training, it is more useful if it occurs before an actual emergency, and in many countries,

emergency ambulance dispatchers may give basic first aid instructions over the phone while the

ambulance is on the way.

Training is generally provided by attending a course, typically leading to certification. Due to regularchanges in procedures and protocols, based on updated clinical knowledge, and to maintain skill,

attendance at regular refresher courses or re-certification is often necessary. First aid training is often

available through community organizations such as the Red Cross and St. John Ambulance, or throughcommercial providers, who will train people for a fee. This commercial training is most common for

training of employees to perform first aid in their workplace. Many community organizations also

provide a commercial service, which complements their community programmes.
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[edit] Australia

In Australia, Nationally recognized First Aid certificates may only be issued by Registered training

organisations who are accredited on the National Training Information System (NTIS). Most First Aid

certificates are issued at one of 3 levels:

Level 1 (or Basic First Aid, or Basic Life Support): is a 1-day course covering primarily

life-threatening emergencies: CPR, bleeding, choking and other life-threatening medicalemergencies.

Level 2 (Senior First Aid) is a 2 day course that covers all the aspects of training in Level 1,as well as specialized training for treatment of burns, bites, stings, electric shock and poisons.

Level 2 reaccreditation is a 1 day course which must be taken every three years, but CPR

reaccrediation may be required more frequently (typically yearly).

Level 3 (Occupational First Aid) is a 4-day course covering advanced first aid, use of oxygen

andautomated external defibrillators and documentation. It is suitable for workplace First

Aiders and those who manage First Aid facilities.

Other courses outside these levels are commonly taught, including CPR-only courses, AdvancedResuscitation, Remote Area or Wilderness First Aid, Administering Medications (such as salbutamol or

theEpi-Pen) and specialized courses for parents, school teachers, community first responders orhazardous workplace first aiders. CPR Re-accreditation courses are sometimes required yearly,regardless of the length of the overall certification.

[edit] Canada

In Canada, first aid certificates are awarded by one of several national organizations including the RedCross, the Lifesaving Society andSt. John Ambulance. Or they can also be issued by sub-national

organizations such as Certified Emergency Response Training. The terms "Emergency First Aid" and

"Standard First Aid" are generic and based on a Health Canada (a federal department of theGovernment of Canada) review and approval of a training organization's curriculum / syllabus (training

content), standards and other factors. Workplace safety regulations and standards for first aid vary byprovince depending on occupation. However, as some occupations are governed by federal, notprovincial, workplace safety regulations, such as the transportation industry (marine, aviation, rail),

trainees need to confirm with their employer as to exactly what specific training and certification

standards comply with the applicable regulatory agencies, federal or provincial.

Emergency First Aid: is an 8-hour course covering primarily life-threatening emergencies:CPR,

bleeding, choking and other life-threatening medical emergencies.

Standard First Aid: is a 16-hour course that covers the same material as Emergency First Aid

and will include training for some, but not all, of the following: breaks; burns; poisons, bites

and stings; eye injuries; head and neck injuries; chest injuries; wound care; emergency child

birth; and multiple casualty management. Medical First Responder (BTLS - known by different names among different Canadian

organizations): is a 40 hour course. It requires Standard First Aid certification as a prerequisite.Candidates are trained in the use of oxygen, automated external defibrillators, airway

management, and the use of additional emergency equipment.

CPRcertification in Canada is broken into several levels. Depending on the level, the lay person will

learn the basic one-person CPR and choking procedures for adults, and perhaps children, and infants.Higher-level designations also require two-person CPR to be learned. Depending on provincial laws,

trainees may also learn the basics ofautomated external defibrillation(AED).[5]
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Level A is the lowest level of CPR training. Trainees learn how to perform the standard one-

rescuer CPR and choking procedures on adults.

Level B requires the same procedures as Level A, but trainees learn to perform these maneuvers

on children and infants in addition to adults.

Level C requires the same maneuvers as Level B, and trainees are also taught how to perform

two-person CPR.

Level HCP (Health Care Professional) was introduced in Canada in response to new guidelinesset by the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation.[6]In addition to the techniques

taught in Level C, artificial resuscitation, AED use (to certification standards), andbag-valve-

maskuse is taught. Anyone with CPR-HCP certification is considered AED certified.

