finfish feed technology in nigeria - to … · natural feeding practices: this is...

Journal of Research in Bioscience, Volume 3, Number 1, 2007

FINFISH FEED TECHNOLOGY IN NIGERIA

OGUGUA, N. M. and EYO, J. E. Department of Zoology

University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria

ABSTRACT Finfish feed technology and the Nigerian economy. The cost of feed claims over half of the total budget for most fish farms. Consequently, it is very important for a fish farmer to get the optimum performing feed for the most economical price. The production of nutritionally balanced diets for fish requires efforts in research, quality control, and biological evaluation. Faculty nutrition obviously impairs fish productivity and results in deterioration of health until recognizable diseases ensures. The first and foremost criterion is that diets should supply all the essential nutrients and energy in adequate proportions to satisfy the requirements for growth, health and well being of the fin fish concerned. In developing practical diets using ‘least-cost” formulations, the choice and level of incorporation of the different ingredients should be based on available nutrient/energy content of each ingredient rather than on the basis of crude chemical composition of the ingredients. The technologies of feed manufacture vary considerably depending upon the species or the stage of the life cycle. Nigeria has a large animal feed production industry of some 3.5 million tons/production per year. With 115 feed mills listed in a national inventory, but due to inconsistencies and varying availability, many larger farmers have invested in on-farm feed production, for which the quantity of production is unclear. Such vertical integration is costly to the farmer who should be buying from the feed industry. The large catfish producers have been frustrated with the poor quality and inconsistency of catfish feeds produced by the major feed mills when available. The lack of quality control and inconsistency in feed content gives unacceptably high feed conversions (1kg gain: 2+kg feed) form local feeds. This has made many fish farmers to use high cost, high quality imported feed; the producers obtain feed conversions of 1:1.5 or even 1:1 or less. This is because the European fish feed suppliers are fully accountable in their delivery of feeds of known quality and quantity of contents. Our government needs to increase its role in setting standards and quality control in the feed industry.

INTRODUCTION Once fish are removed from their natural environment to an artificial one, enough food must be supplied in order to enable them grow. This could be in the form of complete rations, where the artificial diet furnishes all the nutrients required by the fish or supplementary diets, where part of the nutritional needs of fish is supplied by the natural food in the aquatic environment (Eyo, 2003). Both intensive and semi-intensive fish culture systems involve input of supplementary and complete feed, which account for up to 40 % and 60 % of production costs respectively (NRC 1993; Fagbenro et al., 2003) and can sometimes negate the economic viability of a farm if suitable feed are not used. This problem has become a major source of fear and phobia to many prospective fish farmers in Nigeria and urgent solution must be proffered if fish farming is to be attractive, lucrative and sustainable (Madu et al., 2003). The principal cost in manufacture of compound feed is that of raw materials, this could amount to as much as 80 percent or more, of the manufacturing costs in large size mills. Because of increasing transportation costs and the need to conserve foreign exchange, the tendency in most developing, countries will be to use locally available ingredients. (Chow, 1980). The major item in recurrent cost in fish production is feed. This item alone has progressively taken the larger shares of cost of production cost (Balogun et. al., 1992). Carefully compounded feed when fed at the recommended level (rate) are usually backed by the manufacturer’s guidance to meet the nutrient requirements of physiologically defined farm animals for a sustainable level of production (Balogun, 1992, Falayi, 2003).

All animals require protein, vitamins, minerals lipids, and energy for normal growth and other physiological functions because the nutrient contribution form natural food organisms is considered minimal in intensive catfish farming, nutrients and energy are provided primarily by prepared feed. The primary goal in processing feedstuffs into a feed is to maximize the nutritional value of various feed components to meet nutrient requirements (Robinson. et. al. 2001). Qualitatively, 40 nutrients had been identified as necessary for normal metabolic form of catfish the quantitative requirements of most nutrients have been identified for

23

Finfish Feed Technology in Nigeria

catfish (Tables 1 - 2). Nutritional requirement of catfish have generally been based on not gain and feed efficiency of small fish raised under laboratory conditions presumed to be near optimum (Robinson et. al., 2001). MATERIALS AND METHODS A comprehensive literature search was made from the Internet and serial materials of Nnamdi Azikiwe Library, University of Nigeria. Various journal articles, proceedings of learned societies of Fisheries and Hydrobiology, FAO documents and textbooks were consulted vis-à-vis fish feed technology, dietary ingredient types, feed formulation, cost benefit, applications and adaptations in the Nigerian Fisheries industry. The various components were summarized and presented on tables and figures.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Feedstuffs are classified into two groups; energy feedstuffs and protein supplements. Energy feedstuffs: These are feedstuffs containing less than 20 % crude protein. They are essentially of plant origin such as maize, guinea corn, millet, cassava, wheat offal, rice bran etc. Carbohydrates have sparing effect on protein in artificial feed so that fish can utilize proteins efficiently for growth rather than for energy. Protein supplements: Feedstuffs containing 20 % crude protein or more are regarded as protein supplement protein supplements are made either of plant or animal material. Animal proteins are of higher quality than those of plant origin. Animal protein includes fishmeal, meat meal bone mea, and blood meal. The best protein source for fish feed is fishmeal. Plant protein materials commonly used in fish feed are Soybean meal, groundnut cake and cottonseed cake. (Eyo, 2003). Protein requirement of commonly cultured fishes in Nigeria are shown on Table 3. Table1: Amino acid requirements of catfish Amino acid Requirement (% of dietary protein) Arginine 4.3 Histidine 1.5 Isoleucine 2.6 Leucine 3.5 Lysine 5.1 Methionine + cystine 2.3 Phenylatlanine + tyrosine 5.0 Threonine 2.0 Tryptophan 0.5 Valine 3.0 National Research Council (1993) Table 2: Vitamin deficiency signs and mineral dietary levels required to prevent signs of deficiency in catfish. Vitamin Deficiency sign Requirement A Exophthalmia, edema,, hemorrhagic kidney, skin depigmentation 450 – 900 iu/lb D Low body ash, calcium, and phosphorus 110 – 450 iu/lb E Muscular dystrophy, exudative diathesis, skin depigmentation, erythrocyte hemosiderosis, fatty

liver, ceroid deposition. 25-50 ppm

K Hemorrhagic skin R4 Thiamin Loss of equilibrium, nervousness, dark skin color 1ppm Riboflavin Short-body dwarfism 62 – 9 ppm Pyridoxine Greenish-blue coloration, tenany, nervous disorders, erratic swimming 3 ppm Pantothenic Clubbed gills, emaciation, anemia, eroded epidermis 10-15 ppm Niacin Skin and fin lesion exophthalmia, deformed jaws, anemia 7.43 –14 ppm Biotin Hypersensitive, skin depigmentation, reduced liver pyruvate carboxylase activity R4 Folic acid Anemia 1.5 ppm B12 Anemia R4 Choline Fatty liver, hemorrhagic kidney and intestine 400 ppm Inositol Not demonstrated NR4 Ascorbic Scoliosis, lordosis, internal and external hemorrhage fin erosion, reduced bone collagen formation 11-60 ppm 1Requirements and deficiency signs are based on the difference references with new into added, Robinson E.H. 1989, channel catfish nutrition, Reviews in Aquatic Sciences 1:365-391 and nutrient Requirement of Fish, National Academy press, Washington, D.C. Anorexia, reduced weight gain, and mortality are not listed as deficiency signs since they are common vitamin deficiency signs.2From Semni, G.Z. Zhang, and R.P. Wilson, 1996, Dietary riboflavin requirement of fingerling channel catfish, Aquaculture 139:285-290.3From Ng, W.K., G. Serrini, Z. Zhang, and R. P. Wilson, 1997, Niacin requirement and inability of tryptophan to act as a precursor of NAD in channel catfish, Aquaculture 152:273-285. 4R and NR refer to required and not required respectively. The minimum dietary protein requirement of fish was first studied in Chinook Salmon Oncoryhnchus tschawytcha. The dietary protein requirements of the cultured fishes in Nigeria are summarized in Table 1. (Eyo, 2001).

