final station: living room - pro wildlife...final station living room• 5 some of our companion...

Final station: living Room

EXotiCmammals as PEts

analYsis oF tHE onlinE maRKEt FoR EXotiC mammals 7

FURtHER soURCEs FoR aCQUiRing EXotiC mammals 14

REviEW oF RElEvant litERatURE 14animal WElFaRE 14

sPECiEs ConsERvation 15

HEaltH RisKs 17

stUdY CasEs 18RodEnts 18

PREdatoRs 19

PRimatEs 21

maRsUPials 23

otHER sPECiEs 25

Cd

E

mEtHod

REsUlts

disCUssion&RECommEndations

B intRodUCtion 5

a sUmmaRY 4

6

7

27

FINAl stAtIoN lIvINg Room • 3

Die Privathaltung von exotischen Wildtieren wird in Deutschland immer populärer. Während dieser trend und die damit verbundenen Probleme für die Haltung von Reptilien und vögeln bereits ausreichend bekannt und dokumentiert sind, blieb die Haltung von säuge-tieren bis jetzt vernachlässigt. Die aktuelle gesetzes-lage, Kontrolle und Registrierung für die Haltung von Wildtieren in deutschen Haushalten ist unzureichend. Die Anzahl der gehaltenen tiere, sowie die daraus re-sultierenden tierschutzprobleme und Risiken sind wei-test gehend unbekannt.Der vorliegende Bericht dokumentiert die Anzahl und vielfalt nicht-domestizierter säugetiere, die auf zwei deutschen Internetbörsen (Exotic-Animal.de / terra-ristik.com) zum Kauf angeboten wurden. von 2010 bis 2014 wurden 10.120 tiere aus 291 verschiedenen Arten inseriert. Zusätzlich wurden über den Zeitraum von fünf Jahren die Preise analysiert und ergaben einen marktwert von über acht millionen Euro.Wildtiere haben ein komplexes sozialverhalten, spezi-elle Ansprüche an Nahrung und Umwelt sowie einen hohen Platzbedarf, dem in Privathaltung nicht ent-sprochen werden kann. Probleme bei der Privathal-tung von exotischen säugetieren sind nicht nur auf den tierschutz beschränkt, auch für menschen und Natur sind Risiken festzustellen: Diverse als Haustier gehal-tene Wildtiere stellen ein gesundheitsrisiko dar, da sie durch ihre Körperkraft, scharfen Zähne und Krallen menschen verletzen können und potentielle Krank-heitsüberträger sind. Desweiteren haben viele Arten ein invasives Potential und sind damit eine gefährdung der heimischen Fauna und Flora. Ein teil der exotischen säuger auf dem deutschen Haustiermarkt wird noch immer aus der Wildnis entnommen, was eine zusätz-liche gefährdung der natürlichen Population bedeutet.

Die Autoren schlussfolgern, dass seitens der deutschen Bundesregierung dringender Hand-lungsbedarf bezüglich entsprechender Geset-ze zum Import und Handel sowie Haltung und Zucht von Wildtieren besteht. Eine Positiv- liste, wie bereits in Belgien und den Niederlanden verabschiedet, kann die Privathaltung und den Han-del von exotischen Säugern auf Arten limitieren, die bezüglich Tierschutz, Artenschutz und der öffentli-chen Sicherheit geeignet sind.

the keeping of exotic pets in germany has increased in popularity. Whereas this trend and associated problems are already well documented for birds and rep-tiles, the situation regarding exotic mammals has been neglected. Currently, legislation, control and registra-tion regarding wild animals kept in german house-holds are all insufficient. the number of privately kept wild animals as well as the associated animal welfare problems and risks, are largely unknown.

the present report documents the large number and range of non-domesticated mammal species offered for sale on just two major german online platforms (Exotic-Animal.de / terraristik.com). For the five-year period between 2010 and 2014, 10,120 individuals of 291 exotic mammal species were offered for sale. Prices were also analysed. the total market value for these animals on this single platform was more than eight million Euros.With their often very complex social behaviours, spe-cialised dietary and habitat requirements as well as their sometimes considerable spacial requirements, the majority of wild mammals do not thrive in private ownership. the problems associated with the private keeping of wild mammals are not restricted to animal welfare problems, but also include risks to humans and the environment. many mammals pose a physi-cal threat to humans due to their physical strength, sharp teeth or claws and various species also transmit zoonotic diseases. In addition, exotic mammals have the potential to become invasive and therefore pose a threat to native species. A further problem is that some mammal species continue to be taken from the wild for the European pet market, so putting additional pres-sure on wild populations.

The authors conclude that urgent action is needed and en- courage the German Government to pass adequate legislation regulating the import, trade in, and keeping and breeding of, wild mammals. A posi-tive list, as already implemented in Belgium and the Netherlands, can restrict pet keeping and trade to those species that are suitable for private husbandry with regards to animal welfare, species conserva-tion, and public health.

4 • FINAl stAtIoN lIvINg Room

sUmmaRY

FINAl stAtIoN lIvINg Room• 5

some of our companion animals, such as cats and dogs, have been domesticated by humans over centuries, i.e. they are adapted to a life in human care through selec- tive breeding. As a result, the physical characteristics and behaviour of these animals has altered. Besides the numerous domesticated species and breeds that are kept as pets there is now an increasing number of non-domesticated animal species in private ownership. many pet owners are no longer satisfied with having a rare breed of dog or cat; they wish to have exotic ani-mals. this tendency is not only dangerous, but also im-pacts animal welfare and species conservation (Kam-ber, 2014; slater, 2014; schmid et al., 2003). ownership of and trade in wild animals should be seen critically; these animals have specialised behavioural, dietary and habitat requirements that make them unsuitable for being kept as pets (schuppli et al., 2014; AAP, 2014; Koene, 2012; moutou et al., 2010 ). In addition, the ani-mals can transmit a wide range of diseases or pose a physical danger to humans (sts, 2014; Rabsch, 2014; Warwick et al., 2013; Pickering et al., 2008; Karesh et al., 2007).With the aim of documenting the range of mammal species in german private households and analysing the associated problems, Pro Wildlife conducted a sur-vey covering a period of five years (2010-2014) of exotic animals offered for sale on Internet platforms. In ad-dition, a review of relevant literature was undertaken, and animal shelters and sanctuaries were interviewed about their experience with exotic mammals.

The increase of privately owned exotic animals – the quantity and diversity of privately owned wildlife has increased rapidly over the past 20 years (schuppli et al., 2014; moutou et al., 2010). this expansion in exotic animal keeping is confirmed by animal shelters and sanctuaries (see section 4.1.1 – disposal of animals), as well as by the increase of newly published specia-list magazines and books. Particularly remarkable are the number and diversity of exotic mammals offered for sale on the german market, ranging from capuchin monkeys to cheetahs. All kinds of non-native mammal species are available on the Internet, at animal mar-kets and in pet shops. the Internet is an ideal platform for the anonymous and spontaneous purchase, with no obligation on the purchaser to demonstrate the ex-

intRodUCtionpertise needed to keep the animals or, receive advice on how to handle, care for and feed the animals. often buyers realise too late that they are unable to cope with the specific requirements of a species; exotic animals are therefore increasingly abandoned or brought to animal shelters (van gennep, 2013; mAFo study on the situation of animal shelters 2006&2010; schmid, et al., 2003).

Legal situation – the private keeping of and trade in wild animals is insufficiently regulated in germany. While the species Protection Act requires species un-der special protection to be registered (§ 7 section 2 of the Federal species Protection Regulations), authori-ties report poor compliance and estimate that only one in ten of these animals is actually registered (landes-hauptstadt münchen - Referat für stadtplanung und Bauordnung, 2014). As the majority of these animals are not registered, it is difficult to estimate how many wild animals are actually kept in germany‘s private households. Regarding the private ownership of dan-gerous wild animals such as tigers and chimpanzees, so far eight of the 16 federal states of germany have passed regulations (which diverge considerably) for private keeping of dangerous animals. While a number of german states have classified large primates and big cats as dangerous and consequently put restrictions on their ownership, the hazards posed by medium-sized primates, Procyonids as well as smaller feline preda-tors have so far been underestimated. there is still no legal obligation to register trade and ownership of spe-cies thought not to be dangerous or to pose a lower risk, or of those species not covered by species protec-tion legislation.

the Report on the Minimum Requirements for the Keeping of Mammals of the german ministry for Food and Agriculture aims to serve as a ”guide for the in-terpretation of the general regulations of the Animal Protection Act“ (BmEl, 2014) and specify the require-ments for keeping animals in accordance with §2 of the Animal Protection Act. the report is however not legally binding – particularly in private households to which official veterinarians have little access or means of checking whether the recommended conditions for keeping animals are actually sufficient.

mEtHodPro Wildlife recorded and evaluated advertisements on the online platforms Exotic-Animal.de and terra-ristik.com covering a period of five years (01.01.2010 – 31.12.2014) in order to identify the range of private-ly kept mammal species in germany. In this context, all mammal species in the ad categories ”for sale,“ ”wanted“ and ”trade“ were recorded. the quantity of individual animals offered for sale was only recorded in the ”for sale“ category. From each advertisement in the categories of primates, predators, rodents, mar-supials, bats, insectivores, large mammals and exotic mammals (for exceptions see below) we recorded the species, the quantity, price per animal, year, vendor and the ad category.

As the survey was conducted over two months and evaluated the quantity of animals according to the categories mentioned above, the possibility that some animals may have been counted twice cannot be exclu-ded in cases where ads were placed in more than one category. As the exact number of animals offered for sale was frequently unspecified, the minimum number was estimated in the following way: if an ad mentioned several animals without specifying the exact number (e.g. in the case of young animals) two animals were recorded. When it was clear that the ad referred to more than two animals, we recorded three animals or the number of animals visible on a photograph. Besi-des private owners, the platform Exotic-Animal.de is also used by zoos, and so large mammals that were unlikely to be purchased by private individuals (such as rhinos, manatees) were not considered relevant. In order to establish the financial aggregate value of the animals offered for sale, the average of the lowest and highest selling price for each species was multiplied by the number of the animals offered for sale from each species.

other sources of acquisition besides the Internet were also examined. Pro Wildlife visited Zoo Zajac in Duis- burg, which claims to be the biggest pet shop in the world, and also analysed the mammals for sale at the reptile fair, terraristika, in Hamm.

In addition, the authors interviewed, on a random basis, wildlife rescue centres and animal shelters with regard to exotic animals taken in from private owners.Pro Wildlife conducted a review of relevant literature to identify the issues related to privately kept wild animals. the main focus was on aspects of animal welfare and health hazards for humans, as well as problems of species and nature conservation caused by the trade and private ownership of wild animals. For our research we examined scientific reports, newspaper articles, presentations, trade journals and forums. the above-mentioned aspects of the literature review were then presented in more detail in case examples for selected species.

the number of animals offered for sale and the range of species on the surveyed online platforms comprise only a small proportion of all animals traded in ger-many. there are at least ten other online platforms that sell exotic mammals. In addition, there are hob-by breeders, who sell animals on private websites. the extent and quantity of animals offered for sale is thus considerably greater.


Figure 1 : screenshot of the categories on the website Exotic-animal.de

REsUlts

Species diversity – on the online platforms Exotic-Animal.de and terraristik.com Pro Wildlife found at least 10,120 mammals offered for sale in the years bet-ween 2010 and 2014. No fewer than 291 different spe-cies were offered in nine categories with a total value of €8,288,202.50. most species were offered in the ca-tegory of rodents, of which 3,471 individuals from 117 species were found. Predators were the second most frequent, 2,853 individuals from 73 species, followed by primates, where 2,409 individuals from 54 species were found. In the order of marsupials, 475 animals from 18 species were recorded. Within the afrotheria, xenarth-ra, chiropters and insectivores 912 individuals out of 29 orders were recorded (figures 2&3).

