final scoping report ecology - gibbprojects.gibb.co.za/portals/3/app f1_scoping report... ·...

RUSTENBURG RAPID TRANSPORT (RRT) NETWORK

FINAL SCOPING REPORT – ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT (INCLUDING FAUNA AND FLORA)

PREPARED FOR:

Arcus GIBB (Pty) Ltd c/o Sukendrie Paras

COMPILED BY:

Eco Assessments cc (CK 2000/076445/23)

PO Box 441037, LINDEN, 2104

Tel. (011) 782 – 3428, Fax: (011) 888 - 9588

Email: [email protected]

Date: August 2012 Our Reference: 1069/12

Ecological Assessment

Compiled by Eco Assessments Rustenburg Rapid Transport Network

2

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 3

2. METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................. 5

3. STUDY AREA................................................................................................................... 6

3.1 LAND USE................................................................................................................... 6 3.2 TOPOGRAPHY............................................................................................................. 6 3.3 CRITICAL BIODIVERSITY AREAS (CBA) ......................................................................... 6

4. VEGETATION................................................................................................................... 6

4.1 VEGETATION TYPES..................................................................................................... 6 4.2 HABITATS AND ECOSYSTEMS........................................................................................ 7 4.3 RED DATA PLANTS .................................................................................................... 11 4.4 MEDICINAL PLANTS ................................................................................................... 11

5. FAUNA............................................................................................................................ 12

6. INVASIVE PLANTS ........................................................................................................ 13

7. DESCRIPTIONS OF POTENTIAL ISSUES .................................................................. 14

7.1 LOSS OF THREATENED VEGETATION TYPES AND ASSOCIATED SENSITIVE SPECIES .......... 14 7.2 LOSS OF SPECIES OF SPECIAL CONSERVATION CONCERN............................................. 14 7.3 LOSS OF LARGE INDIGENOUS TREES ........................................................................... 14 7.4 DISTURBANCES CAUSED DURING CONSTRUCTION/MAINTENANCE PHASE. ...................... 14 7.5 LOSS OF ECOLOGICAL CONNECTIVITY ......................................................................... 14

8. REQUIREMENTS FOR THE EIA PHASE...................................................................... 16

9. CONCLUSION................................................................................................................ 17

REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................ 18



3

1. INTRODUCTION ECO ASSESSMENTS CC was appointed by Arcus GIBB (Pty) Ltd to assess the terrestrial ecological (fauna and flora) issues pertaining to the proposed construction of the Rustenburg Rapid Transport (RRT) Network in Rustenburg (Figure 1). Project description Two existing major roads in Rustenburg will be altered to accommodate a Rapid Bus Transport network which will improve the movement of people in the area to access the CBD and other business nodes along the network. The two corridors overlap in the Central Business District (CBD) of Rustenburg and include: 1. The north eastern corridor: The R510 from the intersection of the R510 with

the D1344 all along the R510 and into the CBD; 2. A north western corridor: This starts from just north of Phokeng on the R565,

turning at the Z523 into the Lefaragatlha area south of Phokeng and to the R24 prior to entering Thlabane and on to the CBD.

Bus depots are planned at both outer ends of the two road sections. Scope of Works The following Scope of Works is understood for the Ecological Assessment: o Ecological assessment of the study area to evaluate the opportunities and

constraints of the relevant proposed infrastructure; o Specialist investigation of the Ecology (Status & Sensitivity); o Specialist Terrestrial Fauna Investigation; o Specialist Vegetation Assessment.



4

1

3

2

4 6

Bus depot

5

Bus depot

8

7 Figure 1 – Locality map of two Road corridors 1 to 7 Bridge to be upgraded 8 New bridge

Norite hills



5

2. METHODOLOGY Approach The following approach is proposed for the ecological assessment -

• A baseline assessment of the terrestrial fauna & flora occurring at the site;

• A description of the vegetation units found on the site;

• An indication of the presence of any Red Data faunal (terrestrial) and floral species;

• An indication of the likely occurrence of Red Data species (fauna and flora) on the site;

• Compilation of a sensitivity map/classification of the area;

