final report (draft)sujal-swachhsangraha.gov.in/sites/default/files/wis-design of child... · good...

IIEST, Shibpur-Howrah UNICEF, Kolkata

FINAL REPORT (DRAFT)

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Hand-washing has been accepted as an effective measure to prevent the transmission of

many infectious diseases. Hand washing is like a "do-it-yourself" process which involves five

simple, easy and effective steps (Wet, Lather, Scrub, Rinse, Dry) which can reduce the

spread of diarrheal and respiratory illness. Although a large part of the world’s population

wash their hands with water, only small percentage use soap, and/or wash at the critical

times to interrupt disease transmission. Hand washing is a high-impact, low-cost

intervention with broad potential for application worldwide, either as a stand-alone

program or as a component of an integrated health program. Hand washing promotion in

schools can play a role in reducing the number of days children miss school with the

potential that the practice reaches to the family and community.

The necessity of provision of a child-friendly group hand washing station in schools is felt

by the Government and other stakeholders to protect the health of the children and to

inculcate the good habit of hand washing at critical times. UNICEF has instituted a project

to IIEST, Shibpur with the main objective to design Child Friendly Group Hand Washing

Stations (GHWS) for schools which will be convenient, sustainable and replicable. The main

design criteria considered were inclusive and intuitive design with child-friendly detailing;

less installation time; simple, modular, and scalable design; suitable basin material with

low maintenance, cost-effectiveness, and vandalism proof; time saving during hand

washing; water conserving; provisioning of soap; dish holding arrangement and to facilitate

peer group learning.

Two kinds of basin material i.e. galvanized iron (GI - 22 SWG) and fiber-reinforced polymer

(FRP) were piloted as hand washing basins in three schools. Considering the strength,

durability and maintenance, FRP material was found to be more suitable. The installation

of a basin with appropriate brackets and pedestals was convenient and time necessary for

installation is also significantly less (less than a day). This aspect is helpful for scaling up

such basins in other schools. Centralized fabrication of the basins will help in quality

control. The basins were provided with an innovative arrangement for holding the dishes

while the children were washing their both hands. There were adequate number of soap

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trays attached to the basin. The basin dimensions will allow convenient hand washing

without splashing of water. The smooth surface provides for easy cleaning of the basin

surfaces. The taps are chosen so that it can be operated without the need of touching with

palms (minimizing risks of recontamination of washed hands). Moreover, the flow through

taps was controlled suitably to minimize water wastage. The convenient basins with face to

face arrangement and its attractive look were enthusiastically accepted by the teachers

and students of three schools. The cost of a basin with 8 taps was about Rs.20000 including

installation (except platform).

A bacteriological study was conducted which revealed that both front and back surfaces of

palms were contaminated with bacteria and thus washing both surfaces is important before

taking meals. Washing with only water reduces the bacterial contamination; however,

washing with soap cleans the hands better as indicated by higher removal of bacterial from

the palm surfaces. It was observed that a flow rate of 2L/min through each tap is adequate

for proper hand washing within a time of 20 sec for each student. In three schools of South

24 Parganas in West Bengal, such hand washing basins have been installed. Several IEC

activities were conducted to increase awareness among students. A WASH monitoring team

was constituted in each school to monitor and help all the students during hand washing.

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Table of Contents

1. BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................................... 4

2. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY .................................................................................................... 15

3. HAND WASHING STATIONS AT DIFFERENT SCHOOLS OF WEST BENGAL .................. 16

3.1. Nimasarai Harasundari Primary School ..................................................................................... 16

3.2. Shyampur Primary School .......................................................................................................... 18

3.3. Enayetpur Higher Adjacent Primary School .............................................................................. 19

3.4. Bochahi Primary School ............................................................................................................. 21

4. DESIGN PARAMETERS OF GROUP HAND WASHING STATION (GHWS) ........................ 23

5. DESIGN OF MODULAR GROUP HAND WASHING STATION .............................................. 26

6. FIELD TRIAL OF GROUP HAND WASHING STATION .......................................................... 30

6.1. Samali Free Primary School ......................................................................................................... 30

6.2. Chatta Kalikapur Subid Ali Girls High School ............................................................................ 43

6.3. Purnachandra Free Primary School .............................................................................................. 52

7. OPTIMUM TIME, WATER AND SOAP REQUIREMENT ......................................................... 59

8. BACTERIOLOGICAL STUDY: EXTENT OF HAND AND DISH WASHING ......................... 60

9. BASE LINE SURVEY AND AWARENESS GENERATION-SUSTAINABILITY OF HWS .... 70

10. CONCLUSION AND SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK .................................................................. 86

11. REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................ 88

12. ANNEXURE ................................................................................................................................... 90

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1. BACKGROUND

1.1. Importance of Hand Washing:

Affordable access to adequate WASH, safe drinking water, personal hygiene, and cleanliness are the

key features to lead a healthy life. Sometimes there may not be adequate resources to perform all the

hygienic practice and thus we get infected by germs which leads to diseases causing illness. Poor

sanitation and lack of personal hygienic behavior are known to be disastrous among infants and young

children and contribute to significant number of child death every year. Children spend a lot of time in

schools when they come in contact with many others in a cramped space, along with limited sanitation

and lack of proper hand washing facility and soap. Children from poor families, residing in rural areas,

suffer more from these problems due to lack of proper knowledge, practice and inadequate facilities.

Diarrhea and respiratory infection are two of the top three causes of child mortality worldwide.