Prices - Prices of most mammals were relatively low: a Wagner gerbil costs €3, a Canadian red squirrel €20 and a banded mongoose €75. the rarely offered animals were expensive, such as sloths from €2,800, geoffroy‘s cats from €6,000 or a cheetah for €10,000. Compared to the individual orders (figure 4), predators offered at a total value of €4,778,142, were the most expensive, followed by the order of primates with a to-tal value of €2,857,325. the rodents, which were most commonly represented, were offered for a total value of €332,593.

marsupials and the remaining orders totalled around €160,000 per order.

analYsis oF tHE onlinE maR-KEt FoR EXotiC mammals

Rodents

Predators

Primates

marsupials

other species


oFFERs PER taXon

QUantitY oFFEREd individUals PER taXon

total valUE in EURo PER taXon

on the online-platform Exotic-animal.de and terraristik.com (2010-2014)

on the online-platform Exotic-animal.de and terraristik.com (2010-2014)

Figure 2

Figure 4

Figure3

EXotiC mammal sPECiEs FoR salE on EXotiC-animal.dEand tERRaRistiK.Com (2010-2014)

Agoutis Agouti (genus) Dasyprocta 11 n.s. n.s.Agoutis Azara‘s agouti Dasyprocta azarae 16 n.s. n.s.Agoutis Red-rumped agouti Dasyprocta leporina 8 €100 €600Agoutis Black-rumped agouti Dasyprocta prymnolopha 2 n.s. n.s.Agoutis Central American agouti Dasyprocta punctata 4 €500 €500Agoutis green acouchi Myoprocta pratti 6 €250 €350Hutias Desmarest's hutia / Cuban hutia Capromys pilorides 2 €40 €40New world porcupines Brazilian porcupine Coendou prehensilis 2 €1,100 €1,100New world porcupines North American porcupine Erethizon dorsatum 2 €1,500 €1,500Dormice Forest dormouse Dryomys nitedula 2 n.s. n.s.Dormice Asian garden dormouse Eliomys melanurus 4 n.s. n.s.Dormice garden dormouse Eliomys quercinus 44 €50 €60Dormice Edible dormouse Glis Glis 33 €5 €15Dormice African dormice (genus) Graphiurus 50 €10 €10Chinchillas Northern viscacha Lagidium peruanum 1 n.s. n.s.Chinchillas southern viscacha Lagidium viscacia 6 n.s. n.s.Chinchillas Plains viscacha Lagostomus maximus 17 €1,200 €1,200Cuniculidae lowland paca Cuniculus paca 10 €600 €900Hares Arctic hare / mountain hare Lepus timidus 1 n.s. n.s.squirrels Barbary ground squirrel Atlantoxerus getulus 2 €600 €600squirrels Pallas's squirrel / red-bellied tree squirrel Callosciurus erythraeus 1 n.s. n.s.squirrels Finlayson's squirrel Callosciurus finlaysonii 3 €150 €150squirrels Finlayson's squirrel (subspecies ferrugineus) Callosciurus finlaysonii ferrugineus 3 n.s. n.s.squirrels Plantain squirrel Callosciurus notatus 2 n.s. n.s.squirrels Beautiful squirrel (subspecies prevostii bankanus) Callosciurus prevostii bankanus 4 €225 €225squirrels Prevost's squirrel (subspecies borneoensis) Callosciurus prevostii borneoensis 25 €150 €150squirrels Beautiful squirrel ( subspecies prevostii rafflesi) Callosciurus prevostii rafflesi 12 €150 €150squirrels Prairie dogs (genus) Cynomys 111 €125 €299squirrels Black-tailed prairie dog Cynomys ludovicianus 37 €200 €350squirrels Perny's long-nosed squirrel Dremomys pernyi 12 €200 €200squirrels Palm squirrels (genus) Funambulus 11 €100 €100squirrels southern flying squirrel Glaucomys volans 27 €70 €100squirrels Alpine marmot Marmota marmota 9 €350 €350squirrels smith's bush squirrel Paraxerus cepapi 6 n.s. n.s.squirrels ochre bush squirrel Paraxerus ochraceus 4 n.s. n.s.squirrels Red giant flying squirrel Petaurista petaurista 11 €4,250 €4,250squirrels siberian flying squirrel Pteromys volans 12 €90 €100squirrels Black giant squirrel Ratufa bicolor 2 €1,250 €1,250squirrels Père-David's rock squirrel Sciurotamias davidianus 6 €80 €80squirrels Eastern grey squirrel Sciurus carolinensis 2 n.s. n.s.squirrels Red-tailed squirrel (subspecies dorsalis) Sciurus granatensis dorsalis 20 €350 €350squirrels Red-tailed squirrel (subspecies hoffmanni) Sciurus granatensis hoffmanni 35 €50 €110squirrels Japanese squirrel Sciurus lis 14 €95 €95squirrels Fox squirrel Sciurus niger 13 €100 €300squirrels Russian red tree squirrel (subspecies) Sciurus vulgaris exalbidus 37 €80 €150squirrels Richardson's ground squirrel Spermophilus richardsonii 44 €60 €225squirrels thirteen-lined ground squirrel Spermophilus tridecemlineatus 12 €80 €100squirrels Rock squirrel Spermophilus variegatus 44 €75 €225squirrels Chipmunks (genus) Tamias 65 €60 €85squirrels siberian chipmunk Tamias sibiricus 36 €30 €150squirrels American red squirrel Tamiasciurus hudsonicus 211 €20 €75squirrels Asiatic striped squirrel Tamiops mcclellandii 6 €125 €125squirrels swinhoe's striped squirrel Tamiops swinhoei 365 €45 €85squirrels spotted ground squirrel Xerospermophilus spilosoma 10 €75 €75squirrels Cape ground squirrel Xerus inauris 1 n.s. n.s.squirrels Unstriped ground squirrel Xerus rutilus 6 n.s. n.s.muridae Cairo spiny mouse Acomys cahirinus 12 €5 €5muridae Cairo spiny mouse (subspecies cahirinus) Acomys cahirinus cahirinus 5 €5 €5muridae Arabian spiny mouse Acomys dimidiatus 45 €10 €50

RodEnts

FamilY sPECiEs sCiEntiFiC namE QUantitY min PRiCE maX PRiCE


muridae golden spiny mouse Acomys russatus 62 €10 €20muridae seurat's spiny mouse Acomys seurati 16 n.s. n.s.muridae southern African spiny mouse Acomys spinosissimus 60 €10 €20muridae Neumann's grass rat Arvicanthis neumanni 2 n.s. n.s.muridae Nile grass rat (subspecies) Arvicanthis niloticus niloticus 22 n.s. n.s.muridae gerbil (genus) Gerbillus 30 n.s. n.s.muridae Wagner's gerbil Gerbillus dasyurus 79 €3 €40muridae Balochistan gerbil Gerbillus nanus 6 €40 €40muridae Pale gerbil Gerbillus perpallidus 18 €15 €15muridae greater Egyptian gerbil Gerbillus pyramidum 2 n.s. n.s.muridae thicket rat (genus) Grammomys 4 n.s. n.s.muridae Water rat Hydromys chrysogaster 4 n.s. n.s.muridae Zebra mouse (genus) Lemniscomys 17 €12 €12muridae Barbary striped grass mouse Lemniscomys barbarus 35 €5 €12muridae typical striped grass mouse Lemniscomys striatus 12 €30 €40muridae maned rat / crested rat Lophiomys imhausi 2 n.s. n.s.muridae multimammate mouse (genus) Mastomys 11 n.s. n.s.muridae Persian jird Meriones persicus 48 €20 €40muridae shaw's jird Meriones shawi 40 €9 €18muridae mongolian jird / mongolian gerbil Meriones unguiculatus 53 €4 €4muridae sundevall's jird Meriones crassus perpallidus 3 n.s. n.s.muridae Eurasian harvest mouse Micromys minutus 104 €8 €8muridae Reed vole Microtus fortis 8 €15 €15muridae günther's vole Microtus guentheri 25 €10 €15muridae African pygmy mouse Mus minutoides 111 €4 €10muridae Hazel dormouse Muscardinus avellanarius 21 n.s. n.s.muridae Fat-tailed gerbil Pachyuromys duprasi 56 €15 €20muridae oldfield mouse Peromyscus polionotus 19 n.s. n.s.muridae sand rat Psammomys obesus 83 €15 €50muridae mesic four-striped grass rat Rhabdomys dilectus 18 €5 €6muridae striped mouse Rhabdomys pumilio 36 €5 €15muridae Bushy-tailed jird Sekeetamys calurus 126 €7 €10muridae Harrington's gerbil Taterillus harringtoni 3 n.s. n.s.muridae Acacia rat Thallomys paedulcus 92 €15 €20mouse-like hamsters Zagros mountains mouse-like hamster Calomyscus bailwardi 2 n.s. n.s.mouse-like hamsters great Balkhan mouse-like hamster Calomyscus mystax 37 €3 €15Cavy family Brazilian guinea pig Cavia aperea 3 n.s. n.s.Cavy family greater guinea pig Cavia magna 4 €0 €150Cavy family mara (genus) Dolichotinae 6 n.s. n.s.Cavy family Patagonian mara Dolichotis patagonum 47 €200 €350Cavy family Chacoan mara Dolichotis salinicola 6 n.s. n.s.Cavy family Capybara Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris 29 €750 €750Cavy family Rock cavy Kerodon rupestris 28 €66 €66Nesomyidae Pouched rat (genus) Cricetomys 1 €85 €85Nesomyidae gambian pouched rat Cricetomys gambianus 35 €50 €350Nesomyidae grandidier's tufted-tailed rat Eliurus grandidieri 7 n.s. n.s.Elephant shrews Round-eared elephant shrew Macroscelides proboscideus 2 n.s. n.s.mole rats Ansell's mole rat Fukomys anselli 4 n.s. n.s.mole rats silvery mole rat Heliophobius argenteocinereus 2 n.s. n.s.mole rats Naked mole rat Heterocephalus glaber 25 €370 €370tree shrews tree shrew (genus) Scandentia 1 €500 €500tree shrews tupaia (genus) Tupaia 1 €100 €500tree shrews Northern tree shrew Tupaia belangeri 21 €80 €125tree shrews Common tree shrew Tupaia glis 4 n.s. n.s.shrews Asian house shrew Suncus murinus 2 €30 €30springhares south African springhare Pedetes capensis 13 €300 €650Jerboas long-eared jerboa Euchoreutes naso 1 n.s. n.s.Jerboas Four-toed jerboa Allactaga tetradactyla 12 €125 €125Jerboas Five-toed pygmy jerboa Cardiocranius paradoxus 2 n.s. n.s.Jerboas lesser Egyptian jerboa Jaculus jaculus 14 €50 €112Jerboas greater Egyptian jerboa Jaculus orientalis 31 €40 €200Echimyidae Coypu / nutria Myocastor coypus 24 €50 €50Porcupines Brush-tailed porcupine (genus) Atherurus 5 €250 €300Porcupines African brush-tailed porcupine Atherurus africanus 2 €250 €250Porcupines old world porcupines (genus) Hystricidae 50 €0 €350Porcupines Porcupine (genus) Hystrix 13 €150 €250Porcupines Crested porcupine Hystrix cristata 8 €200 €200Porcupines Indian crested porcupine Hystrix indica 13 €100 €300Heteromyidae Kangaroo rats (genus) Dipodomys 8 n.s. n.s.octodontidae Degu Octodon degus 59 €20 €150


octodontidae Cururo Spalacopus cyanus 2 n.s. n.s.Cricetidae Northern mole vole Ellobius talpinus 2 n.s. n.s.Cricetidae steppe lemming / steppe vole Lagurus lagurus 144 €8 €30Cricetidae Norway lemming Lemmus lemmus 5 n.s. n.s.Cricetidae Deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus 8 €8 €8Cricetidae Campbell's dwarf hamster Phodopus campbelli 3 n.s. n.s.Cricetidae Roborovski hamster Phodopus roborovskii 25 €3 €5Cricetidae Djungarian hamster Phodopus sungorus 6 n.s. n.s.Cricetidae Cotton rat (genus) Sigmodon 8 n.s. n.s.

Bears Brown bear Ursus arctos 4 €4,500 €5,000Dogs Canis (genus) Canis 2 €1,750 €1,750Dogs Wolf Canis lupus 7 n.s. n.s.Dogs Arctic wolf (subspecies) Canis lupus arctos 16 n.s. n.s.Dogs Dingo (subspecies) Canis lupus dingo 9 €500 €1.333Dogs Iberian wolf (subspecies) Canis lupus signatus 15 €1,333 €4,250Dogs Black-backed jackal Canis mesomelas 3 €1,166 €1,166Dogs African wild dog Lycaon pictus 2 n.s. n.s.Dogs Raccoon dog Nyctereutes procyonoides 69 €50 €250Dogs Bat-eared fox Otocyon megalotis 4 n.s. n.s.Dogs grey fox Urocyon cinereoargenteus 1 €500 €500Dogs Fox (genus) Vulpes 8 n.s. n.s.Dogs Corsac fox Vulpes corsac 33 €200 €700Dogs Arctic fox Vulpes lagopus 99 €80 €750Dogs Blue fox (colour variant arctic fox) Vulpes lagopus 8 €100 €550Dogs White fox (colour variant arctic fox) Vulpes lagopus 1 €450 €450Dogs Red fox Vulpes vulpes 44 €60 €500Dogs Black fox (colour variant red fox) Vulpes vulpes 2 €250 €250Dogs Beige fox (colour variant red fox) Vulpes vulpes 12 €250 €250Dogs Platin fox (colour variant red fox) Vulpes vulpes 17 €260 €260Dogs Red amber (colour variant red fox) Vulpes vulpes 8 €100 €200Dogs silver fox (colour variant red fox) Vulpes vulpes 22 €100 €260Dogs Fennec fox Vulpes zerda 106 €750 €2,250Hyenas spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta 2 n.s. n.s.Hyenas striped hyena Hyaena hyaena 11 €50 €9,000Cats Cheetah Acinonyx jubatus 46 €10,000 €10,000Cats Caracal Caracal caracal 48 €2,000 €6,000Cats Jungle cat Felis chaus 17 €450 €1,750Cats Wildcat Felis silvestris 2 €175 €425Cats Arabian wildcat (subspecies) Felis silvestris gordoni 4 €400 €425Cats European wildcat (subspecies) Felis silvestris silvestris 11 €175 €250Cats leopard cat, hybrid Hybrid: Prionailurus bengalensis x Felis 47 €350 €2,600

Cats Asian fishing cat, hybrid Hybrid: Prionailurus viverrinus x Felis 2 €1,500 €1,500