• Impact evaluation and mitigation requirements; and

• Compilation of an Ecological Management Plan in relation to the various aspects. Assumptions, Limitations and Gaps In order to obtain a better understanding of the dynamics and composition of both the floral and faunal communities on the study area, as well as the status of endemic, rare or threatened species in any area, assessments should always consider investigations at different time scales (across seasons/years) and through replication. However, due to time and cost constraints, such long-term studies are not feasible, especially during a scoping exercise. Scoping process In line with the above and with the main purpose to identify important issues for the Scoping Report, the following methods were used: Red data Red Data fauna and flora information was obtained from the North West Province Biodiversity division to identify the likely occurrence of any Red Data flora and fauna species in the area. Other sources such as the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act (Act 10 of 2004), the North West Nature Conservation ordinance (No 12 of 1983) as well as Red Data lists compiled by Hilton Taylor (1997) will be further consulted for the EIA phase of this project. Assessment The field work for the scoping assessment was undertaken in August 2012. Detailed work in the EIA phase is planned for later in the season (October) which is a more suitable assessment month for fauna, flora and ecosystems in this vegetation type. Visual inspections and evaluations and relevant notes for the scoping process were taken of the various habitats present. Visual observations were recorded with photographs. Literature searches Initial literature searches and a desk top investigation was undertaken to assess the proposed developmental impact on the ecology of the area.



6

3. STUDY AREA

3.1 Land use

Land uses observed along the two road corridors fall mainly under the categories of urban, commercial, communal and natural land as well as some agricultural activity. The urban and industrial land uses are associated with the Rustenburg town and suburbs. In these areas, the river crossings and ridges represent some of the little undeveloped land left in an urbanized area. Along the northeastern corridor, development becomes less dense and more natural land is visible. The grasslands have however mostly been altered by grazing, wood collection and trampling. This corridor ends at the Bospoort dam at the town of Kana. The northwestern route runs through urbanized areas interspersed with some open land ending at the town of Phokeng.

3.2 Topography

The topography north of the Magaliesberg is relatively flat with drainage channels occurring in the landscape. Norite hills occur along the north eastern point of the corridor.

3.3 Critical Biodiversity Areas (CBA)

The North West Department of Agriculture, Conservation, Environment and Rural Development have defined areas in the province which is considered Critical Biodiversity areas (CBA) (2009). CBA’s are terrestrial and aquatic features in the landscape that are critical for retaining biodiversity and supporting continued ecosystem functioning and services. In addition to CBA’s, ecological support areas (ESA’s)(buffer areas) were identified for this study. These are not essential for meeting biodiversity representation targets/thresholds but which nevertheless play an important role in supporting the ecological functioning of critical biodiversity areas and/or in delivering ecosystem services that support socio-economic development. This includes for example water provision, flood mitigation or carbon sequestration. The closest CBA to the project site is the Magaliesberg protected area with its associated ESA buffer area. Sections of the Magaliesberg which are not under formal protection are also regarded to be CBAs. The northeastern route comes close to the ESA of the Magaliesberg in the Thabane area but should not have a negative impact on it.

4. VEGETATION

4.1 Vegetation types

Two main authors in recent years described the vegetation of South Africa namely Low and Rebelo (2006) and Mucina and Rutherford (2006). The major vegetation type that will be affected by the proposed routes according to Low and Rebelo (2006) is:



7

Vegetation type Notes and Conservation value

Clay thorn bushveld This vegetation is characterized by various Acacia species in black and red vertic clay soils. According to Low and Rebelo this vegetation type is poorly conserved.

Mucina and Rutherford (2006) has a more detailed classification for the Rustenburg area and indicates that the vegetation where the proposed RRT network is planned, can be divided into three major vegetation types. These are: Vegetation type Notes and Conservation value

Moot Plains Bushveld The northwestern corridor of the RTT network is mostly located in this vegetation unit. The vegetation type is characterized by open to closed low, often thorny savanna dominated by various species of Acacia. The conservation status is Vulnerable with only 13% conserved in the Magaliesberg Protected Natural Environment.(Target 19%)

Marikana Thornveld The northeastern corridor of the RTT network is mostly located in this vegetation type. The vegetation type is characterized by open Acacia karroo woodland in valleys, undulating plains and lowland hills. The conservation status is Endangered with less than 1% conserved in proclaimed nature areas.

