finite element...2 convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the...

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The Finite Element Method Fifth edition Volume 3: Fluid Dynamics

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Page 1: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

Page 2: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

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Page 3: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

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Page 4: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

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Page 5: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

# &1 : %% % %% &1 & 1 + % 1

" J % ! % %%

%% %

Page 6: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

Preface to Volume 3.......................................................Acknowledgements....................................................................

1 Introduction and the equations of fluid dynamics...1.1 General remarks and classification of fluid mechanicsproblems discussed in the book.................................................1.2 The governing equations of fluid dynamics..........................1.3 Incompressible (or nearly incompressible) flows..................1.4 Concluding remarks.............................................................

2 Convection dominated problems - finite elementappriximations to the convection-diffusionequation...........................................................................

2.1 Introduction...........................................................................2.2 the steady-state problem in one dimension..........................2.3 The steady-state problem in two (or three) dimensions.......2.4 Steady state - concluding remarks.......................................2.5 Transients - introductory remarks.........................................2.6 Characteristic-based methods..............................................2.7 Taylor-Galerkin procedures for scalar variables...................2.8 Steady-state condition..........................................................2.9 Non-linear waves and shocks..............................................2.10 Vector-valued variables......................................................2.11 Summary and concluding...................................................

3 A general algorithm for compressible andincompressible flows - the characteristic-basedsplit (CBS) algorithm......................................................

3.1 Introduction...........................................................................3.2 Characteristic-based split (CBS) algorithm..........................3.3 Explicit, semi-implicit and nearly implicit forms....................3.4 ’Circumventing’ the Babuska-Brezzi (BB) restrictions..........3.5 A single-step version............................................................3.6 Boundary conditions.............................................................

Page 7: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

3.7 The performance of two- and single-step algorithms onan inviscid problems...................................................................3.8 Concluding remarks.............................................................

4 Incompressible laminar flow - newtonian andnon-newtonian fluids......................................................

4.1 Introduction and the basic equations....................................4.2 Inviscid, incompressible flow (potential flow)........................4.3 Use of the CBS algorithm for incompressible or nearlyincompressible flows..................................................................4.4 Boundary-exit conditions......................................................4.5 Adaptive mesh refinement....................................................4.6 Adaptive mesh generation for transient problems................4.7 Importance of stabilizing convective terms...........................4.8 Slow flows - mixed and penalty formulations.......................4.9 Non-newtonian flows - metal and polymer forming..............4.10 Direct displacement approach to transient metalforming.......................................................................................4.11 Concluding remarks...........................................................

5 Free surfaces, buoyancy and turbulentincompressible flows.....................................................

5.1 Introduction...........................................................................5.2 Free surface flows................................................................5.3 Buoyancy driven flows..........................................................5.4 Turbulent flows.....................................................................

6 Compressible high-speed gas flow...........................6.1 Introduction...........................................................................6.2 The governing equations......................................................6.3 Boundary conditions - subsonic and supersonic flow...........6.4 Numerical approximations and the CBS algorithm...............6.5 Shock capture......................................................................6.6 Some preliminary examples for the Euler equation..............6.7 Adaptive refinement and shock capture in Eulerproblems.....................................................................................

Page 8: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

6.8 Three-dimensional inviscid examples in steady state..........6.9 Transient two and three-dimensional problems...................6.10 Viscous problems in two dimensions.................................6.11 Three-dimensional viscous problems.................................6.12 Boundary layer-inviscid Euler solution coupling.................6.13 Concluding remarks...........................................................

7 Shallow-water problems.............................................7.1 Introduction...........................................................................7.2 The basis of the shallow-water equations............................7.3 Numerical approximation......................................................7.4 Examples of application.......................................................7.5 Drying areas.........................................................................7.6 Shallow-water transport........................................................

8 Waves...........................................................................8.1 Introduction and equations...................................................8.2 Waves in closed domains - finite element models...............8.3 Difficulties in modelling surface waves.................................8.4 Bed friction and other effects................................................8.5 The short-wave problem.......................................................8.6 Waves in unbounded domains (exterior surface waveproblems)...................................................................................8.7 Unbounded problems...........................................................8.8 Boundary dampers...............................................................8.9 Linking to exterior solutions..................................................8.10 Infinite elements.................................................................8.11 Mapped periodic infinite elements......................................8.12 Ellipsoidal type infinite elements of Burnnet and Holford...8.13 Wave envelope infinite elements........................................8.14 Accuracy of infinite elements..............................................8.15 Transient problems8.16 Three-dimensional effects in surface waves......................

9 Computer implementation of the CBS algorithm.....

Page 9: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

9.1 Introduction...........................................................................9.2 The data input module..........................................................9.3 Solution module....................................................................9.4 Output module......................................................................9.5 Possible extensions to CBSflow...........................................

Appendix A Non-conservative form ofNavier-Stokes equations................................................

Appendix B Discontinuous Galerkin methods inthe solution of the convection-diffusion equation......

Appendix C Edge-based finite element forumlation...

Appendix D Multigrid methods......................................

Appendix E Boundary layer-inviscid flow coupling....

Author index....................................................................

Subject index..................................................................

Page 10: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

. /

' % A . 6 %% %& ; H 2 + % H1 > %%

/ % 9 6= ) #> 4 > + %& 3 % D D

* C < C< % A !B

( %% 3 C + < C < 'B # % > '' = 3 % + '. %& %& = % '; = 3 % 7&8 + & >

O#L2 '/ % '9 6% + + ') >& %%= P > H1 3 '4 # 3 >2 + %&

%'* # 3 %%= '( !% .B !% % + 6%% = 6 = &6%% = $ # > %%= %&6%% = ! $ K % 6%% = 6%% = 6%% = , &6%% = H & %6%% = = 6%% = = 2 %

Page 11: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

0 " ''

' H %& > . > & K ; / & %%= A 7L8 % !' K>

9 C#1< 5 3 % 3 & = ) & D 4 6= * % > 3 5 3 %

( > + % 3 C+ %<

'B H > %& 3 + '' > %& 3 % &'. > 3D=& &'; !% % +

6%% = 6A >

Page 12: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

&'

# %% + % # % & % 1 &- % D %% %% L %# + +

7 &8 =% " %% % D % + %& & % # %& >- >- %& H1 % %> , H1 % % D %& # % D

F ' >>- %& D %&> % & &

+ &- D + % & F ' & > + L = > & - F ' 1K D N 7'8 # +

# 1 % % N 7.8 % N & K %2 > &2 % + %& >% D + %% %& L > L D & 6 % D & & % >% % % D K % = > ! 7"#8 &

Page 13: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

%%& D K %2 % % 2 % &1 & %= &>

- D , % & =% % % D 7!,8 + % % %%

1 #

# 1 1 $ & % 7!% *8 & "2 + + %% !$ > K " " J D %& D % 7!% 98 % % # 1 @ # " & > H1 5 ! %% 1 & = # 1 @ 2 @ & & % + !$ # & + !, %% >% >

D + % & 1 5 :Q @ K "& & % % &1 # 1 !$ & % & + & %% 667H 6HO.'.4 6 ! & (B>'//8 %% > % & - H% 1 , + 7"! 0 128 =

1 % !$ % %

"!0 5:#

6 1 F ' & @1 $ % & &- = F ' ;!% % & & %&< & %A %AOO&O% O

&'

Page 14: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

(' 2 3

.. ,' '' 4 3 -'/ /

# %& D & % & & % # -L # D %% D # % % & 6 1 = %% % % D

D & % D %& % D# & 2 & K & 1 % % K D D %%

& % % % & L D 7 8 # % 1 D K >>- & & L # & >- %%= K & H1 % % # D D 7% D8 D %

D %& K & 2 %& = F ' %&

Page 15: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

N 7!% '. F '8 D N D %%= & %& %& & # % %& &1 +

K %& D D % $ % 1 $ K !% & + & K + L> %% % + % D # %%% %& % # % &>1 %& # D % D K %%= K K # + L '(9B & + % & > % F ' + % # & & & & % %%= >- %& % K % & + L 6 %% %

+ & + L F ' % 1 + & %%= % %% # + %%= + # + & # %%= % &1 & %&

& %& D D % 7!% /8 , D >%& & %%, % L &

& % # + + % + D 1 D % > 1 D %>& & & % 1 D & & & & % > %

(' 2 3

Page 16: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

D 7D 8 & %% %& % = !% / %& D % & % > = = & # %& %# &- &

%+ !% 9A N %& & %& D>% # % %& D > L % + %&> %& % & # = D %

D %& L %& %&>% & % % K % & K & %&D & 1 % D# %& D % & K

%& D D % = % 1 % # &- - % + & % !% ) - % %& D % & % L

+ 2 & 7 8 D & & # + > D % %+ %&" %+ % D

!% / F ' % D % N $ > = & %&6 - + D D

% D 2 !% 4 %& & % > > %& D

%& % %%

& &1 % 7!% *8 % % D % % % %& %& = + &1

,' '' 4 3 -'/ /

Page 17: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

= " %% !% * & L % % K D

%& %& D % %+ %& & & % 2 % % !% ; %& L # !%. % 3L K !% ; %& D %& &1 6 %& P %2 L %% !% ; % & %2 + = % > %

.0 #)'# 2 3 .5

# D & C< % %& 6 % & % 7 = ' . ;8

' . ; ''# % % & % % # %

+ +

.'.

# >1 + & + = F ' & % # # &

# '' .. . '. '' .. '. '; A

# '' .. ;; . '. . .; . ;' '/

(' 2 3

Page 18: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

'9 1 % K 7''8# 3 7 8 % D K

+ # + 1 A

; .

;

')

& K K &1 1 1 % = P

'' .. ;; '' .. ;; '4# N 1 78 % # &

# + %

; B '*

N &1 B % % 7 B & + % %8 C < D K 7')8

7'*8

.

;

B

'(

. .; B '(&

# :R %

.; ''B

& 7'(8 & # & = 1

B ''' 7 %% N= B8

.

;

''.

% %& B

#)'# 2 3

Page 19: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

&

.

;

.

;

''.&

6 & % %& D !% '. F ' &2 % %&%& > D D & N %

D C > <

D & D + 7, ''8 K

# B '';

B '';&

& & K& &

x3; (z)

x1; (x)

x2; (y)

dx1; (dx)

dx3; (dz)dx2; (dy)

# ..

(' 2 3

Page 20: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

% % K

B ''/

7''.8

B ''9

7''.&8 %" & & K

A

.

B

''9&

K '.. '.; % & 7 8 7 %8 7 8 # + & K 7''.&8 % "& & K & %&

7 %& D8 % 1 % & & 7 D %&8 & % & % & %

& K

''), 1

''4

%% K

& K # K % % & & $ % K

+ K # % # % D % %

''*# % 1 %

.

''(

#)'# 2 3

Page 21: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

, +

.

'.B

& & 1 % & & 7 >

& + & 8 # D= +

'.'

% # % % #

& %+ % 7 8 % K 7''.8

'..

# & &

B '.;

%

B '.;&

% % 1 & &

# K % &

*+ , './

*

+ , './&

K 7'';8 7''98 7'.;8 % % # % 1 &

'

.

;

-

'.9

(' 2 3

Page 22: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

' '

. .

; ;

.

'.9&

*

B

'

.

;

*

B

'.9

+

B

'

.

;

+

B

'.9

.

;

# % 7'./8 1 &#' ( 6 % & 2 = 1 C K < B# & K & D

% & & & K . # & % + % K & K % %& 1 % 6%% = 6 % > K K # & =% %& & 1 = #

#)'# 2 3

Page 23: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

= > K %& >% D D % ,

K % & %+

%&A

& %& & % %A

& )* & > , > & D

=& D %& 31 K D& + % # &- & 1# & & % 31 K % % %& & & D % 2 %& % >% %& = 5 % % # % % & )* 7 D D

1 8, K % A

, - '.)

% & # %%& )* !% ) %& 7 %&8 D > K % >- % %%= !% / 6 % %%& %& D >% %

. (-'/ 6' ' -'/7 3

& 31 K % & = % SK 7'')8T

7 8 %& K A

' # %&

(' 2 3

Page 24: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

. # % &

# + % & = % % D %% % % %& > %>% 7!% 98 & % % & %>

& K & % #

'.4

&1 # &

'

. '.4&

'

.

'.4

&

K 7'./8 7'.98 & %7 8

'

.

B '.*

'

'

B '.*&

' . ; % K & % K 7'.*8

'

.

B '.(

+ %% % %&

.

'

'

B '.(&

&

'

.

;

1

(-'/ 6' ' -'/7 3

Page 25: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

# & K =% 7 8 !% '. F '

.8 # ''

& % 31 K & % & %& %& & 6 1

' %2 K > D & 7!% 9 4 *8 & & %

. # L K >>-

$ % 2 + D K % + % %

= % 3L3 K

!'

' ! $ , - !& '()4. :& . ) !& '(;.; ! " / ,* F ' !

'(**/ @ 5 " , 6&KK ='(4.

9 0 : '(99) : : :2 , : '(9(4 5 # &#' ( > '(44

* H ! , , H> '((;

(' 2 3

Page 26: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

) -'/ 94 --': )9 2

0. ('

% > K %

*

+ B .'

& % > & + )/ *

..

* *

+ +..&

& K K 7.'8 7..8 * &

K D= * K % D !% ' 6 K % % %%= # % K 7.'8 7..8 D=

#

+

*

.;

Page 27: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

K

B ./

& % % & K 1 + K &

% & & L L N & % = K &

% # K & +

& L

B .9

& %& >- =% # %% D 2

B % .)

K + %%& %& & 6 !$ !% ; K D & % % N , K 7.98 7.)8

B .4

K F ' SK 7;''8 ;'T % K 7.'8 & ( * % D= K & 7K .'8 & %%= A

&

& .*

%& & % 7 8 >>2 %

% . , .(& H1 7$& 8 = . & % %& %

) -'/

Page 28: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

& & # % N &

%%= % %& K 7./8

% 2 > K A

B .'B

# & % # & L K A

B .''

& # & % & & & = %& & + %

L K %& !% ; F ' >>- % % # % % & % !

K 7.''8 K7.'B8 > 6 %& & % % & K 7.'8 &D = % =

&' ( "

00 ; -'/

!

2 K 7.''8

& .'.

% % 1 % 1 & # % %%= K

B .';

; -'/

Page 29: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

B

B

B

.'/

%& B , % H1 K

2 7, .'8 % &K

' ' . ' ' .

B .'9

..')

& # & + L %%= & & %

' '.

.'4

.

.

' . '.

.'4&# & K & >

% % % & %& % =% 2 , .. & B 7 %& %& & 8" & % %& & L

& & % L & ' = '

'

' .'*

h h h

Ni Ni + 1

i – 1 i i + 1 i + 2

1

# 0.

) -'/

Page 30: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

& %% + L % + &%%= %& & ! + L %%= + .9 # % K 7.'48 % %%=> %

'

.'(

Pe = Uh/2k = 0

= =(All exact)

Pe = 1.0

Pe = 2.5

=(Exact)

Pe = ∞

L

h

1.0

Standard Galerkin α = 0Petrov–Galerkin α = 1.0 (full upwind difference)Petrov–Galerkin α = αoptExact

Exact

# 00

; -'/

Page 31: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

+ L %%= K & K 7.'98

. ' ' . . ' .

B ..B

* L %%= 7 8 & & & =% , .. & & ' = > & % , .. H1 + = % L % L & +

2 %= E # %& >- K + = > %%=> &

"# $ !%

# + %& 3H1 %

)( + & 0 12 ) '(49 & ! 4 % % , .' 1 , .;

..'

....

Ni

ih

or

Wi *

# 0 !"

) -'/

Page 32: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

% F

%& & %+ 7 8A

.

..;

& %%= K K 7.'98 &

' ' ' . . ' ' ' .

B ../

B H1 %%= SK 7.'98T ' % K 7..B8 & = % L % %

% '

..9

= & # % 4 % >

''

..)

# , .. B H1 %

' ..4, ./ %

6 % % % % N 2 = & % % > , .9'B & N 2 % H1 % " & =% 3H1 &%% K 7 % + L % 8 & & + L , .) '' % # L %% K 7../8 & D

# 7

8 , .; & >

& S K 7.'/8T

&K % &

; -'/

Page 33: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

B

B

! N & L &%

B

% B

+ # N

% * '

, .; & % 2 & L %% B

&

# % K 7.'98 7.')8 & L 3H1 % K H1 % L

'. ..*

L K 7.''8

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

02 3 4 5 6 7

Pe

α

αopt = coth Pe–1/Pe (optimal)

αcrit = 1–1/Pe (critical)

# 08 # $ %!&

) -'/

Page 34: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

# & K % K 7.''8

B ..(

& =% K 7../8 % H1 %

15

10

5

01 x

φ x 104

– d2φdx2 + 200 dφ

dx= x2

0 < x < 1φ = 0, x = 0, x = 1

1.00

0.95

0.90

0.85

1.002.0 x

φ

– d2φdx2 + dφ

dx= x2

1 < x < 2φ = 1, x = 1φ = 0. x = 2

60x

ExactOptimal Petrov–GalerkinStandard Galerkin

# 0< #$ ' #$ ( ! ) #$ !

; -'/

Page 35: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

% % 3H1 % % % 3H1 % + K =% , .) % + L % %%=> # % $ % K + L

L &1 & -+ & L %%= %%

K 7 H1 %8 & > % K # C < L & % &

' !!

K 7.''8 >- & % % &H '. % % % 7 >- K 8 % %% & & # 1 K 7.''8

B

B .;B

2

1

00 5 10 15

Exact and Petrov–Galerkin(α = 1) solution

Finite differenceupwind solution

x

U

Q

# 0= ! !" "

) -'/

Page 36: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

# & %B

B

B .;'

% & >- %%= + K &1 2 7 !% ; F ' ;''. 8 # K &

B .;.

. .;.&, % = % % C&<

%%= H1

.;; F '

= 7 6%% = F '8 & K & & 3H1 %%= K 7.;;8 K 7.;'8 K 7.;.8 + K

.

. B .;/

' ' # & % K A' . ' . . ' . '

.

. . B .;9

* * * / 712138 * % (2 712148 2 % % %%

3H1 ';'/ &1 = # N K 1 # % & 1 & ! + 1 % K 7.;98 # %& & .. K K & '; K & # N %% %

% % K % %& %

; -'/

Page 37: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

# !!( )#*+

% %% L %% 7 8 %%= % % % & H1 K %%= '9')

K 7.''8

B & .;)

.;)&

H1 %%= K B&

B B .;4

& K 2 7 !% ; F '

;'/.8

'

.

B.

B

B .;*

B

B .;(

+ %%= & K 7.;48 7.;(8

B

B ./B

# 3H1 %%= > % > 7 & , .;8 1

. ./'

%%= 3H1 & K 7..'8 7...8" 3H1

B

.

B ./.

) -'/

Page 38: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

%% ../ =% % & &

, -$ . )/01+ 2 $

6 % % 3H1 %%= + & % %P % % & %% > K # % & " J '((*'4 & & & K % &

K 7.98 + C< 2 + =% & # 7&18 & K 7.''8

.

B ./;

& + K 2 5 &

.

.

B .//

& K =% L % , K &2 &

. 3H1 7K ..*8# % % +

% = & % > L K '4 && & % % & & 3H1

3 4$5 !!(

# 3H1 % L K %& + =% ( 0 12 % = % % % K % % %% % ../

; -'/

Page 39: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

& =% & % %%= % =%

& = K 7.;/8 %%% K 1 K , .4, % %% %& = 3H>

1 % K 7..'8 7..;8

% '

/

./9

# % = L & 31 K '*

&- % % > %%= & % '(.B 1 % 1 5' N > %%= #% %% 3L %& %& D & " 1.'.; 6 & % & % 6%% = $

0 ; -'/ 6' '7

#

%% H1 2 > 3L K % %& % & # K > K 7.48

B ./)

i–2 i–1 i i+1 i+2

hh

Ni Ni+1

# 0> * (

) -'/

Page 40: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

B ./)&

& "& %& % >

% 6 %& %% %%&

)6!% + "# %$ )6"#+

# & % 3H1 % ... K 7..'8 7..98 1 % 5 > %

-

.-

'.

./4

C< K % & C <# + & %

% 3H1 & % - & + & & %*(

6 & 2 & & L % & ..; 7 8 > - % & % & % N L 2 # & $1./.9 'B

& % & 1

.

'' ..-

.

-

./*

& % =% 7...8 A

% '

./(

-.

.9B

- .' ..'.

.9B&

; -'/ 6' '7

Page 41: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

# & =% %%% % ' . % & 2 & & + , .* & & K

- 2 =% 7.9B8 & , .* % = 2 # K 7./*8 C > < 2

L % 2 # & L 7 8 - # & + K 7./)8 7 8

B .9'

2 C& L < S& + & K 7./*8T &

.9'&

-

..9'

# % L 2 N %'B./.9 % 3H1 %# L

%%& + %%= & % % =& C1 1<& , L 1 %%% .).(

h

h

U

U1

U2

U

# 05 ! * + ,

) -'/

Page 42: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

# % & & & @ ;B ' % H1 % % % & K 7./(8, .( % K 7./)8

C> L < %% D & ;'

6 C%< & & %% =% 1 %& >- # % % ../ % & =%

.9. & 1 # %% & + % & %;' & %&

z

yx

z

yx

(a)

T (y ) T = 0

T = 0

T = 0x

y

Boundary conditions for test problem

U

θ

(b) Solutions for θ = 45° (top) andθ = 60° (bottom)

# 0? %-& ! . /

; -'/ 6' '7

Page 43: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

& & 3H1 %

# )#*+ . )/01+ !

& %% C < 3H1 K 7./*8 & K H1 % ../ = > K % = K 7.;)8 7./.8 K 7./*8= H: 7

8

B .9;

& K > 1 % 6 7K ./B8

.- .9/

& &2 3H1 % 7K .9'8# + & '4

.