Cats liger, hybrid Panthera leo × P. tigris 2 n.s. n.s.Cats serval hybrid Leptailurus serval x Felis silvestris catus 20 €800 €10,000Cats tigon, hybrid Panthera leo × P. tigris 2 n.s. n.s.Cats geoffroy's cat Leopardus geoffroyi 4 €3,000 €6,000Cats ocelot Leopardus pardalis 9 €2,500 €3,500Cats serval Leptailurus serval 101 €900 €6,000Cats lynx (genus) Lynx 3 €1,650 €1,650Cats Canadian lynx Lynx canadensis 2 n.s. n.s.Cats Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx 23 n.s. n.s.Cats Bobcat Lynx rufus 6 €6,000 €6,000Cats Clouded leopard Neofelis nebulosa 4 €4,500 €4,500Cats lion Panthera leo 63 €2,000 €25,000Cats Barbary lion (subspecies) Panthera leo leo 5 €1,500 €2,500Cats East African lion (subspecies) Panthera leo massaicus 2 n.s. n.s.Cats Jaguar Panthera onca 10 €11,500 €16,000Cats leopard Panthera pardus 37 €4.500 €22.000Cats African leopard (subspecies) Panthera pardus pardus 11 n.s. n.s.Cats Persian leopard (subspecies) Panthera pardus saxicolor 1 n.s. n.s.Cats tiger Panthera tigris 44 €4,500 €15,000Cats siberian tiger (subspecies) Panthera tigris altaica 19 €3,500 €4,000Cats Bengal tiger (subspecies) Panthera tigris tigris 14 €4,500 €4,500Cats snow leopard Panthera uncia 2 n.s. n.s.Cats marbled cat Pardofelis marmorata 1 n.s. n.s.Cats leopard cat Prionailurus bengalensis 58 €425 €3,250


PREdatoRs

Cats Fishing cat Prionailurus viverrinus 13 €1,250 €2,000Cats Puma Puma concolor 18 €3,000 €6,000Cats Jaguarundi Puma yagouaroundi 4 n.s. n.s.Procyonidae White-nosed coati Nasua narica 1 n.s. n.s.Procyonidae south American coati Nasua nasua 244 €50 €1,200Procyonidae Kinkajou Potos flavus 75 €500 €2,200Procyonidae Raccoon Procyon lotor 217 €33 €500madagascan predators Fossa Cryptoprocta ferox 6 n.s. n.s.mongooses marsh mongoose Atilax paludinosus 1 €450 €450mongooses Common kusimanse Crossarchus obscurus 2 n.s. n.s.mongooses Yellow mongoose Cynictis penicillata 49 €100 €600mongooses slender mongoose Galerella sanguinea 2 n.s. n.s.mongooses Helogale (genus) Helogale 12 €100 €150mongooses Common dwarf mongoose Helogale parvula 35 €100 €350mongooses Herpestes (genus) Herpestes 5 n.s. n.s.mongooses Banded mongoose Mungos mungo 61 €75 €450mongooses meerkat Suricata suricatta 265 €150 €1,800mustelidae oriental small-clawed otter Aonyx cinerea 20 €600 €1,500mustelidae tayra Eira barbara 4 n.s. n.s.mustelidae Ferret-polecat hybrid Mustela putorius furo × Putorius 3 n.s. n.s.mustelidae Polecat-ferret hybrid Putorius n.s. x Putorius k.A 1 n.s. n.s.mustelidae saharan striped polecat Ictonyx libyca 3 €250 €250mustelidae striped polecat / Zorilla Ictonyx striatus 6 €338 €338mustelidae North American river otter Lontra canadensis 1 n.s. n.s.mustelidae European otter Lutra lutra 8 €1,000 €1,500mustelidae otters (subfamily) Lutrinae 1 n.s. n.s.mustelidae Beech marten Martes foina 11 €50 €200mustelidae European pine marten Martes martes 8 €150 €150mustelidae European badger Meles meles 1 n.s. n.s.mustelidae Badger (subfamily) Melinae 2 n.s. n.s.mustelidae Honey badger Mellivora capensis 1 n.s. n.s.mustelidae least weasel Mustela nivalis 1 n.s. n.s.mustelidae siberian weasel Mustela sibirica 2 n.s. n.s.mustelidae American mink Neovison vison 45 €50 €300mustelidae marbled polecat Vormela peregusna 1 n.s. n.s.Civet African palm civet Nandinia binotata 4 n.s. n.s.viverridae Binturong Arctictis binturong 1 n.s. n.s.viverridae Palawan Binturong (subspecies) Arctictis binturong whitei 6 €2,700 €2,700viverridae owston's palm civet Chrotogale owstoni 2 n.s. n.s.viverridae African civet Civettictis civetta 2 n.s. n.s.viverridae genetta (genus) Genetta 23 €400 €1,350viverridae Common genet Genetta genetta 24 €400 €625viverridae Common genet (subspecies dongolana) Genetta genetta dongolana 2 n.s. n.s.viverridae Common genet (subspecies felina) Genetta genetta felina 2 n.s. n.s.viverridae Rusty-spotted genet Genetta maculata 13 €275 €600viverridae Pardine genet Genetta pardina 1 €350 €500viverridae Haussa genet Genetta thierryi 6 €300 €600viverridae Cape genet Genetta tigrina 22 €250 €800viverridae Rusty-spotted genet hybrid Genetta maculata x G. thierryi 1 n.s. n.s.viverridae Asian palm civet Paradoxurus hermaphroditus 21 €400 €890viverridae Palm civet Paradoxurus philippinensis 3 n.s. n.s.skunks skunk (family) Mephitidae 412 €50 €350skunks Hooded skunk Mephitis macroura 1 €100 €100skunks striped skunk Mephitis mephitis 54 €50 €250

Bushbabies galago (genus) Galago 14 €350 €550Bushbabies Prince Demidof's bushbaby Galago demidoff 2 n.s. n.s.Bushbabies senegal bushbaby Galago senegalensis 47 €275 €513Bushbabies otolemur Otolemur garnettii 3 n.s. n.s.lemurs White-fronted lemur Eulemur albifrons 12 €1,830 €1,830lemurs Common brown lemur Eulemur fulvus 11 €2,000 €2,250lemurs Common brown lemur (subspecies mayottensis) Eulemur fulvus mayottensis 1 n.s. n.s.lemurs Red-fronted lemur Eulemur rufifrons 1 n.s. n.s.lemurs Collared brown lemur Eulemur collaris 1 n.s. n.s.lemurs Ring-tailed lemur Lemur catta 95 €750 €1,625lemurs Black-and-white ruffed lemur Varecia variegata 12 €3,500 €3,500gibbons grey gibbon Hylobates muelleri 2 n.s. n.s.

PRimatEs


gibbons lar gibbon / white-handed gibbon Hylobates lar 1 n.s. n.s.Cebidae Capuchin monkey (genus) Cebus 48 €185 €1,343Cebidae tufted capuchin Cebus apella 42 €850 €3,675Cebidae White-headed capuchin Cebus capucinus 8 €325 €1,413Cebidae Wedge-capped capuchin Cebus olivaceus 6 €6,000 €6,000Cebidae squirrel monkey (genus) Saimiri 84 €1,100 €2,300Cebidae Common squirrel monkey Saimiri sciureus 53 €1,350 €2,925Cebidae Black-capped squirrel monkey Saimiri boliviensis 4 n.s. n.s.mouse lemurs mouse lemur (genus) Microcebus 22 €500 €700mouse lemurs grey mouse lemur Microcebus murinus 63 €300 €475tarsiers spectral tarsier Tarsius tarsier 3 n.s. n.s.tarsiers Philippine tarsier Tarsius syrichta 2 €1,650 €1,650Callitrichidae Callitrichidae (gruppe) Callitrichidae 4 n.s. n.s.Callitrichidae White-headed marmoset Callithrix geoffroyi 61 €300 €750Callitrichidae Common marmoset Callithrix jacchus 809 €125 €813Callitrichidae Black-tailed marmoset Callithrix melanura 1 n.s. n.s.Callitrichidae Black-tufted marmoset Callithrix penicillata 43 €500 €750Callitrichidae Pygmy marmoset Callithrix pygmaea 105 €300 €775Callitrichidae Pygmy marmoset (subspecies niveiventris) Callithrix pygmaea niveiventris 23 €500 €500Callitrichidae goeldi's marmoset Callimico goeldii 30 €1,500 €4,500Callitrichidae golden-headed lion tamarin Leontopithecus chrysomelas 129 €1,000 €2,250Callitrichidae Emperor tamarin Saguinus imperator 9 n.s. n.s.Callitrichidae White-lipped tamarin Saguinus labiatus 69 €650 €825Callitrichidae Red-handed tamarin Saguinus midas 73 €400 €700Callitrichidae moustached tamarin Saguinus mystax 6 €1,350 €1,350Callitrichidae Cotton-top tamarin Saguinus oedipus 275 €250 €1,250Callitrichidae Brown-mantled tamarin Saguinus fuscicollis 29 €500 €950Callitrichidae Brown-mantled tamarin (subspecies agonotus) Saguinus fuscicollis lagonotus 3 €700 €700Callitrichidae Brown-mantled tamarin (subspecies leucogenys) Saguinus fuscicollis leucogenys 11 €2,000 €2,000Callitrichidae Brown-mantled tamarin (subspecies nigrifrons) Saguinus fuscicollis nigrifrons 2 €1,100 €1,100loris slow loris (genus) Nycticebus 4 n.s. n.s.loris Pygmy slow loris Nycticebus pygmaeus 3 €1,400 €1,400loris Potto Perodicticus potto 3 n.s. n.s.Cercopithecids Patas monkey Erythrocebus patas 7 €800 €800Cercopithecids Japanese macaque Macaca fuscata 27 €500 €1,250Cercopithecids Crab-eating macaque Macaca fascicularis 11 n.s. n.s.Cercopithecids Rhesus macaque Macaca mulatta 16 €400 €675Cercopithecids Celebes crested macaque Macaca nigra 1 n.s. n.s.Cercopithecids Bonnet macaque Macaca radiata 2 n.s. n.s.Cercopithecids lion-tailed macaque Macaca silenus 2 n.s. n.s.Cercopithecids Barbary macaque Macaca sylvanus 44 €400 €500Cercopithecids mandrill Mandrillus sphinx 3 n.s. n.s.Cercopithecids gabon talapoin Miopithecus ogouensis 2 €1,250 €1,250Cercopithecids talapoin Miopithecus talapoin 16 €1,000 €1,125Cercopithecids Chlorocebus (genus) Chlorocebus 2 €3,000 €3,000Cercopithecids grivet / African green monkey Chlorocebus aethiops 24 €1,500 €1,500Cercopithecids mona monkey Cercopithecus mona 1 n.s. n.s.Cercopithecids lesser spot-nosed monkey Cercopithecus petaurista 2 n.s. n.s.Cercopithecids Black-and-white colobus (genus) Colobus 1 n.s. n.s.Cercopithecids mantled guereza Colobus guereza 2 n.s. n.s.great apes Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes 4 n.s. n.s.Night monkeys spix's night monkey Aotus vociferans 4 n.s. n.s.Night monkeys Nancy ma's night monkey Aotus nancymaae 4 n.s. n.s.Pithecids Red titi monkey Callicebus cupreus 2 n.s. n.s.

opossums White-eared opossum Didelphis albiventris 28 €250 €363opossums virginia opossum Didelphis virginiana 4 €250 €425opossums grey short-tailed opossum Monodelphis domestica 76 €45 €68opossums Philander (genus) Philander 5 n.s. n.s.opossums grey four-eyed opossum Philander opossum 5 n.s. n.s.Petaurids striped possum Dactylopsila trivirgata 4 n.s. n.s.Petaurids sugar glider Petaurus breviceps 165 €16 €158Kangaroos tamar wallaby Macropus eugenii 3 €750 €750Kangaroos Western grey kangaroo Macropus fuliginosus 7 n.s. n.s.Kangaroos Eastern grey kangaroo Macropus giganteus 4 n.s. n.s.Kangaroos Parma wallaby Macropus parma 34 €150 €375Kangaroos Red-necked wallaby Macropus rufogriseus 75 €200 €1,000

maRsUPials


Kangaroos Red-necked wallaby (subspecies rufogriseus) Macropus rufogriseus rufogriseus 25 n.s. n.s.Kangaroos Red kangaroo Macropus rufus 6 €500 €1,500thylogales Pademelon Thylogale brunii 4 n.s. n.s.Kletterbeutler ground cuscus Phalanger gymnotis 2 n.s. n.s.Kletterbeutler Common brush-tail possum Trichosurus vulpecula 23 €350 €688Rattenkänguru Brush-tailed bettong Bettongia penicillata 3 €350 €350Wombats Wombat (family) Wombats 1 n.s. n.s.Acrobatidae Feather-tailed possum Distoechurus pennatus 1 n.s. n.s.