24


The aim of fish nutritionist is to select ingredients and levels that would provide the nutrient requirements of the cultured species at the most economic cost. Table 4 gives a sample of few ingredients commonly used in Nigeria-Aquaculture. (Adikwu, 2003).The nutrient composition of the feedstuffs should be known (Table 5 - 9).

Prepared or artificial diets maybe complete or supplemental. Complete diets supply all the ingredients (proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals) necessary for optimal growth and health of fish. Most fish farmers use complete diets, those containing all the required protein (18 – 50 %), lipid (10 – 25 %), carbohydrate (15 – 20 %), ash (<8.5 %), phosphorus (<1.0 %), water (<10%), and trace amounts of vitamin and minerals(Craig and Helfrich 2002).In contrast, supplemental (incomplete, partial)diets are intended only to help support the natural food (insects, algae, small fish) normally available to fish in pond or out door raceways. Supplemental diets do not contain a full complement of vitamins or mineral, but are used to help fortify the naturally available diet with extra protein, carbohydrate and/ or lipid.

There are few commercial sources of fish feed as only specialized animal millers engage in fish feed production on demand; as such majority of fish feed produced (69.75 %) (Table 10) are farm made. Conventional and alternative feedstuff in fish diets are shown on Table 11. Natural Feeding Practices: This is fertilization-based on feeding practices and it involves the use of chemical fertilizer (N.P.K. or Ammonia) and organic manure to augment the production of natural live food organisms (phytoplankton and zooplankton) for the cultured fish (Ayanda, 2003). Forms of Diets: Diets supplied to aquatic organisms could vary in form. Possible diets include: 1. Live food (s), generally required for the culture of most aquatic organisms in their larval phase; 2. Forage materials (e.g. grasses and macrophytes), which may be introduced into the culture system or

made to grow in the culture system (e.g. in freshwater crayfish culture); and 3. Prepared diets including a wide array of feeds, ranging form simples on –farm-based mixtures of a few

ingredients to microencapsulated diets (De Silva and Anderson, 1995). In selection of feed stuffs for diet formulation, those with generally similar properties may be sub situated, one for another, and exchanges made within mixture in accordance with market price, local availability and chemical composition. In making substitution, particular regard should also be paid to essential nutrients content and balance of the final diet (Eyo, 2003). For a successful fish feed formulation, a fish farmer must be acquainted with the following information. 1. Nutrient requirement of fish 2. Feedstuffs and their nutrient composition. 3. Processing of available feedstuff 4. Feed formulation and processing (Eyo, 2003). Outline of feed formulation is shown in Fig.1 – 2. The application of scientific research to the feed, of fish and other farm animals has shown the desirability of applying the process of ration formation in compound formula feed production (Balogun et al., 1992). A ration is defined as the total feed given to in an animal during a 24 hour period. A ration should furnish all nutrients required by the animal in adequate amounts. (Falayi, 2003). In formulating rations for animals, the following procedure is used 1. Define the class or species and age of animal the animal is meant for. 2. Consult relevant sources of tables for the nutrient requirements of the fish to be fed. 3. Decide feed ingredients to use considering availability and cost among other things. 4. Determine nutrient composition of the feed ingredients. 5. Use ration formulation sheet. 6. Balance for energy, protein (EAAS), mineral and vitamins. 7. Use the formulation sheet to check for accuracy (Falayi, 2003). In feed formulation, attempt is made to bring cost to minimum at point of sourcing for ingredients through best-buy analysis and chemical scoring (Sadiku, 2003) least cost feed formulation is a feed formulation in which there is optimum utilization of the content of feed ingredients by combination (De Silva and Anderson, 1995) Linear programming (LP) is a mathematical procedure by which limited resources are allocated, selected, scheduled or evaluated to achieve an optimal solution to a particular objective. (Faturoti, 2003) Manual computation can be achieved by using one of the following methods: 1. Person’s square method 2. Algebraic or equation method 3. Trial and error method.

25


Table 3: Protein Requirement of commonly cultured fishes in Nigeria Species

Fry to fingerlings

Fingerlings to sub adults (Juveniles)

Adults to Brood stock

Reference

Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus 40 - 56 30 - 35 25 - 30 Jauncey and Ross (1982). Oreochromis niloticus 35 - 50 30 - 40 20 - 30 Balarin and Haller (1982)

Tilapia hybrid Exotic Oreochromis niloticus and Exotic Oreochromis aureus

30-35 - Eyo et al.(2000)

Oreochromis niloticus x Sarotherodon galilaeus

35 - - Omoniyi and Fagade (2003)

Catfish Clarias anguillaris 40 - - Madu and Oluredi (1987) Clarias gariepinus 40 - ,, Heterobranchus bidorsalis 40 Degani et al., (1989) Heterobranchus longifilis - - 40 Fagbenro et al., (1992)

Catfish hybrid H. longifilis and C anguillaris. 42.5 - - Dada et al., (1999) H. longifilis x C. anguillaris 45 - - Eyo (1995) Triploid H. longifilis 45 - - Eyo et al., 1998(b)

Triploid hybrid Female H. longifilis x Male C. anguillaris

40 35 Eyo and Falayi (1999)

Male H. longifilis x Female C. anguillaris

40 Eyo et al., (1998)

Carp Cyprinus carpio 38 - - Eyo et al., (2003) Cowey

(1982).

Table 4: Some selected Feed Ingredient and their Utility as Fish Diets in Nigeria Aquaculture Ingredient Source traditional

brewing Relation cost (N/kg) Availability

Remark

1. Brewers waste Traditional brewing Centers and breweries

Ca 2.00/kg All year round High crude protein content (20 – 23 %)

2. Cocoa pod husks Cocoa farms Variable Seasonal High fibre a medium protein content 3. Coconut cake Oil mills (both traditional

industrial) About #3.00/kg ” High Protein Content (9 – 24 %) High

energy content 4. Cowpeas hull Millers Variable ” Ca. 20-27% protein 5. Fish meal Fishers in landing sites. Depending on spp ” High protein content (65 – 80 % dry

basis) 6. Food left over Restaurants ” All year round Wet and difficult to handle. High protein

and energy level, depending on source 7. Palm kernel cake Oil millers ” Seasonal Medium protein (30 – 40 % protein

content). 8. Poultry feather Poultry farms and

slaughter shapes ” ” High protein content (60-84% dry basis

9. Sorghum bran Millers Variable ” High crude protein content (25-30%) (Adapted from Adikwu (1991, 1997, Adikwu and Yusuf, 1997). Table 5: Average Proximate Composition of the Major Oilseeds and Their By- Product Oil seed/by-product H20 CP EE CF NFE Ash Ca P Cocoa (Theobroma cacao Shell (peri carp seed testa) 6.3 18.8 7.0 13.5 43.5 7.9 0.15 0.21 Pods (without beans), fresh 85.1 1.2 0.1 4.3 8.0 1.3 - - Pods (without beans )dried 11.5 5.8 0.7 21.5 52.9 7.6 0.17 0.07 Oil cake, mechanically extracted 11.4 23.1 5.3 8.9 46.0 5.3 0.14 0.68 Coconut (Cocus nucifera) Kernel (endosperm) fresh 47.9 4.2 34.0 2.6 9.8 1.5 0.01 0.13 Kernel (endosperm) mealcopra) dried 4.0 7.2 64.6 3.8 18.5 1.9 0.03 0.19 Oilmeal, solvent extracted 8.0 21.0 1.5 14.0 49.5 6.0 0.18 0.60 Oilcake, mechanically extracted 8.5 20.0 6.3 12.0 45.4 7.0 0.19 0.60 Coir dust (husk processing dust) 12.9 2.0 0.6 29.8 48.1 6.6 - - Cotton (Gossyplum spp) Seed 7.9 20.4 20.0 21.1 26.3 4.3 0.14 0.64 Hulls 9.6 4.2 1.9 44.5 37.3 2.5 0.14 0.04 Oil cake with hulls meal 10.7 21.9 4.9 21.9 34.9 5.7 - - Oil meal extracted without hulls 7.8 41.2 5.9 11.1 276 6.4 0.19 1.06 Oilmeal solvent extract 9.8 41.7 1.5 11.3 28.8 6.9 0.16 1.09 Oil meal solvent extract 7.5 50.0 1.6 8.2 26.2 6.5 0.17 1.08 Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) Seed (with bull) 7.1 20.2 36.3 19.6 14.3 2.5 - - Seed without hulls 6.5 28.4 44.7 2.2 15.9 2.3 0.07 0.39 Hulls 11.4 6.2 1.6 54.3 21.4 5.1 1.10 0.91 Oil cake (Mech. Extracted) 10.0 30.2 9.1 23.0 22.0 5.7 - - Oil cake (Mech. Extracted 9.6 46.2 6.9 7.5 24.8 5.2 0.14 0.60