According to UNICEF, together they cause 67% of the four million deaths among children under age

five. Hand washing with soap, when done properly is an effective way to prevent diarrheal diseases

and respiratory infection (UNICEF, 2012). It is known that “prevention is better than cure” and thus

practicing a good habit, like proper hand washing with soap, will reduce the cost and time associated

with disease burden. Hand washing with soap, particularly before and after certain activities, is one of

the best ways to remove germs, avoid diseases causing illness. This is because hand washing can

remove the agents of infection both at the time they are emitted from the primary host and prevent

those reaching the secondary hosts. Hand washing is like a "do-it-yourself" process which involves

five simple, easy and effective steps (Wet, Lather, Scrub, Rinse, Dry) which can reduce the spread of

diarrheal and respiratory illness. Hand washing is a win for everyone, except the germs.

Hand-washing has been accepted as an effective measure to prevent the transmission of many

infectious diseases with a recent meta-analysis showing a 31% reduction in gastrointestinal infections

and 21% reduction in respiratory illness through proper hand-washing practices (Aiello et al, 2005).

Although a large part of the world’s population wash their hands with water, only small percentage use

soap, and/or wash at the critical times to interrupt disease transmission. Hand washing is a high-

impact, low-cost intervention with broad potential for application worldwide, either as a stand-alone

program or as a component of an integrated health program. Hand washing promotion is cost-effective

when compared with other frequently funded health interventions. It can also maximize the health

benefits of investments in water supply and sanitation infrastructure and reduce health risks when

families do not have access to basic sanitation and water supply services. The Centre for Diseases

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Control (CDC) confirms “Hand washing is the single most important means of preventing the spread

of infection”.

There are several benefits associated with hand washing.

Good hand washing is the first line of defense against the spread of many illnesses, from the

common cold to more serious infections, such as meningitis, bronchiolitis, the flu, hepatitis, and

most types of infectious diarrhea.

A large number of diseases and illness conditions can be prevented by proper hand hygiene.

It prevents direct and cross contamination of food and food contact surfaces as hands are vehicle

for transmission of bacteria and viruses.

It can minimize food borne diseases.

It reduces healthcare associated infections being passed from person to person.

Washing hands with soap at critical times - after using the toilet, before eating and preparing food,

reduces the incidence of diarrhea.

Hand washing with soap can reduce the incidence of acute respiratory infections (ARIs) by more

than 20 per cent.

Hand washing promotion in schools can play a role in reducing the number of days children miss

school. Studies reveal that promotion and distribution of soap in primary schools result in more

than 50 per cent fewer days of absence among students compared to schools without such an

intervention.

Studies show that hand washing with soap in primary schools and day care centers reduces the

incidence of diarrhea by an average of 30 per cent.

Hand washing with soap is one of the most cost-effective interventions to prevent diarrhea-related

deaths and disease.

Health costs due to hygiene-related diseases can be reduced by good hygiene habits such as hand

washing with soap.

Current epidemiological evidence has shown that hand washing with soap is one of the best of all

infection prevention methods. This simple act is thought to be capable of preventing about 47% of

child diarrheas and 23% of respiratory infections, which, between them, account for over 4-6 million

deaths of children under five around the world (Aigbiremolen et al, 2015). If HWWS was consistently

practiced around the world it would act like a do-it-yourself vaccine, reducing the unnecessary death

and suffering caused by these common but life-threatening diseases. It has been evaluated that hand

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washing with soap is more important than washing with water only by arranging a campaign program

in some households in urban Karachi, Pakistan (Luby et al, 2005). They showed that hand washing in a

regular basis and in a proper way with soap can protect yourself from impetigo, diarrhea, respiratory

tract infections, and dysentery. Two groups of households were given a hand washing promotion

program campaign and free soap- one group normal soap and other is antibacterial soap. The study

indicates that occurrence of diseases was not so much high for the group who used normal soap than

the group with antibacterial soap. This indicates that normal soap is more over similar efficient in case

of removal of bacteria than antibacterial soap and also suggests that health benefits can be achieved by

practicing hand washing in a regular way which will be same effective with normal soap than

antibacterial soap. Also a community based study was conducted in a Kolkata slum area where two

slum were undertaken for a period of thirteen months (Sircar et al, 1986). One group was provided

with soap and hand washing promotion program was implemented whereas the other slum was

separated from hand washing. But the results showed no difference of diarrhea occurrence in those two

different slums. But occurrence of dysentery was very high in the slum without washing compared to

slum with soap provided for hand washing. This is an indication of the requirement of soap for hand

washing which may minimize the incidents of dysentery and other diseases transferred through one

person to another. Another study was conducted taking 260 patients based on the criteria that they

didn’t suffer from diarrhea in the preceding 3 months and who had received a stable antiretroviral

therapy regimen for at least 6 weeks prior to the study (Huang et al, 2007). From the 260 patients only

148 patients met the criteria. Among them 75 patients were randomly assigned to an intensive hand

washing intervention (hand washing after defecation, after cleaning infants who had defecated, before

preparing food, before taking meals) and remaining 73 were assigned to the control group. Information

about hand washing practice, complaint about available sources and any suffering from diarrhea were

taken every week and noted down for a period of 1 year. The study group practiced hand washing

more frequently compared to control group and developed fewer episodes of diarrhea illness. The most

common pathogens identified in both the groups were Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium, Entamoeba

histolytica and Shigella flexneri. Also the study shows the potential removal of pathogens by proper

hand washing practice.