New world leaf-nosed bats seba's short-tailed bat Carollia perspicillata 12 €80 €80New world leaf-nosed bats Common vampire bat Desmodus rotundus 3 n.s. n.s.New world leaf-nosed bats glossophaga (genus) Glossophaga 4 n.s. n.s.Cyclopedidae silky anteater Cyclopes didactylus 4 €2,250 €2,250Flying foxes / fruit bats straw-coloured fruit bat Eidolon helvum 5 €150 €250Flying foxes / fruit bats Hammer-headed bat Hypsignathus monstrosus 24 €0 €0Flying foxes / fruit bats Flying foxes (family) Pteropodidae 6 €60 €60Flying foxes / fruit bats seychelles fruit bat Pteropus seychellensis 2 €800 €800Flying foxes / fruit bats Rodrigues flying fox Pteropus rodricensis 2 €500 €500Flying foxes / fruit bats Egyptian fruit bat Rousettus aegyptiacus 126 €30 €300Folivora sloth (suborder) Folivora 2 n.s. n.s.Armadillos Chaetophractus (genus) Chaetophractus 1 n.s. n.s.Armadillos small hairy armadillo Chaetophractus vellerosus 7 n.s. n.s.Armadillos Big hairy armadillo Chaetophractus villosus 18 €700 €1,200Armadillos Nine-banded armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus 6 €1,450 €1,450Armadillos six-banded armadillo Euphractus sexcinctus 5 n.s. n.s.Armadillos tolypeutes (genus) Tolypeutes 5 n.s. n.s.Armadillos southern three-banded armadillo Tolypeutes matacus 24 €550 €550Hedgehogs African hedgehog Atelerix albiventris 317 €30 €150Hedgehogs long-eared hedgehog Hemiechinus auritus 7 €30 €60Hedgehogs Brandt's hedgehog Paraechinus hypomelas 8 €250 €250megalonychidae two-toed sloth (genus) Choloepus 2 €2,800 €2,800megalonychidae linnaeus' two-toed sloth Choloepus didactylus 4 n.s. n.s.myrmecophagidae tamandua (genus) Tamandua 3 €2,250 €2,250myrmecophagidae Collared anteater Tamandua tetradactyla 2 n.s. n.s.Elephant shrews Rufous elephant shrew Elephantulus rufescens 20 n.s. n.s.Elephant shrews Jumping shrew (family) Macroscelididae 25 €150 €225Elephant shrews Round-eared elephant shrew Macroscelides proboscideus 56 €100 €220Elephant shrews Four-toed elephant shrew Petrodromus tetradactylus 15 n.s. n.s.Elephant shrews Elephant shrew Rhynchocyon 2 n.s. n.s.Elephant shrews Black and rufous elephant shrew Rhynchocyon petersi 6 n.s. n.s.Hyraxes southern tree hyrax Dendrohyrax arboreus 6 €450 €500shrews Asian house shrew Suncus murinus 8 €25 €30tenrecs lesser hedgehog tenrec Echinops telfairi 114 €40 €150tenrecs lowland streaked tenrec Hemicentetes semispinosus 21 €225 €400tenrecs Highland streaked tenrec Hemicentetes nigriceps 12 €200 €300tenrecs Hedgehog tenrec (subfamily) Tenrecinae 9 €50 €70tenrecs tailless tenrec Tenrec ecaudatus 19 €300 €350

otHER sPECiEs


In germany, by far the widest range of exotic mammal species is sold via online portals and ads. occasionally, exotic mammals are also sold through pet stores and animal fairs.

During a visit to the pet shop Zoo Zajac in Duisburg, in April 2015, we found the following 25 species of exotic mammals: Yellow mongoose, cotton-top tama-rin, pygmy marmoset, six-banded armadillo, two-to-ed sloth, meerkat, white-eared opossum, prairie dog, south American coati, American mink, tree shrew, Wagner‘s gerbil, Eastern spiny mouse, bushy-tailed

jird, Campbell‘s dwarf hamster, mongolian gerbil, Cairo spiny mouse, shaw‘s jird, fat-tailed gerbil, Asian gar-den dormouse, guenther‘s vole, southern African spiny mouse, Persian jird, African hedgehog and Himalayan striped squirrel.

In Hamm, at the german reptile fair terraristika we found, amongst others, the following species for sale: sugar glider, African hedgehog, short-tailed opos-sum, steppe lemming, white-footed mouse, mongolian gerbil, African pygmy mouse, Cairo spiny mouse, and Campbell‘s dwarf hamster.

Flying foxes in the living room, cheetahs in the gar-den or monkeys in the basement: Private ownership of exotic mammals can sometimes take on grotesque forms and is often a case of misguided love for ani-mals. Capture, transport and trade are a torment for the animals, resulting in high mortality rates even be-fore the animals are in the possession of the private owner (Ashley et al., 2014; todd, 2011; gonzalez, 2003). Poor husbandry, which can cause significant animal suffering, is often a result of inexperience and absence of reliable guidance, as well as a lack of appreciation of the space, cost and expertise needed to accommodate the complex care needs of these animals. the present study for instance shows a surprisingly large number and diversity of primates for sale, comprising animals that are rarely even kept in zoos, e.g. slow loris (in three german zoos), kinkajous (in five german zoos) and fennecs (in 10 german zoos) (Zootierliste, 2015).

Husbandry problems – Exotic mammals are frequent-ly purchased on the Internet or at trade fairs. While companion and farm animal welfare have been exa-mined and documented in detail in the relevant litera-ture, there is little species-specific information on the private keeping of wild animals (tegeder, 2015), which can lead to fatal mistakes in husbandry.

Non-native mammals often originate from other clima-te zones and have special environmental requirements relating to humidity, temperature, ultraviolet light and soil. In addition, complex social structures, the need for movement, day-night rhythm, seasonal rhythms, life expectancy and growth have to be taken into account (van leeuwen, 2010; soulsbury et al., 2009; Bandini et al., 2004). In the wild, animals conceal disease symp-toms and weaknesses to avoid becoming easy prey. As it is difficult for owners to recognise signs of stress and suffering in the animals, diseases can remain undetec-ted or only noticed when it is too late, which commonly leads to the animals dying prematurely (Johnson-De-laney, 2006; schmid et al., 2003). Correct nutrition for the animals is also often overlooked or misunderstood causing the animals to suffer from deficiency symp-toms or obesity (lazarz, 2012; Bernhard, 2010).

Domestication – taming an animal should not be con-fused with domestication (Hüster, Plogmann, et al., 2003). Close contact to humans causes high levels of psychological stress for most wild animals, as they re-tain their natural instincts despite being tame (maue-rer, 2009). Humans will often attempt to force animals to adapt and will discourage them from displaying their natural behaviours. sometimes animals’ claws or

FURtHER soURCEs FoR aCQUiRing EXotiC mammals

REviEW oF RElEvant litERatURE

ANIMAL WELFARE


scent glands are removed, which constitutes a violation of the ban on amputation according to §12 section 4 of the german Animal Welfare Act. such constraints and amputations, and even the mere presence of humans, can cause stress for the animals, leading to abnormal behaviour (Beckstein, 2009).

Abandonment of animals – People may buy an ani-mal because they feel sorry for it and want to ’libe-rate’ it, because they are tempted by cheap deals at a trade fair, or because they want to give their children a ’cute little playmate‘. the enjoyment of such spontane-ous purchases is usually short-lived. many owners are overwhelmed by the complex needs of their animals, and the long lifespan of some species as well as the on-going keeping costs, which tend to be underestimated. many exotic mammals are quickly offered for resale, brought to animal shelters or specialised sanctuaries or even abandoned into the wild (van gennep, 2013; lazarz, 2012; van leeuwen, 2010). most of the released animals die, but some manage to adapt to the new conditions and establish in the local environment (see next section); others are found in time and end up in animal shelters. many animal shelters lack the capa-city and competence to take in exotic animals but for those centres that do, this puts a considerable, addi-tional strain on their resources. Rescue centres report

a significant increase of surrendered exotic mammals in recent years (Wildtier- und Artenschutzstation e.v., 2015; Raubtier- & Exotenasyl e.v., 2015). Due to a lack of capacity, often only animals seized by the authorities can be admitted. many of these centres usually only take in native wild animals, so they are overtaxed by the requirements of exotic wildlife. the mammals sur-rendered or seized by the authorities include lynxes, caracals, dingos, macaques, mongooses and sugar gli-ders. In 2013, a munich-based rescue centre specialised in reptiles was for the first time obliged to take in exotic mammals such as dwarf mongooses and sugar gliders (Auffangstation für Reptilien, münchen e.v., 2013).

Capture & transport – many wild animals, particular-ly those that do not fall under any international spe-cies conservation regulations, continue to be captured with nets and traps and are brutally removed from their natural habitat. they are subsequently deposited and locked away for days or weeks at the facilities of some middleman before being shipped across great distances. many of the animals die during transport due to stress caused by lack of space, insufficient food and water or poor ventilation (slater, 2014; Baker et al., 2013).

SPECIES CONSERVATION

many of the species kept in private ownership are endangered in the wild (lyons et al., 2013; lyons et al., 2012; van lavieren, 2004), while some of them are sub-ject to international trade regulations of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CItEs) wherein loopholes and grey areas remain (Kwet, 2014; outhwaite et al., 2014; Na-tusch et al., 2013; van Uhm, 2012; van lavieren, 2004). studies show that trade in wild animals, for whatever purpose, poses a threat to one third of all mammal species worldwide (Baillie et al., 2004). many species continue to be at risk because of the exotic pet trade.

Wild caught animals – Collecting native wild animal species from the wild for trade and private ownership is, in most cases, prohibited in germany and the EU. According to § 44 section 1 of the Federal Nature Con-servation Act, collecting specially protected species is prohibited; this is the case with most of native mammal species (apart from ‘problematic species’ such as nut-

ria) (Bundesamt für Naturschutz, 2010). However, ger-many allows the import of wild-caught animals from other countries. For non-protected mammal species the proportion of wild-captured animals can amount to 80% (fennecs) or even 98% (kinkajous) (Harrington, 2015). Wild-caught specimens of species protected by the EU Wildlife trade Regulations 1 must not be impor-ted for trading (Annex A) or can be imported with re-stritions only (Annex B). But here again loopholes and grey areas do exist. Even seriously endangered species or those, which are strictly protected only in their coun-try of origin and have been illegally smuggled out, may be imported (Altherr, 2014). In addition, catch and trade quotas of the exporting countries are not scientifically based and are frequently exceeded. Another problem is the regulation of the trade in captive-bred animals. In order to circumvent species conservation regulations, wild-trapped animals are often declared as offspring from captive breeding or ‘ranching’ (see box on next page).

1) Council Regulation (EC) No 338/97 of 9 December 1996 on the protection of species of wild fauna and flora by regulating trade therein.


16 • FINAl stAtIoN lIvINg RoomR

on its own website and on the online platform Exotic-Animal.de, the enterprise Green Life Import Export advertises for sale animals from a wide range of countries. these animals also include strictly protected species (Annex A and B of the EU Wildlife trade Regulations), such as chimpanzees and tigers.

In email correspondence that was made available to us, the company owner emphasised that primates, such as the squirrel monkey and the galagos, offered for sale were wild-caught but that if requested he could issue a breeding certificate. the case is under investigation by the german Federal Agency for Nature Conservation and the spanish CItEs Authorities.D

EClA

RIN

g W

IlD

CA

PtU

REs

As

„CAP

tIvE

BR

ED“

Captive Breeding – Inbreeding constitutes a major problem for exotic mammals kept as pets (Warwick, 2009). the con- tribution of hobby breeders and pri-vate owners to the conservation of species is negligib-le: private ownership does not aim at a reintroduction of the animals into the wild, it can only in exceptional cases provide the condi-tions in terms of space, funds and organisation (Beck- stein, 2009). Reintroducing animals bred in captivity is problematic and may have negative effects on the wild population, as reintroduced animals can transmit diseases that do not occur in the natural habitat (slade et al., 2014). In addition, reintro-duced animals can be genetically very distinct from lo-cal populations. studies suggest that mating between wild and captive-bred populations is minimal, as wild animals have different behaviour and physical consti-tutions (Power et al., 2013). online platforms also offer various hybrids for sale that are either crossed between closely related wild animal species (polecat or genet hybrids) or between wild and domestic species (ferret x polecat, leopard cat x domestic cat, serval x domestic cat). Aside from the animal welfare issues associated with such breeds (for instance, the smaller domestic cat has to give birth to the significantly larger hybrid offspring and the fact that hybrids are much wilder and therefore less suitable for being kept as pets), such ani-mals do in no way contribute to species conservation efforts.

Invasive species – According to a study by the IUCN, invasive alien species are one of the main reasons for the extinction and decline of populations of endange-red amphibians, birds and mammals. Invasive species in Europe cause tremendous economic damage: Ac-cording to existing data the total costs of IAs in Eu-rope are estimated to be at least 12.5 billion EUR per year (according to documented costs) and probably over 20 billion EUR (based on some extrapolation of costs) per year (IUCN, 2012; Rutherford, 2010; Kettunen et al., 2008). Frequently the invaders originate from regions with similar climatic conditions and multiply explosively due to a lack of predators (Heinemann, 2012; Driessen, 2012). the trade in exotic animals for the pet market is described as an important pathway for potentially invasive species (genovesi et al., 2012; CBD, 2012; Keller et al., 2011; Pro Wildlife, 2010). In the

EU 10 % of the invasive mammal species can be traced back to private pet ownership (Davenport et al., 2011). Delivering Alien Invasive Species Inventories for Euro-pe (DAIsIE) is a publicly accessible databank set up by experts that lists all known invasive species in Europe (European Invasive Alien species gateway, 2008). In our research we found 52 species for sale on online plat-forms that are included in the 117 DAIsIE-listed inva-sive mammal species. the DAIsIE databank only lists species that have already been assessed, but there are many species in trade, whose invasive potential has as yet not been scientifically determined. the invasiveness of exotic mammals such as chipmunks and squirrels, as well as raccoons and raccoon dogs is amply docu-mented (genovesi et al., 2012; CBD, 2012; Keller et al., 2011; Pro Wildlife, 2010; marmet et al., 2009; Klingen-stein et al., 2005). many squirrel species are conside-red to have a well documented high invasive potential (Rabitsch et al., 2013). A case is the North American grey squirrel that has displaced the red squirrel to the brink of extinction, in Britain. grey squirrels were re-leased from private ownership (Bosch et al., 2013). Also Pallas`s squirrels that escaped from a breeder have, in the last couple of years, established in Belgium and the Netherlands (Dijkstra et al., 2008). For this reason, the large number of exotic squirrels offered for sale is particularly worrying: Asiatic striped squirrels and American red squirrels were the most frequently tra-ded rodents.