26


Table 6: Average Proximate Composition selected animal by products Animal by-product Average composition (%) by weight H2O CP EE CF NFE Ash Ca P **Crab meal 9.13 31.72 2.44 0.0 10.48 46.23 - - **Cray fish 15.00 41.22 11.72 0.0 0.36 31.7 - - *Blood meal 11.83 86.00+4.70 0.67+0.44 2.14+0.01 6.51+827 5.20+1.71 0.55+0.15 0.39+0.21 *Fish meal (Clupeid) Pellonula afzeluisi 9.78 71.33+3.16 7.97+1.00 1.08+1.10 - 20.22+3.44 3.56+0.2 2.24+0.42 *Fish meal (Clupeid) Sierrathrissa leonensis 9.77- 68.47+1.37 8.02+1.05 0.39+0.08 - 17.81+5.62 2.27+2.2 1.62+0.08 *Fish meal Tilapia 10.81 57.69+2.05 1.81+0.46 5.18+3.46 - 33.55+2.28 8.45+2.4 5.09+0.57 Blood (cattle)fresh 79.6 19.7 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.18 0.05 Blood meal 10.4 81.5 1.0 0.7 1.6 4.8 0.32 0.25 Fish meal (Tuna) 7.0 59.0 6.9 0.8 4.4 21.9 7.86 4.12 Hydrolyzed feather meal 8.1 84.2 2.8 0.5 3.4 3.4 0.25 Meat and bone meal (solvent ext.) 8.1 50.0 1.8 5.9 5.9 31.7 10.25 5.25 Meat with blood (tank age) 7.3 60.0 8.7 0.6 0.6 21.2 5.95 3.62 Poultry viscera (raw) 73.7 13.9 11.2 0.0 0.0 1.2 - 0.66 Source: Tacon 1987, *Eyo 2001b, **Ayinla 1991. Table 7: Average Proximate Composition of the Major Cereals Grains and their By-Products (%)

H2O CP Corn/maize (Zea mays) 12.1 9.6 3.9 2.0 70.8 1.5 0.02 0.28

*White maize (WM) 8.63 9.27+0.94 5.01+0.94 2.44+0.38 70.86+3.05 1.74+0.19 0.15 2.22+0.9 *Yellow maize (YM) 9.58 10.11+3.71 3.56+0.77 3.47+1.22 71.20+2.93 1.94+0.09 0.19 0.28+0.04 *Guinea Corn (GC) 11.16 11.22+2.18 2.48+0.66 2.32+0.022 74.06+1.12 1.77+0.4 0.08+0.09 0.28+0.04 Grain, (ground) 12.8 7.8 3.1 8.6 66.2 1.5 0.05 0.22 Corn, and –cob- meal 9.7 2.5 0.6 34.5 51.2 1.5 0.10 0.06 Cobe, ground meal 10.7 11.2 3.9 6.3 64.6 3.3 0.06 0.30 Millet - - - - - - - - Grains 8.7 4.8 1.3 38.3 41.2 5.7 0.60 0.3 Hulls - - - - - - - - Rice (oryza sativa) 9.4 3.7 1.0 36.9 32.6 16.4 0.09 0.07 Hulls Chrisk, Chaff 10.0 12.2 11.8 12.3 40.6 13.1 0.12 1.38 *(Rice bran/Husk mixed (RBH)

- 6.88+2.86 4.44+2.51 40.23+0.37 6.68+4.12 21.75+2.83 0.33+0.45 -0.62+0.11

Bran 10.5 12.3 2.1 14.6 47.9 12.6 0.20 1.33 Bran (Solvent extracted)

10.0 12.1 11.5 4.7 52.9 8.8 0.05 1.26

Polishing - - - - - - - - Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor/s vulgare

- - - - - - - -

Grain 12.0 7.8 4.8 7.6 65.7 2.1 - - Bran 6.0 31.8 8.7 12.1 37.7 2.7 0.14 0.64 Distillers dried soluble 7.0 26.5 5.8.4.875 3.9 48.6 8.5 0.37 0.61 Table 8: Proximate Composition of Some Non-Conventional Feedstuffs Animal Origin Feedstuffs Crude

protein Crude lipid Crude fibre NFE Ash Moisture Source

Maggot 43.8 1.9 14.3 22.3 14.3 9.3 Madu and Ufodike (2003)

Earthworm 56.4 7.8 1.6 25.4 8.8 5.0 Tacon (1994) Poultry feather meal 39.7 84.9 0.9 1.4 26.9 3.5 Tacon (1993) Chicken offal (Raw) 47.5 22.8 5.0 6.1 10.9 8.6 Faturoti (2000). Chicken offal (Cooked and dried)

61.6 16.5 3.5 2.2 9.0 8.3 Faturoti (2000).

Table 9: Proximate Composition of Some Non-Conventional Feed Resources of Plant origin Feedstuff Crude protein% Crude fat % Crude fibre% Ash % NFE Source Duckweed 45.5 4.0 8.0 13.4 29.1 Mbagwu et al.(1994) Azolla sp 28.0 14.1 14.1 - - Fasakin (2001) Palm kernel meal 18.0

19.1 6.0 7.6

42.0 42.2

0.21 5.60

33.6 17.9

PFIZER Eyo (2001)

Leucaena leaf meal (soaked) 29.6 5.3 18.8 4.4 41.9 Hassan et al, Rice bran Rice bran/husk mix meal

12.9 6.8

13.0 4.4

11.4 40.2

21.8 0.15

62.9 8.7

NRC (1993)

Cotton seed cake 41.4 38.9

0.5 8.3

13.6 31.0

0.15 5.1

42.9 12.4

Eyo (2001)

Mucuna seed meal (autoclaved)

32.1 4.6 6.9 2.3 54.1 NRC(1993)

Mucuna seed (Raw) 30.0 4.5 8.8 3.4 53.3 Eyo (2001) Siddhuraju and Becker (2001)

Mango kernel meal 7.5-13.0 7.3-14.4 2.0 2.6 68.0 Siddhuraju and Becker (2001). Joseph and Abolaji (1997)

27


Table 10. Fish feeds production (Tonnes) in Nigeria Feed type Farm made Commercial Total Tilapia 14,258 6,554 20,812 Catfish 10,552 4,206 14,728 Total 24,810 10,760 35,570 (Fagbenro et al., 2003). Table 11: Conventional and Alternative feedstuffs in Fish Diets Nutrient Conventional feedstuffs %Ration Alternative feedstuffs Maximum inclusion rate % Protein Fish meal 40 Groundnut cake 25 Soybean 45 Palm kernel cake 15 Cottonseed cake 20 Jack bean 10 Poultry offal 10 Energy Maize 50 Sorghum 50 Cassava 40 Sweet potato 20 Cod liver oil 10 Corn oil 10 Soybean 10 Palm oil 10 Minerals Oyster shell 7.5 Periwinkle shell 7.5 Bone meal 2.5 Limestone 5 Dicalcium phosphate 2.5 Malt dust 2 Common salt 2 Vitamin premix 1 - - Additives Mineral premix 1 - - (Fagbenro et al., 2003)

Milling of feed ingredients

Weighing and mixing of feed ingredients

Activation of nutrients and gelatinization of starch

Hammer mill

Domestic hand pelleter Modified hand Screw type

Balance and Blender

Pelletized feed

Pressure cooking

Feed ingredients

Oven/sun drying

Dried feed

Figure 1: Outline of feed formulation

28


Receiving

Storage

Grinding Batching

Mixing Micronutrients

Grinding Steam pellets

Cooling

Screening

Extrusion

Drying and cooling

Screening

Pre-finish storage

Fat coating Storage for load out

Screening

Bulk loading Bagging

Procurement Figure 3: Typical flow scheme for manufacturing finfish feeds Feeding Trials Experiments: Some of feeding trials experiments are shown on Tables 12 – 13.