Norite Koppies Bushveld Some koppie elements are present along the northern corridor which is characterized by this vegetation. The conservation status of these hills are least threatened, although mining is increasingly altering these features.

In summary, the above tables indicate that most of the natural vegetation occurring in the study area has conservation concern and is under threat of development. In addition, the Norite Koppies is considered an Endemic Vegetation Type to the North West Province (Biodiversity Technical report of 2009).

4.2 Habitats and ecosystems

Habitats along the route includes Natural and semi-natural habitats such as the town areas with open spaces, communal land and villages, grazing and cultivated land, natural and disturbed grassland, open and closed woodland, norite hills, streams and wetlands. The Bospoort dam is a prominent landscape feature along the northeastern route.

4.2.1 Rustenburg Town & Townlands

The town areas support urban open spaces which are largely altered natural areas with social value. The ecological sensitivity of these areas is generally low. Features that may be important here and in need of verification are large indigenous trees.



8

4.2.2 Grazing land/cultivated land Areas along the northwestern corridor have been cultivated historically. In addition, grazing has changed the species composition of large tracts of grassland. These habitats have perhaps lost its plant species richness but are still valuable faunal habitat for a variety of species. These habitats will require re-assessment during the EIA phase to verify the occurrence of faunal species and significance of the habitat to these species. 4.2.3 Communal land and villages

The vegetation in the communal lands has largely been altered by human settlement activities (houses, roads, services, land transformation). The herbaceous layer has been removed and the only natural features left in these areas are often large trees and drainage lines. These trees will need to be plotted and assessed to determine their status and significance as part of the EIA phase. The drainage lines offer natural corridors for faunal species and these will be investigated to assess the impact of the proposed RTS.

4.2.4 Natural grassland

Natural grassland patches occurs along the road corridors. These areas support a variety of grass, forb and shrubs species and play an important role to support faunal species natural to the area. These areas are often similar in composition to the woodlands with the tree layer having been removed for domestic use. The quality of these grassland will be assessed in the EIA phase especially where such areas might be utilized for construction activities.



9

4.2.5 Natural Woodland

Natural open and closed woodland occurs all along the route in patches where urbanization has not yet occurred. These woodlands form the common habitat of the area and support a varied set of faunal species. The quality of these areas will be assessed in the EIA phase especially where such areas might be impacted on for construction related activities.

4.2.6 Norite koppies/hills

Norite hills occur along the north eastern corridor. This is considered a habitat under threat of increased mining and also known to support unique plant and faunal species. Areas to be potentially affected close to the road will be assessed for sensitivities and faunal activity.

4.2.7 River and stream crossings

Several streams will be bisected by the expanded roads. The streams range from severely altered in the urban areas to more natural in the outskirts of town. These habitats will be verified as to their sensitivity for fauna as well as floral composition. The North West province indicated the possible occurrence of Dasymys incomptus (Water rat – Near Threatened) in this habitat which will be verified in the EIA phase.



10

4.2.8 Disturbed grassland

Disturbed grassland occurs around villages and where people have need of grazing land. These habitats are not critical for floral composition, but may play an important role for faunal movement and habitat. A scan of these areas will be used in the EIA phase to verify the occurrence and diversity of faunal species in these habitats.



11

4.3 Red Data plants

The following Red Data plant species are listed by the National Botanical Institute (2003 database) for the two grids that affect the site namely 2527CA and 2527CB:

A Red Data status of a species indicates its ecological and conservation status. It is one of the factors used by authorities to assist in determining the sensitivity of development sites. An assessment of the quality of the habitats present in the study area, as well as a detailed examination at the habitat requirements of the more sensitive species in the table above, would need to be undertaken in the EIA phase in order to establish the risk of losing sensitive floral species. Some of these species such as the succulents Aloe peglerae and Frithia pulchra only occurs on rocky ridges such as the Magaliesberg and are unlikely to be directly affected by the proposed development. Species such as the small tree Nuxia glomerata however occurs on hillsides and deep rocky ravines. It has a limited distribution between Pretoria and Zeerust and is an endemic to South Africa.

A tree species that may occur on the Norite hills to the north is Erythrophysa transvaalensis (Transvaal Red Balloon) (left). The area close to the Bospoort dam is considered an important location for this species.