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1.2. Global Hand Washing Day:

October 15 is Global Hand washing Day. The Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council

(WSSCC) is a global partnership organization based in Geneva, Switzerland that is affiliated with the

United Nations. Partners include NGOs, private companies and government agencies. In its mission

statement, WSSCC lays out its vision of “a world where everybody has sustained water supply,

sanitation and hygiene.” From that mission and vision, the organization has adopted a broad strategy to

contribute “substantially to global efforts to improve sanitation and hygiene for vulnerable sections of

society, with a special focus on communities in Africa and Asia.” Specifically, the UNICEF toolkit

presents the following goal: “Increase, improve and/or sustain good hand washing behavior and form

good hand washing habits.” This is a great goal. We should all wash our hands more. And it clearly

serves the missions of WSSCC, UNICEF, government health ministries, soap companies and any other

organization affiliated with Global Hand washing Day (OXFORD, 2015).

The aims of Global Hand washing Day are as following-

To foster and support a general culture of hand washing with soap in all societies.

To shine a spotlight on the state of hand washing in each country.

To raise awareness about the benefits of hand washing with soap.

Raising awareness among children, teachers, caregivers and the general public on the importance

of hand washing with soap before and after eating and after toilet usage.

Creating systems and putting mechanisms in place to make hand washing an integral part of the

Mid-Day Meal Programme in all school and pre-school.

Raising the profile of Global Hand washing Day and addressing key bottlenecks in water,

sanitation and hygiene in schools.

1.3 Bacterial contamination of Hands:

Contaminated hands play a major role for the transfer of potential pathogens by touching different

types of fomites and also transfer of pathogens occurs from one person to another. There is a link

between infection and unclean hands and thus by washing hands properly using soap and water,

mortality risk can be minimized to a safe zone. So many researchers has shown the fact that we should

wash our hands properly and should maintain hygienic practice to make ourselves away from germs.

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A study conducted on the presence of bacteria in hand surfaces before and after washing with water

only, water and soap. The samples were collected from 20 volunteers giving a total 480 nos. of

samples as the test procedure was run 24 times. The volunteers were directed to contaminate their

hands by deliberately touching doors, railings, and other fomites in public places. From that study they

have found that presence of fecal bacteria in 44% samples (without washing). Presence of bacteria was

confirmed in 23% samples (washing with water only) whereas number of bacteria reduced to 8% in

case of washing with plain soap and water. This result explains that washing with soap and water has a

greater effect on removal of bacteria from hand surfaces than washing with water only (Burton et al,

2011).

Another study shows the difference in number of bacteria present in hand surfaces before and after

washing it properly. Samples were collected from 100 students from various KG (30 students),

Primary (35 students) and PG (30 students) students from different schools in Amravati, Maharashtra,

India which constituted a total 400 nos. of sample. The collected samples were full of different

pathogenic bacteria like Staphylococcus sp. (23%), Escherichia coli (20%), Klebsiella sp. (10%),

Micrococcus sp. (9%), Proteus sp. (7%), Citrobacter sp. (7%), Enterobacter sp. (6%), Streptococcus sp.

(7%), Enterococcus sp. (4%), Pseudomonas sp. (3%) and Salmonella sp. (2%). The data also indicated

that female students (58%) were more contaminated than male students (42%). Also the reduction of

bacteria after washing hands is Staphylococcus sp. (23%), Escherichia coli (59%), Klebsiella sp.

(39%), Micrococcus sp. (44%), Proteus sp. (55%), Citrobacter sp. (45%), Enterobacter sp. (37%),

Streptococcus sp. (54%), Enterococcus sp. (59%), Pseudomonas sp. (3%) and Salmonella sp. (100%).

This study also showed the 54% decrease in microbial flora after hand washing (Tambekar et al,

2009).

A cross sectional study evaluated the extent of hand washing and student’s perception about hand

washing by gathering information in a questionnaire prepared already based on some hygienic and

health related questions in two urban schools of Kolkata and Bangalore. Also swab samples from hand

surfaces was taken for bacteriological analysis in laboratory which showed that maximum students

(78%) has reported the palm surface as the most bacteria prone area whereas less than 70% students

mentioned about the spread of germ from air. Almost 86% students used to wash their hands before

taking meals while only 21.3% used soap and 47.3% students never used soap. Among the all collected

swab samples 61% showed the presence of potential pathogens in hands. Among which commonest

pathogens are staphylococcus aureus (44%) and Escherichia coli (12%). The practice of hand washing

without soap was mainly happened for non-availability of soap in schools. So, to make them practiced

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about proper and regular hand washing with soap it is required to provide them soap by the school

authority to keep them away from germs (Ray et al, 2012).

1.4. Process of Hand Washing:

It is important that you wash your hands properly. Make sure that you wash both your hands including

the tips of your fingers, the palms of your hands and thumbs, back of fingers and the portion between

the fingers. All surfaces that come in contact at the time of eating anything, we have to wash it

properly to make ourselves free from bacteria transfer contaminated hands. To wash your hands you

have to practice some proper steps which are generally recommended for all purpose of works

including clinical/surgical types (Nidirect, Government Services, 2014). The steps are as follows-

Wet your hands with clean, running water, turn off the tap.

Apply soap and lather well for 20 seconds (or longer if the dirt is ingrained).

Rub hands together rapidly across all surfaces of your hands and wrists.

Don’t forget the backs of your hands, your wrists, between your fingers and under your fingernails.