Costing: Table 14 describes the availability and cost of feed stuff used in fish farming in Nigeria. Cost of pelleted feed per kilogram is extrapolated from the following: 1. Unit cost of all ingredients put together. 2. Cost of other materials needed for the finished products. Sacks or bagging, drying, processing etc. 3. Labour put together. 4. Wear and tear of machine and building. 5. Profit per tonne of feed made from the above the unit cost of pelleted feed is obtained (Falayi, 2003). Commercial Feed Manufacturers: Table 15 displays a list of commercial fish feed manufacturers and a summary of inventories on aquatic resources and fish farms in Nigeria. NIFFR is fortunate to have an Insta Pro 600 Jr pelletizer machine which is one of the few extruded pelletizers in the country. Feed Masters has an aquaculture feed production in Ilorin with a capacity of 10 tons per hour of pelleted feed giving an annual capacity of some 13,000 tons of fish feeds. Chi Feed in Ibadan produce floating feeds. Guinea Feeds in Edo State produced pelleted fish feeds. Conclusion: As much as possible, aqua feeds should be based on locally available feedstuff, simple and cheap methods of increasing their nutritional value with particular reference to digestibility, removal of toxic substances (antinutritional factors) and palatability. In addition, efforts should be made towards the development and improvements of simple and cheap machinery for aqua feed production as well as improve the techniques for processing and storage; without compromising environmental quality.

29


Table 12: Animal By-Products used /tested in Fish Diets in Nigeria Feedstuff Fish species References

Blood meal Oreochromis niloticus Ufodike and Ekokotu (1985)

Cow fat Clarias gariepinus Eyo (2003)

Dried fish waste Clarias gariepinus Mgbenka (1991)

Feather meal Clarias gariepinus Eyo (1999)

Fish meal Oreochromis niloticus Eyo (1991)

Fish silage (moist) Oreochromis niloticus Fagbenro (1994)

Fish silage (moist) Oreochromis niloticus Fagbenro and Jauncey (1994)

Fish silage (moist) Oreochromis niloticus Fagbenro et al., (1994)

Fish silage (moist) Clarias gariepinus Fagbenro and Jauncey (1997)

Fish silage (moist) Clarias gariepinus Fagbenro and Jauncey (1998)

Fish silage (moist) Clarias gariepinus Ayinla and Akande (1988)

Frog meal Oreochromis niloticus Fagbenro and Jauncey (1994)

Maggot meal Heterobranchus bidorsalis x Clarias

gariepinus

Eyo (2005)

Maggot meal Heterobranchus bidorsalis x Clarias

gariepinus

Mgbenka (1991)

Pig fat Clarias gariepinus Eyo (2003)

Poultry wastes/manure C. catla Nwanna et al.,(2002)

Poultry wastes/manure L. rohita Nwanna et al.,(2002)

Poultry wastes/manure Oreochromis niloticus Nwanna et al.,(2002)

Shrimp head meal Clarias gariepinus Nwanna and Daramola (2000)

Shrimp head silage Oreochromis niloticus Nwanna et al. (2000)

Shrimp head silage Clarias gariepinus Adwulu and Mustapha (2000)

Shrimp head silage Oreochromis niloticus Madu et al. (1997)

Shrimp head silage Clarias gariepinus Madu and Akilo (2001)

Shrimp head silage Clarias gariepinus Madu and Ufodike (2003)

Tadpole meal Clarias gariepinus Otubusin (1987)

Tadpole meal Clarias gariepinus Ufodike and Ekokotu (1985)

Toad meal Clarias gariepinus Annune (1990)

Toad meal Clarias gariepinus Fagbenro et al. (1993

30


Table 13: Plant residues by-Products used /tested in Fish Diets in Nigeria Feedstuff Fish species References Kidney bean Oreochromis niloticus Absalom et al. (1999) Pigeon pea C.. gariepinus Adeparusi (1994) Pigeon pea C.. gariepinus Adeparusi and Balogun (1998) Winged bean C.. gariepinus Fagbenro (1999a,b,c,d) Winged bean Oreochromis niloticus Fagbenro and Davies (2000) Winged bean Oreochromis niloticus Fagbenro et al (2002) Mucuna seed Clarias gariepinus Osuigwe (1999) Lima bean Oreochromis niloticus Adeparusi and Ajayi (2000) Lima bean Oreochromis niloticus Adeparusi and Olute (2000) Jack bean Clarias gariepinus Alegbeleye et al. (2001) Jack bean Clarias gariepinus Osuigwe (2002) Tamarind Oreochromis niloticus Nwanna et al. (2002) Soybean meal Clarias gariepinus Balogun and Ologhobo (1989) Soybean meal Clarias gariepinus Sadiku and Jauncey (1998a,b) Soybean meal Clarias gariepinus Devies et al. (1999,2000) Soybean meal Clarias gariepinus Fagbenro and Davies (2002) Soybean meal Clarias gariepinus Fagbenro and Davies 2003) Soybean meal Clarias gariepinus Igbinsosun et al. (1979) Soybean meal Clarias gariepinus Eyo (1990, 1999) Soybean meal Oreochromis niloticus Fagbenro and Davies 2000) Soybean meal Oreochromis niloticus Ofojekwu and Ejike (1984) Soybean meal Oreochromis niloticus Fagbenro and Davies Cotton seed meal Clarias gariepinus Arowosoge (1987) Palm kernel cake Oreochromis niloticus Omoregie and Ogbemudai (1993) Macadamia press cake Oreochromis niloticus Balogun and Fagbenro (1995) Groundnut cake Clarias gariepinus Fasakin and Balogun (1996) Groundnut cake Oreochromis niloticus Fasakin and Balogun (1996) Sunflower cake Clarias gariepinus Fagbenro and Davies (2000) Sesame seed Oreochromis niloticus Ofojekwu and Kigbu (2002) Palm fruit and tract Clarias gariepinus Mgbenka and Orji Olive oil Clarias gariepinus Eyo, (2003) Meal Clarias gariepinus Olukunle (1996) Olukunle and Falaye (1998) Roselle seed meal Oreochromis niloticus Fagbenro and Davies (2000) Roselle seed meal Oreochromis niloticus Fagbenro and Davies (2000) Mango seeds Oreochromis niloticus Omoregie et al. (1991) Cassava peels Oreochromis niloticus Faturoti and Akinbote (1986) Oresegun and

Arowosoge (1991a) Plantain peels C. isheriensis Fagbenro and Arowosoge (1991 b) Yam peels C. isheriensis Fagbenro and Arowosoge (1991 b) Coffee pulp C. isheriensis Fagbenro (1992, 1995) Cocoa pod husk Oreochromis niloticus Falaye and Juancey (1999) Cassava C. carpio Rice C. carpio

Ufodike and Matty (1983) Ufodike and Matty (1983)

Maize (yellow, white) Clarias gariepinus Faturoti and Oyelese (1989) Maize (yellow, white) Oreochromis niloticus Fagbenro et al. (2000) Sweet potato Clarias gariepinus Faturoti and Oyelese (1989) Sweet potato Heterobranchus bidorsalis x Clarias

gariepinus Eyo (2003)

Sorghum Oreochromis niloticus Ufodike and Ugwuzor (1985) Sorghum Oreochromis niloticus Fagbenro et al. (2000) Acha Oreochromis niloticus Fagbenro et al. (2000) Rubber seed meal Heterobranchus bidorsalis x Clarias

gariepinus Eyo and Ezechie (2004)

Rubber seed meal Oreochromis niloticus Fagbenro et al. (2000) Bread fruit Heterobranchus bidorsalis x Clarias

gariepinus Eyo (2004)

31


Table 14: Availability and cost of feed stuff used in fish farming in Nigeria Feedstuff Quantity

(t) Price (USS/t)