[edit] Ireland

In Ireland, the workplace qualification is the Occupational First Aid Certificate. The Health and Safety

Authority issue the standards for first aid at work and hold a register of qualified instructors, examinersand organisations that can provide the course. AFETAC Level 5 certificate is awarded after passing a

three day course and is valid for two years from date of issue. Occupational First Aiders are more

qualified than Cardiac First Responders(Cardiac First Response and training on the AED is now partof the OFA course) but less qualified than Emergency First Respondersbut strangely Occupational

First Aid is the only one of the three not certified by PHECC. Organisations offering the certificate

include, Ireland's largest first aid organisation, theOrder of Malta Ambulance Corps, the St JohnAmbulance Brigade, and the Irish Red Cross. The Irish Red Cross also provides a Practical First Aid

Course aimed at the general public dealing primarily with family members getting injured. Many other

(purely commercially run) organisations offer training.

[edit] Singapore

In Singapore, the workplace qualification is the Occupational First Aid Certificate. The Ministry of

Manpower (Singapore) issue the standards for first aid at work and qualifies first aid instructors,occupational nurses and doctors and registered safety officers as examiners and organisations that can

provide the course. Instructors are required to undergo an ACTA certification, a nationally recognised

training standard endorsed by the Workforce Development Agency. Workplaces with more than 25employees are required to have certified Occupational First Aiders. The Occupational First Aid Course

recently incorporated a CPRandAED segment which is accredited by the National Resuscitation

Council of Singapore and is valid for 2 years. Occupational First Aiders learn more workplace related

topics than Cardiac First Respondersand is the industry standard in Singapore. However, they may beless qualified than EMTs. TheSingapore First Aid Training Centreconducts the Occupational First Aid

Certification approved by the Ministry of Manpower (Singapore).

[edit] The NetherlandsIn the Netherlands first aid training and certification for lay persons are provided mostly by

specialised (commercial) first aid training companies or voluteers of the "Dutch Red Cross" and the

foundations "Het Oranje Kruis" and "LPEV". They offer a variety of levels in first aid training, frombasic CPR toFirst Responder. Medical first aid must be provided by certified ambulance crews,

physicians and in hospitals.
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[edit] United Kingdom

In the U.K., there are two main types of first aid courses offered. An Emergency First Aid at Work

course typically lasts one day, and covers the basics, focusing on critical interventions for conditions

such as cardiac arrest and severe bleeding, and is usually not formally assessed. A First Aid at Workcourse is usually a three-day course (two days for a re-qualification) that covers the full spectrum of

first aid, and is formally assessed by recognizedHealth and Safety Executive assessors. Certificates for

the First Aid at Work course are issued by the training organization and are valid for a period of threeyears from the date the delegate passes the course. Other courses offered by training organizations suchas St. John Ambulance, St Andrews First Aid or the British Red Cross include Baby and Child

Courses, manual handling, people moving, and courses geared towards more advanced life support,

such as defibrillation and administration of medical gases such as oxygen andentonox.

The British Forces use First Aid ranging from levels 1-3, to assist the medical staff on their Ship,Squadron, Section, Base or any other purpose required. They are trained in both Military and Civilian

First Aid and often utilise their knowledge in aid stricken regions around the world. First Aid is vital on

board HM Ships because of the number of people in a small area and the space given to perform theirtask, it is also vital for the Army and Royal Marines to know basic first aid to help the survival rate of

the soldiers when in combat.

[edit] United States

In the United States, there is no universal schedule of First Aid levels that are applicable to all

agencies that provide first aid training. Training is provided typically through the American Red Cross,

but may also be completed by local fire departments and the American Heart Association (AHA) interms of CPR. The American Red Cross, however, offers the following courses:[7]

CPR

CPR-Adult (CPR-A)

CPR-Child and Infant (CPR-CI)

CPR-Adult and Child (CPR-AC) CPR-Adult, Child, and Infant (CPR-ACI)

CPR/Automated External Defibrillator (AED)

CPR/AED-Adult (CPR/AED-A)

CPR/AED-Adult and Child (CPR/AED-AC)

First Aid

Standard First Aid (SFA)

Standard First Aid plus any of the above CPR or CPR/AED courses

Specialty

Babysitter's Training

Lifeguarding (Lifeguard training)

Dog, Cat, and Dog/Cat First Aid

Professional Rescuer Training (CPR, First Aid, and AED to meet Lifeguard, EMT, and

Nursing regulations)

Bloodborne Pathogens Training

Wilderness Training

First Responder in the Workplace training (CPR/AED/First Aid)

Instructor Certification
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_aid&action=edit&section=12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_arresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_and_Safety_Executivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_and_Safety_Executivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Aid_at_Work&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._John_Ambulancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Andrews_Ambulancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Red_Crosshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defibrillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entonoxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entonoxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entonoxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_aid&action=edit&section=13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_aid#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_aid&action=edit&section=12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_arresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_and_Safety_Executivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Aid_at_Work&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._John_Ambulancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Andrews_Ambulancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Red_Crosshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defibrillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entonoxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_aid&action=edit&section=13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_aid#cite_note-6