B .99

% # & > &2 % %-

- .9)

6 3H1 &2 & 7K .9'8 # & H: ,! % K & 3H1

08 " 9 # ''

.. .; % % > 3L K & 6 3H1 2

) -'/

Page 44: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

+ & K >- ../ % 6$ % % & % = % % %& & % >%% % > % L

% % & % = % & % &2 > % % 7 8

1 & & % & + % & & > $ % K

%% & > K 7.''8

! B .94

K % K 7.'B8 & % , % %

.9* &

B .9(

& %=# 3H1 % K 7.948 7.9(8

& % %% ../

78 K >- P

7&8 %% % 7 ..;8 3 % %%

6 & % K %& C % < %& >%% % K % K # % A

' % 7 B8 & 3 3 & %+ & , .. H1

" 9 # ''

Page 45: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

. %+ & B K % 2 D= K %& H1 K &

&' (( '

0< ' 9 ' ' ''

$

# &- % % %%& & >%% K 7.'8

A

B .)B

% > & % % & % K SK 7.'B8T

B .)'

& # % K 7.)B8

.)'&

# %& + > > > K 7.)'8 % K # & % & K & &

% &

.).

.);

# > K 7.)'8 & %

B .)/

) -'/

Page 46: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

K % & 2 >- % % & % % % F '# K 7.).8 &

& 6 B B %

B

7.)98

S & & T# % K %% , .'B # %& > 7L 8 2

" 2 !

% % %%& > K # % L > # 3H1 %% & >1 &K -+ & > % # H1 K 7H:8 % & % K K & % & & 1& & & 3H1 & # 1 & + 7,!8 %& > K , & + %% &

% >

φ(x ); t = 0 φ(x – Ut)

x

# 0.@ 0 ! ! ! *

' 9 ' ' ''

Page 47: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

& .)// 3H1 & K= & %% 3H1 > & N =% % & & N H1 K 7H:8 %

% & %> + # %% %& & 5 ;. ! @ ;;;/ @ 1;B;9;) ;4;* %> =% =% % & %E & %%

& E # K % L %% & -+ % + L & %& 3H1 & K # & A 7'8

% & > H1 .)P 7.8 % %% %& > %%= #3H1 " %% + &

% & & & # K & & & %%

% # & D K !% ; & =% % % & K

L & %% D K > 3L K & % 7K .'8 # %% % #3H1 % & K >% %& D %& % %% + % %& % % K %& 1 % # & %% H H: %& F '!% '. % H: % &2 N %& & # - % & !% ;, % % &

= = >% &

) -'/

Page 48: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

0= '';/

, $ ! ! $

& % C < % & K 7.).8 %& +> %% %& % L 2 % H1 % %%= % 7 8# & + = % %

% , .''78 % > %& K 7.)'8 ,

.))

t

t

Characteristic

Updated nodeposition

Initial nodeposition

h

∆t

∆t

(a) Forward

x

x

tn+1 = tn + ∆t

tn–1 = tn – ∆t

tn

tn

(b) Backward

# 0.. 1 " ' #$ 2!) #$ . !

'';/

Page 49: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

% %

' '

.)4

C< & % & K 7.)98 , %

' .)* % % # % & & " % >% L %& &

F ' # # % % L %&

%& %% > > > + N & , & % % & & >% % % # % & &1>

, .''7&8 %%% % # & & & &

6 $&&/9 '(4/ % K # % & 2 % & > 3H1 /)

# L % % + % %%= % L % # =% % =

, 1$# !

K L > 7.)'8 % %

.)(

B .4B

%

B .4B&

) -'/

Page 50: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

% >- S T$ & %%= & =%

& & .4' % '

B .4. H1 2 L K ' &

+= & K

% . .4;

'

%& , .'. % & % S K 7.4'8T & # &

' & .4/6 K ' & %%= & %

%- &#&' & B .49

%' &#& .4)

& & %

% &#& .4)&

# & %= % % = # % & %

N (y )

x

N (x )

1

1

∆tt

tn + ∆ty = x + u∆t

tn

# 0.0 3

'';/

Page 51: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

/) # & = % = 7 & 8 & & & L %%= &

, ' ! (! $# !

& % %& K 5 /939) % %% %= % > , % % N =% & # + %& '(*/94 & %& 9*)' # =% , .'; K 7.)'8

B .44

6 %% L K > K >- H1 % %%= % # 2 & K 7, .';8

'

'

'

'

.4*

K 2 =% & 2 > % 6 1 & K % % N

t

x

δ ≈ U∆t

φn + 1

φnφn(x – δ)

# 0.

) -'/

Page 52: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

, # =%

.

.

.

."; .4(

B9'

.

'

.

.

". .*B

'

.

.

.

.*B&

& % > 7, .';8

.*' L %%= L &2 # ).);

.*.

K 7.4(837.*.8 K 7.4*8

'

'.'.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.*;

'. '.

' '.

.*;&

'. '

..*;

& K > 7 K .*B8 # #3H1 % & = &2 L , %& K 7.*;8 & %%= '. 7 =% 8

'

.

.

.

.*/

'';/

Page 53: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

6 %%= ).

' .

.*9

# =%

". .*)

K 7.4*837.*'8 K 7.*98 7.*)8 K B9

'

' '.

.

.'.'.

.

.

'.

.'.

.'.

.*4

'. '

..**

%%= '. =% #

'. " .*( L %%= # + =%3H1 &

'

.

.

.(B

H 2 & K K 7.98A

.

.

.('

# L &2 & & L %%= L & & %%= &2 &1 %%= K 7K .('8

) -'/

Page 54: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

6 % H1 % %%= -+ 3H1 % %%=

& .(. &# =% # &

%' / / # .(;

=% > &K

% &#&

&#

&

/

&#

&

&# &

.(/

/ # & 2 6 & % =% / #

/ '.

&

#

& .(9

# '.

&

# & .()

& & > & K # %%= K

% > K , & & % %%= & % =% K 7.(;8 & ,

> %& & 7 L 8

.(4

> %& % & % ).);

.(*

& K 7.(48 .. L > %, > 78

L & & % % % % # > &- % & /

'';/

Page 55: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

6 % =% %% '. L 7 8 % &

.((

% %%& & +, .'/ & %& & K 7.(48

% = & = &

3 >%% K 7.(;8 % + & 1

'

// # B .'BB % .. .; &

3H1 %%= = =/ & L &

'. 1

'. .

..'B'

# & K

.'B.

! &

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Pe

Unstable

C = αopt = coth Pe – 1/Pe

Stability limit C = 1/Pe + 1 – 1/Pe

U∆t

/h

# 0.8 -* !

) -'/

Page 56: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

, .'/ % % K 7..98 7 ! ! * &5' % + & H1 > 2 & & % 1 % & = K 7.(;8 H1

& & & %% 3H1

&#

.

&#

K 7.)B8 = H1 &# !% & > %& K 7./*8 > &6 > %% 3H1 %

, .'9 % & D 1& % % # % & & + L := L)/ > 3H1 =% = % + L L %%

= % % % = % =% % = & % K 7.(;8

% .'B; & > K 7.(;8

'

& % =% % A

$ %' %$' $' .'B/

$ & # % % , .') % > %% % 6 & =

'';/

Page 57: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

, &

6 3L %& & %

.'B9

(a) Original form

(b) Form after one revolution using consistent M matrix

(c) Form after one revolution using lumped mass (Lax–Wendroff)

# 0.< " " 4 * ' #$ 5") #$ 2 " ) #$ 2 " #67$

) -'/

Page 58: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

.'B9&

7 8 & % % K L % % L K

+ % & N & =% , .. = & % & K 7.'B98 % > % & & P = & & %& %, %& % %+

% % #

B .'B) %& & %+ %& L

Lumped

C = 0.5, 1/T

Lumped

C = 0.1, 1/T

C = 0.5, 2/T C = 0.1, 2/T

Consistent

C = 0.5, 3/T

Consistent

C = 0.1, 3/T(a) Courant number = 0.5 (b) Courant number = 0.1

Lumped/consistent M Courant number = 0.5 Courant number = 0.1

# 0.= ! " + "

'';/

Page 59: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

%+ C & < K %

B .'B4

= & , .'4 1 )9

%+ %& , .'9 +)')9 & %

Initial configuration

# 0.> " * .* 4

) -'/

Page 60: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

0> '9,' -' ' ' ' )'/

#3H1 % # =% % H1 % 2 , & =% & # 9*))

'

.

.

.

."; .'B*

, K 7.)'8

.'B(

.

.

.''B

& K 7.'B(8 7.''B8 K 7.'B*8

'

.

.

.'''

6 &

'

.

.

.''.

K 7.'B(8 K 7.''.8 >

'

.

.

.

"; .'';

6 & K K 7.*;8 %% ! & & #3H1 % &2 # & -+ 3H1 & # #3H1 % 3L K >

&

'

.

.''/

'9,' -' ' ' ' )'/

Page 61: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

% %%% 3H1 # #3H1 + K :=3 L % + L> =)/

05 " ;

$ #3H1 3H1 % H H: L 7> 8

.

.

.''9

% N 3H1 & -+ %& & %%% K

0? %;' )

# % % % % % & & > %& 7 =% % %% & % N 8 U % K

B .'')

% #

.''4

> & K %

B .''*

% > 6 % %& $ + &

'..

B .''(

, .'* K L % %% % % + % 1 # & % > !% ) 1 % %& D %

) -'/

Page 62: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

φ t1 t2 t3

x

Creation of a shock

# 0.5 " ! ! *

A B C D E F G

A B C D E F G

(a) Profile at time t = 0

φ

φ

(d) Profile at time t = 2

(c) Profile at time t = 1 x

t = 2

t = 1

(b) Characteristics

Shock

2

1

φt = 0

x

t

x

x

# 0.? 3 #." ($

%;' )

Page 63: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

# % 1 %%> %+ , .'(78 1 , .'(7&8 # L %% % . 1 %% # 1 %% + %7 = 8 1 L K &

#

#

# ## # B .'.B

B .'.'

# % 1 %% % K 7.'.'8 1 5 1 3 + 1 % K = %&

D > D 7!% ) 48 = % L K 1 %+ & % ! %%= + 1 % B & & % , ..B N %

%& % % K %& & %&+ L K # + L > A

' 2 2. L &

6 % L + &:%)4 + L & & %%)*)( # L

:%.

.'..

= , ..' %& %% $

K % :% N 1 % > & =% %

) -'/

Page 64: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

, %& % & %& =% 2 7.'..8

:%. %%

0 .'.;

%

" %& % 1 &- C1 %< %& !% ) % >% D %

0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70Normalized length

1.3

0.8

0.3

–0.3

Adve

cted

sca

lar

(b)

θ = 1/2

θ = 0

0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70Normalized length

1.3

0.8

0.3

–0.3

Adve

cted

sca

lar

(a)

# 00@ " ! * 0* ' #$ + 8 ! 8) #$ + ! 8

%;' )

Page 65: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

&' ((( ';)

0.@ ';) )'/

7 -$ -# $ 5

# % & #3H1 % % % .* & > K % 7K .'8 % % =% & # ))4B

'

.

.

.

.

.'./

& B ', K 7.'8

*

+

.'.9

C = 0.1, CLap = 0

C = 0.1, CLap = 1

# 00. " ."& ( ! " 6 6

) -'/

Page 66: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

L .

.

*

+

.'.9&

&

1

*

+

.'.9

1 + + +

+

+

*

+

.'.9

%%= K 7.'./8

'

*

+

.

.

1

*

+

*

*

+

.'.)

" * % & '

'

+

*

'

*

'

.

.

1

+

+

'

.

.

1

+

+

' .'.4

6 H1 %%= %% % >%% & '

. 6 =% % >2 % B

&

&#&

&#

*

+

.

&#

1

*

+

.

&#

*

+

.'.*

';) )'/

Page 67: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

# & % = K 7.(;8

% / / .'.(

*

7 L 8 K 7.(/8

&#1

&

/

&#

11

.

&

/

&#

&

&#

.1

&#

+ &

% &#&

.'.(&

'; & %%=

% %&4' = % & '

; ' '

; %% K % K 7.'B/8 % & K

7 -%5! ! $ -%5!-# !

# % % %%%= # =% % % & % = 1 & %3 7 5 3 %8 = =%# + H1 % %%= & %%

& K 7.'8 #

%

% & .';B

) -'/

Page 68: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

% = %& C<

&#

.';'

% C<

& &#

*

.';'&

L =%

% %' .';. > K = % % > 1 & %" % %

& & L = # > %&

> K L '

' & + '

, ...78# & >% %3 %

& % A

# 2 !% '. =% %%= K 7.';.8

'.

.%' .';;

t

xi – 1 i i + 1tn

tn + ∆t

(a) Single-step explicit

t

xi – 1 i i + 1tn

tn + ∆t

(b) Standard predictor–corrector

t

xi – 1 i i + 1tn

tn + ∆t

(c) Local prediction–corrector(c) (two-step Taylor–Galerkin)

tn + 1/2∆t

tn + 1/2∆t

# 000 " !

';) )'/

Page 69: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

# 3 !% ' % '. > K 7.';.8

' %''. .';/# % K > 5 3 & %%

L K 7.';B8 , ...7&8 > =% C%< '

&% . . & L

%6 %& >% #3H1 %

K 7.'8 % A

# 2 , % '. #

'.

.

+

.';9

'.

%%= =%

'.

.

.1

.1

*

+

.';9&

#

1

*

+

.

'.

.';9

# 3 & & #3H1 %%= K 7.'.*8

%

&#

*

+

&#

'.

&#'.

.';9

& % % & %

%

&#

'.

*

&#+ '.

&#'.

*

.';)

) -'/

Page 70: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

A

' # & =% 5' / (2 71288 =% % % & % K 7.';98

. # + K 7.';)8 K 1

& % K 7.'.(8 %& %

6 % % & A

; > %& % +

&

% #

'. & K 7 8

% '.

& K 7.';98 % , '. '. 1 '. '. %%% % % > =% %

, ...78 # &%%% #* * 94)94.*B %& >% D K & & % !% ) !% ; & % 1 #3H1 % & = D # % & N & *'*. %&

7 ! % !

& % & & L & % % & & K 7.'8

1

*

+ , .';4

1 = 2 % & # K % ' %&

1

.';*

';) )'/

Page 71: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

# & %&$ % &

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& %

1 44' .';(

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44

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, .'/'

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B .'/;

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B

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Page 72: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

K 7.'/B8 % > % %& % # = % % %& & $ !% ; % >& % % = -+ %%

0.. "' # ''

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3L K # % % > K 3H1 % %& &2 & 3H1 H: % % & , %& % % & % %& >- % H1 %%= % 1 & += %= % % & &

% % #3H1 =P -+ %& , K D % % % 3L %& & = % !$ !

!'

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; 6 5 %

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Page 73: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

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'B 12 "! 0 12 6 % & %> + %%= L %& 2 2

2 2 2 28 '4B9>'' '(*B'' $ : 6 + L %

% & K , "

- ,* 7 #@5 8 6 F ;/ 6 '(4('. H: H F :5 6

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./ #@5 6 $1 6 > % L , " - ,* 7 #@5 8 6;/ 6 '(4(

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Page 74: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

.9 #@5 6 $1 6 1 3H1 , , 7 5 H

8 F / %% /43)9 ! '(*..) ! @ 6 2% " +

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Page 75: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

/4 5 #, 5 % H1 3L %& " - 7

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/* @ @ #, 5 L

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/( " " % L %% 3

1 K 2 2 5: ;B(3;. '(*.9B $ " ? & : ! +

%% K D , ! 7 @5 8 F F %% /4'3* 6 : '(*.

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9. $ " F , %&3%& %& 2 2 7 *(3() '(*;

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% = K K + : "22 " #2 2 F '.3') '(*;

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% # 2 2 2 56 44(3() '((49) " @ : ## #2 ! H1 H1

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3 % , , 7 5 H 8F 9 % ' %% '3.) ! '(*/

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)/ := $ L "2 2 2 25

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Page 76: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

)) @ 6 #3H1 % %& 2 2 22 2 3, 'B'3'( '(*/

)4 6 :% 6 1 & + L 2 "22 3 '9/344 '()4

)* @ $ : $1 ,= % 3 D %

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4. 5 :Q @ "! 0 12 : , %& D , - 7 @$ 8 F %% .439. ! "= '(*)

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H & '((B*' " @ 6 %%

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Page 77: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

1 #' #' '-'/ -'/3 9 '';/

- 6 "7 #'

. ('

+ % D K %%& & %& %& D # K %& % K K + %%& %2 %& D % %% %& > K & & L D !% /34 %2 # K & !% '

SK 7''8T & & % & K &

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.

;'

% % %

.

;.

%+ K , D %>&

.

;;

&1 % %% %%% .

Page 78: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

( ;/

& + D D=

;9

;)

& % P %+ % & % ( % & % & 7K ''.&8

.;

;4

1 ' B &K % %%% & # K % & D % %&A

;* # & - L >

K 7;/8 % & & 7F '8 % # % H1 %%= K >>- & & % % 3H1 % & &%% % >- & 3L K % % 3H1 % % K % K &

6 %& > K % O 76%% = 68 % & %

& D & %% % %% & D % D %% % & % % % & #3H1 % & % % 7 .'B8 % K L %& D =% % & & ,

('

Page 79: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

%& D + & %& + =% > %%= %& > 7 > $&M 13$22 8 !% '. F ' %& &2 %& !% '. F ' & # K & & K 7;'837;*8 >

# > 2 K % D & & %& D % A

.

.

. . .

.

;(

>& > K &% % K 6%% & > K A

"

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Page 80: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

(

'

;'9

& K # > K % % %

'.

. ' ;')

' '.

# & > K !$ & %

0 '';/ - 6 "7 #'

-$ !

# % % & ! '. %& D%& + L = 6 = % + L %% %& D & & ;.4 % = % D K & %& %& 3H1 %.*/) # + '((9 & 0 12 ! .*.( % /49'

6 ! %'. & =% %%& %& D & =% >% # % % =% %& > %& C+< %& L > %& = D % =% % % % + H & % %& && % %& & &

-$ ! ! 2

2 K 7;/8 3H1 % =% % K 3L K

'';/ - 6 "7 #'

Page 81: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

7.''8 # & 1 7 %8 K % % % $ % K 7;/8 & >3H1 & %%

( . ;'4

. & 1 K . & K

. .

;'*

.

.

'

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;'(

.

.

;.B

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'

. (

.

(

;..

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# = &

(

.

(

;.;

1 #' #' ' -'/ -'/ 3

Page 82: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

# K & &K & =% % %% 2 % %& # C < & & % A

'

.

.

.

;./

, K 7;'8

'

.

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>

'

.

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.

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;.)

% & K K 7;./8

# & K >- & 7 8 1 H1 >% % & % % %%= K & % 2 A

78 K 7;.;8 & P

7&8 K 7;.)8 & P78 K 7;./8 & &

'

6 % & 7 8 K % ' & & 3H1 % %% K 7;)8 % 1 K

K 7;'8 7;/8 7;)8 N K % K # % % %& 1 & % % K

# % = &

1

(

.

(

;.4

'';/ - 6 "7 #'

Page 83: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

%% & %%=

'

'

.

;.*

& %% % 6 K 7;./8, =% . X B 78 % % % 6

'

.

'

'.

.

.

;.(

# % % 6

! 2 !

# K & H1 % %2 -+ 3H1 % !% . %%= % + %

&- &-

&-

& &# & ;;B

& K

- ' . !

#

& ' . !;;'

7 &8 & 7 & ' !8$ & 1

K 7;.;8 H1 %%= 7 % 8

(

.

.

$$

(

;;.

& & K % H1 %%= 6 &2 & % &

1 #' #' ' -'/ -'/ 3

Page 84: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

& % & & & & & &2 & K 7.('8 %% &2 > & K 6 !% ' = +

K 7'48 !% ' % &

. ;

;;;

K &1 &

'

.

;;/

;;9

+ & =>% 7 & >% 8 & 7%% %8

'' .. ;; .'. ..; .;' # . . . # ;;)

= ' +

' ' ' ' B B B # ;;4 +

'' .. ;; '# ;;*# & % 7 K ;;;8

* ';' $ '

;''#

$* ;;(

$* $ ';''#

;/B

$* ';

. ' ' B B B

' . ' B B B

' ' . B B B

B B B ; B B

B B B B ; B

B B B B B ;

;/'

'' .. ;; '. .; ;' # ;/. '' K K '' =% '. '.

'';/ - 6 "7 #'

Page 85: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

%% K 7;;;8

* $* $B* $B .

;''#

;/; = $B

$B

.

.

.

'

'

'

;//

# % & %%%> +

;/9

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%%% = 7%8 + &

'B B

B

.B

B B

;

.

'B

B

;

.

;B

'

;/4

&% ' . ; % %, 1 & = + % &

& ;/* K 7;;B8 7;;.8 7;/;8

= A

# 8

- %'

- / /- #

;/( K 2 + !% . 3L K 7K .(/

1 #' #' ' -'/ -'/ 3

Page 86: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

.(98

% &#&

&# &

/ # $B .

;''#

&#

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*

;9B

(' (. (;# * % % # = / + % F ' 7 1 !% '.8 K 7;/(8 / # & 2

6 & % =% / #

/ '.

# &## & ;9'

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# 1 3% K

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2 %& %& D & & % 2 & K

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Page 87: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

% # 1 % K 7;.98

'

.

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;9)

# + % D ' % &

=

#

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.#

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& &

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# 3

%'

# / / /

/# # ;)'

% & 7 & & 8

1 #' #' ' -'/ -'/ 3

Page 88: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

#

% &#&

&## &

&## &

/ &#& /

#$B .

;''#

/ '.

# &#&

&#

#*

/ '.

# &#&

;).

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K & % K &> %;) + % '3; & %

# % $ 2 % & + : 2 % + % & 2 A

# 8

- %'

- / *## /

- #

.#

;);

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&#

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# 1

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Page 89: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

:- ;- ' - '

# =% % + 3H1 % % % & =% % %& = % . L & %% & =% >% % % . 2 >2 % %& + % % %

% % K> 7 8 % =% %& %& D

/ (!

=% '. ' ' . B % =% 3L K %%&

;)4

L & # % %& D %

& & %= %& !% ) %> =%

5!

>% %%

'. ' '

'. . '

;)*

6 & # %& % & % 3H1 =% % ' # 3L %& !% . & %%

;)(

O

.

.;4B

1 #' #' ' -'/ -'/ 3

Page 90: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

1 6 % & &

;4'

# & %%% % , %& %& %& % 2

>% N & = . K 7;9/8 7;)98 % % # . & % %> 6 & + % % % %K & - %

85 )+ !

# % & L 7 8 & % # % %

% K & % & > D &D';'9.;/B % %% & & %

! * !