Availability Fish species References

Kidney bean low O. niloticus Absalom et.al. (1999) Pigeon pea 250 C.. gariepinus Adeparusi (1994) Adeparusi & Balogun

(1998) Fagbenro (1999a,b,c,d) winged bean

250 O. niloticus Fagbenro & Davies (2000) Fagbenro et.al

(2002) Mucuna seed C. gariepinus Osuigwe (1999) Lima bean

O. niloticus Adeparusi & Ajayi (2000) Adeparusi &

Olute (2000) Jack bean 100

Low

C. gariepinus Alegbeleye et.al. (2001) Osuigwe (2002)

Tamarind O. niloticus Nwanna et.al., (2002) Soybean meal 288,950

480,550 Adequate C. gariepinus Balogun & Ologhobo (1989) Sadiku & Jauncey (1998a,b) Devies et.al. (1999,2000) fagbenro &Davies (2002) Fagbenro & Davies 2003)

C. gariepinus Igbinsosun et.al. (1979) C. gariepinus Eyo (1990, 1999)

O. niloticus Fagbenro&Davies 2000) Ofojekwu & Ejike (1984)

Fagbenro & Davies Cotton seed meal

520,160 300 C. gariepinus Arowosoge (1987)

Palm kernel cake

405, 144 75 O. niloticus Omoregie &Ogbemudai (1993)

Macadamia press cake

Not available Balogun & Fagbenro (1995) Omoregie & Ogbemudia (1993)

C. gariepinus Groundnut cake

632,749 320 Adequate O. niloticus

Fasakin & Balogun (1996)

Sunflower cake

Not available

C. gariepinus

Fagbenro & Davies (2000)

Sesame seed 39,825 100 Low O. niloticus Ofojekwu & Kigbu (2002) Palm fruit and tract

C. gariepinus Mbenke Adorji

Olise oil C. gariepinus Eyo, (2003) Meal C. gariepinus Olukunle (1996) Olukunle & Falaye

(1998) Roselle seed meal

O. niloticus Fagbenro & Davies (2000)

Fagbenro & Davies (2000) Mango seeds O. niloticus Omoregie et.al. (1991) Cassava peels O. niloticus Faturoti & Akinbote (1986) Oresegun &

Arowosoge (1991a) Plantain peels C. isheriensis Fagbenro & Arowosoge (1991 b) Yam peels O. niloticus Fagbenro & Arowosoge (1991 b) Coffee pulp O. niloticus Fagbenro (1992, 1995) Cocoa pod husk

Not available

O. niloticus Falaye Juancey (1999)

Cassava 33,250,559 205 High C. carpio Rice 1,862,119 400 Low

ufodike & Matty (1983) Faturoti & Oyelese (1989) Fagbenro et.al. (2000)

C. gariepinus Maize (yellow, white)

9,188,968 320-330

Adequate O. niloticus

Faturoti Oyelese (1989) Fagbenro et.al. (2000)

Sweet potato C. gariepinus Faturoti & Oyelese (1989) Eyo 2003) Sorghum 7,422,428 280 Adequate O. niloticus Ufodike & Ugwuzor (1985) Fagenro et.al.

(2000) Acha Not available Fagenro et al. (2000)

Eyo & Ezechie (2004_) Rubber seed

meal Adequate Heteroclerias

Fagbenro et.al. (2000)

32


Table 15: Summary of Inventories on Aquatic Resources, Fish Farms and Feed Producers in Nigeria (AIEP Project). July 2004 No Geo political Zones

(States) No. of Dams and Reservoirs

No. of Fish Farms No. of Feed Producers

South East Zone 1 Abia 4 40 2 2 Anambra 5 18 3 3 Ebony 17 12 7 4 Enugu 22 4 4 5 Imo 9 40 16 Sub Total 57 114 32 South South Zone 1 Akwa Ibom 16 98 4 2 Bayelsa 52 86 - 3 Cross River 17 199 - 4 Delta 30 420 6 5 Edo 6 136 - 6 Rivers 22 89 8 Sub Total 147 1,028 18 South West Zone 1 Ogun 24 173 35 2 Ekiti 6 31 2 3 Lagos - 153 16 4 Ondo 8 15 3 5 Osun 7 300 26 6 Oyo 29 234 9 Sub Total 74 906 91 North Central Zone

1 Abuja 15 29 1 2 Benue 45 198 5 3 Kogi 35 32 - 4 Kwara 21 121 18 5 Plateau 85 18 9 6 Nassarawa 16 16 2 7 Niger 35 29 1 Sub Total 252 443 36 North East Zone 1 Adamawa 16 4 - 2 Bauchi 49 - - 3 Borno 18 12 - 4 Gombe 44 9 1 5 Taraba 83 8 1 6 Yobe 20 13 1 Sub Total 230 46 3 North West Zone 1 Jigawa 15 4 1 2 Kaduna 20 10 9 3 Kano 17 10 1 4 Katsina 40 7 16 5 Kebbi 30 56 - 6 Sokoto 15 9 1 7 Zamfara 40 9 7 Sub Total 177 105 35 Grand Total 937 2,642 215

33


REFERECES Absalom, K.V., Omoregie, E. and Igbe, A.M. (1999). Effects of kidney bean, Phaseolus vulganis meal on

the growth performance feed utilization and protein digestibility of the tilapia. Journal of Aquatic Sciences 14:

Adepanusi, E.O. (1994). Evaluation of the nutritive potential of cooked pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) meal as a plant protein source for Clarias gariepinus fingerlings. Journal of Agricultural Technology (2): 48 - 57.

Adepanusi, E.O. and Balogun, A.M. (1999). Roasted pigeon pea, (Cajanus cajan) meal as a dietary protein source for Clarias gariepinus (Buchell 1822). Applied Tropical Agriculture. (4): 31 - 36.

Adesulu, E.A. and Mustapha, A.K. (2000) Use of housefly maggots as fish meal replace in tilapia culture: a recent vaguer in Nigeria. In: Fatzsimmons, K., Filho, J.C. (Eds.) Proceedings of fifth International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture (ISTA)Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 138 - 143.

Adikwu, I.A. (1991). The Development of complete diets from local feedstuffs and Industrial wastes fro the culture of Tilapia, Oreochromis Niloticus in Nigeria. Technical Report for the International Foundation for Science, S - 114 Grew Turegatan, Stockholm, Sweden.

Adikwu, I.A. and Yusuf, A.I. (1997). Use of wastes of Agro and Agro-allied Activities in the Nutrition of the African catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Proceedings of 28th Conference of Nutritional Society of Nigeria. 65 – 68. May 6 -8th 1997.

Adikwu; I.A. (2003). A review of Aquaculture Nutrition in Aquaculture Development in Nigeria. National Workshop on Fish Feed Development and Feeding Practices in Aquaculture Organized by Fisheries Society of Nigeria (FISON) in Collaboration with National Institute of Fresh Water Fisheries Research (NIFFR) and FAO National Special Programme for Food Security (FAO-NSPFS). 34 - 42.

Aduku, A.O. (1995). Tropical Feedstuffs Tables. Department of Animal Science. Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.

AIFP. (2004): Inventory of Feed Producers in Nigeria. Aquaculture and Inland Fisheries Project. 37 p. Akegbejo-Samson, Y. (1999). Growth response and nutrient digestibility by Clarias gairepinus fed varying

levels of dietary periwinkle flesh as replacement for fish meal in low-cost diets. Applied Tropical Agriculture. ( 4): 37 - 41.

Annual Conference of Nutritional Society of Nigeria. May 6-8th 1997. 65 – 68. Annune, P.A. (1990). Preliminary investigation on the suitability of toad meal (Bufo regularis REUSS 1834)

in the diets of catfish, Clarias lazara Cuvier and Valenciennes. Journal of Aquatic Science (Nigeria) (5): 37 - 42.

Arowosoge, A.I., (1987). Nutritional implications of cottonseed meal in diets of Clarias lazera. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.

Ayanda, O. (2003). Feeding Practices and Management. National Workshop on Fish Feed Development and Feeding Practices in Aquaculture Organized by Fisheries Society of Nigeria (FISON) in Collaboration with National Institute of Fresh Water Fisheries Research (NIFFR) and FAO National Special Programme for Food Security (FAO-NSPFS). 99 - 104.