If possible, remove rings and watches before you wash your hands, or ensure you move the rings to

wash under them, as microorganisms can exist under them.

Rinse well under running water and make sure all traces of soap are removed.

Dry your hands using a clean towel or air dry them.

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The steps below are showing how to wash your hands with soap and water properly:

1. Wet hands with water

2. Apply enough soap to

cover all surfaces of hand.

3. Rub hands palm to

palm

4. Right palm over back of

left hand with interlaced

fingers and vice versa.

5. Palm to palm with fingers

interlaced.

6. Back of fingers to

opposing palms with fingers

interlocked.

7. Rotational rubbing of left

thumb clasped in right palm

and vice versa.

8. Rotational rubbing,

backwards and forwards

with clasped fingers of right

hand in left palm and vice

versa.

9. Rinse hands with water.

10. Dry hands thoroughly with a single use

towel or air dry it.

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11. Your hands are now clean

The steps involved in hand washing is more significant for the case of clinical/surgical workers as

mentioned above whereas UNICEF has recommended five steps for proper hand washing which you

can practice to remain healthy. The steps are like-

1. A. Wet hands with water

1. B. Apply enough soap to cover all surfaces

of hands.

2. Palm to palm with fingers interlaced

3. Rotational rubbing, backwards and forwards

with clasped fingers of right hand in left palm

and vice versa.

4. Back of fingers to opposing palms with

palms interlocked.

5. A. Rinse hands with water,

5. B. Your hands are clean

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1.5. Hand Washing among school children:

Hand washing with soap before Mid-day Meal (MDM) is important because children are the most

energetic, enthusiastic and open to new ideas and change. As powerful agents of behavioral change,

children can take lessons they have learned at school and teach it back at home to teach their parents,

siblings and elders on good hygiene behaviors such as hand washing with soap before and after taking

meals and also after toilet usage. The Mid-Day Meal which is a government flagship program

operational in all schools across India serves nearly 110 million children in 1.3 million primary and

upper primary schools. It provides an excellent opportunity to influence hygiene practices of children

particularly hand washing with soap before and after taking meals and also after toilet usage. Learning

this simple, but lifesaving habit in school, also means that children can inculcate this among other

household members.

Improves children health:

Learning, hygiene and health are strongly interlinked as children absent themselves from school or

perform poorly when they suffer from WASH-related illnesses. Children get sick in school because

illnesses can spread very fast where many children are closely confined together for many hours a

day, often in poor hygienic conditions. Recently it has been estimated that infections which

children contract in schools will lead to infections in up to half of their household members and

that 88% of diarrheal diseases are caused by unsafe water supply, inadequate sanitation and

inappropriate hygiene. The use of improved sanitary facilities reduces the incidence of diarrhea by

34 %. Washing hands with soap after toilet use and before eating has been cited as one of the most

cost-effective public health interventions because it can reduce the problems related to diarrhea by

almost 40%. A study comparing results from different countries found that hand washing can cut

the risk of respiratory infections by 16% (UNICEF, 2012). Although the impact is clear, more

research is needed on the expected rate of reduction. Studies focusing on absenteeism caused by

gastrointestinal and respiratory-related illnesses in industrialized countries show that as the result

of improved hand hygiene in schools the number of days lost can drop between 25 and 50%.

Boosts attendance and achievements:

Girls often drop out of school when there are no suitable toilets, especially when they reach

adolescence and have menstrual hygiene needs. If adolescent girls (and female teachers) attend

schools during their menstruation, the availability of girls-appropriate toilets and water supplies is

essential to comfortably change and dispose of sanitary pads and wash themselves in private. It is

preferable to stay at home during menstruation and not attend school. At home, they do not have to

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worry as much about sanitary protection, or about having adequately concealing clothing. A study

in Bangladesh, Bhutan, India and Nepal calculated that the number of school days missed during

menstruation varied from 3 to 4 to as many as 7 days a month. Even the lower number adds up to

30 to 40 school days missed each year (UNICEF, 2014). In many schools girls and boys face the

threat of sexual abuse or violence from both male teachers and older male students. Studies show

that girls are most likely to be abused on their way to or from school, in or near toilets, in empty

classrooms and other isolated places. This shows the importance of constructing girls’ toilets at

safe locations. Schools can play an important role in keeping children healthy and protecting them

from risks. Providing WASH facilities such as toilets, hand washing stations and drinking water

points improves the learning environment and makes schools more accessible to children. Children

also have a right to these basic services.

Promotes equity:

In the past, certain children, especially those from very poor families, were singled out for tasks

such as cleaning toilets, and were excluded from privileges such as fetching water for teachers and

in many instances, had to sit separately from others at the back of the class. Often, those children

were perceived by teachers as being less intellectually able and less committed to their studies. The

study showed that while children in some schools expressed strongly traditional views about whom

they would sit next to or eat with, several others were aware that school allowed them a place

where they could share food and water with everyone and have mixed group friendships, although

they did also say that they might not be able to extend this situation to their home context. Several

examples were given of teachers favoring children who were clean, neat, clever, and richer or from

more powerful families. It was acknowledged that these children might or might not come from the

traditional elites (Bhutan country report: UNICEF, 2009).

Practice reaches to the family and community:

Children can become agents of change and pass on the health and hygiene information learned at

school to family and community members. This benefits the entire community. School based study

shows that while teachers can successfully transfer knowledge to students, motivated students can

also influence family members by sharing this information, which in turn may change behavior at

the community level.