# + 2 % & , ;' 2 & 2 K % & % &

h3

h2

h2

1

2

3

# . + , "

:- ;- ' - '

Page 91: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

%& & & &% %& % + > % % & %& : %% & %% %& 7'8 = % 7.8 > % =# %% % % # K % %& % - % %& - % % 1 & & > %& 2 %%

= & %%

&2 & 3H1 % 1 % % L P %% % > %& & 1 78 % % 7&8 % % # & %& % , %& & A 7'8 = % & & P 7.8 % = & % & % # 3= & % %&

L 6 = &2 > %& % 2 % % + N % %& , %& = % L 9.

8 A')#B /C9 ' 6 7 ''

% % % & & % % $$ %& !% '.F ' 7!% / %& % 8 % %& %& & % >+ & & % 6 % $ % 6 % & % % % : =

1 #' #' ' -'/ -'/ 3

Page 92: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

K & > , % 1 K %% , 1 D %& % K % K 7;/(8 7;9/8 7;948

- %' /

# '

'..'*- '*- '.#

- - %' *## .#

;4.

# - , - 7%% %% 8

/ *## ;4; + K 7;4.8

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K 7;4.8 + &

/ *#

* '*%' *# .

-

#

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.

! ";49

' . # % + >

& & =% &1 K % &

& & X & % & & # % % % 6 & + % K 7;.48

% $ K 7;498 2 $$ & & ,K 7;);8 7;)98 7;))8 %& 1 D

- %'

/ *## # '

'..'*- '*-

- - %' .*

##

;4)

6 # - , K A

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*- ;4*

A')#B /C9 ' 6 7 ''

Page 93: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

- 2 K 7;4)8 6 % 6

/ *#

* ,

-

#

! " '

.

! ";4(

' . % 6 ! $$ & %% K 7;498

K L & > > >%%= % # -+ % & + L %% 9;

< 1 #;- )'

- K 7;.)8 &

&

7 8 # %%= # %%= K 7;'8 =%

=% &

%# % ;*B & %+ % 6 K

H1 %%=

%'

&#

*

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&#!

;*'

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1 #' #' ' -'/ -'/ 3

Page 94: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

%% % = ! & % > % ;B

%+ K 7;*'8 L & K % ;B & L & ;4 # % >% K - # - & & >% %& % >%

1 K % 6 2 L 7K ;*.8 K 62

/ *#

* '.

-

#

! " '

.

! ";*;

! >% % >%& & %& & & %& %& % = 1 % &2 &$22 1Q 9/ !% '. F ' % > >% ;4

%

= '

, /

& D %& D % 6 % % & D % , ;. %& & % % + & %+ & D & H &- &

D D + # % & , ;. 6 = L L & 1 %& %& & % 1 1

' D & %+ K =% & & &

'

Page 95: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

. % D & & %& = & % % & & + & & & %

& = %= %& = , ;.

" A & %

" A 6 % 2 = %% = %& D ! $ + & 0 12 /4 & % 99 # % 1&

% & %& &1 % 1 L %& D L = " & % %

&

, 9

$ & D % + L %& =

SIDE(Free-stream)

INLET(Free-stream)

EXIT

SIDE(Free-stream)

SLIP or NO-SLIP

X1

X2

a b

u2 = 0t1 = 0

(parallel flow)

tb = (τ11, τ12)a

(A)

(B)

# 0 2

1 #' #' ' -'/ -'/ 3

Page 96: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

' # * A " & D 1 & % &2 "& %& D

. # )* 7 8A D %% & % %+ K 2 > & & & % %& D %& %&

; A # %& # 2 D %& & & %

# & 1 & & % D % & % %

, '!! $ 2 $ 1& !

+ & & 7'8 7.8 % " &

B 2 ;*/

# B 2

7;*98

# B 2

%% !$ %% %>

& & % & % % >% % % 6 % & & % % $ % # K %& & < % =% % & % & 7K ;9;8

'

.

' '

.

'

.

'

.

;*)

'

Page 97: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

# & K > K 2 K 7;./8A

'

.

B ;*4

K 7;*/8 , >2 % & %+ # % &W %

B ;**

& = 5 & &

+

;*(

& & % 6 % % % ' 7 K 7;;.88

;(B

% % & %&# & & C%- <

& # % K & +

' ! & & %

%6 & & %

& & & & % %

, & 1 2 7 % 8 %+ % % ' >

% & %

K 7;(B8 % ; + % & % & % . S K 7;*)8T # 7 '.4) F ' %% !$ %&8 & % % , D & % %%= & &

1 #' #' ' -'/ -'/ 3

Page 98: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

> -'' ; #;- #' ) -'/

% > >% %& & D % 6!6BB'. # %& + , ;;78 7&8 # 2> + % & ()( '*./

1.500

1.250

1.000

0.750

0.500

Den

sity

L.E

.

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500Iterations

Multi-step1.500

1.250

1.000

0.750

0.500

Den

sity

L.E

.

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500Iterations

Single step

(d) (e)M = 1.2

1.5001.4501.4001.3501.3001.2501.2001.1501.1001.0501.000

Den

sity

at L

.E.

0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500No. of iterations

Multi-stepSingle step

(c) M = 0.5

(a) (b)

# 9 4! : ' #$ ; <= >?> ) #$ 3 " ) #$ " 8 ! ! " * ) #$ " ! ) #$ " "

-'' ; #;- #' ) -'/

Page 99: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

# & & K B9 & =% %& # % = $ % & & % K 2 6 %% & %& !$ L & , ;;78 % %

& L & > >% & , & '. D & % L & 7;49;8 74;9'8 & %+ = 6 , ;;78 78

1.250

1.000

0.750

0.500

0.250–50.00 –40.00 –30.00 –20.00 –10.00 0

Distance X

Den

sity

T–G scheme (Cs = 0.0)T–G scheme (Cs = 0.5)Present schemes (Cs = 0.0)

(a) (b)

(c) (d)M = 0.5

# 8 - 4! : ! 8' #$ 3 * ! 0 ! *) #$ 3 * ! 0 ! *)#$ 3 * ! .- ! *) #$ * " "

1 #' #' ' -'/ -'/ 3

Page 100: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

>% % % # >% & >% & D %& , ;/ % >% &

7+ B98 & & #3H1 & !$ % + L #3H1 % & & & L !% % & 7, ;/8 #3H1 L !$ + L

5 # ''

# !$ % K D !% & > >% D % %% >% L D%% 6 % % & % 6 & % !$ = % D %& >% #3H1 % %& %& %& D %& > %&

!'

' 6@ ! 31 K 2 "2 33 4/93).'()*

. 6@ ! " %%= 31K 2 "2 35 ;/'39; '()(

; H ! H , %& 31K 2 . 8 /);34* '(4.

/ H H 5& ? , %& D D % K % % ! # !6 $&& 78 0

,* '(4*9 @ H : : U% , 31 K & % "2 2 2 2 2

55 9;34; '(*.) H # ! 5: : ! % 6 + + %& 31 K 2 2 2 2 ,

6 9943(* '(*/

!'

Page 101: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

4 " , D 2 2 2 2 , 8 (*'3(; '(*9

* @H 5 5@ %1 6 K> 3% =& % % "2 2 2 2 2 8: ';93/( '(*)

( $ 5 #1 : +

%& 2 2 2 2 , 9 )9(34B '(*)'B $ 5 , D"2

, 29 ;/(3** '(**

'' # + D % #2 2;(' 2 8 .993); '(**

'. H5 66 $ 5 : D % 2 2 2 2 , ;

'')9344 '(*('; $ 5 #! @ @ 61 >% =% +

% D %& 2 2 2 2 2 56 )493() '((.

'/ 5 5 " ! %- %& 31K 0 285, ')43*; '((;

'9 $ 5 # % >% +

%& D "2 , 33 4.93/4 '((;') !$ ? 6 % + %>

& D "2 2 22 ;9934B '((;

'4 H 5 # 6 + % %&31 K + 2 2 22 , 27 ;/(3)/ '((;

'* $F 66

K & =% + 2 . 38 9(;3)B( '((/

'( 5 1 6 6 ,

D # & 2 2 2;4*93*') '((/

.B H # ! 6 ! 6! 6 &2

U7'8U7'8 %& D 2 2 2 , 32 *;439)'((9

.' ?# H 66 = % > 2 . 52 99'3). '(()

.. 65 ! # - + "2 2 2 2 25 (B(3.' '((4

.; # - ,

>% 2 2 2 2 . , ,* :'((3..B '((*

./ - H $ #> D %

& L H1 "2 22 2 2 297 ')43(B '((*

.9 H 6 1 %

%& D "2 2 2 2 26 ;;93/) '((*.) @ $ 5 ! 6 6 >% %&

31 K %3 2 2 22 , 3: ';('3/'( '((*

.4 $F 1 66 = % D & 2 2 . 63;/(939B4 '(((

1 #' #' ' -'/ -'/ 3

Page 102: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

.* "! 0 12 5 ! D , " , - 6 ! 2 @

?1 'B'3'; '((9.( "! 0 12 5 ! 6 %& %&

D # % & 2 2 2 2 , 3, *)(3*9

'((9;B "! 0 12 $F 5 ! FR 2K2 6

%& %& D 3 # =%

2 2 2 2 , 3, **43('; '((9;' "! 0 12 "2 6 % & +

K 2 2 2 2 , 3, 'B)'3*B '((9;. "2 "! 0 122 % +

" / < !G '((9;; "! 0 12 6 D !%& %&

& 2 = 2 "2 , , & * /(3

99 F 2 " '((9;/ 5 ! FR 2K2 "! 0 12 6 % %&

DA $ %& 2 = 2 "2 ,

, & * /B(3'* F 2 " '((9;9 "2 "! 0 12 # & %% &

2 = 2 "2 , , & * '9/;3

9. F 2 " '((9;) "! 0 12 $F 5 ! % & >

% O& %& D 2 2 2 2 ,35 '3.; '(()

;4 "2 "! 0 12 6 % + %& H, H 78 , ?1 )'3*/ '(()

;* 5 ! FR 2K2 "! 0 12 H %& %& D 3 6 >% 2 2 2 2 , 37';3;. '((*

;( $F "! 0 12 # 2 5 : H %% % % D 1 2 2 2 2, 37 943*B '((*

/B 5 ! FR 2K2 "! 0 12 6 %

%& 31 K 2 " ", - +* 8==> 0 2 ;;'3/4 + & '((*

/' "! 0 12 !>&>% 7!$8

%& D %& 2 2 2 2, : ()(3(B '((*

/. "! 0 12 5 ! FR 2K2 "2 !>

&>% P # 0 2 ""<# ",- 8==> 03 % %% /3') 6 H

/; "! 0 12 !>&>%

P %& D %& 0 2 ""<# ",- 8==> 03 % %% '43.' 6 H

// "! 0 12 "2 # !$ 7>&>%8 D # 2 #2 + # 2 .

;3'. '((*/9 "! 0 12 @ 5-1 5: # # =%

2 2 2 2 65 9)93*; '(((

!'

Page 103: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

/) "! 0 12 5 ! FR 2K2 # & %%A 6 N D %& 2 2 2 2

, 52 ;9(3(. '(((/4 "! 0 12 @ 2 @ !%& %& DA

"2 2 2 2 2 7: 'B93.' '((B

/* "! 0 12 =% >=% %& >%& D K + % + =?;4 ! # '((B

/( "! 0 12 , % D > # " 9)3)' H ! '(('

9B "! 0 12 @ %& Y = 2 2 2 2 2 53 ''*/3.B; '(('

9' "! 0 12 @ 6 =% >=% %& %& D 2 2 2 2 2 58 /9434( '((.

9. "! 0 12 " &2 !$

= % 2 2 2 2 2 7 %89; 6 @ @ % ,

K !>4!?34 '(*9

9/ , $22 @ 1Q " &2 + %%= 1 %& @ # 1& 2, F & & '(*/

99 #! % 6 D & 2 2 2 2 , 26 9*43)B* '((.

1 #' #' ' -'/ -'/ 3

Page 104: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

(-'/ ' 3 9 ; 3

8. (' / 2

# %& %& D % D , % &1 % &- % % > D & %%% % & = % D & %%% % >& &% 6 &D % &- & F ' N

%& % K + = %& D% D & 7> 1 D8 !% 7 !% '. F '8# L K %& D

%& D % & K K 1 K K & % % % %& D K # % K D

& !% ' ;P % & %& %&

"

'

.

/'

. &1 %& & > % 2

Page 105: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

"

( /.

& + D D=

/;! % & % A

//

& % P %+ 78 % & % ( % & % & 7K ''.&8

.;

/9

& & + K & % = % & 1 % % %& %& K & !% '. F ' !$ & &1 %

% %& 1 1 K & % # K %& & &>

% %+ # K & %

/)

3L K % !% . & % 1 & K 1 % %& D & K 7%+ 8 & % %& %

1 % K % N !% 9 & L % > & & % L % & % % &

% %> 1 & % % %& & %% + %

(-'/ ' 3

Page 106: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

% % > D !$ & !% ; % K %% & $$ & !% '. F ' %& & = % > % % & % %

2 & % = % D %% + K & >- , %& H1 %%= & !% 4 F '

80 () -'/ 3 6- 37

& %& K K 7/'8 7/.8 &

B /4

'

( B /*

# K % +

'

'.

.;

;/(

% = 7/(8 7/48 K

.

. B /'B

%%% & & & !% 4 F ' , D % & A

/''

() -'/ 3 6- 37

Page 107: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

1 F ' % & %% +

% K F ' &' , /' =% % % " & % =

= & + %& % > K 7/*8 + > % %

.

.

/'.

+ 7/(8

' '.

.'

B . .;

;.

B ; ;'

';

B /';

# D % & = % + % + K 7/*8 K

7/48 7/';8 K

'

.

B /'/

% &

(

/'9

#

B /')

'.

% %+ &%

'.

/'4

# & 1 = % = > D % >1 $ K % & % + &

(-'/ ' 3

Page 108: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

# 8. 4! 1

() -'/ 3 6- 37

Page 109: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

%& %+ D ./ :% K % & % & , /. =% D ;

%& & % %

(;

% K 7 8

'. .' .; (; B

> & =% D . & % K >-

% >%% N

Movinggrid

V /Vj r0

s

R0

R0/r0s /r0

β

= 1.6 = 0.8 = 50.5°

β

# 80 2 4! " * @ "" # - * A/$

(-'/ ' 3

Page 110: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

8 $ " #' ' -'/ ' '-'/ 3

-$ 5!

, %& %& & K + =% % > % !$ >% 7!% ; ;;.8# =% K & % % % 7 K 8# & & % % &

!% ; % &K & % % L > # % %

% & ! &

'

/'*

%& %&

. .

./'(

K & & = %# =% % + & + # %& 1 - %

& 94 # & & % 7> % 8

# & L 5 & % # %& & & %&&

H 9 K L 5 & % + + , /; & +

# %

1 % 2 %&

2

$ " #' ' -'/ ' ' -'/ 3

Page 111: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

# & > L 5 & B % 1 D 5 & 9BBB , // % & 2 , /9 L 5 & , /) %

5 & , /4 % % & >

L 5 & K 2 71 D8# & & & !$

H 9 + L + 7'.' '.'8

85!

1 !% ; =% % & K & % + # =% % 5 & & & % & & & % & K 7/'*8 %& 5 & 9BBB K>% * =% # & , /* # &

u1 = u∞, u2 = 0

u1 = u2 = 0 u1 = u2 = 0

u1 = u2 = 0p = 0

# 8 6 * * *

(-'/ ' 3

Page 112: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

& K 5 & 5 & 'B BBB , /(

/ (! . !

%& %& %& =% & % % 2 & > + K

'

.

/.B

> & . + # + & % ( %

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0

x2

–0.4 –0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0u1

'CBS'

(a) Stokes flow, viscosity 1

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0

x2

–0.4 –0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0u1

'Ghia''CBS'

(b) Re = 400

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0

x2

–0.4 –0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0u1

'Ghia''CBS'

(c) Re = 1000

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0

x2

–0.6 –0.4 –0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0u1

'Ghia''CBS'

(d) Re = 5000

# 88 6 * ' * " B* # $

$ " #' ' -'/ ' ' -'/ 3

Page 113: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

6 !% ; % =% %> 1 % N > & & =% % & & & %& L = = # & 'B =% % L %

88 ';:

# = & & % % 7!% ; ;)8 D % &1 % # & , /'B78 , /'B /'' & = & !% ; , 1

1.5

1.0

0.5

0

–0.5

–1.0

–1.50 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

x1

p'CBS'

(a) Stokes flow, viscosity 1

–0.01–0.02–0.03–0.04–0.05–0.06–0.07–0.08–0.09–0.10–0.11

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0x1

p

'CBS'

(b) Re = 400

–0.02–0.03–0.04–0.05–0.06–0.07–0.08–0.09–0.10–0.11

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0x1

p

'CBS'

(c) Re = 1000

–0.02

–0.03

–0.04

–0.05

–0.06

–0.07

–0.08

–0.09

–0.100 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

x1

p

'CBS'

(d) Re = 5000

# 8< 6 * " , B* # $

(-'/ ' 3

Page 114: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

Streamlines Pressures

(a) Stokes flow, viscosity 1, 9600 iterations

(b) Re = 400, 4400 iterations

(c) Re = 1000, 6100 iterations

(d) Re = 5000, 48000 iterations

# 8= 6 * - B* # $

';:

Page 115: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

% % & 1 % 6 % & =% !% ; ;)

8< 1 -) '4

% + !% '/ '9 F ' & & K # % & = D % %& % + % % # % & & % %& D 5 ''3)( & + % % D

)+ .

L %%

1.5

1.0

0.5

0

–0.5

–1.0

–1.50 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

x1

p

'10x_uniform''40x_unifom'

40x_non-uniform'

# 8> , - 4! * # $ *

(-'/ ' 3

Page 116: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

+> 7 8 > + % & 2 # + % =% %& & + & + # & & " ;.;;9'9. & & + %

x

u

u

# 85 6 * C B* 8

1 -) '4

Page 117: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

% D %& =% > %%# & >

> # 1 > ".

x

u

u

# 8? 6 * C B*

(-'/ ' 3

Page 118: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

& 7 .. 8

..

. .

.

./.'

+

2 % %& .. # 1 & =

h

h

hh

u

u

u

u

tn

u

# 8.@ 2! ! " + * B

# 8.. 2! ! " - ! " B

1 -) '4

Page 119: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

% 7 , /'.8

= '

*..

./..

5 %

5 ''.B

..

./.;

=% 7/..8 7/.;8 = 6 F ' % % K & & > %& K & # 1 &

..

. /./

# %% & =% 7/./8 % %& % %

..

. /.9

X >%+ % &

N K # 2 +> > % & % $ %

x1

x2

n1 n2

emax

Exact φ

Linear φ

hn1, n2, nodesh, element size

# 8.0 9 !

(-'/ ' 3

Page 120: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

# = % %& 7 >8

.

/.)

+ K # % % =% # 7 8

& 7 % 8 %

& /.4 2 & + & # & %%= L $ !% '/ F ' & %

+ % % % & % % > % % % % & %% K + % % & %%= % , K + & % & # % K !% '/ F ' & % & & & % & % K" % +

K & 6 = & % % %

% = %%=

.

&

.

/.*

1 -) '4

Page 121: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

# %%= & K %%= &

&# &

.

.

B /.(

& % .

%'

&#

.

%'

&#

&

/;B

% = &

% &#& /;'

& C%<

K C > <% 1 & # + %% % '(*4 & .. & D %&4B4; $ %& & % & 6 1 & % # & = & ;(9;9) 0 12 9B )9 %& D = & % & "& % % D % = & + + = 2 & & # %% 1 . K = , /'; ,' ,. = % %

# K & %

.

.,..

.=

.,.'

/;.

#

# =

.,..

.,.'

#$$$$$$% /;;

% & % % & =

(-'/ ' 3

Page 122: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

& % %+ A

' , . & % & =

; ! 2 = K 7/;.8

/ ! = 2 7K /;;8 & = &

9 5 & 2

# & % N K % &1 % %.. =% % # % 2 % &1 & % %

7% %& D8 = &2 % # = & %% & 1 2 D & % % 2# % - & & %%

% % & 1 = % # & >

& &1 & & >% K & % %

x1

X 1

X 2

hmin

s hmin = hmax

α

# 8. + " ,

6 & # & & 9/ 9(3). )93)4 4/3*9

1 -) '4

Page 123: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

/ ) + .

# D D %& % & > & & K & %& , %& %& %& =% %% % &

/;/

= 2 7 28 # & =% & 2 % = K 6 % = 2 & " + 6 % = 2 && 0 12 9B =

= /;9

& B ' & = 2

1$

& + % & & + # K & & % & %% # % % & N % & & %& %& D %& %& D + % 7F %& D & K & 8" & & & &

% % & ! % & & %& & 9().)( =% &

(-'/ ' 3

Page 124: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

# 8.8 6 * B 8 " "

1 -) '4

Page 125: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

(!

=% %& D %& &> % % + %& D % = /*' **B , & & & & % , /'/ > & % & + %7, /'/8 & + % & + 7, /'/&8 $ = % & 1 H 9 7, /'/8

(a) Final adapted mesh, Nodes: 1514, Elements: 2830

(b) Streamlines

(a) Final adapted mesh, Nodes: 1746, Elements: 3293

(b) Streamlines

(c) Pressure contours

II Gradient based refinement

I Curvature based refinement

(c) Pressure contours

# 8.< 2! ! " B > " "

(-'/ ' 3

Page 126: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

6 = & D &1 % % , /'9 + & & % 6 & & % % &

+ & % N F ' & % K %&

8= 1 -) #' ' ' -'/

% % % % 1 "& + & 7 ) + 8 % & % %& %" K L % & /B & A = & % , /') %& +=

& !% '9 F ' % & &

1/'/.

8> (-' /# )) '

% L &2 & !$ 5 & D # %&D % %% L %& D %& # D &2 D L 5 < &'BB 9BBB % , /'4 & 5 & # L &2 5 'BB 5 9BBB % & &2 # % &2 S %% . K 7;.;8 7;./8T %& 5 < & %& % &2

85 " 3 9 : - '

: ' %$ !

%& D % = %& /. 7 8

" 3 9 : - '

Page 127: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

#8.=

0

4

!

*

B

8

*

%

"

&

(-'/ ' 3

Page 128: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

K 7/'8 7/.8

B /;)

( B /;4

# & % &

.