Ayinla, O.A. and Akande, G.R. (1988). Growth the response of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell. 1822) on silage-based diets. NIOMR Technical Paper No. 37 Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research, Lagos. 19 p.

Balarin J.D. and Haller R.D. (1992). The intensive culture of tilapia in tanks, raceways and cages. In:Recent Advances in Aquaculture. Eds J.F. Mur, R.J. Roberts. London Croon Heln Ltd; 265 - 356.

Balogun, A.M. and Fagbenro, O.A. (1995). The use of macadamia presscake as a protein feedstuff in practical diets for tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Trewavas). Aquaculture Research (26): 371 - 377.

Balogun, A.M. and Ologhobo, A.D. (1989). Growth performance and nutrient utilization of fingerlings of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell) feed raw and cooked soybean diets. Aquaculture. (76): 119 - 126.

Balogun, A.M., Bello-Olusoji, O. and Fashakin, E.A. (1992). Protein and amino acid requirements of warm water fishes. A tool to efficient and low cost fish feed production in Nigeria. Proceedings of 10th Annual Conference FISON, Abeokuta, Nigeria, 16-20 Nov, 1992. 95 – 104.

Balogun, T.F. (1992). Poultry ration formulation and feed mixing. In: Proceeding Revamping poultry production management and feeding. Training Manual. Eds. Ogundipe, S.O., Oni, O.O. and Sekoni, A.A. NAPRI, Shika, Zaria.

Bureau, D.P. and Cho, Y.C. (2003). An Introduction to Nutrition and Feeding of Fish. Fish Nutrition Research Laboratory, Dept of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontairo, NIG 2WI, Canada 25 p.

34


Chow K.W., (1980). Chapter 21. Manufacturing Compounded Feed in Developing Countries. Robinson, E.H., Menghe, H., Bruce, B.M. (2001). A Practical Guide to Nutrition, Feeds and Feeding of Catfish. Bulletin 1113. Office of Agriculture, Forestry and Veterinary Medicine at Mississippi State University.

Cowey, C.B. (1982). Aspects of Protein Utilization. Fisheries Protection Society. 34: 57-65. Craig, S. and Helfrich, L.A. (2002). Understanding Fish Nutrition, Feed, and Feeding. Publication 420 -

256. Virginia Cooperative Extension. Dada, A.A, Fagbenro D.A., Ita, E.O. and Eyo A.A. (1998). Dietary crude protein requirement of

Heterobranchus bidorsalis fry. Nigerian Journal of Agricultural Education (2) (1and 2) 8 - 13. Davies, S.J., Fagbenro, O.A., Abdel-waritho, A.A. and Diller T. (1999). Use of soybean products as fish

meal substitute in African catfish, Clarias gariepinus diets. Applied Tropical Agriculture. (4): 10 - 19.

Davies, S.J., Fagbenro, O.A., Abdel-Waritho, A.A. and Diller, I. (2000). Use of oilseed residues as fish meal replaces in diets feed to Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.). Applied Tropical Agriculture 5: 1 - 10.

De Silva, S.S. and Anderson, T.A. (1995). Fish Nutrition in Aquaculture. Chapman and Hall, London, UK. 319 p.

Degani, N.M., Ben Zili, Y., Levanon, D. (1989). The effect of different protein levels and temperatures on feed utilization, growth and body composition of Clairas gariepinus (Burchell 1822). Aquaculture (76) 293 - 301.

Desilva, S.S. and Anderson, T.A., (1995). Fish Nutrition in Aquaculture. Published by Chapman and Hall, London, UK. 319p.

Eyo, A.A. (1990): Some aspects of utilization of soyabean meal by the young mud fish, Clarias anguillaris Linnaeus. Ph. D. Dissertation, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria. 401pp.

Eyo, A.A. (1991): The nutritive value of traditionally prepared fish meals. In: Proceedings of 5th FAO Expert consultation of fish Technology in Africa. Accra, Ghana. 21-25 October 1991.

Eyo, A.A. (1995). Dietary protein requirement of Heterobranchus Longifilis NIFFR Annual report. 118 - 125.

Eyo, A.A. (1999). The effects of different methods of soyabean processing on the growth and food utilization of African mud catfish Clarias anguillaris (L) fingerlings. Nigerian Journal of Biotechnology. (10): 9 - 18.

Eyo, A.A. (2003). Fundamentals of Fish Nutrition and Diet Development. An overview. National Workshop on Fish Feed Development and Feeding Practices in Aquaculture Organized by Fisheries Society of Nigeria (FISON) in Collaboration with National Institute of Fresh Water Fisheries Research (NIFFR) and FAO National Special Programme for Food Security (FAO-NSPFS). 1 - 33.

Eyo, A.A., Aluko P.O. and Adelowo E. (1998). Nutritional studies on diploid hybrid of Clarias gariepinus and Heterobranchus longifilis. NIFFR Annual Report. 36 - 38.

Eyo, A.A., Aluko,P.O., Okoye and Mboko, H. (2003). Optimum Protein Requirement and Growth Performance of Two sets of Genetically Improved Triploid Hybrid Fingerlings. Nigeria Journal of Fisheries (1) 11 - 21.

Eyo, A.A., Odukudu, G. and Adeolowo, E. (2000). Optimum Dietary protein requirements of fingerlings Tilapia Hybrid. (Exotic Oreochromis niloticus aureus) Nigerian Journal of Biotechnology. (11) 1: 47 - 54.

Eyo, A.A., Olufeagba, S.O., Aluko P.O. and Adelowo E. (1998). Dietary Protein Requirement of triploid Heterobranchus longifilis fingerlings. NIFFR Annual Report. 35 - 36.

Eyo, J.E (1999). Effect of Substituting Soybean Meal with. Feather Meal on Diet palatability and Growth of African Catfish, Clarias gariepinus Burchell, 1822. Plant Product Research Journal (4) 29 - 38.

Eyo, J.E. (2003). Acceptability Growth performance and cost benefit studies on the replacement of corn meal with sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) meal in diets fed to Heterobranchus bidorsalis (♂)X Clarias gariepinus (♀) hybrid. Journal of science and Technology Research 2(4) 14-20.

Eyo, J.E. (2003). Acceptability, Growth Performance and Cost Analysis of Diets Enriched with Lipids from Varied Plants and Animal Sources Fed to Fingerlings of Clarias gariepinus (Teleostei, Clariidae) Burchell, 1822. Journal of Bioresearch and Biotechnology, 1 (2) 87-99.

Eyo, J.E. (2004). The Effects of Substituting Soyabean Meal for Breadfruit Meal on Diets Acceptability, Growth Response and cost of Diets fed to Heterobranchus bidorsalis (♂) X Clarias gariepinus (♀) Hybrid. Bio-Research. 2(2): 27 - 23.

35


Eyo, J.E. (2005). Effect of substituting soyabean meal for maggot meal on Acceptability benefit of Diets fed to Hybrid catfish Heterobranchus bidorsalis (♂) X Clarias gariepinus (♀). Journal of Science and Technology Research. 4(4): 37 - 43.

Eyo, J.E. and Ezechie, C.U. (2004). The effects of rubber (Havea brasiliensis ) seed meal based diets on diet acceptability and growth performance of Heterobranchus bidorsalis (♂) x Clarias gariepinus (♀) hybrid. Journal of Sustainable Tropical Agriculture Research 10: 20 – 25.

Fagbenro O.A., Balogun A.M., and Anyanwu, C.N. (1992). Optimal Dietary protein levels for Heterobranchus bidorsalis fingerlings fed compounded diets. Israeli Journal of Aquaculture Bamidgeh. 44 (3) 87 - 92.

Fagbenro, A.A., Adepanusi, E.O., Fapohunda, O.O. (2003). Feed Stuffs and Dietary Substitution for Farmed Fish in Nigeria. National Workshop on Fish Feed Development and Feeding Practices in Aquaculture Organized by Fisheries Society of Nigeria (FISON) in Collaboration with National Institute of Fresh Water Fisheries Research (NIFFR) and FAO National Special Programme for Food Security (FAO-NSPFS.). 60 - 72.