Conservation status – 37 of the species found, such as the golden-headed lion tamarin, the brush-tailed bet-tong and the white-headed lemur, are listed in Annex A of the EU Wildlife trade Regulations, meaning that commercial trade in wild-trapped animals is prohibi-ted and the trade in offspring from captive-bred ani-mals is subject to restrictions. 55 species, including the Rodrigues flying fox and the fishing cat, are listed in Annex B, which means that trade in wild-caught ani-mals is possible. For many animals offered for sale it is not possible to see whether the species conservati-on regulations have been met. our research revealed that a dealer explicitly advertised wild-caught animals from protected species and offered to declare these on request as „offspring from captive breeding“ (see box).

HEALTH RISkS

Zoonotic diseases – Exotic pets constitute a significant reservoir of pathogens that are highly infectious and potentially fatal to humans and animals (Whitfield et al., 2014; Conraths et al., 2014; Warwick et al., 2013; Al-pers et al., 2004; schmid et al., 2003). Exotic animals that are already sick, infected or are potential vectors of pathogens, are imported into, or bred in, germany (Warwick et al., 2013; Reaser et al., 2008).

The World Health Organisation (WHo) defines all di-seases and infections that are directly or indirectly transmitted between vertebrates and humans as zoo-notic diseases. It distinguishes between viral, bacterial and parasitic zoonotic diseases. the diseases transmit-ted by wild animals range from worm infections and tuberculosis to monkeypox, sARs, Ebola, hepatitis, parapox, polio or Borna viruses (Rabsch, 2014; Kaup, 2011; Rietschel et al., 2008; Chomel et al., 2007; Alpers et al., 2004). there are 177 known “Emerging Infectious Diseases“ worldwide (EID; infectious diseases that have increased in the last two decades or that are likely to emerge in the near future), 73 percent of them are zoo-notic diseases. the most recent studies indicate that the trade in wild animals for commercial purposes poses a particular risk. live animal trade has been identified

as the main source of zoonotic disease transmission in formerly epidemic-free regions (Durand et al., 2013). In 2007 the WHo warned against the rapid spread of epi-demics such as HIv, sARs or Ebola as a consequence of the high mobility of humans and animals (Winkel-mayer, 2008; Pickering et al., 2008; Faulde et al., 2002). 85 percent of bites from exotic pets transmit potential pathogens (Krauss, 2004).

Injuries – Wild animals can also be physically dange-rous to humans, due to their size and strength, their natural weapons such as teeth, claws or tail, and many have poisonous bites, stings or secretions (Warwick et al., 2012). As a rule, wild animals will attack humans when they feel threatened or unable to escape. Here again, humans are frequently unable to recognise the animals‘ behavioural signals and this can culminate in unexpected attacks (Beckstein, 2009). Further hazards result from the physical and psychological changes that occur in young animals on reaching sexual ma-turity, which cause them to become more aggressive. this phenomenon has been reported particularly fre-quently in primates (Endangered Primate Foundation, 2013; Wissman, 2006). many animals react aggressively in order to defend their territory (Pickering et al., 2008).

In February 2015, the Robert Koch Institute and the Friedrich löffler Institute reported on the death of three german breeders of variegated squirrels due to a Borna virus infection (Friedrich-loeffler-Institut, 2015).

Flying foxes (including the hammer-headed bat that is traded in germany as a pet) transmit Ebola and are believed to be the vectors for the epidemic in West Africa in 2014 (leroy, et al., 2005;Alexander, et al., 2014).

Experts warn against the transmission of nematodes and roundworms by privately kept raccoons and skunks in germany (Conraths, et al., 2014; Franssen, et al., 2013).

Flying foxes can transmit lyssa viruses, African hedgehogs salmonella and common marmosets rabies, among other diseases (Chomel, et al., 2007; Favoretto, et al., 2001; Bandini, et al., 2004).

since 2003, the EU prohibits the import of prairie dogs from the UsA, as well as non-native rodents and squirrels from Africa (south of the sahara), because these were identified as vectors of the dangerous monkeypox (EU Commission, 2003).

In Asian markets, sARs pathogens were found in masked palm civets, raccoon dogs and Chinese ferret-badgers (Bell et al., 2004).

In the UsA, 22 people have infected themselves with leprosy transmitted by armadillos (truman, et al., 2011).

RECE

nt

CasE

s o

F Z

oo

no

tiC

dis

EasE

s


this section presents a number of species or genera per order or superorder in order to exemplify the great variety of exotic wild animals offered for sale and the problems connected with keeping them. Afrotheria, Xenarthra, insec-tivores and Chiroptera (bats) have been subsumed under the category “others“.

the order of rodents comprises some 2,300 species, most of which are rather small and therefore are particularly attractive for private homes. In our online survey 3,471 individual animals from 117 species were offered for sale, with a total value of €332,593. Rodents already established as companion animals, such as fancy mice, rats, hamsters and rabbits were not considered in this study. It is a well-known fact that diseases such as salmonella infections and lymphocytic choriomeningitis can be transmit-ted from infected rodents to humans (Pickering et al., 2008).

sWinHoEs stRiPEd sQUiRREl

swinhoes striped squirrel (Tamiops swinhoei) was the exotic rodent species most frequently offered for sale in our online survey, with a total of 365 animals. Prices ranged between €45 and €85, adding up to an average aggregate value of €23,725. the swinhoes striped squirrel and the related Callosciurinae are known to be extremely adaptable and are considered to have a high invasive potential (Rabitsch et al., 2013; van Ham, 2013). there are frequent reports that swinhoes striped squirrels suffer from poor health in captivity, including bald patches in their fur, lack of appetite, paralysis of the extremities and listlessness. Premature mortality in these animals is not uncommon. A possible reason could be insufficient ultravi-olet light (loose, 2008). on Internet forums it is reported that the majority of the animals die within their first year, whereas in the wild they can live for seven to eight years (lauterbach, 2013).

CasE stUdiEs

1. sWinHoEs stRiPEd sQUiRREl

2. amERiCan REd sQUiRREl

3. stEPPE lEmming

4. BUsHY-tailEd JiRd

5. PRaiRiE dog

TOP 5

RodEnts

TOP sEllER

Distribution Asia: deciduous and coniferous forestsEcology lives in tree hollows, crepuscular; moves in long leaps from tree to tree; requires plenty of space; very agile Hazards Potentially invasive


€85

PRaiRiE dog

During the survey period, 148 prairie dogs (Cynomys sp.) were offered for sale at prices between €125 and €299 with an average aggregate value of €33,707. In captivity, the highly social, diurnal rodents often display abnormal behaviour and fatten up very quickly (lennox, 2007; Johnson-Delaney, 2006). As they are very difficult to breed in captivity, many prairie dogs are taken from the wild. this is one reason why the animals usually do not tame and tend to become increasingly aggressive on reaching sexual maturity. Black-tailed prairie dogs hibernate, and in order to do this in captivity, the animals have to dig burrows in open-air enclosures. In our climate zone however, the animals risk freezing to death in cold winters (sistermann, 2013). Prairie dogs transmit diseases and are thought to have been the vectors of monkeypox that broke out in the UsA in 2003 (meyer, 2012; Hutson et al., 2007). For this reason the EU has prohibited their im-port from the UsA, but not from mexico. In addition, prairie dogs possibly also transmit plague, lyssavirus and tularemia (Yale et al., 2013; Chomel et al., 2007; Phalen, 2004; Avashia et al., 2004).

Distribution North America: PrairieEcology lives in colonies of up to 1,000 animals, burrows tunnel systems up to 5 m deep and 300 m long, hibernates sometimes for several months Hazards Disease transmitter, potentially invasive

Predators in particular pose a physical danger to humans. they are usually equipped with sharp teeth and claws for catching and killing their prey. the online survey of predators revealed 73 different species and 2,854 indi-viduals. Compared to the other orders, the predators were the most expen-sive, and with an average aggregate value of €4,778,642 the offers in this category comprised more than 50 percent of the total value. the species offered for sale ranged from big cats and foxes to viverrids and weasels.

1. sKUnK

2. mEERKat

3. Coati

4. RaCCoon

5. FEnnEC FoX

TOP 5

PREdatoRs


€299

sKUnK

KinKaJoU

skunks (Mephitis mephitis) are becoming increasingly popular as pets. the present study found 467 animals offered for sale in a range from €50 to €350 each, with an average aggregate value of €90,600. the past years have seen an increase in the number of breeders, but imports too have increased (lueke, 2014). skunks are potential vectors of rabies (Robert Koch Institut, 2009; Hattwick et al.,1973), tularemia (Berrada et al., 2006) and roundworms (Biron, 2006).

skunks can squirt a foul-smelling secretion from their anal gland across a distance of up to six metres. Although the proscription of amputation in the german Animal Welfare Act prohibits the removal of the anal gland, many breeders and owners have ordered to have it removed. skunks can become very aggressive, which makes them particularly difficult to keep. they are agile climbers and burrowers, and therefore often manage to escape from their enclosures. skunks have a high invasive potential (lueke, 2014).

the surveyed adverts comprised 75 kinkajous (Potos flavus) at prices ranging from €500 to €2,200, with an average aggregate value of €101,250. Almost all internationally traded kinkajous continue to be collected from the wild (98%) (Harrington, 2015). Even though the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) classifies this species as so far not threate-ned (“least Concern“), a significant decline in populations has been docu-mented, in part caused by captures for the pet trade (Kays et al., 2008). the species is considered to have a high invasive potential and is included in the list of invasive species in germany (geiter et al., 2002).

Kinkajous have very specific dietary requirements and little is known about their biology (Wright et al., 2009). In captivity, incorrect diet frequently causes cysts in the jaw (garma-Aviña et al., 1998) and the animals tend towards obesity (Eshar, 2013).

Kinkajous transmit roundworms (taira et al., 2013; gaj et al., 2011;) as well as fungal infections via bites (Harris et al., 2011).

TOP sEllER

Distribution southern Canada to Central AmericaEcology Crepuscular and nocturnal, solitary, anal scent gland as defence mechanismHazards Disease vector

Distribution Central and south America; tropical rain forestsEcology Nocturnal, tree dwellers, predominantly solitary, long prehensile tail Hazards vector of parasites and fungal infections, potentially invasive


€2,200

€350

Common maRmosEt

We found more than 800 individuals of the diurnal common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) in online adverts, with prices ranging between €125 and €1,500. In captivity these animals are very susceptible to diseases; the potential for transmission of human diseases, such as herpes, smallpox and flu viruses is often underestimated. By the time an owner notices that a monkey is infected, it is often too late and sudden and premature death can ensue (grübener, 2010).

Arbitrary socialisation and placements generate an enormous amount of psychological stress for these highly social primates, which can lead to pronounced territorial marking, increased heart rates and haematologi-cal deviations (Kühnel, 2013). these omnivorous monkeys have complex foraging behaviour that in the wild occupies most of their time. they feed on tree saps, insects, fruit and small mammals. Despite intensive efforts by zoos, the composition of artificial captive diets is insufficiently balanced.

Distribution BrazilEcology tree dweller, family group of up to 15 animalsHazards Disease transmitter

Wild primate populations all around the world are endangered (Engel et al., 2005); many species of primate are threatened by illegal and unsusta-inable trade and the destruction of their environment (Nijman et al., 2011; shepherd, 2010). Primates belong to the most heavily traded mammal species (shepherd, 2010), with global primate exports on the rise since 1995 (Nijman et al., 2011). Due to their behaviour and their very complex social life primates are totally unsuited to being kept as pets (soulsbury et al., 2009).Frequently, on reaching sexual maturity, the animals become aggressive and some species can threaten human life (Beckstein, 2009). they are vec-tors (Engel et al., 2005) for a host of diseases (Kaup, 2011; Rietschel et al., 2008). In order to tame monkeys, young animals are often separated from

1. Common maRmosEt

2. Cotton-toP tamaRin

3. goldEn-HEadEd lion tamaRin

4. PYgmY maRmosEt

5. Ring-tailEd lEmUR

TOP 5

PRimatEs

TOP sEllER

their mothers and bottle-fed. As hand-reared animals are not suited for socialisation, most will develop abnormal behaviour. Primates cannot be house-trained (von glovcewski, 2004). Primates are listed in Annex A or B of the EU Wildlife trade Regulations and are therefore subject to registration.the researchers found 2,409 primates from 54 different species for sale. they included squirrel monkeys, lemurs and guenons. of the species in trade, 16 are listed in Annex A and 38 in Annex B of the EU Wildlife trade Regulati-ons.


€1,500


Deficient nutrition frequently causes illnesses. the most common illness found in captivity is the “Wasting marmoset syndrome“ (Wms), a multi-functional disease that is usually fatal (Kühnel, 2013).

the limited space in captivity often causes these naturally highly active animals to become fat (Bernhard, 2010). In close contact with humans they can become extremely aggressive. the monkeys are known to be vectors of rabies (Yale et al., 2013; Favoretto et al., 2001).

sloW loRis

Although since 2007 slow lorises (Nycticebus sp.) have been internatio-nally strictly protected by CItEs and only very few zoos keep them, seven animals were offered for sale on the sites examined in our survey, in one case for €1,400.