;

/;*

%& %& %A

78 % &

With stabilization Without stabilization

With stabilization Without stabilization

(a) Re = 100

(b) Re = 5000

# 8.> + ," * B*&

" 3 9 : - '

Page 129: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

7&8 & 78 & %

K !% ' ;

: ( ! 2

# 2 & / % %%=>

& &# /;( & % K 7/;)8 & % %

'#

B //B

& % % %%& K = 2 & & & & *) 7 !% '. F ' 86 % =

% % % % 2 & = 2 # % D '(4B*4*(

(B(.

# 2 K &

/ *

*# .$

#

,

//'

% 2 $ =

/ #$B &

* &#&

&#

&#

//.

% & % # 1 (B(.

'B4'B*# & & % % >

%& D # %%& D D & & %% % = & & & % & # !% '. F ' & % , /'* &

(-'/ ' 3

Page 130: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

+

+

O (h ) (T3B1/3C)

O (h2) (T6/3C)

+ O (h2) (Q9/4C)

(a) Continuous p interpolation

+ O (h2) (T6 B1/3D)*

+ O (h) (Q4/1D)*

+ O (h2) (Q9/4D)*

+ O (h2) (Q9/3D)

+ O (h) (T6/1D)

(b) Discontinuous p interpolationVelocity nodePressure nodeDenotes elements failingBabuska–Brezzi test butstill performing reasonably

*

# 8.5 - * * "* "

" 3 9 : - '

Page 131: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

% (; D (/() & % % & K B %

% D % % % % % %

1 %& % # & = %& 1

D & + + D %%

8? %; 3 9 -' '#

; 5% % ! !

D % & % & % #% & % =% %

B !' //;

B B 3 % ! % & + K7;;/8 7&8 % # & & & % &

K 7;;;8 %+ & %%% % , /'( #& =% K 7//;8 1 " , /'(7&8 & % %

% & %& 1 , , /'(78 % $ D & = & & # >% D > & # &

!

///

(-'/ ' 3

Page 132: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

# % % % D % B %

//9

" & % D

//)# 7 D8 & & &

% K 7//'8 & & = /& %

/ / / / //4 & %

σ

ε•

µ

(a)Linear, newtonian, fluidε•

σ ∝ εm

σ

ε•

µ

(b) Non-newtonian polymers

σ

ε

|m | < 1

µ = σ/3ε

ε•

σ

ε•

µ

(c) Viscoplastic-plastic metals

σ ∝ (σy + γεm)(Bingham)

γ = 0(Ideal plasticity)

σy γ = 0

γ > 0

ε•

# 8.? - *

%; 3 9 -' '#

Page 133: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

# % & % 7 F .8 # K 7//'8

1

#

,

//*

1 1 #

#

' 1'

,

1 1 # //(

& % & % % 7 % %

2 + 8 % + + K & L ' ' % 7 8 # + > D %% %

'(4B(4(( 6%% % &K & %*('BB'.4

%% N 2 & D & & % 'B) % = 7 % + 8 -+& # & & % % & )* % %> =% # % & C>%<'B9'B) %= %# % %

% %% & # ''9 '.* '.( % +

; 5 !

# %& #! )* + D , /.B78 %% & & += % % % , /.B7&8 % % > %& % + % 1 + & % &

(-'/ ' 3

Page 134: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

C< D %& , /.' % = % & #& /' , = = & ';B & & D L , /'* (; # + % %& > D % &

% 7 % 8 % & %& K # & %%% K K 7/)8 K + , 1 & %&

%+ %

/9B %+ & 1 %

Prescribedvelocity

Prescribedtraction

Extrusion

Rolling

(a) Steady rate

# 80@ 2" **

%; 3 9 -' '#

Page 135: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

Moving mesh

Extrusion

Rolling

Forging

Cutting

Sheet forming(deep drawing)

(b) Transient

# 80@

(-'/ ' 3

Page 136: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

& &

/9B&

& K 7'(8

/9B

62 !% % = , /.' % => %& 7 % 8(;

' 78 . 7+ 8

% = , Z !78 = , Z !78

#)O' .* (B'B '.B. )4*' .9 ((BB B4; 94(4'#)$'O; ;' B/;B .B;. 494) .) .9*B '4* 4*B';#)$'O; .( B;'B '.9. 4;B* .) ..(B ')) )';(.#)O;! .4 (B.9 *'9 *4). .9 (49B B)4 *99;*

= .9 *BBB BBB [ .9 *BBB BBB [

CL

MESH I

CL

MESH I

v = 0u = 1specified

Slip boundary

Free boundary

# 80. # '$ ! *

%; 3 9 -' '#

Page 137: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

& K 7'.8

./9B

% L % K 7/9B8 & & & %&

7 K /)8

( B /9'

# % %& & &1 & % 1 D + &1 % 1 K % % !% . % + '(4;

'(4*'B.'B; & % 'B(''B , /.. % % > %& 'B; %& & % %

& & 1 N % % '') # % % = N %

; - ! %$ $

# % %&& %& #%=% % & , /.; /./ % %% # & %

+ % % & 1 # + & & & & & =%

/9. % % % &

K 7/9'8 %+ %%

( ( B /9;

% 1 %> % =% % % !% ;

(-'/ ' 3

Page 138: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

9 1x

= 2.

25cm

9 1x

= 3.

25cm

9 1x

= 4.

9575

cm

9 1x

= 5.

915

cm

9 1x

= 6.

15cm

T = 400K

T =

460

K

Tem

pera

ture

con

tour

s fo

r ent

ry T

= 4

00K

at in

terv

als

∆T =

4.0

K

T = 700K

T =

722

K

Tem

pera

ture

con

tour

s fo

r ent

ry T

= 7

00K

at in

terv

als

∆T =

1.5

K

y,ν

30.2

ν tan

g =

ν tro

ll = 2

8.73

cm/s

k∂T

/∂n

= α 2

(T–3

22)

k∂T

/∂n

= α 1

(T–2

95)

T =

T1

0.88

9

2.25

3.66

52.

25ν

= 0

∂T/∂

n =

0x,

u

0.633

∂T/∂

n =

0

All d

imen

sion

s in

cm

k∂T

/∂n

= α 2

(T–2

95)

C L

Hor

izon

tal

Verti

cal

(a) G

eom

etry

Nodal points

20

301.

0 –1

.0–3

.0cm

/s(b

) Vel

ocity

pro

files

(c) T

empe

ratu

re d

istri

butio

n fo

r diff

eren

t ent

ry te

mpe

ratu

res

#800

-

*

"

!

"

>/

%; 3 9 -' '#

Page 139: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

& % 1 % & % %& =% , /.;*( %

& 1% 1 & 6% & %& & % 3 & 1% % =% , /./ %&';'';.

% % % %& & 2 %+ & % %& % %&

!% '9 F ' % =% & % ';;';/ , /./ %

U

(a) t = 0

u∆t

U

(b) t = 15∆t

30%

U

(c) t = 30∆t

60%

U

(d) t = 45∆t

90%

# 80 #* $<> ; != 9* ) #$ #$ #$ #$ ! # " $

(-'/ ' 3

Page 140: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

Initi

al m

esh

Upd

ated

mes

h 63

6 D

OF

η =

15%

Upd

ated

mes

h 12

00 D

OF

η =

18%

Adap

tive

refin

emen

t 808

DO

F η

= 11

%Ad

aptiv

e re

finem

ent 1

242

DO

F η

= 10

%

t = 0

t = 1

.1s

t = 7

.7s

#808

#$

"

!

#

"

"*

$

%; 3 9 -' '#

Page 141: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

% % & # %% & =

&- # % % % " % > 6: 7& 3 8';9';( %& < + & K

644

CL‘Effective’ strain (ε) t = 2.9 s

CLTemperature (T ) t = 2.9 s

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16Time (s)

Load

(MN

)

(c) Load versus time

(b) Contours of state parameters at t = 2.9 s

0.20.2 0.8 0.8

624

623624624 624643

649

# 808 #$ ! */ 0?D3 2" =<

(-'/ ' 3

Page 142: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

r b =

1.9

625

in

Punc

h

r c =

1.9

25in

Blan

k ho

lder

1.94

375

in

(Initi

al) 3

.60

in

0.035inRA =

1.

875

inµ 1

=

0.20

r d =

0.2

5in

Die

Geo

met

ry a

nd fi

nite

ele

men

tdi

scre

tizat

ion

of th

e bl

ank

usin

g lin

ear e

lem

ents

H =

445

T

µ 2 =

0.2

0

60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Stressσy (kips/in2)

0.05

0.15

0.25

0.35

0.10

0.20

0.30

Stra

inε

Dis

cret

ized

stre

ss-s

train

cur

ve

100 80 60 40 20 0

Punch load (kN)

20

40

60Pu

nch

trave

l (m

m)

0 Punc

h lo

ad –

pun

ch tr

avel

Num

eric

al

Expe

rimen

tal

0.5

0.3

0.1

–0.1

–0.3

–0.5

–0.7

Strain

20

40

60

800 Orig

inal

radi

al d

ista

nce

(mm

)St

rain

dis

tribu

tions

for p

unch

Trav

el =

60

mm

Expe

rimen

tal

Rad

ial s

train

Thic

knes

s st

rain

Circ

umfe

rent

ial

stra

in

z =

9.20

mm

z =

17.9

mm

z =

28.7

mm

z =

34.7

mm

z =

48.5

mm

The

arro

ws

indi

cate

the

velo

city

vec

tor

at e

ach

noda

lpo

int

µ 1 =

µ2

= 0.

20

Flat

bot

tom

pun

ch. D

efor

mat

ion

atdi

ffere

nt s

tage

s

#80<

3

!

"*

4

=

%; 3 9 -' '#

Page 143: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

K 7/9.8 %

% 7 %% P % % %8 & D K & %%

& % % + %%& $ %& %& & % # %% & & '/B3'9; %% & & & , /.9 /.) % %&

(a) Mesh of 856 elements for sheet idealization

X

Y

(b) Mesh for establishing die geometry

# 80= 2 " * 0 " ! 0 " 4 ! 8 0 0 " ! 1 ! 8/) ?> ! ! <8:!B # ( $=/

(-'/ ' 3

Page 144: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

; !

/(' L %& % & -+ & # & # & %& % " %& C% >&1< % %=

t = 900 s

t = 2400 s

t = 4280 s

(c) Deformed shapes of various times

# 80=

%; 3 9 -' '#

Page 145: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

% % %& L & % '') '(*/ & D D & %& %& % D && # % %& K %= & &- = 1 ! # ,&'9/'); & "& &- & % % &1 & &

8.@ ' - --' ' '#

=% K = & > % % % # %% + % ?6. ?6; % : : :&')/')9 , %&> % N % & %& & % & %&> & %> & % =% & # &1 % & F . &1 &1 1 1 % K = % % + 1 > % % 78 1 %& %& !$ 1 7 8 % & %'))

%& % % & % 1 %& & % % # % % & & %%% % & N & 0 12 ')) , /.4 % & % & % = + % 7, /.4&8 % % K> 7, /.48 % # + K !$ + 7, /.4 8

(-'/ ' 3

Page 146: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

, /.* & > %& & % & $ $ ')4

8.. # ''

# =% %& %% % =% & & 1 % % !% 9 %& %& & & %

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

CL

CL

CL

CL

CL

# 80> * ' #$ ) #$ " ") #$ ( ") #$ " .- ") #$ ( .- "

# ''

Page 147: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

!'

' @ 6 H 21 D & + 2 62'3.9 '(4.

. $ @6 $ 6 D % +

2 2 2 2 2 2; ')493*( '(*;; # %1 H , - % = D , , 7 @# " "! 0 12 5

H ! #8 F . % '/ %% .)934( ! '(49/ @ "<! 6 % % D % 2 2 2 2

2 28 4)43*( '(*B

9 H H !# >5 %& D 31 K 2 "2 2 6: ;*43/'' '(*.

) 5 ! FR 2K2 "! 0 12 H %&

%& D 3 6 >% 2 2 2 2 , 37 ';3;.'((*

4 "! 0 12 5 ! FR 2K2 "2 # & % 7!$8 %A 6 N D %& 2 2

2 2 , 52 ;9(3(. '(((* 5 ! FR 2K2 "! 0 12 6 % %& 31 K 2 " "

, - +* 8==> F ' ;;'3/4 + & '((*

# 805 0 ' #$ ") #$ .- "

(-'/ ' 3

Page 148: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

( "! 0 12 $F 5 ! FR 2K2 6 > %& %& D 3 # =% 2 2

2 2 , 3, **43('; '((9'B "! 0 12 " &2 !$

= % 2 2 2 2 2 6: *493*B .BBB

'' 6 H L 6 + % %% % D+ 3; './(39/ '(*;

'. 5 :Q "! 0 12 6% +

%& 31 K 2 2 "2 +$ , " :& '(*/

'; @ $ @ " 6% + %& % L K 2 "2 2 85 /*/39'. '(*/

'/ H, ! H & # 2 2 233 'B.*3/B '(*9

'9 "! 0 12 @ F 5 :Q ,

%& D B 2 "2 " # F '(*9

') F $ 6 = @ = % + +

K 2 ",- "2 , - 7 @ $ 8 ! "= '(*)

'4 @ # " # & 6% +

%& D "2 2 2 2 2 8; ;.43). '(*)'* "! 0 12 @ @0 0 =% 2

% P %& %& " & 7 6 8 6 49 6

'(*)'( 5 :Q "! 0 12 6% +

%& 31 K +$

, " !% '9 .*'3(* 7 $&1 "! 0 12 @H 5 6 "8 '(*) ?1

.B @, @5 $ 5& % % D

>:!?3=4 '(*).' $ @ H, ! 6% + >K +

& - 2 2 2 2 2 36 9*B3() '(*4

.. @ F "! 0 12 6% %& D % 2 "2 2 73 //(3)) '(*4

.; @ # " # & 6% + %

%& D 2 2 2 2 2 7 '.''3.* '(*4./ @ : @ "! 0 12 # H1

%& 3 "2 2 2 2 2 92

;9(3)( '(*4.9 @ @ "! 0 12 6 % + +

% D 14 # 5

666 *4>B99* '(*4.) "! 0 12 @0 0 ?! : @

%P % %& D , 7,0 >B8 @ 5 %% /*;39'. 6

: '(**.4 : , @ % +

2 2 23 '493*' '(**

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Page 149: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

.* "! 0 12 @ @ : , , D !%& D K % #

"2 + - , - 6 (9 6 '(**.( $ C6 > , % > D

"2 2 2 2 2 72 ;'93/B '(**

;B @ @ : , "! 0 12 , % ;> 2 2 2 2 2 39 .';939( '(*(

;' 5 :Q 6% %& "2 2 2 2 2 78

'(93.'/ '(*(;. : 12 @# " 52 " # ! %

+ ' ! %%= "22 2 2 2 77 4(3''. '(*(

;; @# " : 12 52 #6 # !% + . 6 % "2 2 22 2 77 '';3*B '(*(

;/ : 12 @# " 52 6 + %& 31 K & % % !% "2 2 2 2 2 :6 .493;.) '((B

;9 "! 0 12 6%>D>2 3 % 2 "2 #2 2 2 28 ';43/9 '(('

;) @ &" @ 6 % + >

%& D & 2 2 2 2 2 53 49'3)9 '((';4 @ & " @ 6 % +

%& D 2 2 2 2 2 53 ''/939( '((';* 6 @ @ 2 6% %&

D % % & .> &1 2 2 2 2 2 53 *(93('( '(('

;( " @ @ & 55 #- 6%

D '(('/B @ @0 0 @ 2 "! 0 12 %

31 %& D "2 92 ;B3( '(('

/' @, 6% %& D 2 5, '(*)3(. '((.

/. @, , % + %>& D 2 5, .)443*. '((.

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// @ & " @ 6% =% % +

2 2 2 2 2 58 )9934B '((./9 @ 2 @ 6 .> 31

K % "2 2 2 2 2 2,2 ;993

)* '((./) 5 :Q @ $ 6% >+ ;

%& 2 2 2 2 , 26 '/B43'( '((.

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/* 52 6 % >% + "2 2 2 22 2,; ')(3*' '((;

/( 6$ % 5 : 3H1 %& 31 K % & % "2 2 2 2 2 2,9 '/;34* '((;

(-'/ ' 3

Page 150: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

9B "! 0 12 @ 6 + % %& D 2 2 2 2 2 57 .'*(3.'B '((/

9' @# " 6 6 + %%= 31 K "2 2 2 2 2 222'*93.B. '((/

9. @# " F : 6 % + %%= 31 K 2 2 2 2 , 3, *;'39' '((9

9; " @ & @ %

%& % D 2 2 2 2 2 5: ''.;3/*'((9

9/ @ !>2 $1 : H , $ % 2 % 2 2 "2 ,

, & * '';(3/* F 2 '93.' " '((999 5 :Q % D 2 ,2 2 8, *'(3/4 '((99) " @ & @

D 2 2 2 2 2 5; 9/(3)4'(()

94 ? H & 6 # H F , 6

% & K 2 2 2 2 , 35 )4;3(B '(()

9* , H F @ % ? $ H & 6 %

% A %% " , - C=: '4/3*B'(()

9( @ !>2 $1 : H , $ 6 >% % !, " ,

- C=: '*'3*) '(())B F 6F5 $& # - 66

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)) $1 , @ , 2 2 2 2 ,

65 ''/;3)9 '((*)4 $1 @ , 6% >K 2 2

2 2 2 62 ('93;/ '((*

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Page 151: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

4' ! 5& "! 0 12 @ F & % A D " 5 7

0 8 $1 %% .)*'3*4 '((94. "! 0 12 %

!% "2 2 27 (*3'B) '((9

4; "! 0 12 :2 %& % + % 2 2 2 2 2 52 2; '.43/* '((9

4/ @ H 5 & !% % "2 2 32

')*34; '(4*49 , !% > %%

F %% "2 2 36 ')434. '(*'4) @! ! 6 , , 6 %%

+ 2 2 2 2 2 32 ;.(3/4 '(*944 @ % 6 &

;> 2 2 2 2 2 3; ;4399 '((B

4* % %% # & 2 2 2#2 29 '3/9 '(('

4( 5 @ @, #% 5 5

" , - + , '((/*B " N ;>

% % & 2 2 2 2 2

57 .BB93;( '((/*' H & FF 5 H 5& &

& % 2 2 2 2 2 57'44(3*( '((/

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2 2 6, '(94349 '((4

*9 @, #% $ 78 . ' 5 5 !5! '(((

*) 1 #@5 = + > KA + % "2 2 2 2 2 28 );3*' '(4*

*4 "! 0 12 H& F %& D % > 7%8 D , , 7 @# " 8 F .%% .9399 ! '(49

** #@5 5: # @, : 6 + %&D 2 1 2 #2 , , ""- : %% '3) '(4)

*( "! 0 12 H& 6 % %% %& %D 2 # 2 2, '*B3; '(49

(B "! 0 12 12 # % %%

& %& # - 82 '9434( '(*.(' @# " 5 1 D , , 7 5

H @# " "! 0 128 F / % '9 %% ;B93'* ! '(*.

(. "! 0 12 @ F # 12 > = %%= 6 =% % , % "2 2 2 2 2 82 ;3.( '(*9

(-'/ ' 3

Page 152: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

(; "! 0 12 ?! : H! %& 2 2 2 2 2 3: .'('3.B. '(*(

(/ , " + %& D 2 2 2 2 ,2 ;/43)/ '(*'

(9 , , %& D ,

, 7 5 H H, ! @# " "! 0 128F ) % 4 %% '4'3** ! '(*9

() 5: H $ ! >

% %& 2 2 2 2 , 6 .93/. '(*.

(4 5# , , >> D " 2 2: '');3( '(4.

(* 5# , , > D" 2 2: ).*3;; '(4.

(( $ 61 !! ! $ 6%% +

% D %& 2 2 "2 2 6: .4)3*/ '(4B'BB H! ! + 5 @ # % % D

L % & 2 # 2 322

9)434; '(4;'B' ! : & % %&

= 2 # 2 2 2 ;8 *)934; '(4;

'B. @# " 5 $ H ? #@ ! 6 %% + %& % >% 2 2 -2 36 /.B '(4;

'B; "! 0 12 " J @! ,* , %% 'B43.B

6 , & '(4*'B/ "! 0 12 " J @! 6 %

D + 2 2 2 2 2 27 '/(439'/ '(*'

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'B4 ? 21 H #% >>% D % & 2 2 2 2 2 27 (43''. '(*'

'B* "! 0 12 ! @ " J , = A % 2 2 # #2 26 '93;* '(4*

'B( 12 @,# "! 0 12 D

% , , 7 5 H 8 F /% '; %% .9'3*; ! '(*.

''B 12 @,# "! 0 12 6 % +

% > D % & % % D 2 #2 +$ ,*43'B % '(*.

''' 5 1 5 # $ ! # %& - D + 2 , 2 98 '*(3.B) '(4/

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-+ "2 %% .)434/ '(44

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Page 153: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

''/ " H : 6# 6 6%% + % 2 "2 , %% '/)39;

'(*.''9 @,# "! 0 12 5 @ 6= 78

, ! '(*/

'') "! 0 12 , %& , 7 @,# 8 % ' %% '3// ! '(*/

''4 & #% %& & + , 7 @,# 8% . %% /934B ! '(*/

''* @: ! , $ : , , %

2 2 2 2 2 5, ')/(34/ '((B''( 6 $- # - H : F%

= & , 2 2 2 & 2 # 8: )//39B '(('

'.B 5- @: ! : , , 2 2 2 #2 5 .;/3;* '(()

'.' @: ! 5 & +

% 2 2 2 2 56 (3'* '((.'.. @ $ $ 5 # D +

;> %% % 2 2 2 2

68 ./;3/* '((/'.; 5 @ $ 6 %>% 2

2 2 2 9, /939; '(()'./ @: ! ? ! % % ,

% 2 2 2 2 9, ''3'* '(()'.9 @ 5-1 " J 1 6%% =% ,

&1 % 2 2 2 2 :,=2 ).B34 '((*

'.) @ $ 5 % D % 2 "2 28 ;/9394 '((*

'.4 @ 5-1 "! 0 12 " J 1 6 , =%

% 2 " 8=== 8: " " "8: 0 2 @ : : 6 '((( & !