4.4 Medicinal plants

Plants were once a source of all the medicines in the world and they still continue to provide mankind with new remedies. Natural products and their derivatives represent more than 50% of all drugs in clinical use in the world. Higher plants contribute no less than 25% to the total. Well-known examples of plant-

derived medicines include quinine, morphine, codeine, aspirin, astropine, reserpine and

Species and status Status Habitat Description

Aloe peglerae Endemic En Rocky places, often on gravelly quartzite, confined mainly to the Magaliesberg range, usually on the northern slopes and summit; scanty grassland, very little soil.

Delosperma leendertzia NT Steep, south-facing slopes of quartzite in mountain grassland.

Eucomis autumnalis Subsp. clavata

D Damp, open grassland and sheltered places from the coast to 2450 m

Frithia pulchra var. pulchra

R Confined to the summit of the Magaliesberg range, growing in areas of white quartz pebbles and difficult to locate if not in flower.

Erythrophysa transvaalensis Endemic

LC Stony hillsides and rocky koppies

Nuxia glomerulata Endemic LC On open hillsides, rocky western slopes or in deep rocky ravines

Rhynchosia nitens LC Grassland and woodland. Usually on rocky areas and crests

Tristachya biseriata Endemic LC Shallow stony soils on hillsides and rocky outcrops



12

cocaine. Recently, important new aniti-cancer drugs such as taxol and vincristine have been developed. In South Africa, a large part of the day-to-day medicine is still derived from plants and large volumes of plants or their extracts are sold in the informal commercial sectors of the economy. South Africa contribution to world medicine includes Cape aloes (Aloe ferox), buchu (Agathosma betulina) and devils claw (Harpagophytum procumbens), but local equivalents exist for many of the famous remedies used elsewhere. There is a growing interest in natural and traditional medicines as a source of new commercial products. Medicinal plans are something of the future, not of the past. There are an estimated 200 000 indigenous traditional healers in South Africa, and up to 60% South Africans consult these healers, usually in addition to using modern biomedical services. (Van Wyk, Oudshoorn & Gericke 1997) Some medicinal plants present in the study area include: Species name

Elephantorrhiza elephantina Crinum macowanii Cichorium intybus (Chicory)

Boophane disticha (bushman poison bulb)

Berula erecta (water parsnip) Aster bakeranus

Asclepias friticose (milkweed) Artimesia afra (African wormwood)

Pentanisia prunelloides

Pelargonium luridum Myrothamnus flabellifolius (resurrection plat)

Lippia javanica (fever tea)

Leonotus leonurus (wild dagga) Lannea edulus (wild grape) Hypoxis hemerocallidae

Funiculum vulgare (fennel) Eucomis autumnalis (pineapple flower)

Xerophyta retinervis (monkey’s tail)

The EIA phase assessment will need to verify the occurrence of such plants across the site as well as evaluate strategies to conserve such species.

5. FAUNA The Strategic Environmental Assessment completed for Rustenburg Priority Area 1 (2006) assessed the faunal diversity of Rustenburg and highlighted the occurrence of several faunal species in the area. Approximately one third (or 328 species) of the roughly 900 bird species of South Africa occur in the Rustenburg - Pilanesberg area including species such as Thickbilled weaver, Cutthroat finches, Redheaded finches, Abdims stork and Woodland kingfisher occurring in the urban open areas. Sensitive species such as Grass Owl, Lesser kestrel and White bellied korhaan have also been recorded in the study area. A total of 143 species of herpetofauna occur in the North West Province. This is considered high as it is approximately one third of the total number of species that occur in South Africa. Seventy four (74) of these species (52%) have been recorded in the study area. The Red Data herpetofauna recorded for the North West Province include Southern African Python and Giant Bullfrog. Two hundred and twenty one (221) species of Lepidoptera have been confirmed to occur in the North West province (2003) with 11 of these species on the Red Data list. Sixty seven (67) mammal species have been recorded on the Kgaswane Mountain Reserve, which include Red Data species such as the Water rat, Forest shrew and South African hedgehog. Smaller species such as these can also be present in the study area if suitable habitat is available.