According to the IUCN Red list of Endangered species, the wild populati-ons of all five slow loris species are endangered in their range states and in decline, with one species even facing extinction (IUCN, 2014). Uncontrolled, unsustainable trade for the pet market has been identified as one of the main reasons for dwindling populations (Campbell et al., 2012; Nijman et al., 2011; Nekaris et al., 2010). A number of studies show that juvenile slow lorises are among the most frequently identified primates offered for sale in southeast Asian markets (streicher et al., 2013; Nekaris et al., 2010; shepherd, 2010). Internet videos featuring slow lorises as seemingly cute pets have created a veritable boom in trade. Authorities report an incre-ased number of confiscations, but slow lorises continue to be discovered in Asian animal markets and the number of animals brought to rescue centres is on the increase (Nekaris et al., 2013).Reproduction in captivity is so unsuccessful that it is highly unlikely that slow lorises offered for sale originate from captive breeding (Nekaris et al., 2013).

Due to their complex requirements regarding diet and environment, kee-ping these animals in a species-appropriate way is extremely difficult, if not impossible. Animals kept in captivity develop dental problems, obesity, a low reproduction rate and stereotypic behaviour (streicher et al., 2013).

slow lorises defend themselves with their very sharp teeth and a poisonous secretion, which is why their front canines and inscissors are often brutally removed (streicher et al., 2013). this is one of the reasons why the mor-tality rate through infections is particularly elevated in these animals and why rescued animals cannot be returned to the wild (Nekaris et al., 2013; shepherd, 2010).

Distribution southeast AsiaEcology tree dweller, nocturnal, solitary; slow movements, Hazards Painful bites

€1.400

the online adverts included 44 Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) for prices ranging between €400 and €600.

In captivity the animals spend considerably less time foraging and eating than in the wild, which reportedly results in more aggressive behaviour (el Alami et al., 2012).

Barbary macaques are the only macaques living in North Africa. In recent years populations have been decimated because numerous young animals are captured for the illegal pet trade (van Uhm, 2014; Waters et al., 2013; van lavieren, 2008). Barbary macaques are listed in Annex B of the EU Wildlife trade Regulations and classified according to IUCN as ”Endan-gered“ (Butynsk et al., 2008). Rescue centres such as AAP Rescue Centre for Exotic Animals (Netherlands) and the animal welfare organisation Animal Public report that Barbary macaques are the primate species most frequently brought in.

the characteristic feature of marsupials is the pouch on their tummy. the offspring are born into this pouch in an embryo-like state and grow up inside. the nine families include the opossums, the common shrew opos-sums and kangaroos.

our online research identified 18 species and 475 animals for sale; among them was a red kangaroo that can grow to a height of almost two metres for up to €2,500, and wombats that can weigh up to 40 kg.

1. sUgaR glidER

2. sHoRt-tailEd oPossUm

3. REd-nECKEd WallaBY

4. PaRma WallaBY

5. WHitE-EaREd oPossUm

TOP 5

maRsUPials


BaRBaRY maCaQUE

Distribution North Africa: oak and cedar forests Ecology ground and tree dwellers, groups between 12 and 60 animalsHazards Physical danger

€400


sUgaR glidER

the sugar glider (Petaurus breviceps) has become a popular household pet (Booth, 2003; lindenmayer, 2002). In our online survey we found 165 animals for sale for prices between €16 and €300. sugar gliders are also regularly offered for sale at animal trade shows.

In captivity, the gliding behaviour so typical for this species is rarely obser-ved, which points to a lack of space (schmid et al., 2003). Communication within and between the groups takes place through scent marking and loud barking and hissing (schultze-Westrum, 1969). their diet is seaso-nal and includes resin and insects (Booth, 2003). such a specialised diet cannot be provided in captivity. Artificial diets lead to malnutrition, obesity, osteodystrophy, vitamin and mineral deficiency as well as dental disorders (Dierenfeld, 2009; lennox, 2007; Johnson-Delaney, 2006). sugar gliders fre-quently display aggressive behaviour and are equipped with long and sharp incisors, which they normally use to penetrate tree bark (Booth, 2003). As is the case for many other tree dwelling animals, sugar gliders cannot be house-trained and will urinate and defecate everywhere if they are allowed to leave their cage.

TOP sEllER

Distribution Australia, New guineaEcology Nocturnal, tree dweller, family group (groups of approx. 10 animals); can glide across a distance of 70 mHazards Physical danger

Common BRUsHtail PossUm

the present survey found 23 common brushtail possums for sale, at prices between €350 and €688.the common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) is an exclusively solitary animal, except during mating season. Its body can reach a height of up to 55cm. In captivity animals are often kept in groups which can lead to them severely injuring or even killing each other. they have sharp claws and teeth, with which they scratch their involuntary co-residents and tear out their fur. Also the owner is seldom by spared injuries when handling common brush-tail possums. At night males emit loud hissing calls to de-fend their territory. lack of stimulation can cause common brushtail pos-sums to develop abnormal behaviour in captivity. owners have reported that free-roaming animals trashed their living rooms (Neumann, 2009).

Distribution AustraliaEcology Nocturnal, tree-hollow dweller, solitary, climber (sharp claws, prehensile tail)Hazards Potentially invasive, transmits diseases, can inflict injuries

€688

€300

aFRiCan PYgmY HEdgEHog

the online survey identified 317 African hedgehogs (Atelerix albiventris) that were offered for sale for a price of between €30 and €150, equal to an average aggregate value of €28,530. their diet consists of various sorts of insects, worms, snails and other small animals. However, little is known about their natural behaviour and the exact composition of their diet (Biron, 2005). In captivity animals are often fed with cat food (Riedel,2014), which can lead to malnutrition and illnesses. the most common of these are skin disorders (66%), gastro-intestinal disorders (33%) and skeletal disorders (15%). more than 10 % of the examined animals were obese (gardhouse, et al.,2015).In captivity, African hedgehogs often suffer from the so-called “Wobbly Hedgehog syndrome“ (WHs), a kind of multiple sclerosis, not observed in the wild, which cannot be cured and is even hereditary (graesser et al., 2006). WHs is apparently an effect of inbreeding (Warwick, 2009). tumours and infection with human viruses are also reported as a cause of death (Allison et al., 2002). many of the animals offered for sale originate from inbreeding, which explains their extreme vulnerability to diseases and their short life expectancy.

African pygmy hedgehogs have a very keen sense of smell and hearing, which means that these crepuscular animals suffer severe stress from the

Distribution Central AfricaEcology Cave dweller, crepuscular and nocturnal, solitary, partly hibernates and/or estivates; strong urge to move Hazards High risk of transmitting diseases

this category includes the orders of Afrotheria (e.g. elephant shrews, ten-recs), Xenarthra (e.g. sloths, armadillos), insectivores (e.g. hedgehogs) and bats (e.g. flying foxes). 912 animals from 29 different orders were offered for sale. the average aggregate value amounted to €160,730.

1. aFRiCan PYgmY HEdgEHog

2. EgYPtian FRUit Bat

3. HEdgEHog tEnREC

4. RoUnd-EaREd ElEPHant sHREW

5. aRmadillo

TOP 5

otHER sPECiEs

TOP sEllER


€150


daytime activities of humans. In the wild, African hedgehogs breed only once per year; in captivity up to three times. However, there are reports that offspring are often killed and eaten by their parents (Bandini et al., 2004). their stereotypic pacing up and down induces many owners to provide their animals with hamster wheels, which can cause injuries to extremities and the spine (Biron, 2005). In addition, owners often choose an unsuitable surface, so that many hedgehogs get sore or even bloody feet (Home of Exotics, 2015).

the hedgehogs have a powerful set of teeth; humans, when bitten, can contract serious infections, including rabies. Contact may also lead to sal-monella, viral and fungal infections as well as other zoonoses (Yale et al., 2013; Riley et al., 2005; Rosen, et al., 2003; Woodward et al., 1997; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1995). salmonella infections are the most common zoonotic disease associated with these animals and often remain undetected as the animals themselves display few symptoms (Craig et al., 1997). Bacteria may be transmitted not only through direct contact with the animal, but also through indirect third party contact (Nenoff et al., 2012; Rosen et al., 2003). since 1991, imports of African pygmy hedgehogs into the UsA have been prohibited due to the potential risk of foot and mouth disease.Animals purchased in pet shops are frequently surrendered to rescue cen-tres; in North America there are 20 rescue centres that care exclusively for African hedgehogs. In some Us states, it is illegal to keep African hedge-hogs (Riley et al., 2005).

EgYPtian FRUit Bat

our online survey identified 126 Egyptian fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus) offered for sale for prices between €30 and €300. the average aggregate value amounted to €20,790. Fruit bats feed exclusively on fruit and, along with other bat species, are the only mammals capable of active flight. the animals have an extensive home range and live in closely-knit social com-munities (colonies) that no form of private keeping can do justice to.

Egyptian fruit bats are reservoir hosts and potential vectors of encaphalitis and various lyssa viruses (Yale et al., 2013; Chomel et al., 2007). of parti-cular concern is the fact that Egyptian fruit bats can carry and transmit a number of deadly viruses such as Ebola, marburg and sARs (laminger et al., 2010; Pourrut et al., 2009; leroy et al., 2005) as well as an only recently discovered paramyxovirus (sosuga virus) (Amman et al., 2015; schountz, 2014), without being affected themselves (Kley et al., 2013).

Distribution Egypt to Arabian region, turkey and CyprusEcology Nocturnal, groups of more than 100 animlas, cave dwellers, seasonal migrations, flight membrane between front and rear extremities Hazards Disease transmitters

€300

the present study provides, for the first time, an overview of the range of exotic mammal species traded in germany. on the two Internet platforms Exotic-Animal. de and terraristik.com alone, 291 species and more than 10,000 individual exotic mammals were offered for sale within a period of five years (2010-2014). the most frequently represented order was the rodents, followed by predators, primates and marsupials. top sellers of the various orders were Asian striped squir-rels, skunks, common marmosets and sugar gliders – but agoutis, nasuas, lemurs, servals and flying floxes were also regularly found on sale. Prices ranged from a few Euros (e.g. for spiny mice) up to thousands of Euros per animal (various predators and primates).

many exotic mammal species are highly developed, display extremely complex social behaviour, require plenty of space and have very specific requirements for stimulation, diet, temperature and chronobiology (i.e. day-night rhythm). species that in the wild live in size-able colonies (e.g. meerkats, flying foxes) are often sold as single animals or in pairs. Nocturnal animals (e.g. sugar gliders, viverrids) are disturbed or kept awake during daytime and semiaquatic animals (e.g. otters, greater guinea pigs) are provided with little or no ac-cess to water. the complex care requirements of these animals are often underestimated by owners. Reports by owners on Internet forums confirm that prematu-re mortality is common for many species. the animal welfare issues are serious.

While various exotic mammal species are now bred on a regular basis, many animals are still taken from the wild. It is not possible to put a figure on the exact proportion since many species are not protected and their trade is therefore not monitored or regulated. For some mammal species, capture for the pet market has become a threat to their existence. Frequently, animals that are captured in the wild are laundered as ”capti-ve bred“ – in the context of the present study, this was revealed in the example of protected primates from

disCUssion & RECommEndations

south America, which triggered investigations by au-thorities in germany and spain (see page 16). Also with regard to invasive species, the largely uncon-trolled trade in exotic mammals is a reason for con-cern. the most frequently sold exotic mammals inclu-de various species of squirrels that have high potential for establishing themselves in temperate latitudes and competing with native species.

Zoonotic diseases constitute a serious threat to hu-mans. the death of three german breeders of variega-ted squirrels in 2013 as a result of an infection with the Borna virus is alarming and so is the increasing tide of scientific publications warning against the transmissi-on of a growing variety of pathogens (e.g. monkeypox, Ebola, sARs, HIv, leprosy) transmitted via wild animals. many species‘ potential for aggression is also undere-stimated and they can inflict serious injuries. online advertisements, pet markets, an increase in specialised literature and feedback from rescue centers all con-firm an alarming demand for exotic mammals. Animal shelters complain about the problems of housing and caring for these animals, as they lack the necessary space, equipment and expertise.

the present report is the first to show the magnitude of the trade in exotic mammals in germany, and the pro-blems relating to animal welfare, nature conservation and public health. the findings underline the urgent need to curb the, largely uncontrolled trade in wild ani-mals and their private ownership. greater restrictions on the trade and keeping of exotic pets are long over-due. A positive list would permit only those species to be kept and traded that are relatively straightforward for the average person to keep and that do not pose a disproportionate risk to humans and the environment. Belgium introduced such a positive list for mammals in 2009, listing 42 species as suitable for private owner-ship. For all other species private keeping is not permit-ted, while justified exceptions are possible.



the Netherlands developed scientifically based, trans- parent and objective criteria for a positive list that came into effect in 2015 and currently lists 52 species of mammals. Also other European countries have alrea-dy agreed on restrictions and regulations. In addition to establishing a positive list, we recommend issuing nationwide regulations for the keeping of the animals included on the positive list. In 2013 the government parties declared in their coalition agreement a restric-tion on the trade and private keeping of wild animals.

the findings of the present study emphasise the ur-gent need for action. the introduction of a positive list for species suited to being kept as pets with regards to animal welfare and species protection, as well as pub-lic health and safety is long overdue. Imports of wild-caught animals into the EU must be prohibited by law, as well as the sale of wild animals via animal trade shows.

AAP, (2014). Choose positively for animals. A call for a positive list for animals that are suitable as pets. Almere, Netherlands.

Alexander, K. et al., (2014). What factors might have led to the emergence of Ebola in West Africa? Plos Neglected tropical Diseases, Blog dated 11th November.