'.* @>: ! 5 "! 0 12 78 , D,<+ =1 F& , '/3'( % '((. 66 $1> 5

'.( @ R 1 ,# $- 78 # A D,<+ => ..3.9 @ '((*66 $1 5

';B @ $ 2 F >5 : '(4;

';' H! % +

% '(*(';. H! ?! : "! 0 12 %

% + = % , 7 @: ! " J 8 %% 493*;

6 '(**';; "! 0 12 ?! : H! 6 % +

= %& 2 2 22 2 38 .;3/. '(**

(-'/ ' 3

Page 154: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

';/ "! 0 12 ?! : @0 0 # , % 3 2 1 2 "2

, D,<+ >: 7 6 5 "! 0 128 66 $1 5 '(*)

';9 # $1 , @ ,

D "2 2 2 2 2 55))(3** '(*.

';) @ H @ = 6 & : 3 +

D> "2 2 2 2 2 78'(93.'/ '(*(

';4 @H , F% 6 $1 6 : + > %

>% % 2 "2 , %% /('39BB '(*;

';* @ 6& : 3 + "

7 # $1 #@5 8 % 'B%% /4/39') 6 '(*;

';( @ : @ 1 #> % +

% "2 2 2 2 2 86 '/93)B '(*)'/B " J "! 0 12 6

2 2 2 #2 38 ;B93;9 '(*;

'/' $ $ 1 6 % & + 2 # 2 2 68 4; '(4)

'/. 6 + 6 % % & 1 % % 2 2 2 #2 2: .;3;' '(4)

'/; @ $ 5 "! 0 12 # %% %% , 7 @: ! " J 8 %% '4(3*) 6 '(**

'// $ @: ! # & %% , 7 @: ! " J 8 6 '(**

'/9 5 @ $ 6 % %% % + D,<+ >= 2%% *93(/ $1 '(*(

'/) @ $ 5 "! 0 12 , %%

2 "2 #( # , 7 ! 8 # 6 '(**

'/4 " J !6 & , %&

& & 2 2 2 2 2 5, '9443(;'((B

'/* 1 " J !6 & !%

% & =% 2 2 2 2 56 'B(3') '((.'/( @ $ 5 D % +

%% % 2 2 2 2 63 '/43)9 '((/

'9B 1 & 6 D 1 2 2 2 2 9, /)(34/ '(()

'9' @ $ $ 5 , %% > 1 D 2 2 2 2 2 6,

;.B93.* '((4'9. 1 # 1 6 1 >%

% & =% , 2 2 2 2 :, 9/39( '((*

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Page 155: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

'9; H 2 @ : 6 = & & L % 2 2 2 & 2 #

99 '9;3)/ '((('9/ @ ! 5 , D

2 ! * , 2 2, ;;(39) '(*.

'99 @ ! 65 # ! * ,*5 A F ' 6 '(*/

'9) 5 @ ! D D

&% 2 ! * , 2 26 .4(3(( '(*/'94 % @ @ ! ,

D % 2 ! * , 2 27 '943*; '(*9'9* @ @ ! 6 = +

D 2 ! * , 2 39 443''/ '(*4'9( @ ! F : # % 3H1

D 2 ! * , 63 .*;3(( '((.

')B 5 # - , & # 6 #3H1 + > D 2 2 2 2 2 56 4/'394'((.

')' "6 ! # , & 6 #3H1 > D 2 ! * , 2 8, .9;3*4 '((;

'). # , & , -

% 2 2 2 2 . , ,* 7 49'3)) '((4'); # , & 5 >%

D 2 ! * , 2 78 ';(3)) '((*')/ H: H @" K 5 % : >

"2 2 2 2 2 55 4.9394 '(*.')9 @" K H: H @ $ 3%

% "2 2 2 2 2 82 'B43;4 '(*9

')) "! 0 12 @ 5-1 5: # # =% 2 2 2 2 2 65 9)93*; '((*

')4 @ $ 6@ $ 6 % % >

%& %& =% %% "2 2 22 26 /;43/( '((*

(-'/ ' 3

Page 156: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

' ' / '/ -'/ 3

<. ('

% % %& D %& =% > D % % % % %& D %% # % % + % & %& & L & % L % # % % % & # & & & % %& 5 % %& D !% ) + % %& D & % # + % % 9. %&

D #%=% & & & & % & " %& 1 % !% 4 D & %> %+ & %& % L % D % % # % % " + K % D % % + &D =% % % % %& & 9; 1 %& & %

7 8 D L

Page 157: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

& & %& & %> + =% % K %& & %

<0 ' ' 3

#

%& % % D7K8 % 1 %& , 9' % %& P D D

Water levelSluice gate

Free surface

Floor

WaterWater

Overflow

Free surface

Dam

(a) (b)

Sea

Ship

(c)

Free surface waves

Sea floor

(d)

(e)

Free surface

Sea floor

SeaHydrofoil

Free surface

Core

Metal inlet Die

Mould cavity

Free surface

Feeder

(f)

# <. 0* !

' ' / '/ -'/ 3

Page 158: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

% % + 6 D %& L &% & # L % %& % % % 1 & % " 7'8 % 7

%%= 8 2 %+ 7.8 % D & "& & > %& &

% % & # %& & 2 %& % & %%& L %%

/ % ! $! $

, 9. % %& % &

u0

x2

x1

Ship

Datum

Free surface

η

Ω

# <0 *

' ' 3

Page 159: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

31 K L % % %%= $ % & % % & 1 & & + ! L % & %

L & > & % % ''' + + % % D K '. 6 % %% % L > N % % % & = % & L K K & # % /' % % !$% & & N % & 1 7 28 # N & % D: + % &

% 1 7, 9.8 # & 2 & & % & % ;

' . ; ; 9' % % &

'

'.

.;

; 9.

K 79'8 +

;

'

' .

.

# 9;

' .#

'

.

#9/

& & % K 7 !% .8 & ' . ; ; 6 1 K & 1 % & % L % > & . !% . % & + & K % 3H1 % & %% L

' ' / '/ -'/ 3

Page 160: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

% & %

; '

' .

.99

# %& &

0 !

6 % %&

# + % 6 1 2 % % 2 D %& & %% !$ 1 + & ' ' 6 K % %- ' .6 & % %

& % & %

"& % % & = % & 6 % & & - % &

( 9) $ K & & % = " %%= & %%= & K %% % % & D %&

& & & & % - % %

6 & & % K =% % %& & K & & % - =% # 1

:Q " J ';'* # =

' ' 3

Page 161: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

% % & %& & & % % - & %> '( = + .B..

(!

>'# 2 1 '" " > %& , 9; 6!6BB'. %+ & > & % # %& > 1 D 9 , & B9)4. # , & +

) -(

94

, 9/ % & % % %+ =% .; '/ , 9; 9/ & K

# < " * 1 " + 4! 1 >

' ' / '/ -'/ 3

Page 162: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

, 99 %& - , %+ >% & - 7, 997&88 >% %1 7, 9/7&88 , 9) %

% L 5 & 6 =% 1 7, 9)7388 6 5 & 79BBB &8 & & & = % , 9)78 9)78 ,9)78 % %+ L 5 &

>'# 3 ' , 94 % & 656 & , & B.9 # > & & & '9BB % % % # %%= ;.' BBB

(a) Surface Pressure Contour

(b) Comparison of Wave Profiles

0.15

0.10

0.05

0

–0.05

–0.10

–0.15

Z/L

–2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5X/L

Idelsohn et al.18

Hino et al.14

Duncan23

# <8 " * 1 " + 4! #$ #$ !

' ' 3

Page 163: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

>'# 5 # =% % & & .9 / 31 K 3@11 % N 1 K %& , 9*78

1 && 6 'B/ 944 % , 9*7&8 %+ % % 'B 1

–4 –2 0 2 4 6 8Distance

0.2

0.15

0.10

0.05

–0.05

–0.10

–0.15

–0.20

Wav

e el

evat

ion

ExperimentIdelsohn et al.18

(a) Surface pressure contour

(b) Comparison of wave profiles

# << " * A* @ + 4! #$ ! #$ ! /

' ' / '/ -'/ 3

Page 164: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

Re = 500Re = 1000Re = 5000

Re = 10000

0.04

0.02

0

–0.02

–0.04

–0.06

Wav

e el

evat

ion

–4 –2 0 2 4 6 8Distance

(e)

# <= " * A* @ :- 4! #$#$ 1" * B* #$ 7 B*

' ' 3

Page 165: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

(a)

(b)

# <> -" 3B #$ - #$ 7

' ' / '/ -'/ 3

Page 166: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

< ') 3

#

%& %& D % K K 1 % % & 1 & % &

(a)

# <5 " #$ - #$ 7

') 3

Page 167: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

# & %& & & & & % & & L & % K 7/.8

( 9*

%%& & # % N =% D %& & + = N =%

'

9(

& % # & K & %%=

'

9'B

5% & K & &

( 9''

, %

9'.

& & K 7 & % 8 K 79(8

'

9';

# > & & D HL & 7 > 2 % ./ .98

) ( ;

9'/

&

)

9'9

1 L % +

9')

' ' / '/ -'/ 3

Page 168: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

%+ % & D > & 5 & 7-8 % ) ) % & & D K

= D &> > & 5 & % # & &1 %& .);(

, & D & + # + D &> 753$ 8 !$ & %% %& D % &%&, 9( & K

./ $ 2 & &6 & % 2 7 % 8 # %& , /; %% 5 & 6 & D %

!$ # K % = & & 1 #& 9'./

, 9'B L 5 & 'B);'

# % L 5 & , 9''6 %& &

, 9'..9 C:< % % % & 6 %% 2 % % =

82 K !% & ./

5 K &1

- = =

S/BT S/'T !$ S/BT S/'T !$ S/BT S/'T !$

'B; ''') '''* '''4 ''4/ ''49 '')4 ;)() ;)(4 ;)(.'B/ ../; ../9 ../; 9B*' 9B4/ 9B49 '()/ '(); '();'B9 /9'4 /9.. /9.' ('.' ()'( ('9; )*)* )*)/ )**9'B) *4(4 **.9 **B) ')/' ')*' ')/( ..'; ..B) ..')'B4 3 ')9. ')/B 3 ;B'4 ;B;; 3 )((; 4B.;/ 'B4 3 .;4* .;)/ 3 3 /;'. 3 3 '/'4

') 3

Page 169: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

(a)

(b)

(c)

# <? : ( - B*"

' ' / '/ -'/ 3

Page 170: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

& ! %

% %& + = & %1 D2 & & D D L >% D D

% % %% += % =&1 % D &/./; % %&

θ =

0.5

θ =

–0.5

θ =

0.5

θ =

–0.5

θ =

0.5

θ =

–0.5

θ =

0.5

θ =

–0.5

θ =

0.5

θ =

–0.5

θ =

0.5

θ =

–0.5

α = 60°

g

α = 60°

g

α = 0°g α = 0°g

α = 0°

g

α = 0°

g

IsothermsStreamlines

# <.@ : ( - "* ?

') 3

Page 171: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

(a) (b)

# <.. : ( #$ 8 #$ ?

0 00

11

1 000

000

WR = 0.2 WR = 0.3 WR = 0.4

WR = 0.2 WR = 0.3 WR = 0.4

(b)

ψmax = 7.2, ψmin = –13.9,vmax = 237.3

ψmax = 16.16, ψmin = –20.12,vmax = 248.29

ψmax = 16.11, ψmin = –26.8,vmax = 211.3

(a)

g

# <.0 : %6& #$ - #$ ?

' ' / '/ -'/ 3

Page 172: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

D % , %& &1 & 0 12 //

K & & % /9/) # K &2 & % /)

B 9'4

'' '

& '

'

'

;.

( 9'*

9'(

% % %& =% < /4 7 > > % , &P /*8 % %

' # 9.B & K &% # % D %# %& & % % 2 1

;*.

'9B' . 9.'

* % 2 L D D & K & 6 & K >

% D K %% !$ &/(99 =% >% & N % % % & 7 & & K 8 % K>% /4/( & 6 !$ & &2 & 5 & 75 &8 % D

') 3

Page 173: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

50

(a) Da = 10–6, Ra = 108, ε = 0.8

50

(b) Da = 10–4, Ra = 106, ε = 0.8

10

(c) Da = 10–2, Ra = 104, ε = 0.8

# <. : ( ! 4 * B*" 3*

' ' / '/ -'/ 3

Page 174: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

# & > % % D 5 & # & + %

&-

.

9..

7D 8, 9'; % &

K L 5 &/) 6 & 7'B)8 7, 9';788 & 7'B.8 % >% D & 2 = L , 9';7&8 & , 9';78 9';7&8 > D # K %% >% D K

' # K & %& & % >%

<8 '/ 3

#

& D %& & > # =% D % , /') % 6 % > % & >1 %, % & &

D %% & K % & %& & & & D 5 & & % & %%= & 9))/ 78)9)) > 7:8)4)* & , % K & % & % % &1 % &

# & D K % % L % K % %+ + %

'/ 3

Page 175: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

& & !$ %&)/

' %

# 5 31 K & & D &

9.; & D % K K &

B 9./

'' '

'

'

( 9.9

7K ;48

.;

9.)

5 & +> $ K % & # & & & L K %% !$ $ K

.;

.; 9.4

& 1 & 1 # & K 7 D8 % K + !$ & $ % + & &

K &

'/ '.$! 9.*

' ' / '/ -'/ 3

Page 176: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

K BB( & 1 $! = 7 B/ 8 # = $! &

$!

;&

'/ 9.(

& # & 1 % K

B 9;B

K ,

&

;.

9;'

! K & % K

'

.

.

B 9;.

' & '/9 '99 . '(.3.B K '; & >K

.

9;;

# # L 5 & & % , 19)). 5 & 1 %

" # , >K & 9)

'/ '.$! 9;/

&

;.

9;9

' B')B ' B.);

9;)

, >K N ' . %% >

K & % & % ' .

'/ 3

Page 177: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

% ).

' BB')9. ' .B9

9;4

' 'BB9

;9;*

. ' . 9;( . # & B B6 1 > # L

+ & K L %)(

# K 3L K !% . !$ & 6 & ). D % &1 % 5 & ;B.9 , 9'/78 %+ % =% 4B 6 & & # > , 9'/7&8

3.02.52.01.51.00.5

0

Y

0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0U/Uo

1 unit of U/Uo = 1 unit of X/h

(a) Velocity profiles downward of the step

k-ε model (CBS)Exp.

(b) Streamline pattern

# <.8 0 4! ! " * /8

' ' / '/ -'/ 3

Page 178: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

!'

' @F # % 2 2 2 '(4B. ! 6 % % % %& 2

1 2 "2 2 # . 6 '(44; @ $ @ ! 2 - #+-" 7' # 7

+ " $ 6 '(4(

/ , & @ ! 2 - #+-" 7' #7 + " $ 6 '(*;

9 H @ % % , /

, 38 '(*() ? # : > % 2 8> #2 .!

6 '((B4 1 " % % 2 ,

2 328 .9)3** '((B* 5 6 % > % 1 2 8= #2 # . '((.

( 5, $1 ? ! # : , > % 2 2 : #2 2 # . ! 6 '((;

'B 6 % 2 18 #2 . # > '(()

'' ! @ : : 6 %2 %

% 2 18 #2 . # '(()'. !! ! 6 & 2 D

2 2 2 2 2 2, ''9;349 '(4)'; # !% D % & 31

K 2 4 2 "2 2 # . 'B;3'4 @% '(*(

'/ # : 6 @ 6 +

D 2 : 2 "2 2 # . 6'4;3(/ '((;

'9 # 6 %& D

!=B!?>:1 '((4') 5 :Q ! ? " J 5 6 & %

=B!8>? '((4'4 5 :Q ! ? " J ,

3 ""<# ",- "2 6 % 43'' '((*'* 5 " J ! , %

%& 2 2 2 2 2 68 9B;3.* '(((

'( ! $ F D 7F",8 & 2 "2 2 5; .'B3.9 '(*'

.B 5 ! Q " J + + 2 2

2 2 . , ,* 6 .('3;'B '((/.' 5 5 : , + L

+ , - 52 ((3'') '((*

.. 5 : 5 , 2 2 22 2 67 7 %% .BBB8

.; @ # &1 >&1 > 2 , 2 239 9B43') '(*;

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Page 179: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

./ "! 0 12 !>&>% 7!$8 %& D %& 2 2 2 2

, : ()(3(B '((*.9 # - ,

>% 2 2 2 2 . , ,* :

'((3..B '((*.) , % , . ;

?1 '((B

.4 6 $- . ?1 '((;

.* ? @ " . % >F ?1 '(*B

.( "! 0 12 5 H > %& D #% D ,

, @ F !% .B %% .;93)46 : '(4)

;B @! 5 "! 0 12 %

0 ,* ! # !6 $&& %% /;93/4 '(4*

;' @! 5

& . 8 *'3(. '(*.;. @! !! ? , & D

% 2 "2 2 2

2 2 9; '3.4 '(**;; $ 5 , D"2

, 29 ;/(3** '(**;/ $ 5 #! @ @ 61 >% =% +

% D %& 2 2 2 2 2 56 )493() '((.;9 $F 66 , L

2 2 22 . , ,*

5 ;B93'* '((;;) ! , =

2 . !

3; ;';3;B '(();4 ! : ! ! , & = >

2 2 2 2 , 35 /43)/ '(();* ! : !? ! ! ! , &

D = > . 52 9.(39B '((4

;( ?# H 66 , =

> & & 2 2 . 62 ')';3'( '((*/B H F K A 6 & 1

2 2 2 2 , 5 ./(3)/ '(*;

/' : U #6 5K !% > !& % 2 "2 2 87 .'B3.* '(*9

/. 6 6 $- " % >F ?1

'((./; . % >F ?1

'(('// "! 0 12 6 ! ! $6 D # "

5 * # + (' ! '(((/9 F !: # $ L D %

2 2 . 36 '(93.B; '(*'

' ' / '/ -'/ 3

Page 180: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

/) # - + D & % 2 2 .

6, ;(993)4 '((4/4 , D %1 "2 2 2 6: *(3(/ '(9./* H : F > L %

2 2 . 53 .';93/* '(*(/( # - &>L

+ D % 3 >

%% . 5, /';3.) '(()9B # - L % >

D % 2 2 . , ,* 2; 9)3* '((*9' 5 6 >% %% %

& D D % "2 2 2 22 298 '/439/ '((*

9. # - % &

D D > % 2 2 . 63 '.B93'9 '(((

9; , % 1

& D % 2 "2 3;.43;( '(((

9/ - # - $ D

> D % &- D= 3 "2 2 2 2 28 4)934) '(((

99 "! 0 12 , % % D 7 & %&8

9) % & % - # 2 2 ;3('93.. '(4B

94 $ : $ % 6

? '(4.9* ! # 31 K = % @# "

78 , ,* 6 6: %%

'.'3;. '(4/9( #H ! # 6 = >

K & + 2 2 2;(93( '(44

)B ! # #H , K & D 2 "2 2 3; ');34. '(4*

)' 6@ $1 , & D 2 2 "2 2 2

0 ,* '(4*). !H : $ 6 + %

& 2 , 2 2,5 /9)3)B '(*'

); 5 1 6 6 , D # & 2 2 2;4*93*') '((/

)/ "! 0 12 $F 5 ! % & >% O& %& D 2 2 2 2 ,35 '3.; '(()

)9 @ @R 2 6 L 5 5 #

% & 2 , 2 388 )93(B '((;)) A 6 & 2

+2 , 2 5, 9;(34* '((*

!'

Page 181: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

)4 5 5 & D 2 +2 , 229 ((3';4 '(*/

)* : " R & 2 +2, 2 3: /93*. '(()

)( # 2 " #& D %

; , - 5, ;9;3); '((*4B $ 6 1 6

& D 2 2 A #2 2 : )*'3*; '(49

' ' / '/ -'/ 3

Page 182: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

-'/ #;- # 3

=. ('

& % & >% D & % % 6%%> / )* D )* % & 6 % =% %& % =% % + L + '(*B % L & + 2 + =% %" + %%=

%& + %= % + K % %%= & % %%& > 2 & % %&7'B93'B4 ", K %8, %& & %&

& % & % & & & + L %% & % N % %& 2 & & & + % % 7 + 8 !% ' ; & K D

%& %& D !% / %& %% %+ %& D >% D & = B9 D 1 , > =% !% . ; % 1 + < :Q

& 1 ';* 1 % %

Page 183: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

+ + 1K + % %% #3H1 % .'B

!% . > & = > !$ !% ; % &%%= %& & % &7 8

=0 #)'# 2

# 31 K %& D !% ' % %+ K 7'./8 7'.98 ' . ;

*

+ B )'

# ' . ; ).# ' ' .' . ; ; ).&

*# B'.;

).

+# B ' . ; ). &

.

;

).

# & K & C< & % S K 7'')8 7''48T , D ;( N

);

%+

' )/

% %+ #

'

'

)9

-'/ #;- # 3

Page 184: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

'

'

.))

'

.))&

# & 1 K 7).8

& & K 7)'8 & %& & &

* ,

( %& % &

D N %% % &% & 7 )'.8 % % %& L %% % > % D & & & %& 2 C+ < 2 & & %% > && D % =% 31 % %> < ;(

'/9;.

''B 'B) )4

, & & & 5 < % K % 9/ !% 9 & =%

= ' 9 / -' 3

# K & & %& 31 K %& D & & & 12 /B D = K 31 %& % K & !%

; %%= & % % & % %&

' 9 / -' 3

Page 185: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

,

+> & & 31 %&, * % &

%+ 72 8 , 1 D= & 2 7 8 %+ & & & /

# = D , )' 7 ;)!% ;8 .'B; & %

2 5 & % %% K , 2 K %% % &

'

.

;

)*

% %& 7% 8 &

()(

6 & %% K7)*8 % D &

+

' )'B

%&A

78 )*

D = & % & %+P

Γs

Γu

Γu

Γs Γs

External flow Internal flow

# =. . ! *) *

-'/ #;- # 3

Page 186: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

7&8 )*

& % %&

, & & %= & %+ % 5 & K % N &1 % & %%& % + & 7 !% ; ;)8

,

% & K, * % %&

% % %& D D # & %

B, & & % D= & , / # % D 1

K D & %%=> & % 2 1 2 & ;) !% ;

=8 %' --': " #'

F + %%= & %& D %& # + #3H1 % >% >% & !% . .'B %%& !$ % !% ; & % N K & %>& % %& %& D % D %& % #3H1 =% !% ; % K & 7, ;/8 !$ %% % & =% >% >%

!$ $ %& &

%' --': " #'

Page 187: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

& >% % =% >% 6 1 > %&

2 % % % & # % % % ;;/ !% ; & =% % ;;/

%% % & = %& 1 L % % # %& %& D

1 &- =

=< " -'

! + %%= & >% B = % 1 %& + % 1 % # & % & >+ 1 & %%= % K , + % % & 1 % %& % + 1 1 %

& 1 =% + 1 # % % N & & > %& & = , ' $ /'/.