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Hand Washing Reduces Mortality Risk in Newborns:

Summarizes a recent study in Nepal that examined the relationship between hand washing practices

and neonatal deaths. Demonstrated the reduction in neonatal mortality from hand washing with soap

by the birth attendant prior to delivery (19%) and hand washing by mothers before handling newborns

(44%) compared with those who did not wash hands. Among newborns exposed to both birth attendant

and maternal hand washing, the risk of death was 41% lower (Hygiene Improvement Project, 2008).

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2. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The necessity of provision of a child-friendly group hand washing station in schools is felt by the

Government and other stakeholders to protect the health of the children and to inculcate the good habit

of hand washing at critical times. UNICEF has instituted the project to IIEST, Shibpur with the

following objectives.

To acquire knowledge about different types of existing designs and their merits-demerits towards

its acceptance by students.

To design Child Friendly Group Hand Washing Stations (GHWS) for schools which will be

convenient, sustainable and replicable.

To conduct a reconnaissance survey for assessing the existing conditions of the schools about hand

washing practice.

To install and conduct field trials in few schools to assess suitability of the design of GHWS. To

study the optimum time, water and soap required to facilitate proper hand washing

To conduct a study about the effectiveness of hand washing for the removal of bacteria by hand

washing.

To conduct a baseline survey about the awareness levels and practices of hand washing among the

students.

To generate awareness of hand washing among the students and to make them aware of proper

technique of hand washing.

To develop a Hand Washing monitoring system in schools.

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3. HAND WASHING STATIONS AT DIFFERENT SCHOOLS OF

WEST BENGAL

During last couple of years, a new thrust of installation of GHWS was adopted in Malda district by the

district administration. Some of them were visited and design features were assessed.

3.1. Nimasarai Harasundari Primary School:

Fig-3.1: Nimasarai Harasundari Primary School

Total number of student: 245; (Girls: 132, Boys: 113)

Type of HWS: Permanent structure

Design of structure: Perforated PVC pipe connected to PVC tank

Water source: Underground water being pumped by submersible pump

Water storage: Overhead storage tank (PVC tank)

Waste water disposal: Waste water disposed through drain

Salient Features:

Tank capacity: 1000 liter

Pump capacity: 1 HP

Pump to be operated: 2-3 times per day

Total cost of installation: 29000/-, including concrete structure, pipe fittings, pump, drainage

Hand washing point: 11, By a master tap

Soaps: socks filled with detergent used

Time taken for hand washing: 15 min (16approx.)

Monitoring: Hand washing activity monitored by ‘CHILD CABINET’ of the school and teachers

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Fig-3.2: HWS at Nimasarai Harasundari Primary School

Design Benefits:

Children joyfully wash their hand.

Simple in design & construction.

Good drainage facility for waste water.

Requires low operation and maintenance.

Limitations:

Space congestion while washing.

High continuous discharge through all the points at a time causing wastage of water.

Doesn’t promote face to face hand washing.

Non uniform discharge in the perforated pipe work due to pressure variation.

Comparatively lesser discharge available at furthest point from the controlling master tap.

Same height of the platform and of the washing points causing discomfort for younger children for access.

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3.2. Shyampur Primary School:


Type of HWS: Permanent structure fixed structure

Design of structure: Perforated PVC pipe connected to PVC tank

Water source: Underground water being pumped by submersible pump for hand washing

purpose and drinking water supplied by PHE

Water storage: Two overhead storage tanks (PVC tank);

Waste water disposal: Waste water disposed to soak pit

Salient Features:

Tank capacity: 1000 liter (supplied by PHE) and 500 liter ( by pumping)

Pump capacity: 1 HP

Pump to be operated: 2-3 times per day

Total cost of installation: 65000/- (approx.), including concrete structure, pipe fittings, pump,

soak pit, PHE supply for drinking water, storage tanks

Hand washing point: 18

Soaps: 6 soap cases with soap

Time taken for hand washing: 10 min (approx.)

Monitoring: Hand washing activity monitored by ‘CHILD CABINET’ of the school and teachers

Fig-3.3: HWS at Shyampur Primary School

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Design Benefits:

Children joyfully wash their hand.


Promotes face to face washing.

Shade over HWS provides shade from sun light and rain water.

Limitations:

Outlet of waste water concealed. If cleaning or repair to be done part of structure has to be dismantled.


Non uniform discharge in the perforated pipe work due to pressure variation.

Comparatively lesser discharge available at furthest point from the controlling master tap.

Same height of the platform and of the washing points causing discomfort for younger children for access.

3.3. Enayetpur Higher Adjacent Primary School:


Type of HWS: Permanent structure fixed structure.

Design structure: Perforated PVC pipe connected to PVC tank.

Water source: Underground water being pumped by submersible pump for hand washing

purpose and drinking water supplied by PHE. There is also a tube well in the school premise

used for washing for other purpose.

Water storage: Two overhead storage tanks (PVC tank); one for drinking water storage and

another for hand washing purpose.

Waste water disposal: Waste water disposed to soak pit.

Salient Features:

Tank capacity: 1500 liter (supplied by PHE) and 1000 liter ( by pumping)

Pump to be operated: 2 times per day

Total cost of installation: 19000/-

Financial assistance: 18000/-


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Soaps: socks filled with detergent used


Monitoring: Hand washing activity monitored by ‘CHILD CABINET’ of the school and teachers.