Fagbenro, A.O. and Davies S.J. (2001). Use of soybean flour (dehulled Solvent- extracted soybean) as fish meal substitute in practical diets for African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822): growth, feed Utilization and digestibility Journal of Applied Ichthyology. (17): 64 - 69.

Fagbenro, O.A and Arowosoge, A.I. (1991a). Replacement value of some household wastes as energy substitutes in low cost diets for rearing catfish in Southwestern Nigeria. Bioresource Technology (37): 197 - 204.

Fagbenro, O.A and Arowosoge, A.I. (1991b). Growth response and nutrient digestibility by Clarias isheriensis (Sydenham 1980) fed varying levels of dietary coffee pulp as replacement for maize in low-cost diets. Bioresources Technology. (37): 253 - 258.

Fagbenro, O.A. (1992). Utilization of cocoa pod husk in low-cost diets by the clariid catfish, Clarias isheriensis (Sydenham). Aquaculture and Fisheries Management, (23): 175 - 181.

Fagbenro, O.A. (1995). Evaluation of heat-processed cocoa pod husk meal as energy feed stuff in production diets for the clarrid catfish Clarias isheriensis (Sydenham). Aquaculture Nutrition. 1(4): 221 - 225.

Fagbenro, O.A. (1999). Comparative evaluation of heat processed winged bean, Psophocarpus tetragonolobus, meals as partial substitute for fish meal in diets for the African catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Aquaculture. (170): 297-305.

Fagbenro, O.A. and Fasakin, E.A. (1996). Citric acid ensiled poultry viscera as protein supplement for catfish Clarias gariepinus. Bioresources Technology. (58): 13 - 16.

Fagbenro, O.A. and Jauncey, K. (1994). Chemical and nutritional quality of dried fermented fish silage and their nutritive value for tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Animal feed science and Technology. (45): 167 - 176.

Fagbenro, O.A. and Jauncey, K. (1995). Growth and protein utilization by juvenile diets containing co-dried lactic acid fermented fish-silages and protein feedstuff. Bioresource Technology. (51): 29 - 35.

Fagbenro, O.A. and Jauncey, K. (1998). Physical and nutritional properties of moist fermented fish silage pellets as protein supplement for tilapia Oreochromis niloticus). Animal Feed Science and Technology. ( 71): 11 - 18.

Fagbenro, O.A., Balogun, A.M., Ibironke, A.A. and Fasina, F.A. (1993). Nutritional value of some amphibian meals in diets for Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822) (Siluriformes: Clariidae). Journal of Aquaculture in the Tropics. (8): 95 - 101.

Fagbenro, O.A., Jauncey, K. and Haylor, G.S. (1994). Nutritive value of diets containing dried lactic acid fermented fish silage and soybean meal for juvenile Oreochromis niloticus and Clarias gariepinus. Aquatic Living Resources. ( 7): 99 - 85.

Fagbenro, O.A., Jauncey, K. and Krueger, R. (1997). Nutritive value of dried lactic acid fermented fish silage and soybean meal in dry diets for juvenile catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). Journal of Applied Ichthyology. (13): 27 - 30.

Fagbenro, O.A., Smith, M.A.K. and Amoo, A.I. (2002). Acha (Digitaria exilis Staaf) meal compared with maize and sorghum meals as a dietary carbohydrate source for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) Israeli Journal of aquaculture, 52: 3-10.

Fagbenro, O.A. and Davies, S.I. (2003). Use of high percentages of soy protein concentrate as fish meal substitute in practical diets for African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822): growth, feed utilization and digestibility. Journal of Applied Aquaculture 16(1).

36


Falaye, A.E. (1982). The use of hydrolyzed feather meal alone or in combination with supplemental amino acids as a dietary source for tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus ). M.Sc. Thesis, University of Stirling, UK.

Falaye, A.E. and Jauncey, K. (1999). Acceptability and digestibility by tilapia Oreochromis niloticus of feeds containing cocoa husk. Aquaculture Nutrition (5): 157 - 161.

Falayi, B.A. (2003) Techniques in Fish Feed Manufacture. In: National Workshop on Fish Feed Development and Feeding Practices in Aquaculture Organized by Fisheries Society of Nigeria (FISON) in Collaboration with National Institute of Fresh Water Fisheries Research (NIFFR) and FAO National Special Programme for Food Security (FAO-NSPFS). 43 - 55.

Fasakin, E.A. and Balogun, A.M. (1996). Replacement of groundnut cake with processed soybean meals in diets for the African mud catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Applied Tropical Agriculture. (1): 5 - 11.

Fasakin, E.A., Balogun, A.M. and Ajayi, O.O. (2003). Evaluation of full-fat and defatted maggot meals in the feeding of Clariid catfish Clarias gariepinus. Aquaculture Research 34(9): 733 - 738.

Fasakin, E.A., Falayi, B.A. and Eyo, A.A. (2000). Inclusion of poultry manure in diets for Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus). Journal of Fisheries Technology. ( 2): 51-56.

Faturoti, E.O. (2003). Commercial Fish Feed Development and Aquaculture. National Workshop on Fish Feed Development and Feeding Practices in Aquaculture Organized by Fisheries Society of Nigeria (FISON) in Collaboration with National Institute of Fresh Water Fisheries Research (NIFFR) and FAO National Special Programme for Food Security (FAO-NSPFS). 88 - 94.

Faturoti, E.O. and Akinboter, R. E. (1986). Growth response and nutrient utilization in Oreochromis niloticus fed varying levels of dietary cassava peels. Journal of Applied Fisheries and Hydrobiology (1): 47 - 50.

Faturoti, E.O. and Oyelese (1989). Digestibility and utilization of yellow maize and sweet potato based diets by Clarias gariepinus. In: Faturoti et. al. (eds). Proceedings of the Nigerian Association of Aquatic Sciences, Ibadan, June 12-14 1989 158 - 164.

Fegbenro, O.A. (1994). Dried fermented fish silage in diets for Oreochromis niloticus. Israeli Journal of Aquaculture. 46: 140-147.

Haruna, B.A. (1997). Studies on the utilization of Agro and Agro-allied wastes in the Nutrition of the African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus, BURCHELL 1822). Ph.D. Thesis, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria. p 187.

Igbinosun, J.E., Talabi, S.O., Roberts, O.O and Okoli, E. (1979). Replacement of fish meal by soybean meal in the diets of brackishwater fish, Chrischthys nigrodigitatus. NIOMR Technical paper No 7. Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research, Nigeria. 13 p.

Jauncey K. and Ross. B. (1982). A guide to Tilapia feeds and feeding. Institute of Aquaculture University of Sterling, Scotland, UK 111p.

Madu C.T. and Akilo, K.T. (2001). The use of live maggot and live tilapia fry as unconventional diets for juveniles of catfish, Clarias anguillaris (L). In: Fish Nutrition and Fish feed Technology (Eyo, A.A., ed). Proceedings of the 1st National Symposium on Fish Nutrition and Fish Feed Technology: Octomber 26-29, 1999. Fisheries society of Nigeria (FISON) Lagos. 75 - 83.

Madu, C.T. and Olurebi, S.O. (1987). Dietary protein requirements of mudfish (Clarias anguillaris) fingerlings. I. The effects of varying dietary protein level on growth and food utilization. KLRI Annual Report. 46 - 49.

Madu, C.T. and Ufodike, E.B.C. (2003). Growth and survival of catfish Clarias anguilliaris. juveniles fed live tilapia and maggot as unconventional diets. Journal of Aquatic Sciences 18(1).

Madu, C.T., Okwuego, C. and Akilo, K.T. (1997). Comparative growth and survival of cat fish Clarias anguillaris juveniles fed unconventional feeds (live tilapia and maggot) for broodstock development. In: Annual Report of National Institute for Fresh Water Fisheries Research, New Bussa. 10 - 82.