# % L % 1 + & 5/; '(9B # &2 & & & + % & 1 + % :%// /9 !1 $ /) @ /4 6 + & % & % & ') /* + % # + % % &>K %& D 5 % 1 % /( & L # % + L % 1 +

% + %%= K

-'/ #;- # 3

Page 188: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

& =% >% K & # % % K ' & &

'# ' -

)''

- %%% + L N % - & 1 %& , % * & K % % K - % & $ K %&

# N - & K % & % & % & % /)

- ;

.

)'.

> N % % &% & K % & & & % & !% / /96 % & %%=

& 7 8 /*

..

. %% )';

% % % % # & =% & > + L %%= # = %& & - %%= & % 7K )'.8

-

%%# )'/

- K %%= - A

- . )'9 . % .

" -'

Page 189: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

/*

.

)')

& + . ' % = . B % - 7 8 # >%+ N & BB .B# & & H1 +

%%= 7 K )'' )'; )'98

'# ' %'

.

%% )'4

K 7)'98 % & & & K # & N # >L 2 L L K % 6 &% &> + % 7 K )'' )'.8

'# ' %'

;

..

&#

&

)'*

# %& 6 &

" # - K + '(*) & 9B & 9'9/

6 & ! /( >% 1 % % + N -& & L & 3H1 1 & % 1 % & # & N &

-

)'(

% & & & L> 1 % L %% %&999)

== " -'' :- ' ' 2

# % % & %% > %& % % =%

-'/ #;- # 3

Page 190: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

,, 9 $ !

# > %& % L & & & % B , ). % L % # %& = % & 94 '

,, 0$ % $$ 22

K % & - - >

1.000

0.425

t = 0

ρ

0

u Lumped mass

Consistentmass

2.5

2.0

e

t = 18.5

# =0 0 B 8E 0 " E # 8$ 6 6

" -'' :- ' ' 2

Page 191: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

' 9*

- 'B .9.'.9

B 9 ).B

# % D D D % , ); %&

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

00 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0

x

ρ

(a) Subsonic inflow and outflow

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

00 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0

x

u

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

00 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0

x

ρ

(b) Supersonic inflow and outflow

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

00 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0

x

u

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

00 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0

x

ρ

(c) Supersonic inflow–subbsonic outflow with shock

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

00 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0

x

u

ExactCL = 2.0CL = 1.0

0.75 0.50.0 5.0

a/2u' u2

C1C1

# = 9 4! " ,, 2* ( ,

-'/ #;- # 3

Page 192: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

9BB % , % D & D 1 :%>% + L , );78 C < N :%

(a) Structured uniform mesh

3.00.6

1.0

Inflow

2016 elements1089 nodes

y

x

t = 0.5

t = 1.5

t = 2.5

t = 4.0

(b) Solution – contours of pressure at various times

# =8 0 4! ! = # 7! 8>$ 94!1 / 4!

" -'' :- ' ' 2

Page 193: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

,, -%5 ! % !

# + =% % D % # %& + & !9( / % %& , )/

N % :% :% .B & % 1

=> 1 -) '4 -' '-'/

,3 #

# =% % 1 & > %& >% D ! K + C - < & + % & & & %& %& D % 1 + > 1 , % + & & C% < 1 % % + % % & = 31 K + K & % % % /9 !% /

,3 -$ 5. ! $ $

" %%= & & 2 7 8 & > , %% & % # % /9!% /# % & # &

% = & C< + , )978 & & & N %% # &

-'/ #;- # 3

Page 194: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

+ 6 % % , )97&8 & % + & ( & %% % & %& % &1 % L 2 7 % 8

1 , )) , )) % 1

-% % # & C& < 1 , )) + & 1 % & =% %

K %& % % + % +

N + % %&)B + %& & + % + & &% E # + % %% & %%

K + & % & %% )'

(a) Triangle subdivision

(b) Restoration of connectivity

# =< 1 #$ 0" #$ B *

1 -) '4 -' ' -'/

Page 195: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

,3 5. $ %5 !

N & & & $ & &- %% + &- /9 !% / # %& 2 & & %% & ''') N > %& 7 & % 8 %&

=% = % % , )4 % =%'' 1 D

% C>< %%%

20°CL

Initial configuration Density after 100 steps

20°CL

After 101 steps Density after 200 steps

20°CL

After 201 steps Density after 250 steps

Exactsolution

Q

# == - 1 / 4! !" + * - *

-'/ #;- # 3

Page 196: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

(a)

(d)

(b)

(e)

(c)

(f)

Anal

ysis

dom

ain

Wal

l

#=>

B4

!

!+

(

(

#$

'

E>

'=

E<#$

'?

8

'=

E>#$

'<

8

'8

<

"

#$

#$

1 -) '4 -' ' -'/

Page 197: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

% # # , )* %= =% )* &

> & A

(c) The corresponding pressure contours

(b) The corresponding density

(a) Sequence of meshes employed

Analysisdomain

22° Flowvelocity

# =5 A* 4! * 1 8 " 9 ' 8=E ' >E<) ' /</ ' ?>?) ' < ' 8E=

-'/ #;- # 3

Page 198: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

(c) (d)

(a) (b)

10

5

1

M = 3r = 1

u1 = 1u2 = 0

# =? - 4! *8? / #$ "* * #$ ' ?8 ' = >E> #$ 1 " #$1 "

1 -) '4 -' ' -'/

Page 199: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

1.80

1.60

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

0.40

0.20

0

–0.20–3.00 –2.00 –1.00 0 1.00 2.00 3.00

X

Gp

(a)

4.00

3.00

2.00

1.00

0–3.00 –2.00 –1.00 0 1.00 2.00 3.00

X

Mac

h nu

mbe

r

(b)

MUSCLCBS: Anisotropic Shock CaptureCBS: Second Derivative Shock Capture

# =.@ - 4! *8? / #$ #$ 1 " " *

-'/ #;- # 3

Page 200: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

' 6 1 &. 6 N 1 % D C+ < & = 2 %%

; , 2 & + %

, % %& % & 5 ).3)/ % K % >% D , )( )'B % ; D %

9) # 7, )(7&88 % 1 1 # & + % , )(78 )(78 & !$ & 1 %

Analysis domain

# =.. 9 "" ! !E

1 -) '4 -' ' -'/

Page 201: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

& 1 % % , )'B N % & & > % & !:). % 1 % 6 % = % % 7>&8 , )'' % =% % 1

& 1 6 = + & % =% '4 % %

=5 '; ) :-

#> %& D > %& & % %%=> %& > !% ; = > %& %% + , & % > %& =% & > & & % 6 % & & 1 % %& & 1 % L % % %

% = %% %

& & & % % & .) & % 2 6%% = !

% & % & % K + 6 & + % + + &K + %%= + % +

-'/ #;- # 3

Page 202: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

% % &K # % & % % 6%% = K )9)( % & & & C <

+ # & %% % L

$ # % %2 % % % % %& &-;);*

> %% =% %& )'B > 31K

,: $ % ! !

%% % D + L % & # & % : % %& + % >'(*B + 7 + + & @ 4B8 # + % & # %& & = 14' F % % & ') '(*4, )'. ') % +

% . # % % 7 8 + 2 1 '.9 BBB %%= 4B BBB

;9B BBB & # % & & % D % &6 % % &1

& D

'; ) :-

Page 203: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

% %% L + & .) =% & 1 K ' )') BBB + & %

# =.0 4! " #1 $? : ' E ' 8

-'/ #;- # 3

Page 204: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

,: -496- $ ! 3:3

6 %& % & & & # % % & &

# =. - 0AB;-0 --E #$ #$ #9" #$ * -- " 6 " F* B 3*$

'; ) :-

Page 205: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

% # % '9 "& '((4 1 %& & % & % 7 & 8 %& >= # % D % & % 6 K & % = 49B , %&# % &

% % & >% % &

(a)

(b)

# =.8 - 0AB;-0 --E #$ " #$

-'/ #;- # 3

Page 206: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

1 % %& 1 K + % & & # &- % & & % > % & & & # % %

% =% % + & 1 # & 1 %- 'A.9 1 '; % 1 , )';78 %%.4

% , )';7&8 % > % 7 A ;( 9.* A 4( B)BP A ';/ .4. A **4 );/8 % > > %& % , )'/ % .4 &

&1 , )'9 % !, .4 =%

# 1& =% # % %% % % & & 1 K D 7 8 %% % % % %%

6

4

2

–2

–4

–6

–6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8P.S.L

Pendine tests

CFDresults

KeyM = 0.71M = 1.08M = 0.96M = 1.05

Computerresults

Pendinetest results

# =.< - 0AB;-0 --E

'; ) :-

Page 207: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

# % % % %+% & B4' B() 'B9 'B*

,: <$ (!

# > =% & K& > 1') .# , )')

(a) Mesh on analysis surface

(b) Mesh on analysis surface (c) Pressure contours

# =.= 0 * " ? 1 #= $

-'/ #;- # 3

Page 208: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

=? ' '; -'/

% %& %% % > & & L %& &

# =.> ! "E/ - " * ! 9 8<

' '; -'/

Page 209: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

% =% #+ =% % 4; > , )'4 % & > % % 1 6 % , )'*

> %&4; " > % &

NE = 7870NP = 4130

NE = 7377NP = 3867

NE = 6847NP = 3580

NE = 8459NP = 4379

# =.5 ! "E/ 1 1 " = =/

-'/ #;- # 3

Page 210: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

+ , )'( > %%=> .( # % + %> 1

=.@ -'/

! % % & 31 K & L 6 %& % % & 7 1 !% /8 % + & + =% & + & & + & % = # % + !% / # & & =% )'B. )'B; K + + & H + % & & 1

(a) (b)

# =.? - " > #$ 9 ) #$

-'/

Page 211: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

# % % %& > )'' %% & + & # % + & , ).B

%& K & 7 > %&8 > K % & & 4/4)

,7 ' ! (!

# =% & 1 & % >% D D %44 # %& = & !4* + L % %>% & % + 6 += + & &

, ).' & !$ , ).. % !<4* %

l

d

d

Unstructured, adaptively refinedtriangles

10–15 ‘body’ layers of quadrilateralelements with length l, correspondingadaptive layer thickness d and number of layers decided by user

(a) A two-dimensional sublayer of structured quadrilaterals

‘Body’ layer subdivision in three dimensions joining a tetrahedral mesh

(b) A three-dimensional sublayer of prismatic elements

# =0@ B * *

-'/ #;- # 3

Page 212: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

(a)

(b)

(c)

# =0. G 4! 4 # $EE 1 / #$ ' ?E8 ' / E #$ #$ 1

-'/

Page 213: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

& !$ %% &

,7 ' ! . $ $

% % % !% / % % + 2 % 6 =% %% , ).; %&

5.00

4.50

4.00

3.50

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00

0.50

00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00

X/L

P/P

inf

0.80

0.60

0.40

0.20

00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50

U/Uinf

Y/L

MUSCLCBSCarter

MUSCLCBSCarter

(a)

(b)

# =00 G 4! 4 # $EE 1 / #$ " #$ *

-'/ #;- # 3

Page 214: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

Anal

ysis

dom

ain

Wal

l

(a) I

nitia

l and

fina

l (se

cond

) ada

pted

mes

h

(b) I

nitia

l and

fina

l (se

cond

) pre

ssur

e co

ntou

rs

(c) I

nitia

l and

fina

l (se

cond

) Mac

h nu

mbe

r con

tour

s

#=0

-

**

E>2

'=

><

-'/

Page 215: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

& & D % = % 1 % 4( %& %% !% / # %+ # %& & %% !$ >% D # D 6!6BB'. # %& = & *B*' , )./ + # % & & & 1*.

%& & % + & 1 + =% =

++ ++

+

–0.50 –0.10 0.30 0.70 1.10 1.50

1.50

1.30

1.10

0.90

0.70

0.50

+ + + + ++

++

++ +

+

+ + +

++

First mesh

Third mesh

Experiment

Surface pressure

X/Xshk

+ + + + + + +

+ ++

++++

++

++

+++ ++

+ First mesh

Second mesh

Experiment

Skin friction

0.30

0.20

0.10

–0.00

–0.10

–0.20

–0.50 –0.10 0.30 0.70 1.10 1.50

×10–2

X/Xshk

CF

+ +

++

(d) Surface pressure and skin friction

# =0

-'/ #;- # 3

Page 216: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

(a)

Density contours(b)

Wake region, density contours(c)

# =08 0 4! : < 1 >8 #$ ' ? /<< ' / 8 #$ * #$ * !

-'/

Page 217: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

Initial mesh, 1804 points, 3487 elements Mach number

(a)

Mach number

Mach number

adaptive mesh, 916 points, 1830 elements

(b)

1162 points, 2258 elements(c)

# =0< A* 4! : < 1 1 #$ #$ #$ #$ " # ! $

-'/ #;- # 3

Page 218: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

Initi

al m

esh

adap

tive

mes

hSe

cond

refin

emen

t

(d)

#=0<

-'/

Page 219: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

,7 ! ! . $

6 %% N % - & & , & > & %& 1 + & & , ).B K" & 1 %& & K> # %& & )'' %% 6 % % & %+ % % & % += & & = %& & # + %& & =% + & 1 & #

# =0= - " * * ! / " *

-'/ #;- # 3

Page 220: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

% & %& & 0 12 *B & & % K & 1 # & & = & & 1 % & % ;B;; % % 1 # & & %% % % + % % , ).9 % D 6!6BB'.

1 *B # , ).) >%

=.. '; ) -'/

# % & % & U 5 & &

(a)

# =0> A* 4! 1 <8 / #$ 9 '8 >> ' /><<

'; ) -'/

Page 221: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

, ).4 D 5 & & & % ;' =% & > # =% % &

% = & D "56) & 7, ).*8;/

(b)

(c) (d)

# =0> #$ #$ ' E> / ' == E? #$ #$ 1

-'/ #;- # 3

Page 222: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

=% & 6 & !% 9 % K, ).*78 % N % =% *;

=.0 ' '9) ' -#

1 >% D = & D % % & L + #D & % %& & %%= & % %& & !% & %%=> 1 & % % # & % &

(a)

# =05 0 4! 5:+B 1? !"/= #$ - '=< 8?

' '9) ' -#

Page 223: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

% & 1 % 1 % 1 ! & %& & L K & % & 31 K

K %2 & % & % 1 6 K &

%% & K & C % < D*/ C> < *9 & D & %%, = % & & *)(B

% % %> 3 % ('(; 6 3

(b)

# =05 #$ #$

-'/ #;- # 3

Page 224: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

% %%& %& & % & % D(/() 3 % K 6%% =

1.5

1.0

0.5

0

–0.5

–1.0

–Cp

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0X/C

1.5

1.0

0.5

0

–0.5

–1.0

–Cp

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0X/C

1.5

1.0

0.5

0

–0.5

–1.0

–Cp

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0X/C

1.5

1.0

0.5

0

–0.5

–1.0

–Cp

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0X/C

1.5

1.0

0.5

0

–0.5

–1.0

–Cp

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0X/C

1.5

1.0

0.5

0

–0.5

–1.0

–Cp

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0X/C

(c)

# =05 #$ #$ H ==H ?8H <H >H >8H !" /= </

' '9) ' -#

Page 225: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

=. # ''

# % & % > %& + %% >% # K & =% % %& = %& K K & L # % 1 % N & % %& > & L N % >%D & & %%= & C < & %& # 1 K & =% & & % & %% , &- % & % # %& = & 31 K % & > = & % &% & % = %% & % 6 % % %& " % & 2 > & %> & L % % D % % & & % %& %

!'

' 5 :Q "! 0 12 # > %&

K & + 2 2 2 2 , 6 'B/;3);'(*/

. 5 :Q "! 0 12 % =% %&

"2 2 2 2 2 68 ;';3.( '(*/; "! 0 12 5 :Q @ % %& D %& D , , 7

5 H H, ! @# " "! 0 128 F ) % . %% /'3** ! '(*9

/ 5 :Q "! 0 12 6 % + % %& % D "2 2 2 2 2 82 //'3)9 '(*9

-'/ #;- # 3

Page 226: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

9 5 :Q @ "! 0 12 : , %& D ",- "2 , - 7

@ $ 8 F %% .439; ! "= '(*)) 5 :Q @ F , D= %7,3,!#8 31 K 2 2 2 2 2 7

'B(;3'B( '(*44 5 :Q "! 0 12 6% + %& 31 K 2 2 "2

+$ , " :& '(*/* 5 :Q @ "! 0 12 , % D >4!848!" '(*9

( "! 0 12 @ F 5 :Q ,

%& D B 2 "2 " # F & '(*9

'B 5 :Q "! 0 12 6% +

%& 31 K +$ , " 7 $&1 "! 0 12 @ H 5 6"8 % '9 %% .*'3(* ! '(*)

'' @ F "! 0 12 6% >%& D % 2 "2 2 73 //(3)) '(*4

'. @ @ "! 0 12 6 % +

% D 14 # 5 666%% *4>B99* '(*4

'; "! 0 12 @0 0 ?! : @ %A % %& D ,

7,0 >B8 7 @5 8 %% /*;39'. 6 : '(**

'/ : , @ % +

2 2 23 '493*' '(**'9 "! 0 12 @ @ : , ,

D !%& D K % #

"2 + - , - 6 (9 6 > & '(**

') @ @ : , "! 0 12 , % ;> 2 2 2 2 2 39 .';939( '(*( 7

A 1: # 5 666 %% *4>BB;.'(**8

'4 @5 55 #- 65 6%% +

K 1 5 666 %% **>B;)* '(**

'* 55 #- @5 " @ 6 % % >

31 K 2 2 2 2 , ;/B93.9 '(*(

'( 5 :Q 6% %& &

, - " " 666 %% **>;4;) '(**.B 5 :Q # N D & +

14 #2 5 666 %% *4>B999 '(*4.' 5 :Q 6% %& "2 2 2 2 2 78

'(93.'/ '(*(.. @ 6 + D >

'(*)

!'

Page 227: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

.; " @ 6 %3=% %& % D "2 2 2 2 2 79 ./939* '(*(

./ 6 # > @ @ " 6 >% % 2 "229 (';3;; '(((

.9 5 : 6 % % & %& D % A '> +> 2 "2 22 7 '(399 .BBB

.) @ + D +2 2 2 92 9)(3);* '((*

.4 5 6 " # % D # % - <2 2 2 2 F 2

2 4(3(( '(((.* " < % DE

58 ''B3'/ 6 '(((

.( " :$ $ 6 % D & ""<# C=> ?1

;B " @ & @ #

D !=3!13: @ .B3.;! % 6

;' " @ & @ %

%& % D 2 2 22 2 5: ''.;3/* '((9;. " @ & @ >

D 2 2 2 2 2 5; 9/(3)4 '(();; " @ & %

%& D & %> 2 2 2 2 , 37 /'399 '((*

;/ # 2 " #& D %

; , - 5, ;9;3); '((*;9 @ & " 6 % +

%& D & 2 2 2 2 2 53 49'3

)9 '((';) " @ $1 5 @ @ 6 %

1 % % 2 2 2 2 , 52 '9(34; '(((

;4 @ $1 " % %& "2 22 2 2 283 '9434/ '((*

;* 5 6 F & % "2 2 2 2 2 277 'B(3.9 '(((

;( ! " / ,* F !>

'(**/B : 12 @# " 52 6 +

%& 31 K & % % >%

% "2 2 2 2 2 :6 .493;.) '((B/' @ F1 @ L 65 $% , %

1 + $ 2: '/(939B. '(*B/. , 6 + 1 +

K 2 "2 2 :, ')*3.B; '(*(/; @ 5 5 6 >

1 2 2 2 32 .;.34 '(9B

-'/ #;- # 3

Page 228: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

// 6 :% 6 1 & + L 2 "22 3 '9/344 '()4

/9 @: % + L D & 2 29 )4(3*) '(4*

/) 5 !1 $ $ 6 31

K %% 1 & B4!8 '(49/4 6 @ %

D "2 2 2 2 2 82 /)43(; '(*9

/* @ @ "! 0 12 6% %% 1 %& 78" , - ! "= '((B%% ;.43//

/( 5 ! 6 % % + > L K "2 2 2 2 2 22, ;.93/.'((;

9B #@5 6 + D FA 6 % % 3L %&"2 2 2 2 2 8: ;.(3;) '(*)

9' ! @ 6 2% " + %& 2 "2 6; /.43// '(*4

9. 6! HJ H ! 6 %%= % 3

H1 %& "2 2 2 2 2 9:*;3(9 '(**

9; & ! @ 6% L %& D & "2 2 2 2 2 :7 .)43*B '(('

9/ , 1& #@5 0 @ 6 + %> D G # %& 31 K "22 2 2 2 :; '/'3.'( '(('

99 "! 0 12 $F 5 ! FR 2K21 % 8? 2 "2 , , 2 @! ;9B3) @ 93* '((* # 62

69) "! 0 12 $F 5 ! FR 2K2

1 % D 2 2 2 2, 3: ';.939; '((*

94 H 6 + L > %& 2 "2 2 37 '3;' '(4*

9* # #2 #@5 % + K

+ %& % % K %% '(*;

9( ! # D

1 2 "2 2 86 ''934; '(*/)B "! 0 12 @0 0 6 % % % %>

2 2 2 2 2 36 ;;4394 '(*4

)' @# " : 12 6 % % A % % D # # ", 7 6 @# " 8 6 > '(**

). # 2 5: @ 6 ,O!: %& K 2 2 "2 , ,A * '((; %% ;4(3**

!'

Page 229: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

); 5 : @ @ #F >%& K 2 2 22 , 2; *.43/4 '((/

)/ 5 : # 2 " @ % & %& D % 2 2 22 -2 3 '(43.'' '((9

)9 56 " + @5 78 , ,0 8=B> 6 : '(4( %% /9(3))

)) 1& # & 78 : > ()B % >F $ '(*.

