Finish the sentences…The cognitive approach believes the cause of addictions lie in…

The cognitive approach believes addictions are maintained through…

An addict may relapse according to the cognitive approach because they see…

• Automatic processing (Tiffany, 1990)

• A trigger in their environment

• Faulty Cognitions

Can you remember Beck’s Cognitive Triad?Can you apply it to addiction?

You will be able to outline and evaluate the cognitive explanation of addiction

By the end you will have created a burger paragraph for this approach!

Beck’s Cognitive TriadHow can we apply this to Gambling?

Low mood

Addictive behaviour

Financial, psychological

or social problems

Good mood

ModelsSelf-medicationExpectancySelf-Efficacy

The Self Medication model

Drugs are used

intentionally to treat

psychological symptoms

e.g., Anxiety, lack of

confidence.

Marilyn Monroe died of a barbiturate overdose

She received Psychoanalysis for a number of years

Fill in Initiation, Maintenance and Relapse

In a situation (without the drug) psychological symptoms return & the drug is needed again

Cannot cope without the drug!

Drug fulfils 3 roles: Mood regulation, Performance Management, Distraction

Relapse

In a situation (without the drug) psychological symptoms returnDrug is needed again

MaintenanceCannot cope without the drug!

InitiationDrug fulfils 3 roles:

Mood regulation, Performance Management, Distraction

The Expectancy Theory

Addicts believe positive effects outweigh negative effects of these behaviours (non addicts are opposite).

This faulty thinking leads to excessive use in the believe of the good outcomes…

People drink after stress, not because it relieves stress, but because they expect it to relieve stress

There is scientific evidence to show that alcohol does not reduce stress

Fill in Initiation, Maintenance and Relapse Unconscious memories are triggered and

need for the expectation returns

Expectations developed through modelling (SLT): Heavier drinkers have more positive expectations compared to light drinkers

Conscious expectations become unconscious expectations (this can explain the loss of control when addicted)

Relapse

Unconscious memories are triggered and need for this expectation returns

MaintenanceConscious expectations become unconscious expectations

Can explain loss of control when addicted

InitiationExpectations developed through modelling (SLT)

Heavier drinkers have more positive expectations about the effects of alcohol compared to light drinkers

Self-Efficacy Theory

Bandura (1997)Self-efficacy refers to a belief in ones self to organise and succeed at something.

Those with low self-esteem will look for a way to boost their confidence and ability to show certain behaviours

Fill in Initiation, Maintenance and Relapse

• Confidence/self-esteem drops again and addiction returns

• Low self-efficacy maintains the addiction (No confidence to give up)

• Low self-efficacy more likely to give in to beginning an addiction

Relapse

Confidence/self-esteem drops again and addiction returns

MaintenanceLow self-efficacy maintains the addiction

The addict does not have the confidence to give

InitiationLow self-efficacy more likely to give in to beginning an addiction

APFCAimProcedureFindingsConclusion

Griffiths (1994) page 443-444