Allison, N., Chang, t., steele, K., & Hilliard, J. (2002). Fatal herpes simplex infection in a pygmy African hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris). Journal of Comparative Pathology, 126(1): 76-78.

Alpers, K., stark, K., Hellenbrand, W., & Ammon, A. (2004). Zoonotische Infektionen beim menschen. gesundheitsblatt, 47:622-632.

Altherr, s. (2014). stolen Wildlife– Why the EU needs to tackle smuggling of nationally protected species. Report, Pro Wildlife, münchen, 32 pp.

Amman, B. R. et al., (2015). A Recently Discovered Pathogenic Paramyxovirus, sosuga virus, is Present in Rousettus aegyptiacus Fruit Bats at multiple locations in Uganda. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 51(3):774-9.

Ashley, s. et al., (2014). morbidity and mortality of Invertebrates, Amphibians, Reptiles, and mammals at a major exotic companion animal wholesaler. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare science, 17(4): 308-321.

Auffangstation für Reptilien, münchen e.v. (2013). Jahresbericht 2013. münchen.

Avashia, s. et al., (2004). First reported prairie dog to human tularemia transmission, texas, 2002. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 10(3): 483-486.

Baillie, J. E., Hilton-taylor, C., & stuart, s. N. (2004). the IUCN species survival Commission - A global species assessment. großbritannien: IUCN Publication services.

Baker, s. et al., (2013). Rough trade: Animal Welfare in the global Wildlife trade. Bioscience, 63(12): 928-938.

Bandini, D., & Bandini, g. (2004). Einige Bemerkungen zum Afrikanischen Weißbauchigel (Atelerix albiventris) und zur Problematik seiner Haltung in gefangenschaft. literaturstudie und persönlicher Erfahrungsbericht.

Beckstein, R. (2009). gefährliche tiere in menschenhand, Dissertation, münchen, Klinik für Fische und Reptilien der tierärztlichen Fakultät der ludwig-maximilians-Universität münchen.

Bell, D., Roberton, s. & Hunter, P. R., (2004). Animal origins of sARs coronavirus: possible links with the international trade in small carnivores. Philosophical transactions of the Royal society - B, 359(1447): 1107-1114.

Bernhard, J. (2010). Qualitative und quantitative Untersuchungen der ovarien des in gefangenschaft lebenden Weißbüschelaffen (Callithrix jacchus) in Relation zu kritischen physiologischen und biochemischen Indikatoren im Zusammenhang mit Übergewicht. Dissertation, georg-August-Universität göttingen.

Berrada, Z. l., goethert, H. K., & telford, s. R. (2006). Raccoons and skunks as sentinels for Enzootic tularemia. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 12(6): 1019-1021.

Biron, K. (2005). Exotische Igel in der tierarztpraxis. Abgerufen am 04. 05. 2015

von www.biron.de/ta/exotischeigel.html

Biron, K. (2006). Baylisascaris - eine nicht zu unterschätzende Zoonose. Abgerufen am 24. 05. 2015 von http://www.biron.de/ta/bay/

BmEl, (2014). gutachten über mindestanforderungen an die Haltung von säugetieren. Berlin.

Booth, R. (2003). sugar gliders. seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet medicine, 12(4): 228-231.

Bosch, s., & lurz, P. (2011). Das Eichhörnchen. Neue Brehm-Bücherei.

Bundesamt für Naturschutz, (2010). vollzugshinweise zum Artenschutzrecht. Bonn: Bundesamt für Naturschutz.

Butynsk, t. et al., (2008). the IUCN Red list of threatened species. Abgerufen am 10. 05 2015 von www.iucnredlist.org/details/12561/0

Brunel, s. et al., (2013). Invasive alien species: a growing but neglected threat. late lessons from early warnings: science, precaution, innovation, Band 1.

Campbell, N., & Nekaris, K. (2012). media attention promotes conservation of threatened Asian slow lorises. oryx - the International Journal of Conservation, 46(2): 169-174.

CBD. (2012). Pets, Aquarium, and terrarium species: Best Practices for Addressing Risks to Biodiversity. CBD technical series No. 48, 45.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (1995). African pygmy hedgehog-associated salmonellosis-Washington, 1994. morbidity and mortality weekly report, 44(24): 462-463.

Chomel, B., Belotto, A., & meslin, F.X. (2007). Wildlife, Exotic pets, and emerging zoonoses. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 1: 6-11.

Conraths, F., Beck, W., & Pfeffer, m. (2014). Workshop Heimtiere und Zoonosen. leipzig, veterinärmedizinische Fakultät.

Craig, C., styliadis, s., Woodward, D., & Werker, D. (1997). African pygmy hedgehog-associated salmonellosis tilene in Canada. Canada Comminucable Disease Report, 23(17): 129-131.

Davenport, K., & Collins, J. (2011). European Code of conduct on pets and Invasive Alien species. straßburg: Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife.

Dierenfeld, E. s. (2009). Feeding behaviour and nutrition of the sugar glider (Petaurus breviceps). veterinary Clinics of North America-Exotic animal practice, 12: 209-215.

Dijkstra, v., & Dekker, J. (2008). Risico-assessment uitheemse eekhoorns. Wageningen: Zoogdiervereniging vZZ.

Driessen, C. (2012). Fremde tierarten erobern Deutschland. Die Welt.

Durand, B. et al., (2013). Identification of hotspots in the European Union for the introduction of four zoonotic arboviroses by live animal trade. Plos one, 8(7): e70000.

el Alami, A., van lavieren, E., Rachida, A., & Chait, A. (2012). Differences in activity budgets and diet between semiprovisioned and wild-feeding groups of the endangered Barbary macaque (Macaca sylvanus) in the Central High Atlas

REFEREnCEs

mountains, morocco. American Journal of Primatology, 74(3): 210-216.

Endangered Primate Foundation. (2013). the dangers behind Primates in the pet trade. Abgerufen am 28. 04 2015 von http://endangeredprimate.org/how-to-help/pet-to-regret/

Engel, l. J. et al., (2005). Characterizing primate pet ownership in sulawesi: implications for disease transmission. Commensalism and conflict: the human primate interface. special topics in primatology, 4: 197-221.

Eshar, D. (2013). Dietary management of an obese kinkajou (Potos flavus) with congestive heart failure secondary to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research, 1(2): 78-80.

EU-Komission, (2003). Entscheidung der Kommission vom 20. Juni 2003 mit maßnahmen zum schutz gegen Affenpocken. Amtsblatt, 112-113.

European Invasive Alien species gateway. (2008). DAIsIE . Abgerufen am 02.03. 2015 von www.europe-aliens.org

Faulde, m., Fock, R., Hoffmann, g., & Pietsch, m. (2002). tiere als vektoren und Reservoire von Erregern importierter lebensbedrohender Infektionskrankheiten. Bundesgesundheitsblatt: 139-151.

Favoretto, s. et al., (Januar 2001). Rabies in marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), Ceara Brazil. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 7(6): 1062-1065.

Franssen, F., Xie, K., sprong, H., & van der giessen, J. (2013). molecular analysis of Baylisascaris columnaris revealed mitochondrial and nuclear polymorphisms. Parasites & vectors, 6(124): 1-8.

Friedrich-loeffler-Institut. (18. 02 2015). Neues Bornavirus bei Bunthörnchen entdeckt - möglicher Zusammenhang mit Infektionen bei menschen. meldung vom 10. April

gaj, g., Willems, R., & moore, m. (2011). Raccoon roundworms in pet kinkajous — three states, 1999 and 2010. morbidity and mortality Weekly Report, 60(10): 302-305.

gardhouse, s., & Eshar, D. (2015). Retrospective study of disease occurrence in captive African Pygmy Hedgehogs (Atelerix albiventris). Israel Journal of veterinary medicine, veterinary Record, 143: 532-534.

garma-Aviña, A., & torres-montoya, J. (1998). Cystic fibrous osteodystrophy of the jaw in two pet kinkajous (Potos flavus). veterinary Record, 143: 532-534.

geiter, o., Homma, s., & Kinzelbach, R. (2002). Bestandsaufnahme und Bewertung von Neozoen in Deutschland. Berlin: Umweltbundesamt.

genovesi, P., Carnevali, l., Alonzi, A., & scalera, R. (2012). Alien mammals in Europe: updated numbers and trends, and assessment of the effects on biodiversity. Integrative Zoology, 7(3): 247-253.

gonzalez, J. (2003). Harvesting, local trade, and conservation of parrots in the Northeastern Peruvian Amazon. Biological Conservation, 114: 437-446.

graesser, D. et al., (2006). Wobbly Hedgehog syndrome in African Pygmy Hedgehogs (Atelerix spp.). Journal of Exotic Pet medicine, 15(1): 59-65.

grübener, m. (2010). Weißbüschelaffen: für Anfänger (1 Ausg.). Books on Demand.

Harrington, l. (2015). International commercial trade in live carnivores and primates 2006-2012: response to Bush. Conservation Biology, 29(1): 293-296.

Harris, J. R. et al., (2011). Blastomycosis in man after kinkajou bite. Emerging Infectious Disease, 17(2): 268-270.

Hattwick, m. A. et al., (1973). skunk Rabies: the risk to man-or never trust a skunk. American Journal of Public Health, 63(12): 1080-1085.

Heinemann, P. (2012). Fremde Arten verursachen milliarden-schäden. Die Welt, 16. september

Home of Exotics. (undated). viewed am 04. 05 2015 von http://home-of-exotics.npage.de/weissbauchigel/krankheiten.html

Hüster Plogmann, H., schibler, J., & Betschart, m. (2003). Domestikation: vom Wildtier zum Haustier. As:Archäologie der schweiz, 26(4): 28-31.

Hutson, C. l. et al., (2007). monkeypox zoonotic associations: insights from laboratory evaluation of animals associated with the multi-state Us outbreak. the American Journal of tropical medicine and Hygiene, 76(4): 757-768.

IUCN. (2012). Biological invasions: a growing threat to biodiversity, human health and food security.

IUCN. (2014). IUCN Red list of threatened species. Abgerufen am 15. 04. 2015 von www.iucnredlist.org

Johnson-Delaney, C. (2006). Common procedures in hedgehogs, prairie dogs, exotic rodents, and companion marsupials. veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice, 9(2): 415–435.

Kamber, E. (2014). An diesen giftzwergen kommt niemand vorbei. 20 minuten.

Karesh, W. B., Cook, R. A., gilbert, m., & Newcomb, J. (2007). Implications of wildlife trade on the movement of avian influenza and other infectious diseases. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 43(3): 55-59.

Kaup, F.-J. (2011). Risikopotential exotischer Zoonosen bei Primaten.

Wehrmedizin und Wehrpharmazie, 4.

Kays, R., Reid, F., schipper, J., & Helgen, K. (2008). IUCN Red list of threatened species. viewed 20th may 2015 von http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/41679/0

Keller, R. P. et al., (2011). Invasive species in Europe: ecology, status, and policy. Environmental sciences Europe, 23(23): 17.

Kley, N., Balkema-Buschmann, A., & groschup, m. (2013). Flughundhaltung am FlI auf der Insel Riems. Der loeffler, 2: 9.

Klingenstein, F., Kornacker, P. m., martens, H., & schippmann, U. (2005). gebietsfremde Arten-Positionspapier des Bundesamtes für Naturschutz. Bonn: Bundesamt für Naturschutz.

Koene, P. (2012). Keeping of exotic animals: are all animal species suitable for companion animals? Wageningen Universität, Präsentation für treffen der Europäischen tierärztekammer.

Krauss, H. (2004). Zoonosen: von tier zu mensch übertragbare Infektionskrankheiten (3. Ausg.). Deutscher Ärzte verlag.

Kühnel, F. (2013). Erhebung von Blutrichtwerten und deren Beeinflussung durch Haltung und Fütterung beim Weißbüschelaffen (Callithrix jacchus), vet.med. Dissertation, Universität leipzig

Kwet, A. (2014). Nachzuchten oder Wildfänge? Neues von CItEs. Elaphe, 49: 8-12.

laminger, F., & Prinz, A. (2010). Fledertiere und andere Reservoirwirte der Filoviridae. Epidemiegefahr am afrikanischen Kontinent? Eine deduktive literaturanalyse. Wiener klinische Wochenschrift, 122(3): 19-30.

landeshauptstadt münchen - Referat für stadtplanung und Bauordnung. (2014). münchen.de - Das ofizielle stadtportal. Abgerufen am 22. 05 2015 von http://www.muenchen.de/rathaus/stadtverwaltung/Referat-fuer-stadtplanung-und-Bauordnung/Natur-landschafts-Baumschutz/Artenschutz/meldepflicht.html

lauterbach, v. (2013). Die gesellige Alternative-Das Chinesische Baumstreifenhörnchen (Tamiops swinhoei) und seine Unterschiede zum Asiatischen streifenhörnchen (Tamias sibiricus). Rodentia Exoten, 74: 53-57.

lazarz, B. (2012). skunks in der tierärztlichen Praxis. veterinärspiegel, 1: 21-25.

lennette, E. H., & Emmons, R. W. (1972). Health problems associated with transport and use of nondomesticated animals: an overview. Boletin de la ost, 6(3):62-68.

lennox, A. (2007). Emergency and critical care procedures in sugar gliders (Petaurus breviceps), African hedgehogs (Atelerix albiventris), and prairie dogs (Cynomys spp). veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice, 10(2): 533-555.

leroy, E. m. et al., (2005). Fruit bats as reservoirs of Ebola virus. Nature, 438: 575-576.

lindenmayer, D. (2002). gliders of Australia: A Natural History. sydney: UNsW Press.

loose, B. (2008). Chinesische Baumstreifenhörnchen – nicht für die Innenhaltung geeignet? Probleme bei der Haltung von Tamiops swinhoei. Rodentia Exoten, 8(3): 62-63

lueke, H. (2014). skunks als Neozoen? Rodentia Exoten, 14(4): 64-65.

lyons, J., & Natusch, D. (2012). over-stepping the Quota? tRAFFIC Bulletin, 24(1): 5-6.

lyons, J., & Natusch, D. (2013). Effects of consumer preferences for rarity on the harvest of wild populations within a species. Ecological Economics, 93, 278–283. .

marmet, J., Pisanu, B., & Chapuis, J.l. (2009). Home range, range overlap, and site fidelity of introduced siberian chipmunks in a suburban French forest. European Journal of Wildlife Research, 55(5): 497-504.

mauerer, I. (2009). Besitz exotischer Haustiere und Persönlichkeit. Diplomarbeit, Fakultät für Psychologie, Universität Wien.

meyer, H. (2012). Immer wieder in den schlagzeilen: Affenpockenviren. Wehrmedizinische monatsschrift, 56: 201-203.

mongabay. (20. 04 2012). malaysia to restrict trade in big-eyed sugar gliders. Abgerufen am 28. 04 2015 von http://news.mongabay.com/2012/0420-sugar_gliders_malaysia.html

moutou , F., & Pastoret , P. (2010). Why own an exotic pet? Rev sci tech., 29(2): 359-65, 351-8.