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Red Cross training programs may vary by Chapter and season. Layman First Responders in the United

States are subject to Good Samaritan law protections as long as their treatment does not extend beyond

training or certification. First Aid training in the United States is limited to basic life support functions

needed to sustain life, and training instills the importance of activating the Emergency Medical Systembefore beginning assistance (through the Three C's: Check, Call, Care). Training classes range from a

few hours for a specific course, or several days for combination, specialty, and instructor courses. Red

Cross volunteers are required to be Standard First Aid plus CPR/ACI certified (AED is encouraged butnot required as of 2009), as well as passing the FEMANIMS Introductory certification.

[edit] Specific disciplines

There are several types of first aid (and first aider) which require specific additional training. These are

usually undertaken to fulfill the demands of the work or activity undertaken.

Aquatic/Marine first aid - Usually practiced by professionals such as lifeguards, professional

mariners or in diver rescue, and covers the specific problems which may be faced after water-based rescue and/or delayed MedEvac.

Battlefield first aid - This takes in to account the specific needs of treating wounded

combatants and non-combatants during armed conflict.

Hyperbaric first aid - Which may be practiced bySCUBA diving professionals, who need to

treat conditions such asthe bends.

Oxygen first aid - Providing oxygen to casualties who suffer from conditions resulting in

hypoxia.

Wilderness first aid is the provision of first aid under conditions where the arrival of

emergency responders or the evacuation of an injured person may be delayed due to constraintsof terrain, weather, and available persons or equipment. It may be necessary to care for an

injured person for several hours or days.

Hydrofluoric Acid first aid - taught to first aiders in the chemical industry where hydrofluoric

acid may be used. Instructs the first aider how to initially treat (with calcium gluconate) anyskin that has been splashed with the acid.

[edit] Symbols

For more details on this topic, see Emblems of the Red Cross#Use of the emblems.

Although commonly associated with first aid, the symbol of a red cross is an official protective symbol

of the Red Cross. According to the Geneva Conventionsand other international laws, the use of this

and similar symbols is reserved for official agencies of the International Red Cross and Red

Crescent, and as a protective emblem for medical personnel and facilities in combat situations. Use by

any other person or organization is illegal, and may lead to prosecution.

The internationally accepted symbol for first aid is the white cross on a green background shown at the

start of the page.

Some organizations may make use of the Star of Life, although this is usually reserved for use byambulance services, or may use symbols such as theMaltese Cross, like theOrder of Malta Ambulance

Corps and St John Ambulance. Other symbols may also be used.
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ISO First Aid SymbolSymbol of the RedCross

[edit] Conditions that often require first aid

Also seemedical emergency.

Altitude sickness, which can begin in susceptible people at altitudes as low as 5,000 feet, cancause potentially fatalswelling of the brain orlungs.[8]

Anaphylaxis, a life-threatening condition in which the airway can become constricted and the

patient may go into shock. The reaction can be caused by a systemic allergic reaction toallergenssuch as insect bites or peanuts. Anaphylaxis is initially treated with injection ofepinephrine.

Battlefield first aid - This protocol refers to treating shrapnel, gunshot wounds, burns, bonefractures, etc. as seen either in the traditional battlefield setting or in an area subject to damage

by large scale weaponry, such as abomb blast or otherterroristactivity.

Bone fracture, a break in a bone initially treated by stabilizing the fracture with a splint.

Burns, which can result in damage to tissues and loss of body fluids through the burn site.

Choking, blockage of the airway which can quickly result in death due to lack ofoxygen if the

patients trachea is not cleared, for example by theHeimlich Maneuver.

Childbirth.

Cramps in muscles due to lactic acid build up caused either by inadequate oxygenation ofmuscle or lack of water or salt.

Diving disorders,drowning orasphyxiation.[9]

Gender-specific conditions, such asdysmenorrhea and testicular torsion.

Heart attack, or inadequate blood flow to the blood vessels supplying the heart muscle.

Heat stroke, also known as sunstroke orhyperthermia, which tends to occur during heavyexercise in high humidity, or with inadequate water, though it may occur spontaneously in some

chronically ill persons. Sunstroke, especially when the victim has been unconscious, often

causes major damage to body systems such as brain, kidney, liver, gastric tract.

Unconsciousness for more than two hours usually leads to permanent disability. Emergencytreatment involves rapid cooling of the patient.

Heat syncope, another stage in the same process as heat stroke, occurs under similar conditionsas heat stroke and is not distinguished from the latter by some authorities.