Fig-3.4: HWS in Enayetpur Higher Adjacent Primary School

Design Benefits:

Children joyfully wash their hand

Simple in design & construction

Promotes face to face washing


Limitations:


Outlet of waste water is open and drainage of this waste water is poor.

Monitoring is not done properly resulting total chaos during hand washing.

Same height of the platform and of the washing points causing discomfort for younger children for

access.

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3.4. Bochahi Primary School

Fig-3.5: Bochahi Primary School


Type of HWS: Permanent structure fixed structure

Design structure: Perforated PVC pipe connected to PVC tank

Water source: Water supply provided by PHE

Water storage: Overhead storage tank (PVC tank)

Waste water disposal: No proper drainage facility

Salient Features:

Tank capacity: 1000 liter

Pump capacity: No pump

Total cost of installation: 23500/-, including concrete structure, pipe fittings, pump, drainage


Soaps: Solid soaps used with soap case


Monitoring: Hand washing activity monitored by ‘CHILD CABINET’ of the school and teachers.

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Fig-3.6: Hand Washing Station at Bochahi Primary School

Design Benefits:

Promotes face to face hand washing.



Limitations:

PHE water supply is highly irregular.

High continuous discharge through all the points at a time causing wastage of water.Drainage

facility is not good.

Same height of the platform and of the washing points causing discomfort for younger children for

access.

Non uniform discharge as the perforated pipe works due to pressure variation. Comparatively

lesser discharge available at furthest point from the controlling master tap.

All these designs incorporate cement-concrete construction. Lack of skilled masons and quality

material are hindrances to quality of construction at rural locations. Longer time of construction and

curing are demerits of concrete construction. Supervision during construction is important which is

not always carefully planned. Uncontrolled flow of water results in wastage of significant quality of

water. In new design attempted, these issues need to be addressed for more appropriate design.

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4. DESIGN PARAMETERS OF GROUP HAND WASHING

STATION (GHWS)

Fig-4.1: Students are washing their hands at a hand washing station

4.1. Components for GHWS in Schools:

Water Supply: Access and availability of water is paramount to ensuring that daily hand

washing can be conducted in schools.

Wash basin: Wash basin should be made of such material which requires less fabrication and

installation time and also the design should be cost effective and appropriate.

Piping: Piping should be done with such a material which can take the thrust and pressure of

water at the time of hand washing practice. Also the diameter of the pipe should be enough to

avoid water logging and to facilitate suitable passage of waste water. Suitable taps/water points

will help less wastage of water and convenient washing.

Drainage: Correct disposal or reuse of wastewater (grey water) is the key to proper

maintenance of facilities and thus proper waste outlet and drainage should be provided to

convey the waste water to a drain or soak pit.

Flooring: Proper flooring should be done to avoid slippery surface and any stagnant water

nearby the hand washing station which may leads to an accident.

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4.2. Design Criteria:

The design of Hand washing station should be done considering a number of properties which are

mentioned below-

1. Inclusive and Intuitive and simple: The design detailing and the unit location must be such that

anybody can access, understand, operate, use and maintain the unit.

2. Simple: The design should work even in the most remote rural sites, where basic support systems

may be very lean.

3. Basin material: the basin material should consist of properties to avail light weight, easily

transportable, less fabrication and installation time and also it should be durable in nature to sustain

for at least 4-5 years. In general we should avoid cement concrete design to avoid quality control

issue.

4. Installation time: the design should be as such that its installation require less time and it can be

dismantle and reinstall at another place in future if required.

5. Peer group learning: Children learn a lot from each other. The design must facilitate a setting

where children can observe, be able to wash hands, facing each other, learn, or motivate each other.

6. Time saving: Short mid-day-meal break of up to 40 minutes. This must allow large number of

children to wash their hands twice-before and after mid-day meal time.

7. Child-friendly detailing: The detailing of hand washing points, clearances, access to soap,

operation, disposal, maintenance must keep the entire hygiene cycle intact for every child.

8. Location: The facility should be outside or away from toilet blocks (depending on space) because

it is unlikely that children would go inside the toilets to wash hands before eating.

9. Water conserving: The design should consist of suitable water points (taps in general or

perforations) to complete the total hand washing process in less time which leads to less amount of

water wastage.

10. Vandalism proof: An outdoor/ indoor Hand Wash station in Schools must be such that it cannot

be vandalized. It should be rugged enough or dismountable; should be protected with wall

compound.

11. Low maintenance: It must have a design life of up to five years and should have few moving parts

and needs very low maintenance. The surface of basin should be non-sticky and smooth enough

that no dirt or waste material can remain attached to it and regular cleanliness can be achieved

properly

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12. Scalable: The design must be frugal and must use material and skill resources judiciously. It shall

be locally constructed in any situation and adaptable to suit varied contexts and large number of

sites.

13. Cost effective: Keep cost-effectiveness as an important parameter in planning and designing.

14. Provisioning for Soap: Soap trays containing soap must be supplied at least in 75% of the number

of hand washing points. If less than this value is provided then there will more time required for

washing of hands as well as wastage of water. Also a single soap cake may be cut into pieces

which will be adequate for usage by the students. If the MDM group or the guardian group can

make cost effective soaps in a local proven method then that can be promoted as a replacement of

commercially available soaps.

15. Dish holding arrangement: students bring dishes from home in which they use to take MDM. At

the time of hand washing if they cannot hold their dishes in a suitable place then they will not be

able to wash their hands properly. Thus a proper design should contain dish holding arrangement

for ease of students.