)4 5 :Q 6 % %& 2 2 2 2 2 36 'B'3'9 '(*4

)* ! 5 : + % + 2 "2 2 2 59 4(3*( '(('

)( :%2 5 ! 6 % % + >

2 2 2 2 2 6, ('(3;) '((44B 6 @ #@ $1 ! D

% 13 #2 5 666 %% *)>

B'B; '(*)4' F $ @ = $ W . ; % +

0 2 237, )/3*' '(*4

4. 5 & 6 H # ! : .+D# # : '((*

4; @ & , D > '(*)

4/ ? ;> %= > 2 52 '*9B3) '((;

49 ? 6% & % 2 2 2 2 , 3,

'B.;3;4 '((94) 6@ ! ? 6% & 7%>8 %>

& D 2 2 2 2 , 39 'B*93'B9 '((*

44 "! 0 12 5 ! FR 2K2 "2 # !>$>% %A 6 N D %& 2 2 22 , 52 ;9(3(. '(((

4* @ ! 31 K % >

D > % # +!+!>4 '(4.4( " , % % %& D

'((B

*B "! 0 12 @ 6 + % >%& D 2 2 2 2 2 57 .'*(3.'B '((/

*' @ !>2 $1 : H , $ 6 >

% % A %% "A , -C=: & 2 ""<# "2 @>6 R R ! %% '*'3*)

*. "! 0 12 6% D %&>

2 2 2 2 2 67 7 %% .BBB8*; F , !% & "56 )

& 5+- + +!8> '(4(*/ @ : " % 1 2 , 2 6 ;*; '(9*

*9 @ H @ 1 @, $ & & 1 %& D & > + "+2 +2 2 B=8 '(4;

-'/ #;- # 3

Page 230: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

*) $ # & & & D 2 , 2 59 '443(' '()(

*4 @ H # % & & % %& D2 , 2 52 49;34* '()(

** $ K 6 ? # %+

+ " +2 8>> '(;4*( 5 1 55 ! 5 # D

5 & BB!:>? @ '(44

(B @! : $ ! % % R K= K R + < % 0 + 3@ '(*'

(' @ 2 6 F D > %% 0 34 % % >

F $ 7'((/8(. @ 2 F % K &1 "#

"#!=:!82B24 '(()

(; @ 2 6 % ==!?44? @ '((((/ @! : $ F3 % %& D

5+-;,- . 0 5+-!"484

$ L ! "& '((.(9 @! : $ ! > % D

3 4 2 #2

,* : $ !6 768 @ '((.() @! : $ H=>: ! & 3

%>& .# 48 , - , #G 6 '((9

!'

Page 231: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

";' -'/

>. ('

# D & % % # % > % % K % # % D + D 2 %

% %& & & %%= + K 2 & > K % %A

*

+ , ' . 4'

K & 1 %& D 3 % % %& D 78 A

' # % % % %%&. # % % 7 1 8 %>& D

& % L % #&- % & K %%= K & =%# %%= D > &

& D < &- % % # + &1 = &- ' .

Page 232: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

6 % 2 >K % % & % = % %% ;

>0 / ;' 2

% % 31 K % %& % & %& K A

B 4.

A

'

'

( B 4.&

& ' . ; D , 4'

; ; % > & # K &

H

A

A

h

U1

u1

us1

Average velocity

η

x3

x2

x1

τs13 , wind drag

Hh

A

A

τh13 , bed ‘friction’

Free surfacep = pa

(atmosphere)

Mean waterlevel

(datum)

(a) Coordinates

(b) Velocity distribution

η

# >. 0 !! :

/ ;' 2

Page 233: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

'

; ( B 4;

(; ( 6

( ; - 4/ ; % % 7 -8 7 & & D 8" ; &

7 9; !% 98

; &

'

' .

.49

&

&; &

&'

' &.

.49&

% , D %

&' &. B 4) &

&; B %%= & K &

% ; ! ( K 74.8 ;

;;

;

''

;

..

; B 44

6 ' . 1 , 4'7&8 +

; 4*

' . :& 2 ) #

-

#) # )

#

-

) # ) # #

- # -#

4(

& K 7448 K 74)8 &

;

4'B

";' -'/

Page 234: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

' . # + K 7448 & %

;;

; ; 4''

7498 &

;;

;

4'.

6 K 74'B8 74'.8 %> +

B 4';

% % K 2

'

'

(

; B 4'/

' . & + & % >

%> K &

'

.(. . '

;

' ; &; ( (

-

B 4'9

& & %& = # & K =% & & !R 2 =%

&; (-

.4')

-

' .

!R 2 N K 74'98 ( ! % >

%& +

(' (. (. (' 4'4 ( ! %# K + N

& 1

.;

4'*

/ ;' 2

Page 235: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

6%%= K 74'98 &

'

; '

.;

4'(

K 74';8 74'98 > %& K 74'8 %%% + &# ' .

-

'

.

4.B

' ''. (. .

. .'. (. .

4.B&

* B

' .

4.B

74'(8

+

B

(. ( '

-'

' ;'

('-.

(' ( .

-.

' ;.

(.-.

4.B

# & > K + % / 9 %%& > K = %%= % >%%

& K % > %% > & & & % & %% % =% D % & # % > %% & & 2 K 74';8 74'98

> & %%= K

B 4.'

(

B 4.'&

";' -'/

Page 236: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

& &

B 4..

(

B 4..&

.

.

(

B 4.;

2 K , % = %# > K %>

D % % % & %& & % %& > & & # = & & D

L # + 2K % > %%= 6 L & & L C < & & 0 12 ) 2 & % % =

> %' --':

$ + L + % & > K # %%= & %% 4 * %% % % % 2 & & >%% %(')

+ %% + &1 '(4. % '4 %% & /9'*/'

6 & =% %& D K & %> > K & & A

% % '

. (. .

%' --':

Page 237: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

# >&>% % % % %& D & >K /./;

# = L + >% D > %& & #3H1 /9 >% !$ % % % D - 7 % 8A

- 4./

2 %

(

A

- 4.9

% =% #3H1 %%= /9;. % > %% , & %&% % & &

% % .B 7=%8 % L % D & =% & = /;//

=% %& & !$% #3H1

>8 :- --

3 - 5 ! !

% % =% % %%& # + , 4. % /9

& # K /)/4 %% & & %# =% , 4; > C &1< %&

% % # %& 1 & %& D & K + L# + =% , 4/ 2

C&< % % % & %

";' -'/

Page 238: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

D % C&< 7 (

8 % % >

1 %

3 -%5 !

# = % % % & %& 6

40 elements

80 elements

160 elements

(b) Solution for 40, 80 and 160 elements(b) at various times

(a) Problem statement

Wavepropagation

Hl

a = 0.1

10 1040

η = a sech2 1/2 (3a)1/2 (x–α–1)

u = –(l + 1/2a) η/(αx + η), a = 0.1, g = 1.0, α = 1/30

Initialconditions

# >0 -" !

:- --

Page 239: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

% ' . # L > % > %& 1 % N % & = & + + % , % 3 + N + & % N # + =% , 49 % %&

2 = 1 %% /* % # % % & & % + % & 6 %& > & K 1& =% %% /9/.///(

C &< % & $ ! 1 , 4) %&# &- =

7 %& % &K D & & & 8 $

h = 2

H = 1

t = 0

t = 2.5t = 5.0t = 7.5

h = H = 1L

0

40 elements in L

η

t = 0

t = 2.5t = 5.0t = 7.5

0

u

# > " ! 6 = *

8

";' -'/

Page 240: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

= & & & & " & %# >%& & &

% D # L & % > % & 71 % % 8 , % & & %% =% & ;9 ;)# , 44

# % % = & L & & % + # 2 . 9 1 2 + &>

# % %%= 9B & &% % % # $ ! % & %

% & =% >=% /; # % & & " % 7"8 +.

/( % %

1.0

0.5

0

–0.5

u

2

0

40 elements

Hho uo = 1 A

Prescribedwater levelhistory

η

# >8 %& ! ! #$ 6 / / #/ $ 6 8 8

:- --

Page 241: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

10

5

0

Surfa

ce e

leva

tion

η (c

m)

x = L

Analyticaly = 0, ±2 ∆yy = 0, ± ∆y

Computed ∆t = T/40

10

5

0

–5

Velo

city

u (c

m/s

)

x = L

Analyticaly = 0, ±2 ∆yy = 0, ± ∆y

Computed ∆t = T/40

t = T/2

t = 3T/4

∆x

L = 22∆x

∆y

y x

Inlet

h (x)

# >< -* " " 6 /

";' -'/

Page 242: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

7=%8 % 79B 8 / 7.BB 8 * 7/BB 8 % 6 N 7 8 BB;* % ! # % !L % % #& 4' % %> & & % % % L % % % 7, 4)8 L % & & # = % & '/Z % /BB % % 9B & % 7';8 9B 7''8 # & 1& >=% , 4* & L 7=% 8 % 5 %

7 , 4) 4(788 C&< % && 6 %% % & %+ = % % %%= & % H 7H8 7449 1 6 8 && % L & % $ 7 8 % , 4(78 % 6 $ D 6 %% & & & % D

StockpoleQuay

Tenby Swansea

WormsHead

Port Talbot

Porthcawl

Barry

Cardiff

NewportBeachley

Avonmouth

East

ern

limit

Clevedon

Weston-Super-Mare

Hinkley PtWatchet

MineheadLynmouth

Ilfracombe

Port Isaac

Wes

tern

lim

it 1 W

este

rn li

mit

2

0 50 km

# >= 6 . - + *

:- --

Page 243: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

25

6

CL:

164

nod

es, 2

51 e

lem

ents

810

9

74

3

1

FL: 5

78 n

odes

, 100

4 el

emen

ts2

5

68

10

9

74

3

1

FR: 3

82 n

odes

, 664

ele

men

ts

5

68

10

9

74

3

CR

: 111

nod

es, 1

61 e

lem

ents

5

68

10

9

74

3

Stat

ion

Loca

tion

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Har

tland

Poi

ntTe

nby

Ilfra

com

bePo

rtloc

kSw

anse

aPo

rthca

wl

Wat

chet

Barry

Wes

ton-

Supe

r-Mar

eAv

onm

outh

#>>

2

.

-

+ *

";' -'/

Page 244: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

&& 7# D = .9 8

3 - %

6 %& & K1 2 > # & <

Time = 0 Time = 3 hours

Time = 6 hours Time = 12 hours

1 m/s

# >5 G* #26 $

72 $ ! 3 & , % 7,: 8 >% 7 'B.8

: "& ,

# & .). .)B 7'Z8 ;'9 ;B9 7;Z8!L /B( /'' 7 BZ8 ;'4 ;.4 7;Z8$ ;*. ;(/ 7;Z8 #& ;') ;') 7'Z8% /'; /.B 7.Z8& ;B* .** 7)Z8 ;9* ;). 7'Z8

:- --

Page 245: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

& = # % N % %> % % & # % %& - 7 %& 1 + 8

P1P2

P3

Finite element mesh including river

(a)A

BE

E

A

B

B

G

(b)

(c)

# >? -

";' -'/

Page 246: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

& & ) % 7,:8 # % , 4'B # %>% 3 " % % & #

& & 5 >% % & & % 1 # & % %% & # , 4'B +

L %

15

10

5

0

–5

–100 5 10 15 20 25 30

t (h)

Elev

atio

n (m

)

MWL

8

6

4

2

0

–2

12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26t (h)

Elev

atio

n (m

)

MWL

ComputedMeasured

10

9

8

7

6

512 14 16 18 20 22 24 26

t (h)

Elev

atio

n (m

)

ComputedMeasured

Point B Point EComputed and measured elevations

ABE

Water elevations for points A, B, E

Severn Bore

(d)

# >?

:- --

Page 247: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

Time = 0 Time = 5 min

Time = 10 min Time = 20 min

Time = 30 min Time = 40 min

# >.@ - " " 7 " # "$

";' -'/

Page 248: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

3 5

" > & & % D & =%% % L % %& D & % # + >

, 4'' % =% & &1 % > );B9B "& % % & % % & # C< &1 % # + L &

1 %& & & C%< + & 9B

6 % > 7 8 %& %> D 1 % >% %& D # D %& > & % D , %> D & & C%< -% C < %%% # %+ %%= & & & D % # '9 + )(4( # % D D, & .9 & A > %& D 7 & , 4'.8 % & 7%% & , 4'.8 & D & 7 , 4'.8 # =% % % , 4'.% C<> C < " & C< &

# >.. 7 * 4! /

:- --

Page 249: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

>< '# '

6 % %& % & > # & > % $ ! 3 & & =% & ' 1 , '. 1 ! & L % %& & , 4'; % L & + 2 & % K & > & &&

& % % %

# >.0 - 4! ! * ! 94! 2 8 ' 8

";' -'/

Page 250: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

>= ";' '-'

> K K % % #% % % % # > % K %=9' & % % K %& ! ( & % 6 % K & 3 %

% K 3

B ' . 4.)

% + % K %%% L N 6 K>% !$ & & L

% 2 7 L % K 8 % % # K>% %> K % % # %% !$ % K >

& & % # % # % % & % ; B ; '# %% 3H1 % +

= 7 8A

% ;! % .

./

! 4.4

P P' ∆η

n

A

A

P

P

Boundary at time tn

Boundary at time tn + ∆tn

# >. @ *

";' '-'

Page 251: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

A

% &#&

&#

&

/

&#

&

!

&#

&

&#&

&

6 % % % %%

Time = 9 hours Time = 18 hours

Time = 36 hours Time = 54 hours

# >.8 A 0 " 4

";' -'/

Page 252: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

# %%= 99 1 L /B ' # % 7 > % 8 ;( # B' L =% # % ; B9 # % L & % B' ;( = L ;.Z ;( %% 1 %% /B % # % %%> & % K & % >% %& & )B % K +. L , 4'/ & =% %

& L %

!'

' $ 6&& " .A , # ,* : '(4(

. H@ 5# - ?1 '(*B

; "! 0 12 5 : H 78 <%

! '(4*/ @ 6 + D > '(*)

9 @ "! 0 12 %&A =%

2 2 2 2 2 33 9/434/ '(*)) "! 0 12 @! 6 + 31 K , % %%

"2 2 2 2 2 27?2: )4;3*( '(4(4 " + > > > D

" 7 @# " 8 %% .)'3*4 >

6 '(*B* 6 + K

" < .4;34* $1 5 '(**

( @@ ! !6 $&& ,! ( , ,* >$> : $ '(4)

'B @@ "<$ & 6 % 2 2<2 3 '/3.) '(4.

'' !% ! 52 ! L % 2 2 <2 26 ;)93*. '(*/

'. HH , 6 >% >

2 > K 2 "2 2 82 /9/3*; '(*;'; 5 H 5 : , > > K

& 2 1 "2 ,! 7 + 7 !6

$&& 8 %% ..;3./. '(4*

!'

Page 253: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

'/ # @# >% + > %% > K 2 52 +2 :9 /B.(3/B '(*'

'9 H@ ,= , > > %& # 2 2 2 3;;4'3*4 '(49

') ! # @ # > %% + > %%

" , 5 '.93/* '(49'4 @ ! 6 % + %& 2 2 2

2 22 '93;' '(4;

'* % @ @ % > % K H1 %%= & 2 7' +2 2,, 4;*3/) '(4.

'( , > > K

2 2 5 ;;43/* '(4(.B @ ! # + D

F . % 9 %% ;;B3* "OH65 & '4 >

" H 2 '(4(.' @ ! ! , + >

92 2 +2 2 #2 2,3 94'3(. '(4(

.. 5# 5 H1 + > %% K & ,! ,*! 7 # 8 #1 #1 '(*.

.; 6 3H1 K %% + > >K % 2 "2 2 83 ;';3;( '(*;

./ 5 F H#6, K> 6 ,"5#56 F

% > K : " 52 23 '9'34; '(*)

.9 6 6 %% + >

D ,! ,*! 7 # 8 %% *;93/. #1 #1 '(*.

.) 6 # %% + >

3 2 2 2 2 , 6 '>.. '(*/.4 5# "! 0 12 % + >

K 2 2 2 2 , 2 ('34 '(*'.* HH , 6 > %

> K 2 "2 2 89 .*43;.; '(*/.( ,GA > > + > ,"5#56 %

> K " 52 25 ..93*9 '(*4

;B $ !6 , @! "! 0 12 6 6 % 2 & 8: " "2 & H "& '(4*

;' #1 # ? # % =% + %% 2 2 2 2 2 23 ;;'39' '(4*

;. @ : @ "! 0 12 # H1

%& 3 "2 2 2 2 2 92;9(3)( '(*4

;; 5 : H 6 K + % " , 7 .B43.* '(4(

;/ " & @ 6 @ % %& & D 2 2 2 2 2 37 ;3.B'(*(

";' -'/

Page 254: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

;9 H :& $ := 5 R K >F % R <R R + G , 5% O/' '(*.

;) # # 1 , K % & 2 2 2 2 , 25 (;(39; '(('

;4 $ H ! 6 % & %%

K 2 2 2 2 , 35 .(3/) '(();* $ # #2 #>% =% + %>

D % % 2 2 2 2 ,

32 **93(BB '((9;( !%% ! 2 , , %%=

K ! " + D2 / '((9

/B !%% ! 2 , , %%= K " + D2 / '(()

/' "! 0 12 @ @ 6 >% =% K 2 2 #2 "2 2 ;'3/( '((;

/. "! 0 12 "2 6 %> & +

K 2 2 2 2 , 3, 'B)'3*B '((9/; "! 0 12 "2 # & %

> D 1 2 # .

'((*// "2 "! 0 12 # & %% & D

, ,2 = 2 " '((9/9 5 :Q "! 0 12 # > %& K>

& + 2 2 2 2 , 6 'B/;3); '(*//) 12 "! 0 12 ! 6

=% + %%= K 2

2 "2 , ,* $ L F . %% '34 '(*B/4 #& 1 % +

D 2 2 2 2 , 3 *(3''. '(*.

/* 5 : H H 6 % D 2#" 2 .2 -2 2,67'B8 '/B(3.* '(4*

/( 5 % + H=>4 '(*'9B 6 $ : & 2

2 2 2 , 3 .);34) '(*.9' ! 0 :1 # % +

2 52 7 #2 22 '.;3;. '(**

!'

Page 255: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

*)&'

5. (' 2

# % % 2 & & K K 74.;8 % K & # % % %& % K

=% *' K & %= K 74.;8 &

# .

( B

.

( B *.

%

. . B .

. B *;

& (

# % K 7*;8

2 K 7 !% 4 L K 74.;88 %& # K = '/

, %& & 1 & % & & %% # 2 K 7*;8 & % # & & K % # &

D &1 $ & %% &% # + %% + & H9 # '()( &

% !

Page 256: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

K & 0 12 ) + & !4 6 % % & 6* %& =< K &

.

..

. /

.1

..1

. /@

*/

@ 1 % % @ 2 K % K 7*/8 2 K & ,&(

, . % % '.'B'' # K &

#( .

( B

(

.

( B *9

% ( ' . ..

. ( *) 1 K % &

50 *) 9 4

% , & & & > & % % & > % F ' # % & =% % &

& *4= K 7*.8 % & %

&

&

&#

.

(&

B **

# 1 % # & B

& % 2 D & % % D K 7**8 &

*) 9 4

Page 257: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

/ .%

, *(

% &#'

(& /

#! *'B

! B

B

%& !% '4 F ' # / % L # K & ! % + + & # 2'. , '49 F ' # & % %'; # + F ' !% .B K CL < C< % %& K & # & & & & %& %& & 2 K 2K N + 6 C &< & &'B % # & % %& > %& 2 K & ';'/ %& N + 2 # & 2 & # % A

# % & % % &

# &

# % % % %& % %& # L & % & % 2 K & 2 + $&V 1 2';'/ + L>

% 2 & # % % & & K & & . 'B % & B) $ 1% N # % ;. $&V 1 2 %% % !% '/ F '

*)

Page 258: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

5 4 # ' )

# % > & & A

' & # K & &1

. 1 & # & &; 1 % > 6 > '

)

# &

% L & & % # D % # L & %%=

% & = K !% '4 F '

58 ' '

# !R 2 & > 1 K N # % L % & && % && !R 2 # 2 & K 7*.8

# .

( + B

.

( + B *''

+ 2 & N & + *=;. !R 2 = = & % & %= & + % % 1 = , + % % CL < C< K 7*''8 % %= = # = > = % # > L >&& %& &1 & & % L % # =% '9 =% D % L

5< ';) -'/

> L %& %& %& % # & % %& & K

';) -'/

Page 259: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

'B & % 1 + %& + # 1 =% ' % 'B % % K>

: - !

# % + + %& & = #%% 2')'4 %& & = # = K

B

. B

.

*'.

. + % #K & =%

-

;'

, -

.

*';

D= % #

' B ; . B ; . #

. ; B ' ; B ' #

; . ' B . ' B #*'/

# 3H1 7 :=3 L8 & !% . %% %&> & 2 % ! N K> & & % & % % & $ % %& & % % & # %& & , *'78 ,*'7&8 7 % F '8 > 75!8 & & .B & &

& & %

: / ! % $!

6 %% % 1 # + % + $ 0 12'''* # + % $ 6'(.B

% %= - *';

*)

Page 260: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

, 6< % K !1 $ :.'

% % % + 1 % 6 %% & 1 $&V 1...; %% & % % % % - $ 0 12 +

0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360Degrees

RC

S

(b)

# 5. -" !" * * " " < #$ ! " #$ B- 1"E

';) -'/

Page 261: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

6 % 1 $&V 1 # 2 % + 7 !% ') F '8 1 $&V 1 % 1 % %% K K + &K $ : %% %& - ./.9

# % H1 2 K

# .

# B *'9

# %%= 1

'

!$'

$'$ *')

% %

$ $ $ *'4 & ! & > # % % L % % L % % % % + # > % & & & % # %

'! $

'! $

$

$

! "

$ *'*

# & & -& = # L

)# )## +)#

)# *'(

) # ' . ! >

/$ ''

''

$ $ *.B

# & % $ H3: % #% & 'B % % : $ L %& % L & # , *. 6 &

*)

Page 262: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

Cylinder radius: a = 1 m, radius of the meshed region R/a = 7

# 50 - ! * * " 6" . =

';) -'/

Page 263: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

%& - * B.9- - ' = ) 4- , + K 'B % /./ ')B $ ;) % .9. (B4. # & & % # &

= & K + %& =

5= *) / 6:'' ' )-'/7

& L += D % L % - % & &1 %& % & %& + % + = & *. & & % % & % % = + # N %& & # !% '( F ' K 7'('*8 > % 1 & $ 2.).4 % & + % # % % + & & % # K & % & % %& & 6 & #& *'

:, & % !