13

6. INVASIVE PLANTS Apart from direct habitat destruction, invasive alien species are considered to be the second biggest threat to biodiversity. The impacts of invasive species are:

• A huge reduction in available water

• Loss of biodiversity and ecosystems

• Loss of potentially agricultural and conservation land

• Loss of grazing for livestock/ fauna

• Poisoning of livestock/ fauna

• Greater incidence of bush fires

• Soil erosion following fires

• Siltation of dams The conservation of Agriculture Resources Act (CARA-Act of 1983) was primarily aimed at conserving the agricultural resources of our country, but in 2001, invasive alien plant (IAP) regulations were first introduced under CARA. These constituted an important step in combating the threats imposed by IAP’s. As of now, the regulations list 198 legally declared invasive alien plants and classify them into three categories. CARA category

Description

Category 1 Plant species that may not be grown and must be eradicated Category Two Plant species with commercial or utility value which may only be grown with a permit

under controlled circumstances in a demarcated area and not within 30 metres of the 1:50 year flood line of watercourses, lakes, dams or wetlands.

Category Three Plant species that have amenity value but may no longer be planted, propagated, imported or traded. Existing plants may remain, except within the 1:50 year flood-line of watercourses, lakes, dams and wetlands and provided steps are taken to prevent their spread.

The National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act (NEM: BA) promulgated in 2004, reinforces this obligation on all concerned and lists even more legislative controls on alien and invasive species. The impact of laws will be felt as the Regulations that empower the legislation come into effect. Some of the most widespread invasive alien plants in the Rustenburg area, are: Common name Scientific name CARA category

Black wattle Acacia mearnsii 2

Bugweed Solanum mauritianum 1

Queen of the night Cereus jamacaru 1

Bluegum Eucaluptus sp Mostly 2

Jacaranda Jacaranda mimosifolia 3

Pepper tree Schinus molle Proposed declared invader

Lantana Latans camara 1

Syringa Melia azedarach 3



14

7. DESCRIPTIONS OF POTENTIAL ISSUES The proposed construction of the RTT network could potentially include the following ecological aspects and impacts that will require detailed examination and assessment:

7.1 Loss of threatened vegetation types and associated sensitive species

Literature expresses a concern about all three vegetation types found in the study area. A vegetation types consists of a unique vegetation structure and species composition that makes it different to any other vegetation type. Should unnecessary habitats be lost in these vegetation types, it could lead to local and regional extinctions of species including floral and faunal species associated with these habitats. These could be common species or species already of conservation concern such as grass owl and python. The proposed bus depots are both located in vegetation that is regarded to be natural or slightly altered and these are classified as Vulnerable and Endangered. The EIA assessment will need to confirm the vegetation sensitivity of these areas. Medicinal and conservation worthy species associated with these habitats will need to be identified and appropriate mitigation measures implemented to minimize the potential impact, where relevant.

7.2 Loss of species of special conservation concern

Due to urbanization in the study area, the abundance and diversity of faunal populations can be expected to be lower than in a rural area with predominantly natural habitats. Nevertheless, the presence of streams, natural habitats and hills in the study area could offer refuge habitat for a number of species that include frogs, reptiles, small mammals and bird species. Similarly flora species may be affected by construction activities and specifically species associated with the riverine habitat as well as grassland and woodland areas. These could include medicinal species such as Hypoxis hemerocallidae and Eucomis autumnalis as well as conservation worthy endemic tree species such as Erythrophysa transvaalensis and Nuxia glomerulata. This will be assessed and described in the EIA report.

7.3 Loss of large indigenous trees

It is anticipated that the construction activities will cause several large indigenous trees to be removed. Such trees will need to be mapped and their loss assessed as part of the EIA phase of the project.

7.4 Disturbances caused during construction/maintenance phase.

The activities associated with construction sites often cause unnecessary impacts. The locality of the construction sites in close proximity to streams or located on natural vegetation, can have unnecessary impacts that would need to be rehabilitated at additional costs to the project. Therefore sensitive habitats along the route where construction activities occur should be identified and mapped in the EIA phase.

7.5 Loss of ecological connectivity

Undeveloped land, be that natural or altered land, are used by faunal species as



15

movement corridors. The construction at bridge crossings may temporarily affect faunal movement up and down streams corridors. The construction process at bridge crossings will be assessed to determine if the construction activities will restrict or limit these movement corridors. Mitigation measures will be proposed where possible.