16. Pedestal and Brackets: Suitable supports like pedestal or bracket has to be supplied with the basin

material to minimize the installation time as well as to support the basin suitably.

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5. DESIGN OF MODULAR GROUP HAND WASHING STATION

Modular Hand Washing Stations have been designed for three schools of South 24 Parganas, West

Bengal. This design type consists of different convenient properties which are as follows-

Basin material: In general cases Hand wash basin is constructed by Cement concrete as we can see

in the schools of Malda district. But in our case, we selected G.I. Sheet for the design purpose

primarily for Samali School where the basin is made of 22 Standard Wire Gauge (SWG) G.I. sheet.

This material has been selected based upon some properties like - it is light in weight, can be bent into

rolled sheet, its transportation requires less man power, and its surface is also smooth. But after usage

of that basin for one to two months, it was realized that this material has not much strength to

withstand the thrust by the students which may arise in case a group of students rush together to wash

their hands.

Fig-5.1: Basin made of G.I. Sheet (left) and FRP (right)

To overcome the weakness of GI sheet, FRP (Fiber Reinforced Polymer) was tried to design another

basin. The main reason behind the selection of this material is that this offers more strength, more

smoothness and durability. It’s less density and less weight enables easy transportation and handling of

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Hand wash basins. Also the finished smoothness of this material provides non-sticky surface and

allows easy cleaning.

FRP material of general category was used for the manufacture of Hand wash Basin. The FRP material

is made of Chop Strand Mat of 450 g/m2 density and Woven Roving Mat of 610 g/m2 density and

formed by laying in 5 layers giving 5mm thickness. Chop Strand Mat is made from glass fibers in a

randomize basis and styrene monomer soluble binder is used to hold the strands in place. This mat is

designed to use with polyester and vinyl ester resin system, but not compatible with epoxy resin.

Woven roving is made from continuous glass fiber roving which are interlaced into heavy weight

fabrics. This roving is used in most cases to increase the flexural and impact strength and it is also

suitable for multilayer hand lay-up applications. The resin used for this purpose is of GP resin (General

Purpose) as it is designed for just using as a Hand wash Basin, not for an industrial work where

multipurpose resins (Heat resin, Corrosion resin, Chemical Resin, Fire Resin) are generally used as

suitable. In the production of the basin the FRP material is made of Glass Fiber. Two disadvantages of

this glass fiber are that it is subjected to creep under long and high sustained load and chemically

degradable in alkaline solution. The quality of the FRP material was also tested from CSIR-CGCRI,

Jadavpur and the results are indicated in Table 2.

Table-2: Test Result of FRP material

Test Performed Test Result

Glass content 33.04%

Flexural strength (ASTM: D790) 112.98MPa

Tensile strength (ASTM: D638) 106.49MPa

Izod Impact test (ASTM: D256) 1211.46 J/m

Specific gravity (ASTM: D792) 1.44

Elongation Index 6.65%

Young’s Modulus 2.39GPa

Barcol Hardness 37B

Water Absorption 1.12%

Inter laminar shear test 27.95MPa

From the above mentioned table we can see the different strength values of the FRP material we have

used for our basin fabrication. Here one thing is to be mentioned that the test sample was not

performed “Post Curing” phase before testing and thus the values we got is only from normal curing

and if the sample was allowed for post curing then the strength values would be higher than present.

Actually the “Post curing” is done in 80ºC for 4hours to attain full reaction between resin and fibers

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which can also be achieved by normally retaining them in sunlight for some days. The different

strengths of FRP material are dependent on the glass content value. Glass content of this sample is

33.04% which is higher than minimum limit of 30%. If the resin was squeezed out from the layers of

FRP then the percentage of glass content as well as strength would be higher than the present value.

Flexural strength (112.98MPa) and Tensile strength (106.49MPa) are also higher than permissible

(desirable) limit of 90MPa and 85MPa respectively. Impact test result shows a higher value

(1211.46MPa) which indicate that it can withstand a huge amount of thrust whenever applied to. The

Specific Gravity shows slightly greater values than normal range of 1.2-1.4 as our sample contains

pigment in high volume and thus makes the sample slightly heavier. Elongation of this material is not

high (6.65%) as shown by the test result and would be much lower if post curing was applied. The

value of Young’s Modulus is 2.39GPa which shows that the material can take a higher stress value per

unit strain value. Also the Hardness of the material shows a typical value of 37B applicable for our

work. The shear stress subjected to the intermediate layers of FRP is also high (27.95MPa) which

indicate that in shearing condition the layers will not be separated out easily. The values shown in

above table are very much applicable for the purpose of our work and also, if the post curing was

performed then we may have higher values of each test.

Modular type Design: This basin can be installed more than one if required in a school depending

on the students’ number and necessity of number of taps to be installed. More number of taps will

minimize the time necessary for all students to wash their hands within a limited time before and after

MDM. The basin can be withdrawn and reinstalled in another place in future, if required for any new

construction within the school.

Quality Control: Traditional approach of installing facility made of brick and cement is dependent

on masons, workmanship, and quality of materials. Therefore, quality control of the work may not be

achieved without proper supervision and sometimes unskilled masons are appointed for the work

which leads to improper construction. Also locally available material required for installation may not

have the suitable property and sometime curing is not done for required period. But in case of

prefabricated FRP basins, better quality control can be achieved.

Cost Effective: Total cost of FRP hand wash basin, supporting materials like pedestal/brackets and

installation is less as compared to concrete design.