Natusch, D., & lyons, J. (2013). Exploited for pets: the harvest and trade of amphibians and reptiles from Indonesian New guinea. Biodiversity and Conservation, 21(11): 2899-2911.

Navarro-montes, A., (2008). trade in Nycticebus past and present: Asian markets and internet websites. Journal of the msc in Primate Conservation, 8: 10-12.

Nekaris, K. et al., (2013). tickled to death: Analysing public perceptions of ‘cute’ videos of threatened species (slow lorises – Nycticebus spp.) on Web 2.0 sites.



Plos one, 8(8): e69215

Nekaris, K., shepherd, C., starr, C. & Nijman, v., 2010. Exploring cultural drivers for wildlife trade via an ethnoprimatological approach: A case study of slender and slow lorises (Loris and Nycticebus) in south and southeast Asia. American Journal of Primatology 72:877-886.

Nenoff, P., & Krüger, C. (2012). Dermatophyten-Infektionen der Haut, Haare und Nägel. Akt. Dermatol. 38: 347-359.

Neumann, C. (2009). leben mit dem Kusu. Rodentia Exoten, 9(1): 48-53.

Nijman, v. et al., Nekaris, K., Donati, g., Bruford, m., & Fa, J. (16. 02 2011). Primate conservation: measuring and mitigating trade in primates. Endangered species species Research, 13: 159-161.

outhwaite, W. et al., (2014). Concerns regarding trade in specimens claimed to be derived from captive breeding or ranching – Assessment of selected examples. Report AC27-17 Commissioned to the CItEs secretariat.

Phalen, D. N. (2004). Prairie dogs: vectors and victims. seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet medicine, 13(2): 105-107.

Pickering, l. K. et al., (2008). Exposure to nontraditional pets at home and to animals in public settings: Risks to children. Pediatrics, 122: 876-886.

Pourrut, X. et al., (2009). large serological survey showing cocirculation of Ebola and marburg viruses in gabonese bat populations, and a high seroprevalence of both viruses in Rousettus aegyptiacus. BmC Infectious Diseases, 9(159): 10.

Power, m. l., Emery, s., & gil, m. R. (2013). Into the Wild: Dissemination of Antibiotic Resistance Determinants via a species Recovery Program. Plos one, 8(5): e63017.

Pro Wildlife. (2010). Pet trade as a Pathway for Invasive Alien species Background Paper for the EU Consultation on IAs. münchen.

Rabitsch, W., gollasch, s., & Iserman, m. (2013). Erstellung einer Warnliste in Deutschland noch nicht vorkommender invasiver tiere und Pflanzen. 331.

Rabsch, W. (2014). salmonellen & exotische Heimtiere: Infektionsrisiko bei säuglingen und Kleinkindern. Workshop Heimtiere und Zoonosen. veterinärmedizinische Fakultät der Universität leipzig.

Raubtier- u. Exotenasyl e.v. (April 2015). Befragung durch Pro Wildlife, 2015.

Reaser, J., Clark, E., & meyers, N. (2008). All creatures great and minute: a public policy primer for companion animal zoonoses. Zoonoses and public health, 55(8-10), 385-401.

Riedel, A. (04. 08 2014). Arbeitskreis Umweltschutz Bochum e.v. Abgerufen am 04. 05 2015 von http://www.aku-bochum.de/2014/die-haltung-afrikanischer-weissbauchigel/

Rietschel, W., & Heckel, J.-o. (2008). Zoonosen bei Zoo- Wild- und exotischen Heimtieren oder was man sich als tierarzt sonst so außer der geflügelgrippe holen kann!

Riley, P. Y., & Chomel, B. B. (2005). Hedgehog Zoonoses. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 11(1).

Robert Koch Institut. (2009). Epidemiologisches Bulletin. Berlin.

Robert Koch Institut. (10. 04 2015). Neues Bornavirus bei Bunthörnchen entdeckt - möglicher Zusammenhang mit Infektionen bei menschen. meldung vom 10. April

Rosen, t., & Jablon, J. (2003). Infectious threats from exotic pets: dermatological implications. Dermatol Clinical, 21: 229-236.

Rutherford, P. (2010). Urgent call on EU to stop billion-euro ‚alien invasion‘. BBC News.

schmid, m., Bottoni, C., & Hirt, J. (2003). Ergänzungslieferung Exotische Kleinsäuger. In: schulungsordner Kleinsäuger. BNA. e. v.

schountz, t. (2014). Immunology of Bats and their viruses: Challenges and opportunities. viruses, 6: 4880-4901.

schreyer. (2008). Heimtiere mit ECAms-symposium. 413-419. (g. g. Aschenbach JR, Hrsg.) leipzig.

schultze-Westrum, t. g. (1969). social Communication by chemical signals in flying Phalangers. In olifaction and taste (s. 268-277). New York City: the Rockefeller University Press.

schuppli, C., Fraser, D., & Bacon, H. (2014). Welfare of non-traditional pets. Rev. sci. tech. off. Int. Epiz., 33(1): 221-231.

shepherd, C. R. (2010). Illegal primate trade in Indonesia exemplified by surveys carried out over a decade in North sumatra. Endangered species Research 11: 201-205.

sistermann, R. (2013). Ruhe sanft- verschiedene methoden der Überwinterung von schwarzschwanz-Präriehunden. Rodentia Exoten, 13(1): 48-50.

slade, B.et al.,(2014). Assortative mating among animals of captive and wild origin following experimental conservation releases. Biology letters.

slater, l. (2014). Exotische Haustiere: Hirsch im schlafzimmer. National geographic Artikel.

slater, l. (2014). manche tierbesitzer lieben‘s wild.

soulsbury, C., Iossa, g., Kennell , s., & Harris, s. (2009). the Welfare and suitability of Primates Kept as Pets. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare science, 12(1): 1-20.

streicher, U. et al., (2013). Exudates and Animal prey characterize slow loris (Nycticebus pygmaeus, N. coucang and N. javanicus) diet in captivity and after release into the wild. In: leaping Ahead-Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects., springer New York: 165-172.

sts, s. t. (2014). Wildtiere als Heimtiere. merkblatt, Basel.

mAFo-Institut, 2006, 2010: studie zur lage der tierheime. Im Auftrag des Deutschen tierschutzbundes.

taira, K., Une, Y., snabel, H., & sugiyama, H. (2013). Baylisascaris sp. infection in a pet kinkajou Potos flavus. Helminthologia, 50(4): 238-243.

tegeder, g. (2015). A Research Framework for the geographic study of Exotic Pet mammals in the UsA. Dissertation, Fakultät für Philosophie, Universität Nebraska, UsA

todd, m. (2011). trade in malagasy reptiles and amphibians in thailand. tRAFFIC southeast Asia, Petaling Jaya, selangor, malaysia, Bericht, 30 seiten.

truman, R. W. et al., (2011). Probable Zoonotic leprosy in the southern United states. the New England Journal of medicine, 364: 1626-1633.

van gennep, D. (2013). Future role for rescue centres in Europe. Präsentation Workshop „Improving Practical Animal Welfare“, Brüssel 19.-20.Juni

van Ham, C. (2013). Invasive alien species: the urban dimension. Case studies on strengthening local action in Europe. Brüssel: IUCN.

van lavieren, E. (2004). the illegal trade in the moroccan barbary macaque (Macaca sylvanus) and the impact on the wild population, thesis msc Primate conservation, oxford Brookes University, großbritannien.

van lavieren, E. (2008). the illegal trade in barbary macaques from morocco and its impact on the wild population. traffic Bulletin, 21(3): 81-88.

van leeuwen, m. (2010). Inventariserend onderzoek naar het aanbod en de welzijnsconditie van bijzondere huisdieren bij opvangcentra in Nederland. University Utrecht Departement Dier in Wetenschap en maatschappij.

van Uhm, D. (2012). De illegale handel in beschermde diersoorten. Justitiële verkenningen, 38(2): 91-100.

van Uhm, D. (2014). Illegal trade in barbary macaques. Utrecht: Universität Utrecht.

von glovcewski, H. (2004). menschen und andere Affen-dürfen Affen überhaupt in Privathand gehalten werden? Rodentia 17, 19-24.

Warwick, C., & Corning, s. (2013). managing patients for zoonotic disease in hospitals. Journal of the Royal society of medicine, 4(8): 2042533313490287.

Warwick, C., & steedman, C. (2012). Injuries, envenomations and stings from exotic pets. Journal of the Royal society of medicine, 105(7): 296-299.

Warwick, C., Arena, P., steedman, C., & Jessop, m. (2013). A review of captive exotic animal-linked zoonoses. Journal of Environmental Health Research, 12(1): 9-24.

Warwick, H. (2009). the craze for pet hedgehogs will be a disaster. the telegraph.

Waters, s., & El-Harrad, A. (2013). A note on the effective use of social media to raise awareness against the illegal trade in Barbary macaques. African Primates, 8: 67-68.

Whitfield, Y., & smith, A. (2014). Household pets and zoonoses. Environmental Health Review, 57(2): 41-49.

Wildtier- und Artenschutzstation e.v. (April 2015). Interviewed by Pro Wildlife, 2015.

Winkelmayer, R. (13.11.2008). Bedeutung der Wildtiere als Erregerreservoir. In: Wildtiergesundheit, Wildtierkrankheiten, deren Bedeutung und vermeidung. tagungsband „Wildtiergesundheit“ , 13. November, Wien. Peter Paulsen (Hrsg.), Institut für Fleischhygiene, Fleischtechnologie und lebensmittelwissenschaft, Department für Nutztiere und Öffentliches gesundheitswesen in der veterinärmedizin, 1-5.

Wissman, m. A. (2006). Caring for marmosets and tamarins. Abgerufen am 09.05. 2015 von http://exoticpetvet.net/primate/care.html

Woodward, D., Khakhria, R., & Johnson, W. (1997). Human salmonellosis associated with exotic pets. Journal of Clinical microbiology, 35(11): 2786-90.

Wright, K., & Edwards, m. s. (2009). Considerations for kinkajou captive diets. veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice, 12(2): 171-185.

Yale, g., Bhanurekha, v., & ganesan, P. I. (2013). Anthropogenic factors responsible for emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. Current science, 105(7): 940-946.

Zootierliste. (2015). viewed on 20.05.2015 von www.zootierliste.de

ImprintAdeline C. Fischer, Franziska Bartsch, Dr. sandra Altherr

June 2015

© Pro Wildlife

All rights reserved

Suggested citationFischer, A.C. et al., 2015:

Endstation Wohnzimmer – Exotische säugetiere als Haustiere.

Pro Wildlife, munich, 32 pages.

English translation

matthias mueller from AAP Rescue Centre for Exotic Animals

Elaine toland and Rob Whitehall from Animal Protection Agency

Acknowledgementsthe authors would like to thank the following persons and institutions that have

contributed valuable information and images to this publication:

Dr. Henriette mackensen / Deutscher tierschutzbund; laura Zodrow / Animal Pub-

lic; Raubtier- und Exotenasyl; tierart e.v.; Wildtier- und Artenschutzstation e.v., and

AAP Rescue Centre for Exotic Animals.

CopyrightsCover photo: Pygmy marmoset © 123RF

Page 18: Asiatic striped squirrel © Jörg Hempel

Page 19: Prairie dog © Pixabay

Page 20: skunk © birdphotos.com

Page 20: Kinkajou © Dick Culbert

Page 21: Common marmoset ©Pixabay

Page 22: slow loris © IAR Jo‘Neill

Page 23: Barbary macaque © Pixabay

Page 24: sugar glider © Alessandro Di grazia

Page 24: Common brushtail possum © Andrew mercer

Page 25: Atelerix © Picabay

Page 26: Egyptian fruit bat © Вых Пыхманн

Pro Wildlife e.v.

Kidlerstraße 2

D-81371 münchen

t +49 89 812 99 507

[email protected]

www.prowildlife.de

final station: living room - pro wildlife...final station living room• 5 some of our companion...

Documents