Financial Statements and Free Cash Flow

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Cash is King!

• Investors care about cash flow.• It is worth going to a lot of trouble to

disentangle cash flow from published financial statements.

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Annual report has 4 parts1

• Balance Sheet• Income Statement• Statement of Cash Flows• Statement of Shareholders’ Equity

1And of course, the footnotes

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GAAP

• Statements prepared according to GAAP are reasonably consistent from firm-to-firm.

• But the standard measures (earnings per share, net change in cash, net income, and return on equity) are not sufficient for valuation purposes.

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Accruals

• Part of the problem with GAAP is accruals– Accrual basis– Matching principle

When does cash come in and go out, versus when are these cash flows recognized?

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The Balance Sheet

• Assets– Accounts receivable (AR)—money owed to ACME

by customers who purchased on credit terms– Inventory– Long-term assets, like property, plant and

equipment (PPE).– Accumulated depreciation—is subtracted from

gross PPE to get net PPE.

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Acme's Balance Sheet: Assets

2012 2013 2014 Cash 37.30 41.40 45.12 Inventory 522.14 579.58 631.74 Accounts receivable 932.40 1,034.96 1,128.11

Total current assets 1,491.84 1,655.94 1,804.98 Gross PPE 2,619.28 3,031.40 3,443.32 Accumulated depreciation 754.48 961.47 1,187.09

Net PPE 1,864.80 2,069.93 2,256.23

Total assets 3,356.64 3,725.87 4,061.20

The balance sheet…

• Liabilities and owners’ equity– Accrued expenses– Short-term debt– Long-term debt– Common stock– Retained earnings

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Acme's Balance Sheet: Liabilities

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Accounts payable 372.96 413.99 451.24 Accrued expenses 186.48 206.99 225.62 Short-term debt 183.19 285.90 381.71

Total current liabilities 742.63 906.88 1,058.57 Long-term debt 1,000.00 1,000.00 1,000.00

Total liabilities 1,742.63 1,906.88 2,058.57 Common stock 500.00 600.00 600.00 Retained earnings 1,114.01 1,218.99 1,402.63

Total common equity 1,614.01 1,818.99 2,002.62

Total liabilities and equity 3,356.64 3,725.87 4,061.20

2012 2013 2014

Income statement items…

• Sales– Only reflects products or services defined (according to

GAAP) as sold, net of items returned.

• Expenses– Cost of Goods Sold (COGS)

• These are direct costs of producing products or services that were sold during the period

– Sales, general and administrative expenses (SGA)• Hard to attribute these expenses to a specific item. E.g.

marketing, insurance, salaries of executives.

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Income statement items…• Expenses continued…

– Depreciation• Not a cash expense. Is the recognition of money that was

spent years ago on capital assets.– Operating profit = Sales – COGS – SGA – Depreciation.

• Interest expense– Interest paid on debt.

• Earnings before taxes– Operating profit minus interest expense

• Taxes• Net income

– Earnings before taxes minus taxes

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Acme's Income Statement

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2012 2013 2014 Sales 3,729.60 4,139.86 4,512.44 Costs of Goods Sold 2,312.35 2,566.71 2,797.71 Sales, General and Administrative 745.92 827.97 902.49 Depreciation 186.48 206.99 225.62

Operating Profit 484.85 538.18 586.62 Interest expense 88.05 96.49 105.73

Earnings Before Taxes 396.80 441.70 480.89 Taxes 158.72 176.68 192.36

Net Income 238.08 265.02 288.53

Statement of shareholder's equity

• Net Income• Dividends• Stock issues• Stock repurchases

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Acme's statement of shareholders' equity

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2013 2014

Balance as of December 31 of previous year 1,614.01 1,818.99 Net Income 265.02 288.53 Dividends on Common Stock (160.04) (104.88) Issuance of Common Stock 100.00 0.00 Common Stock Repurchases 0.00 0.00

Balance as of December 31 1,818.99 2,002.62

Statement of Cash Flows

• Because of accrual accounting, not everything on the income statement represents a cash flow—the statement of cash flows corrects for this.

• 3 parts:– Cash flow from operating activities– Cash flow from investing activities– Cash flow from financing activities

• Net cash flow

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Cash flow from operating activities

• Sources of cash flow:– Net income– Depreciation, because it was deducted from net

income, but it really wasn’t a cash expense, so it is added back in.

– If liabilities go up, it is like borrowing more, so it is a source of cash—so increases in accounts payable and increases in accruals are sources of cash.