Madu, C.T., Sogbesan, A.O., Ibiyo, L.M.O. (2003). Some non-conventional fish feed Resources in Nigeria. National Workshop on Fish Feed Development and Feeding Practices in Aquaculture Organized by Fisheries Society of Nigeria (FISON) in Collaboration with National Institute of Fresh Water Fisheries Research (NIFFR) and FAO National Special Programme for Food Security (FAO-NSPFS).73 - 82.

Mgbenka, B.O. (1991): Digestibility of some agricultural by-products by African catfish (Clarias grapienus Burchell 1822) and preliminary investigation on effects of L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in an agricultural by-product based diet on the African catfish. Pages 30. In: Baring A. Costa Pierce, Clive Lightfoot, Kenneth Ruddel and Roger S. V. Pullin (editors). Summary Report on the ICLARM-

37


GT2/Malawi Fisheries Department /University of Malawi Conference on Aquaculture Research and Development in Rural Africa, Zomba, Malawi, 2-6 April 1990.

Mgbenka, B.O. and Oche, E.E. (2003). Effects of diets containing oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) kernel cake-shear-butter (Butyrospermum paradoxum) nut waste mix on growth of Heterobranchus bidorsalis. Journal of the Science of Agriculture, food Technology and Environment. 3: 111 - 118.

Mgbenka, B.O. and Orji, R. (1997). Use of fresh palm fruit extract as a feed ingredient in the diet of larval African catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Journal of Applied Aquaculture. (7): 79 - 91.

N.R.C. (1993). Nutrient Requirement of Fish. National Research Council. National Academic Press, Washington. 140 p.

Nwanna, L.C., Fagbenro, O.A. and Olanipekun, O.S Tamarind (Tamarindus indica) in diets of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L). Abstract Book. Feeding for quality. 10th International Symposium on Nutrition and Feeding of Fish. Rhodes, Greece. June2 –7, 2002. 30.

Nwanna, L.C., Fagbernro, O.A. and Balogun, A.M. (1998). Yield of two Indian Carps under low-input monoculture management in Nigeria. Applied Tropical Agriculture. (3): 69 - 74.

Nwanna, L.C., Fagbnro, O.A. and Ihimekpen, F.A. (2000). Use of shrimp head (waste) silage meal as fish meal substitute in African catfish (Clarias garepinus and Heterobranchus bidorsalis) in the New millennium. Abstract of International Conference- Aquaculture Society, Special Publication No. 28. Oosteride, Belgium.

Nwanna, L.C.and Daramola, J.A. (2000). Harnessing of shrimp head waste in Nigeria for low-cost production of tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L) In: Fitzsimmons, K., Filho, J.C. (Eds.) Proceedings of fifth International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture (ISTA V), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 174 - 178.

Ofojekwu, P.C. and Ejike, C. (1984). Growth response and feed utilization in tropical chichlid Oreochromis niloticus (Lin.) feed on cotton seed-based artificial diets. Aquaculture. (42): 27-36.

Ofojekwu, R.C. and Kigbu A.A. (2002). Effect of substituting fish meal with sesame, Sasamum indicum (L.) cake on growth and food utilization of the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Journal of Aquatic Sciences, 16:

Olakunle, O.A and Falaye, A.E., (1998). Use of Sesame seed cake as replacement for fish meal in diets for catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822). Applied Tropical Agriculture, (3): 86 - 91.

Olakunle, O.A. (1996). Nutritional potentials of processed Sesame indicum in the diets of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822). Ph.D. Thesis, University of Ibadan, Ibadan

Omeregie, E., Ufodike, E.B.C. and Umazi, M.S. (1991). Growth and feed utilization of Oreochromis. niloticus fingerlings fed with diets containing cassava peelings and mango seeds. Aquabyte, 4(2): 6 - 7.

Omoniyi. T. and S.O. Fagade (2003). Effect of Different Dietary protein levels on the Growth performance of Hybrid Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus x Sarotherdon galilaeus) fry. Nigeria Journal of Fisheries (1) 22 - 32.

Omoregie, E. and Ogbemudia, F.I. (1993). Effects of substituting fish meal with palm kernel meal on growth and feed utilization of the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Israeli Journal of Aquaculture-Bamidgeh, 45(3): 113 - 119.

Oresegun, A. and Alegbeleye, W.O. (2001). Growth response and nutrient utilization of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed varying levels of cassava peels based ration supplemented with D, L-methionine. In: Fish Nutrition and Fish Feed Technology (Eyo, A.A, ed). Proceedings of the 1st National Symposium on Fish Nutrition and Fish Feed Technology: October 26-29 1999. Fisheries Society of Nigeria (FISON), Lagos. 39 - 45.

Osigwe, D.I. (1999). Growth responses and nutrient utilization of Oreochromis niloticus (L) fed on diets containing Mucana seed meal. Journal of Agriculture, Biotechnology and Environment, 1(2): 47 - 52.

Otubusin, S.O. (1987). Effects of different levels of blood meal in pelleted feed on tilapia Oreochromis niloticus, production in floating bamboo netcages. Aquaculture. 65 (3 - 4): 263 - 266.

Otubusin, S.O. and Ifili, N.N. (2000). Growth performance of Clarias gariepinus fed on plankton, frozen maggot and pelleted feed in a floating hapa system. Journal of Fisheries Technology. (2): 117 - 123.

Ranjih, S.K. (1980). Animal Nutrition in the Tropics. Vicas Publication, PVT ltd. India Robinson E.H. (1989). Channel Catfish Nutrition. Reviews in Aquatic Sciences (1) 365 - 391. Robinson, E.H., Menghe, H.L. and Manning, B.B. (2001). A Practical Guide to Nutrition Feeds and Feeding

of Catfish. Bulletin 1113. Office of Agricultural Communications, Division of Agriculture, Forestry and Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, U.S.A. 39 p.

38


Sadiku, S.O. E. and Jauncey, K. (1995). Soybean flour- poultry meat meal blend as dietary protein source in practical diets of Oreochromis niloticus and Clarias gariepinus. Asian Fisheries Science (8): 159 – 167.

Sadiku, S.O.E. (2003). Least-Cost Feed Formulation. National Workshop on Fish Feed Development and Feeding Practices in Aquaculture Organized by Fisheries Society of Nigeria (FISON) in Collaboration with National Institute of Fresh Water Fisheries Research (NIFFR) and FAO National Special Programme for Food Security (FAO-NSPFS.) 56.-.59.

Sadiku, S.O.E. and Jauncey, K. (1998). Digestibility , apparent amino acid availability and waste generation potential of soybean flour-poultry meat meal blend. diets for the sharp-toothed-catfish, Clarias gariepinus, fingerlings. Journal of Applied Aquaculture. ( 8): 69 - 75.

Serrini, G., Zhang, Z. and Wilson, R.P. (1997). Niacin requirement a precursor of NAD in channel catfish. Aquaculture. (152) 273 - 285.

Ufodike, E.B.C. and Ekokotu, P.A. (1986). Protein digestibility and growth of African catfish Clarias lazera) fed blood meal and algae diets. Acta Hydrobiologica. (28): 237 - 243.

Ufodike, E.B.C. and Matty, A.J. (1983). Growth responses and nutrient digestibility in minor carp (Cyprinus carpio) fed different levels of cassava and nice. Aquaculture (31): 41 - 50.

Ufodike, E.B.C. and Ugwuzor, G.N. (1985). Effects of fish meal, cow blood-meal and sorghum diets on food utilization and growth of cage-cultured Oreochromis niloticus . Biologia Africana 2(1): 69 - 74.

Ugwu, L.L.C., Asogwa, M.O. and Mgbenka , B.O. (2004). Influence of Dietary levels of cassava (Manihot esculenta) peel meal on feed efficiency and productive protein value of young Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus Trewavas). Journal of Science of Agriculture, Food Technology and Environment, 6: 148 – 156.

Ugwumba, A.A. and Abumoye, O.O. (1998). Growth responses of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings fed live maggot form poultry droppings. In: Selected papers from the 9th /10th Annual Conference of the Nigerian Association for Aquatic Sciences. University of Agriculture, Abeokuta Nigeria. November 30- December 2, 1995. 60 - 98.

39

finfish feed technology in nigeria - to … · natural feeding practices: this is...

Documents