first aid managements

8/6/2019 First Aid Managements

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FIRST AID

MANAGEMENTS


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BURNS CAN BE CLASSIFIED INTO

MANY WAYS:

According to the depth of the burns injury:

y Superficial- superficial partial thickness burns

y Deep-Deep partial thickness burns

y Full thickness burns

According to the degree of the burns:y Firstdegreeburns:

It is also called as superficial burns.


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The epidermis that is the outer layer of the skin isdestroyed; the some portion of the dermis may beinvolved in the damage. The wound is usually red in

color, dry, slightly edematous and may be painful.

It is considered to be the minor burns; not a serious one.

Complete recovery is possible; almost within a weeksduration.

y SecondDegreeBurns when the entire outer layer and major portion of the

dermis of the skin are destroyed or burned, it is termedas the second degree burns.

There is the formation of the blisters, the area involved

becomes severely painful, and moderate to severe edemeis present. The blisters may break to thus predisposingthe wound area to infections. If left untreated, suchwound becomes infected and may get transformed intoa third degree burns which is even more complicated totreat.


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If the wound is too large, immediately seek medical help; else

treat it as minor burns.

y ThirdDegree Burns

It covers the entire epidermis dermis, subcutaneous tissues

and muscular tissues may also be involved in the burns area.

Bones may be involved. These are the most serious of all the

burns which calls for an emergency first aid to save victims life.

The wound is generally dry, pale, painless and edematous.

Due to the excessive loss of fluids from the body the person

may go in the state of hypovolemic shock.


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According to extent of burn injury:

y Percentage of the total body surface area

involved is calculated to determine the extent of

the injury using the rule of nines.


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After the cold application, you can wrap theburned areas using the sterile gauze bandages;

take care to see that it is neither too tight nor too

loose. The wounds can thus be protected againstthe infection.

If the chemical burns have taken place, you shouldsplash out the area with appropriate liquids.(Acids diluted with bases.)

Provide pain relief with the over -the -counteranalgesics.

Some dos:y Call 911 immediately in case of major burns.

y Assess the persons level of consciousness; give sips ofwater, if conscious.

y Remove the clothing, personal assets such as jewelry,etc.

y Cool the area with cool water.Always keep the burnt area covered.


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Some donts:

y Do not apply ice on the burned areas;it may cause frostbite and furtherdamage the area.

y Do not apply flour, baking soda,

butter, ink or any antiseptics on theaffected area;

y Minimal touch is done to preventfurther damage, promote wound

healing and prevent the infection.y Do not disturb or break the blisters;they are vulnerable to acquireinfection.


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FIRST AID MANANGEMENT

The first modality for a sprain can beremembered using theacronym RICE. The treatment of

sprains depends on the extent ofinjury and the joint involved.Medications like non-steroidal anti-

inflammatory drugs can relievepain. Weight bearing should begradual and advanced as tolerated.


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MUSCLE STRAIN

is an injury toa muscle or tendon in which

the muscle fibers tear as aresult of overstretching. Strainsare also colloquially known

as pulled muscles. Theequivalent injury to a ligament isa sprain.


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FIRST AID MANAGEMENT

The first-line treatment for a muscular strain inthe acute phase include four steps commonlyknown as R.I.C.E.

Rest: Stop all unnecessary activities, especiallythose that cause pain, to prevent the strain from

progressing. Ice: Apply ice to reduce swelling by increasing

blood flow to the injury site. Never ice for morethan 1015 minutes at a time. Place a layer offabric or paper between the ice and the injury toavoid freezing the skin.

Compression: Wrap the strained area to reduceswelling.

Elevation: Keep the strained area as close to thelevel of the heart as is conveniently possible tokeep blood from pooling in the injured area.


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The ice and compression (cold compression therapy) willstop the pain and swelling while the injury starts to healitself. Controlling the inflammation is critical to the

healing process and the icing further restricts fluidleaking into the injured area as well as controlling pain. Cold compression therapy wraps are a useful way to

combine icing and compression to stop swelling andpain.

This immediate treatment is usually accompanied by the

use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatorydrugs(e.g., ibuprofen), which both reduce the immediateinflammation and relieve pain.

It is recommended that the person injured shouldconsult a medical provider if the injury is accompaniedby severe pain, if the limb cannot be used, or if there isnoticeable tenderness over an isolated spot. These can

be signs of a broken or fractured bone, a sprain, or acomplete muscle tear. Therapeutic ultrasound can be used to break down

poorly healed muscle strains and permit them to healproperly.


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Wounds

Is a type of injury in which skinis torn, cut or punctured(an open wound), or where

blunt force trauma causes acontusion (a closed wound).In pathology, it specifically

refers to a sharp injury whichdamages the dermis of theskin.


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Openwoundy degree of injury sustained from a direct blow depends

upon the force of the blow and its direction.Obviously the degree of damage increases withincreasing force; the effects of direction are equallyimportant, although not so readily appreciated.

y Sign and Symptoms

Pain and tenderness Swelling

Discoloration

Hematoma

Uncontrolled restlessness

Thirst

Symptoms of shock

Vomiting or cough-up blood

Passage of blood in the urine or feces

Sign of blood along mouth, nose and ear canal


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yFirst Aid Management

I- Iced applicationC- Compression

E- Elevation

S- Splinting

Closed Wound

y a break in the skin or mucous

membrane; or the protective layer isdamage.


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CLASSIFICATION OF OPEN WOUND

Puncturey Caused by penetrating pointed instruments such as nail, ice picks,

daggers, etc.y Characterized by deep and narrow, serious or slight bleeding.

Abrasiony Scrapping or rubbing against rough surfaces.y Shallow, wide, oozing of blood, dirty.

Lacerationy Blunt instruments such as shrapnels, rocks, broken glasses, etc.y Torn with irregular edges, serious or slight bleeding.

Avulsiony Explosion, animal bites, mishandling of tools, etc.y Tissue forcefully separated from the body.

Incisiony Sharp bladed instruments such as blades, razors, etc.y Clean cut, deep, severe bleeding, wound is clean.


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Dangers:

y

Hemorrhagey Infection

y Shock

Kinds ofBleeding:

yArterial bleeding

y

Venous bleedingy Capillary bleeding


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FIRST AID MANAGEMENT

C- Control bleeding

C- Cover the wound

C- Care for shock

C- Consult or refer to physician


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PUNCTURE


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ABRASION


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LACERATION


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AVULSION


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INCISION


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BONEFRACTURE Is a medical condition in which there is a

break in the continuity of the bone. A bonefracture can be the result of highforce impact or stress, or trivial injury as aresult of certain medical conditions thatweaken the bones, such as osteoporosis,bone cancer, or osteogenesis imperfecta,where the fracture is then properly termed

a pathologic fracture.


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SIGN AND SYMPTOMSSevere pain

Difficulty in movement

Swelling/ bruising / bleeding

Deformity / abnormal twist of limb

Tenderness on applying pressure


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FIRST AID MANAGEMENTFor open fracture

y Control bleeding before treatmenty Rinse and dress the wound

For open / closed fracturey Check the breathing

y Calm the persony Examine for other injuries

y Immobilize the broken woundy Apply ice to reduce pain / swellingy Consult a doctor


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OPEN FRACTURE


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first aid managements

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