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Cash flow from operating activities

• Uses of cash flow– If assets go up, that represents an expenditure (in

order to pay for the asset), and so cash goes down. So if inventory increases, it required a use of cash flow to pay for it, so increases in inventory and accounts receivable are subtracted.

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Accounts receivable

• Accounts receivable deserve a bit more discussion:– An account receivable represents money for

goods sold that the company has not yet received. So the company is basically lending the customer the money for the goods. It takes cash to make a loan, so if the company’s accounts receivable increase, it is a use of cash.

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Cash flow from operating activities

• Net cash from operating activities is the sum of these items. In 2014, ACME generated cash of $424.72 million from its operating activities, despite the fact that it had net income of only $288.53 million. The difference comes mainly from depreciation. Asset and liability changes account for the rest.

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Acme's statement of cash flows

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2013 2014 Operating Activities Net Income 265.02 288.53 Depreciation & Amortization 206.99 225.62 Change in Inventory (57.44) (52.16) Change in Accounts Receivable (102.56) (93.15) Change in Accounts Payable 41.03 37.25 Change in Accruals 20.51 18.63

Net cash from operating activities 373.55 424.72

Investing activities

• Companies use their cash to purchase fixed assets. These purchases show up here. In 2014 Acme used $411.92 million to purchase fixed assets. This was a use of cash so it shows up as a negative number.

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Financing activities

• The money (other than that provided by operations) has to come from somewhere—this section tells where.– If short-term or long-term debt or common stock

increases, then cash goes up.– If the company retires debt or repurchases

common stock, then cash goes down.– Cash goes down when dividends are paid.

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Investing Activities Investment in PPE (412.12) (411.92)

Net cash from investing activities (412.12) (411.92) Financing Activities Change in short-term debt 102.72 95.80 Change in long-term debt 0.00 0.00 Change in common stock 100.00 0.00 Common dividends (160.04) (104.89) Net cash from financing activities 42.68 (9.09)

2013 2014

Adding them up…

• The sum of cash flow from operations, investing activities, and financing activities represents the total change in cash. If this sum is positive, then the total amount of cash the company has goes up. For ACME, cash went up by $3.72 million in 2014.

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Net cash flow

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2013 2014

Net cash from operating activities 373.55 424.72Net cash from investing activities -412.12 -411.92Net cash from financing activities 42.76 -9.08Net cash flow (net change in cash) 4.10 3.72

Starting cash 37.20 41.40Ending cash 41.40 45.12

Acme’s free cash flow

• Free cash flow is cash potentially available for distribution to stockholders and creditors:– Dividends and stock repurchases– Interest and principal payments

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Free cash flow calculation

• FCF calculated as– NOPAT – investment in operating capital

For 2014:NOPAT2014 = Operating profit – taxes on o.p.

=$586.62(1 – 0.40) = $351.97

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FCF calculation

• Net operating working capital:– NOWC2014 = (cash + inventory + AR) – (AP +

Accrued expenses) = $1,128.11

• Total operating capital in 2014:– = NOWC + net long-term operating capital (which

is PPE for ACME)– = $1,128.11 + $2,256.23 = $3,384.34– TOC in 2013 is $3,104.89

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FCF calculation

• FCF = NOPAT – net investment in operating capital– = $351.97 – ($3,384.34 - $3,104.89)– = $72.52 million

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Acme's Free Cash Flow

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2012 2013 2014 Operating profit 484.85 538.19 586.62 Tax on operating profit 193.94 215.28 234.65 NOPAT 290.91 322.91 351.97 Operating current assets 1,491.84 1,655.94 1,804.97 Operating current liabilities 559.44 620.98 676.86 NOWC 932.40 1,034.96 1,128.11

Total operating capital 2,797.20 3,104.89 3,384.34 Investment in total net operating capital 307.69 279.45 FCF 15.22 72.52

Uses of FCF

• How was this $72.52 million used?– Paid $106 million to debtholders in interest—but

after-tax amount was only $64 million because it is deductible.

– Paid $105 million in dividends.– For a total of $169 million, which is quite a bit

more than its FCF of $73 million. It borrowed the rest, for a total new borrowing of $169 - $73 = $96 million.

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Acme’s operating performance

• ROIC = NOPATt/Capitalt-1

• ROIC2013 = NOPAT2013/Capital2012

= $322.91/$2,797.2 = 11.5%• ROIC2014 = NOPAT2014/Capital2013

= $351.97/$3,104.89 = 11.3%

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Is this good or bad?

• If ROIC is greater than the cost of capital (WACC) then ACME is adding value. Since WACC is 10%, ROIC shows that ACME is earning more than its investors require.

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