# % % = & %& = # %& # = % = %& 1 &- + + # 1 %& % & & % $ & & % & > % & =% % % > D & & % %

*)

Page 264: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

:, =

%& L & &- #%& &- L , *; & '0 &# & ' & &

L 0 & & % 7 + &8 & % & & + & & 6 & & F ' !% ; 6

%& # % / / # / & 1 , %& = &

0

'

.(# .(

.

*.'

:2 5 = %&

' . ;

H &

#

'

B 0! B! 0! B!

0! )! '

)

. ;.

)

0!

)! '

)

. '

)

'

B

) )

)

B

) )

)

B

0! B! 0! B!

0! )! '

) . ;.

)

0!

)! '

) . '

)

&

#

) '

B

)

.) '

B

)

) '

B

6= %

) B

)'

.)

B

)'

)

B

6= %

*) / 6:'' ' ) -'/7

Page 265: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

1 % % > K 7*.8 & B 2 & # H < % 7F '6%% = H8 %% = 0 $ & & & & & =% $.* 6 % + =

'

.(# .(

.

(

'.

*

(. *..

# D C < & 0 , %% = %& 1 & + C% < K 7*..8% & & +

:, 0 %>

%& 1 K % &/ -B =%) 1 % >= ) % -B % " & 0 % & = ! + & K &

ΩA

ΩB

ΩC

ΓDΓCΓB

ΓA

ΓA

ΓA

Objects in water

Boundary of objects

# 5 !

*)

Page 266: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

K 7*..8 # & % & & & C> < C < .*

5> $/ -'/

# = %& + & %%& + L # + % 'B & # % & H.( = + % & # &1 & H;B #6 % %>> +# A

& % & % 7 >D & > 8P

1 = & & 7 > %% 8P

+

55 ' -'

# & % %% & !) & 6 !% '( F ' % %% % % & # + D %&& 0 12 ) % % %%& $ 2.).4 & = % & # % % #& *' , ;' , > & %% & )

'

..

.

#

. # *.;

# &

;/). .. ;).) . '

.) . *./

, % % B , % B '.) # % =% > L > & & & =% & % & $ 2;' , */ L & %&

' -'

Page 267: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

1 # > % & % % % = % K - %% % %&;. & % 1 $ 2 L #L & % + & L $ 2

:: <$ !5 !!$

6 %% & % % # % &1 & H.( & H;B % # %% H & $1 H 1 1 & 6 % % 7:8 C% < & && & & = & &

1

CylinderIncidentwaves

10

8

6

4

2

0

–2

–4

–6

–8

–10–16

–34–35

Rel

ativ

e er

rors

(%)

2 3 4 5 6 7Outer radiusof finite elementdomain

Plane damperCylindrical damperSecond-order damper

# 58 3 ! * * B

*)

Page 268: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

&& % % %% & 1 ! ;B

5? +# :''

6 1 + = %%& 0 12 2;;;/ % F ' % !% '; # = 1 D 78 = 7&8 =& %& # $1L'B;9 % & ! ;);4

% = 6 %% KL % ;; $ K 7*.;8 = K & &

'.

*.9

& '9;;;/ % = % % K &

/ /#

/ /

,

,

,

*.)

'.

*.4

& % & + % & = % / % + = # %% & & & & = 6 & & %

:; *

$1L'B;9 % % =% % & & + # K % & % %= # & 2 K = = K

1

*.*

+# :''

Page 269: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

7# & & 8 # & = =% %

&

%

*.(

& % K & % &

'.

%#& *;B

& & + & # & 7*.*8 & + +

'.#'1#

%#& *;'

F % & 2

'.

'1%#& '1

%#&

# / *;.

/ CL < = = & & 1 = # & 5 & %& & %& , *9

:; *

! ;);4 1 = 1 =% =% = % / / % % & + # = 1 2K A

!B

) *;;

# & &

/#

.

. B

' '

. B

' . ' .

. B

. ; . ;

. B

' '

*;// ) .B

B ''

'' ##

## * + *;9

*)

Page 270: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

#5<

B

'

(

!

"

*8

Page 271: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

! & 1 ) & & K &

1 " 1 =% &

% %& 1 % % > & = / # & & 0 1 > / & ! ;)

%% %& & L + L & F ' !% '4 , '4)# 2 & ;* %% &

%& : $ & , *)

3000 3000 60000Scale

feetNote: Number of node points = 1701

Number of elements = 2853

(a) Finite element grid, grid 3

# 5= 2 ! " " 6" . A A /<

*)

Page 272: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

:; ? !!

# %% & & & > & 78 %% % & 6;( 6 %% & K & H.(

5.@ (4

+ & &1 & $/B >> % & 6/' H/. # & F ' !% ( &% % L # + & $ 0 12 > C < % L'''* !%> ! ;);4 + %&

6 224

10 26 2 2

2 225

4

2226

266 2

22

218

9

6 6

22

42

662 2

104

22

22 2

25

2

6 12

2

2

(b) Contours of wave height amplification, grid 3. 232-s wave period

# 5=

(4

Page 273: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

, '4) F ' : C%%< + % %& =% & &

5.. -- -' 4

# % F ' !% ( + &% .* ;( /;3/4 , % >

B ' .. & B

') .

). *;)

& < - % 2 + B B = %& %

1 ') 7 > 8 %% & % = % %%= '

)

L

6 & & = 7*;)8

: 0 $ % !

> = 2 K && & & 1 % 2 K & B) , ) 2> 1 1 ) ) > )'. 6 ') '). & %% %& )'. % % =%) & )'. # %

+ )'. =%) *;4 ) '' # % K 7*;48 & %& +

+ .

'

'. '

'

'.=%

'

.

=%

'

'

*;*

% .* ' ' % >% & # %% + %& %% + &% = % # & + & 6 2/4 # & & + % % /) %% % + % & %= - : 6 /* ! , !/(9B 2

*)

Page 274: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

%% % + > % = % 6 1 $ $.* 2 %% + , *4 L & % >

5.0 - - 4 ' D'

$ 9'9; %% % + = %& # % & % % $ + > %& =% + & 1 = % & % %

)

)

B

)

*;(

# % 2 ) %% & % & % % # & +

# 5> B ! * . <

- - 4 ' D'

Page 275: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

A

# % % & % # %

# + & + +

# % & # % & L + ;

# % % # % 1

)!'

) */B

# N %&& - + # L L & & %% %% + & $ 2/9/) # L + & ) % $ 9'9; % + # =% # & & D3 %& & N & & $ + + 4 1 %- % & & ;BBB + % Y# $ & % > % - 'BB

% L %& , **

5. *) )- 4

6 % + %= - % '(.B # %+ =%) & % &=%) % & K 1 H3: 7 F ' !%(8 # % 7 = 8 & + , *( =% % %& H & % 6< %

) ))) ) */'

*)

Page 276: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

% #

) ))) ) */.

$9/ > >% K + % = # = 7 %=8 K 7# %& %+ %= K 8 %& 1 & $ % : 1 %% % % %& & % %= - %

2

1

0

–1

–2

Rea

l pre

ssur

e

0 30 60 90 120 150 180Polar angle, θ

ka = 100

Shell quadraticthrough thickness

2

1

0

–1

–2

Imag

inar

y pr

essu

re

0 30 60 90 120 150 180Polar angle, θ

ka = 100

Shell quadraticthrough thickness

# 55 7 * .8

*) )- 4

Page 277: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

& + # & $/B # & & 7 8 % K 6 + %% & 6 2/* C < 1

) ))

& ';) ) */;

& % + & % & ! ! ,/(9B # % %% 0 12 2%% + ! , %%

5.8 1' 4

# %= - % + K 7*..8 & L # & = # & $/B & & &K &- H 12999) % &K + 94 1

5

4

3

2

1

00 2 4 6 8

z/a

r/a

Incident mode number = 1Reduced frequency ka == 11Spiral mode number mφ = 8

Conventional FEMWave envelope FEM

Plane wavelength

# 5? * E < ! *

% % + - + 6 % % + - +

*)

Page 278: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

% " & $&V 19*9( %= # + & + & + $ % + & + # & > & 6/' H/.

5.< ' -'/

5 6)B); = % + %> & % % & $ 9'9; % %& 6 + L / % % % + & + ( # 1 %& %% & %& , *'B % % %% + %&

& !% $)/ $ + # %% & N % & %& & % & & %& % & + & H.( H;B " & % & #% 1)9

1.5

1.0

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Page 279: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

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Page 280: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

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00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Wave period T (s)

Wav

e tra

nsm

issi

on c

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t CT

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Present method (two-dimensional model)

0.1 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 6.0 7.0 8.0Wavelength λ/B

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dimensionalfinite elements Three-dimensional

finite elementsBed

8 m

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20m

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Page 281: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

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Page 282: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

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Page 283: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

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Page 284: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

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Page 285: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

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Page 286: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

). 5@ 6 H@ @ ! : ! # > >% & . ,

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Page 287: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

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5 , % !

Page 288: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

# !% .B F ' 7'8 % %% 7.8 7;8 % 1 2 % !% .B F ' % !$D 31 7 318 K %& =% >% K>% % !% ; > + K % % % & %& %& D >

K # %%% % 7!% ; / 98 L > % (. & % %

& %& + (; =% % !$ % &D 1 % & 1% %% L % K (/ % & % %% % 7 (98 %& = !$D %& & D

?0 -

# % % % % %% %%% % + % 1 !% .B F ' % !$D % % $ & % % % % !% / 9 & % %# % & !% .BF '

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Page 289: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

& % & D & >& %% 6 % - & %%% D # >%

; &

% !% .B F ' & %& & !$D & K & 7 % %+ 8 % & %%

; <$

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% , % D % %&< & %

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Page 290: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

!

" !

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$

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Page 291: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

= % & & % # & , (' " % & & 2 & 2

? "

, (. D !$D 6 % % % &% % !$ & >% %& D % % &

; - !

# % !$ & % 1 % 6 > D & =% K & % ' & , L % (;/ !%; % !$

! "

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! " ! 9

! " ! 9

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! " !:

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Page 292: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

Inputs

Preliminaryroutines

Datacheck

Step 1Intermediatemomentum

Step 2Density/pressure

Step 3Momentumcorrection

Energycoupling

Boundaryconditions

Steadystate

Output

End

Make changes

Failed

Passed

Energy/temperaturecalculation

Yes

No

Timeloop

Yes

No

# ?0 2! " .-4!

"

Page 293: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

; - !

L & % %& %& % > C %% < 7 ;;/ !% ;8 % % % 1 %& > C

%< % % 6 K % C+=< >%&

% K & =% D %&# % & &> %

% & % % & %& & % >%+ += % % , (; & % %& D 6 /;; !% / L %

& &2 %/ 78 = 78 %% % & , (;

; $ !

# !$ &2 & %& >%D N %% 1 + & 7 )9!% )8 L + & % % 6 %& %1 % & K % &% K >% D %& + % % 7 K

7)')8 !% )8 % , (/ % =% & , 7, (/788

.' /' . ; / 9

' . ' ; ' / ' 9('

& 7, (/7&88

.' 9' .. ; ./

.' . ' ; .' /(.

-' - " #'

Page 294: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

=

1 1* 1' *4/- 45/ 1+.4.1* &1* 4.>/ -4/7- *4 (&)/-0

1 1* 1' *4/- .(4/+(* *() /?4/+(* 4.>/ -4/7-0

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1 ->&&45.(3 45/ C*+.*% /-

1

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A " #0##9##

" #0##9##

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A " =:=!

A " 89A

" !

! "

A " A 9 A !

" 9 !

" 9 =!!

$

# ? -

"

Page 295: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

A " A :

" :

" :

" 8 :

$

" !

" !0#)#D

" 8 :=! $ -7//) &2 -&'()

$

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1

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" $ 1&((/14.C.4,

"

! " =!:=!! $ '! C/ &1.4,

A! " =!:=!! $ ' C/ &1.4,

" =:=!

A " =:=!

" =:=!

A " =:=!

A! " 8! 9 !

A " 8 9

A " 8 9

A " A! A A

" !

A " A 9

1

" ! $ -5*7/ 2'(14.&( )/+.C*4.C/-

"

" !0#:8 9 $ / />/(4 /(345 *4 (&)/ !

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! " ! $ /?4/+(* 4.>/ -4/7

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Page 296: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

# K =% & K 7)'48 !% ) , (9 % = % & %

% 7 /9' !% /8& " %%= % &

1

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Page 297: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

/9' !% / # % %%= %

; 1& $ !

F % !$ & !% ;# % !$ 7, (.8 , & % O% + # % O% + & & %& & % & % =% K & + % & -4/7 %>%

& < 7 !% )8 # L K % K # L &2> & %%% 5 # , 5 & % & & % =% O% &

K 7;9;8 7 K 7;9/88 # & -4/7 %% % L ' . & =% . K 2 ' & B9 'B , %& D% >% . 2 =% , >% %& D %& %, %& D %& >%

' & & B9 ' . % K -4/7 - N = & # % &

% % =% 6 % & > %% %& % = .); !% . =

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Page 298: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

=

1

1 45.- -'%+&'4.(/ 1* 1' *4/- 45/ 7+/--'+/ -6.415 *4 /*15 (&)/

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= !! !

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Page 299: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

% & ' .% & & ; % & / D % & 7 % & %&< & %8 & & 6 % %& , ()

;, 5!

# K & >% !$ # % % # + & L , >& % # % - # & & # % K & !% .B F '

;3 ?

%& D % K % 1 # %& D K & & %& D % K & % & % & %& D K 7;)'8 K 7/)8 >%& D %&

;: -$ ! %

6 % D %& D % = %& 6%%% D

$

" !

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$

" !

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# ?< ! "

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Page 300: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

> % & % , D !% 9

;; 1

# 7L & % % %8 K 1 >%& & > K 7 8 % % # %& & # % = & # += K %% , (4

=

A

1

1 -,>>/4+.1 %&'()*+, 1&().4.&(- 2&+1/)0 &(/ 1&>7&(/(4 &2 C/ &1.4,

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=

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Page 301: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

1

=

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1 7'+7&-/ H 1* 1' *4.&(- &2 +/-.)'* -0

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=

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" = ; $ '! C/ &1.4, &+ >*-- 2 '?

" = ; $ ' C/ &1.4, &+ >*-- 2 '?

" = ; $ /(/+3, &+ 4/>7/+*4'+/

! " !

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Page 302: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

?8 -

% + % % + # % K %>% % % &! 7H8 % %% 9 # H > > 2

;

# K A

.

.' .

..

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'(;

# K + % + & K

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6 &- & % C < !% 9 K & 4

# % %& %%% K *'.

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K =% !% 9 , 3 ';# % !$D & +

, + % % C < 1 N %

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Page 303: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

9 H ! R ! J B*B;/ $ %

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Page 304: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

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Page 305: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

6 & K & K K

'

'

'

64

K 76'8 7698 7648 %& D %& > K % # % >% %& D %& 1 # > K & %& D %&

1-- : 1

Page 306: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

,'

)9 2

F ' &1 C H1 < = %& % % !% '; F '

& %%% %%= % 1 & : % % % H1 %% D = D %%

H1 A

% D= %%= P

%& > % & %&P

%% %% % & %% & D=P & & % !% .

# % > &% %&

B $'

L 7 8 N 7 & %8 & K 7$'8P =%

B B

( $.

@# " % '(((

Page 307: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

6 B % 7 8 ' ' . ! % %1 K 7$'8 7$.8 + &

!'

'

!'

,

-

,

-

B

!'

'

B( B $;

& 7D=8

.$/

-% $9

& B # % 1 K 7$;8 + 1

& A

' = K 7$'8 7$.8 7 8 K 7$;8P K 7$'8 7$.8 % %& & K 7$;8

. # K 7$'8 7$.8 + K 7$;8 & D= A

B

,

- B $)

; # & 7 D 8 1 > %% & % &

/ # . & L K K 7$;8 K 7$'8 7$.8& % & & H1 7H8

9 D= & 7$)8 : % > K 7$;8 1

!'

$4

% 6 % % & + D= -%A

,

- $*

1-- :

Page 308: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

K 7$*8 K 7$48 K 7$;8 % %%= + %%= K 7$'8 K 7$.8 & & 7 !% '; F '8

%%= K 7$'8 7$.8 & H 5 K 7$;8 % %%= P

B

- $(

- 7%

8 K 7$(8 7$;8 =% % % >

!'

B

'

,

-

-

,

-

-

,

-

,

-

BB B

-

'

'

(

B B B

' . ' . ! $'B# H %%= K 7$;8 %% K 7$'B8 A

' # % & & P

1 & % 7% >

=% % % % % 8 # 1 N - %

. L % P K 7$'B8% > + %%=

; %% B # % K 7$'8 K 7$'B8 L = % -% & = % + & & % %%

/ K 7$'B8 7 8 H1 %%= K 7$'8 7$.8 % % % 2 %%= & % & H

1-- :

Page 309: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

9 % % & '' '

'

% % 2 % =%> & .

) # H + %%=> % %

'

B $''

# %% & > %%=

# H & & % H1 %%= %% 3L %& 3L %&

% # 1 %& A

.

.

. B '

' . ' B = &

.

'

.

, $' $. & %& 'B'B ''B & H1 % = !% .

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0

–0.5

–1.0

–1.5

–2.0

–2.5–1.0 –0.6 –0.2 0 0.2 0.6 1.0

Exactp = 2p = 3p = 4p = 5

x

u

# .

1-- :

Page 310: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0

–0.5

–1.0

–1.5

–2.0

–2.5–1.0 –0.6 –0.2 0 0.2 0.6 1.0

Exactp = 2p = 3p = 4p = 5

x

u

# 0 3

1-- :

Page 311: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

#;/ 4 '

# >& & + > D %& 6 )* !% ) # =% K & > + , !' , K 7'./8 K

B !'

& >& & K &2 1 &

#

!.

=% % > &% % = 7 !% ;8 5 & K / 7, !'788 & % %% H <

/

'

/

/

'

;

/

/ 1

!;

' / 1 7 8 # %& %%= K #3H1 7 !% .8 & 5 & 7, !'788

'';

/

/ ' .

'.;

/

/ . ;

';;

/

/ ; ' !/

'' '. '; ' . ; % , > & 5

0 /

0

/ 0

0 /

0

)./

1

0

!9

Page 312: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

& # & K & / , !'7&8

0'

)./

; ' 0.

)./

' . !)

0' 0. %%% # & K 7!;8 7!98 & >&

% K 7!;8 & 7 /8

/

/

!#

.'

//#

'

;

/

/

/#

!4

!# & /

. //# = //#

# & K K K 7!/8 / , !'78 # & K 7!98 7!)8

1

1

2

2

3

3

I

I

3

2

1

21

(a) (b)

# . 0* " ' #$ ) #$ *

1-- :

Page 313: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

#'

& K + + L %& % + # % % & K & # % % %& !% * + % # % % - &

+ %& = & + & % & & + # %% + & 1 + % K % K # & % %&

' 2 % & & " 2

/ . & K % & # + 2

/ ; & & % %> + % & #

' /

Page 314: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

&

& % & & K & % + % "& & + % # " % & & % + & % &

/ 9

K & % % & - >K 6 = + > +

+

) + #

+

4 # & % & && % >1

/'

*

6 ' %

% > # > & K & & % % & & & %

+ & & & # % % & %% !% )

1-- :

Page 315: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

' '9) 3 -#

6 % & 3 D % !% ) %% = &D =% % % D% % # % % & % D % , ' $ & + 2 %

# 2 K & % & # & % &

# 3 & %% % % & % % # % & 7, '8 & C# %&< & % & C> < &

# 5 # % & % 6 , ' > %

Semi-inverse

Semi-inverse

Semi-inverse

Semi-inverse

Dire

ct

Direct

Turbulent

TurbulentLaminar Transition

Stagnation

stream

Turbulent wake

# . 2! 0* * * 4! "

Page 316: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

& L # > % &2 & % , . D % & 3 %

, # %& > % & )'. !% ) 7: $ 18

Unstructured gridsor multiblock Euler

inviscid method

Direct calculation

Lag-entrainmentboundary layerviscous method

Direct calculation

Cp,s

ρVN

VN δ*

(a)

Unstructured gridsor multiblock Euler

inviscid method

Direct calculation

Lag-entrainmentboundary layerviscous method

Direct calculationδ, θ, Cf, H

Cp,s

(b)

ρVNm + 1 = ρVN

m + K*θ

uv

duv

ds– θ

uv

du i

ds

m

dds

ρVN = (ρv uv δ*)

# 0 " ( ' #$ ) #$

1-- :

Page 317: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

, . N %P # P & 1 P 1 P 1 N P %+ % %P P % >% P % & P &% 1 & P % 1 P %% %% ! , & K A

B

'

.

'+.

'

K & & >

#

'

. '

#

.

%' '

#

. .+.

#

;

B'

#

.*

' B9U B9

#

U

#

' BB49+. ' B.+.

' B'+.

/

BB. .

B*

;

BB'

9

& K ' %+ % % +

'

B

'

'

)

N P % & P+ &P N P % P &% U U % K& K& & D &

1-- :

Page 318: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

" & K % % , . & % # % % % &

1-- :

Page 319: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem
Page 320: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

1' :

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37, 372 373 375

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Page 321: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

! ? '/) 298

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H : 'B. 'B* 'B( ''B 257 25:P .B. 329

1' :

Page 322: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

H .9( .)/ .)9 373

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H (4 (* ''. 256

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" 94 95P 'B. 'B* 'B( 259 257 25:P

')/ 29:P ')( '*4 '*( '(' '(. '(; '(4

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./) ./4 37, 372

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37, 372

1' :

Page 323: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

@ '.* 262

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:= $ ..; ..4 362

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:= /; /* 93

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1' :

Page 324: Finite Element...2 Convection dominated problems - finite element appriximations to the convection-diffusion.....equation.....2.1 Introduction 2.2 the 2.3 The steady-state problem

1 '/) 298

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299

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