16

8. REQUIREMENTS FOR THE EIA PHASE The EIA Phase of the project will endeavor to quantify the scale and intensity of the proposed development impacts on the terrestrial ecology of the study area. This will include specialist assessment of the fauna, flora and ecological aspects that may be affected by the proposed construction and operation of the RTT network. Specialist focus areas will include:

• Provide a description of the natural habitats present and demarcate these clearly;

• Indicate sensitive habitats and map clearly (e.g. areas with high species richness, undisturbed areas, wetlands, rivers, rocky outcrops, steep cliffs, etc);

• Identify sensitive and medicinal plants and propose mitigation measures to conserve such plants;

• Verify the presence/occurrence of Red Data plants by field surveys;

• Record the presence of large indigenous trees and assess the significance of their loss/protection;

• Complete an impact assessment exercise to understand the construction risk of the expanded bridges to the terrestrial ecological habitat and associated connectivity;

• Provide mitigation measures to limit impacts identified. These will be formulated into an EMP to minimize impacts on the terrestrial ecology of the study area.



17

9. CONCLUSION A site visit and desk top assessment was used as part of the scoping phase to describe the likely sensitive features and issues of concern that the proposed Rustenburg RTS may have on the ecology of the study area. The scoping exercise indicated that there are three vegetation types of concern in the study area. These habitats have been historically affected by land development including cultivation, grazing lands, communal lands, infrastructure activities and residential development. The field survey showed that natural habitats occur along the route corridors which might be affected by construction activities. These habitats include streams, grassland and woodland. Detailed assessment will be required in order to verify the occurrence of Red Data or species of conservation importance as well as evaluate the significance of the impact on ecosystem processes. Natural grassland, woodland and stream vegetation supports a variety of fauna and flora species that will be assessed along the route. Habitats that will specifically require detailed investigation are the two bus depots sites. The EIA phase will also further need to investigate the natural land along the road corridor to prevent degradation of natural land that is representative of the local vegetation. This initial assessment suggests that the proposed routes for the Rustenburg RTS offer no fatal flaw for the terrestrial ecology of the study area and that detailed assessment in the EIA phase can be used to mitigate impacts to an acceptable level.



18

REFERENCES Acocks, J.P.H. 1988. Veld Types of South Africa. Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa No. 57. Botanical Research Institute. Branch, W. R. 1988. South African Red Data Book – Reptiles and Amphibians. South African National Scientific Programmes Report No. 151. Bromilow, C. 1995. Problem Plants of South Africa. Briza Publications, Pretoria. Friedmann,Y. & Daly, B. 2004. Red Data Book of the Mammals of South Africa: A Conservation Assessment. CBSG South Africa, Conservation Breeding Specialist Group (SSC/IUCN), Endangered Wildlife Trust, South Africa. Granger, E, Bredenkamp, G and van Rooyen, N. 1996. In: Low, A.B and Rebelo, A.G (1996) Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Pretoria. Minter, L.R., Burger, M., Harrison, J.A., Braack, H.H., Bishop, P.J. & Kloepfer, D. 2004. Atlas and Red data Book of the Frogs of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. SI/MAB Series #9. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Mucina L. & Rutherford m.C. (eds) 2006. The Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Strelitzia 19. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria. North West Biodiversity Site Inventory and Database Development. 2003. North West Provincial initiative. Strategic Environmental Focus. Mmabatho. North West Department of Agriculture, Conservation, Environment and Rural Development. (2009). North West Provincial Biodiversity Conservation Assessment Technical Report, Version 1.2., March 2009. North West Department of Agriculture, Conservation, Environment and Rural Development, Mmbatho. Rutherford, M.C and Westfall, R.H.1994. Biomes of southern Africa: an objective categorization. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria. State of Environment Report 2002. Chapter 11. North West Province. Strategic Environmental Assessment Rustenburg Priority 1 Area. 2006. North West Province. The Finnish Environment Institute. Eco Assessments cc. Van Oudtshoorn, F. 1999. Guide to Grasses of southern Africa. Briza Publications, Pretoria. Van Wyk, B., Van Oudtshoorn, B. & Gericke, N. 1997. Medicinal Plants of South Africa. Briza. Pretoria.

final scoping report ecology - gibbprojects.gibb.co.za/portals/3/app f1_scoping report... ·...

Documents