Heavy bleeding, treated by applying pressure (manually and later with apressure bandage) to

the wound site and elevating the limb if possible.

Hyperglycemia (diabetic coma) and Hypoglycemia (insulin shock).

Hypothermia, or Exposure, occurs when a persons core body temperature falls below 33.7C

(92.6F). First aid for a mildly hypothermic patient includes rewarming, but rewarming a

severely hypothermic person could result in a fatal arrhythmia, an irregular heart rhythm.
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Insect and animalbites and stings.

Joint dislocation.

Poisoning, which can occur by injection, inhalation, absorption, or ingestion.

Seizures, or a malfunction in the electrical activity in the brain. Three types of seizures include a

grand mal (which usually features convulsions as well as temporary respiratory abnormalities,

change in skin complexion, etc.) and petit mal (which usually features twitching, rapid blinking,

and/or fidgeting as well as altered consciousness and temporary respiratory abnormalities). Muscle strains and Sprains, a temporary dislocation of ajoint that immediately reduces

automatically but may result in ligament damage.

Stroke, a temporary loss of blood supply to the brain.

Toothache, which can result in severe pain and loss of the tooth but is rarely life threatening,

unless over time the infection spreads into the bone of the jaw and starts osteomyelitis.

Wounds andbleeding, including lacerations, incisions and abrasions,Gastrointestinal bleeding,avulsions and Sucking chest wounds, treated with anocclusive dressing to let air out but not in.

[edit]
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Basic First Aid Tips

Basic first aid supplies to keep on hand

Band-aids

Gauze Pads Elastic Bandages

Acetaminophen (Tylenol) Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin)

Hydrogen Peroxide

Antihistamine Cream (Benadryl) Antibiotic Ointment (Neosporin, Polysporin)

Hydrocortisone Cream

Benadryl Capsules or Liquid Antibacterial Soap (Dial)

Antiseptic Spray containing Benzocaine

Decongestant Tablets (Sudafed)

Throat Lozenges Cotton Balls, Cotton Swabs

Antacid (Tums, Maalox, Mylanta)

Antidiarrheal (Imodium, Kaopectate) Salt

Anti-nausea (Emetrol, Pepto-Bismol)

Cough Syrup (Robitussin, Vicks) Thermometer

Calamine Lotion, Caladryl Lotion

Basic First Aid Tips

Bleeding -

Apply direct pressure with towel or gauze until bleeding is stopped. Clean minorcuts with Hydrogen Peroxide. Apply antibiotic ointment and band-aid.

Sprains -

Apply ice immediately to swelling, and off and on for next 48 hours. Seek referral

for evaluation of injury. Ibuprofen may relieve pain and inflammation. Elevateextremities where swelling is present. Compression with elastic bandage may be

helpful.

Burns -

Object1


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Treat minor burns with cool water or cool compress. If there is blistering, seekreferral for evaluation of injury. Antiseptic sprays containing Benzocaine may

provide temporary relief. For large burns, go to emergency facility.

Bug Bites/Stings -

Apply ice immediately. Remove stinger if visible. Apply antihistamine cream to site.Take 25 mg Benedryl by mouth. Elevate if sting is on leg or arm. Go to emergency

facility for breathing difficulty or extreme swelling.

Rash/Poison Ivy -Wash area with antibacterial soap. Try not to scratch. Apply antihistamine cream or

hydrocortisone cream to rash. Wash hands after applying. Take Benedryl by mouth

to relieve itching. If not improved in 24 hours, seek referral for medical treatment.

Colds/Congestion/Sore Throat Increase cold fluid consumption. Take decongestant product for congestion

according to label. Use throat lozenges if needed according to directions on label.

Take Tylenol for headache, fever, or pain. Seek medical referral if symptoms do notimprove in 48-72 hours or if fever over 102 degrees F, stiff neck or repeated

vomiting occur.

Vomiting

Take small sips of ginger ale, weak tea, Sprite, or ice chips every 5-10 minutes.

Emetrol liquid may ease nauseatake as directed on label. Once liquids aretolerated without vomiting, try crackers, toast, bananas, applesauce, rice or clear

soups for the next 24 hours. If tolerated, work up to a bland diet (no fried foods,

fatty foods or roughage) and then back to a normal diet. If vomiting is persistent oraccompanied by a fever over 102 degrees F or stiff neck, go to emergency room.

Diarrhea

Try Kaopectate or Immodiumfollow directions on label. Stay on liquid diet untilcondition improves. If tolerated, work up to a bland diet (avoid fried foods, fats and

roughage) over the next 24 hours, and then go back to normal diet.
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