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Child Friendly detailing: Hand Washing stations are installed in a way that all grade students can

have access to wash their hands and dishes properly. The valves of taps are smooth and can be

operated even with back of palm to avoid contamination of palms after hand washing.

Face to Face Design type: Face to Face design type has a benefit that all students have interaction

with another face to face when they are washing their hands. This enables peer group learning in a

joyful way.

Easy cleaning: The inner surface of the basin is very smooth and non-sticky which facilitates easy

cleaning.

Less installation time: Basin and other supporting materials are prefabricated and therefore, the

installation time is very less compared to concrete design. The installation of basin including plumbing

can be completed within one day.

Dish holding arrangement: Washing dishes before meals is equally important as hand washing.

A dish holding arrangement is provided with each basin so that students can keep their dishes

conveniently while washing their hands. Subsequently they will wash their respective dishes. It is a

simple arrangement by inserting a PVC pipe at the curve portion of the basin maintaining a gap

between the pipe and the basin inner surface.

Minimizing wastage of water: Shower-type caps have been put with the mouth of the taps

which spread the water helping to wash hands with less amount of water. It was found that 2L/min

water flow per tap will be good enough to wash hands (with soap) within an average time of 20 sec. A

Gate valve is provided to control the flow rate to about 2 L/min.

Easy transportation of basin: These basins can be stacked one above another which facilitates

easy transportation.

Focus on safety: Suitable flooring work is done with anti-skid floor tiles to avoid any water logging

and slippery surface so that no student get hurt or suffer any health problems due to water logging.

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6. FIELD TRIAL OF GROUP HAND WASHING STATION

6.1. Samali Free Primary School

Fig-6.1: Samali Free Primary School

Address of the school: Samali Free Primary School, G.P.: Nahajari, Block: Bishnupur Ii, Dist.: South 24 Pargana

Headmistress: Smt. Sampa Das

Number of students: 170 (Girls: 90 And Boys 80)

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SWOT analysis in the context of installation of Hand Washing Station in Samali

F.P. School:

HELPFUL HARMFUL

INT

ER

NA

L O

RIG

IN

STRENGTHS

Highly motivated teachers

Well-disciplined students

School situated at higher land

compared to adjacent low land

Electricity supply is regular

Hand washing activity closely

monitored by teachers

Pucca roof available for placing

water storage tank

A 800 fit hand pump in school

premise

Two usable toilets and two urinal

blocks available in school premise

WEAKNESSES

Space constraints for any new

construction

Municipal water supply not

available

Proper drainage facility not

available

Stagnant water adjacent to all along

the school premise

Number of teachers available is less

than provision

Three toilets unusable

No running water facility in toilets

EX

TE

RN

AL

OR

IGIN

OPPORTUNITIES

A pump with overhead storage to

provide running water for hand

washing and toilets

Guardians of the students and the

local people are very much

cooperative

As the entire locality is dependent on

the school for water supply, their

involvement will be counted

Mason, workmen and equipment

available locally

Running water facility can be

provided in toilet blocks through tap

installation

Partition can be made in urinal blocks

to provide privacy

THREATS

Area is not arsenic free zone

Locality is not ODF yet; can be a

cause of ground water

contamination

Threat of theft of pump or taps is

there as villagers are free to enter

the school any any time of the day

for water collection as the local

people depend on the school for

water

Maintenance cost to be arranged for

proper service

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Previous practice of Hand Washing:

Fig-6.2: Source of drinking water (Hand Pump)

Water is filled up in two buckets from the hand pump by school staffs.

Two buckets are prepared separately one with fresh water and another with soap water

(prepared with proportionate liquid hand wash of Lifebuoy).

Students of one class are called to stand in queue before having midday meal.

Hand washing activity started under supervision.

First step is to immerse both hands in soap water, rubbing them and then to shift in fresh water

for washing the hand finally.

After the students of one class complete their hand washing both buckets are refilled with new

soap water and fresh water.

Another class is called upon by then and the process repeats.

Fig- 6.3: Previous practice of Hand Washing at Samali F. P. School

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Previous practice of Dish Washing:

1. School children carry their dishes from home.

2. After having midday meal, dishes are cleaned by children themselves.

3. There is a large container filled with soap water where the children first immerse the dishes and

then they carry it to the hand pump and rinse it thoroughly along with their hand.

4. The container with water and leftover food is thereafter disposed to nearby drain (low lying ditch).

Fig-6.4: Previous Practice of Dish Washing

Our interventions for HWS:

For Uninterrupted running water supply, a centrifugal pump to be installed.

Installation of submersible pump to be avoided as it will make the hand pump inoperative

and the village people will not be able to collect their drinking water. That will affect the

entire locality as they are totally dependent on the school deep tube well hand pump for

water.

The hand pump being an India Mark II pump, installation of normal centrifugal pump

keeping the hand pump intact is also very difficult. The teacher suggested to install another

tube well (not so deep) to be attached with a centrifugal pump to lift the water to an

overhead storage. The land is available for the new tube well. Storage tank is to be placed

on the second floor at the rear side of the school building i.e. nearby to the bathrooms.

From the storage tank water is to be distributed to the adjacent bathrooms through pipeline

and as well as to the HWS.

Due to lack of enough space, face to face hand washing arrangements cannot be done.

Foot operated push taps can be installed so that water wastage can be minimized and that

will also help the children to use their both hands while washing.

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Hand washing stations can be constructed in the school premise area between classroom

and boundary wall.

Fig-6.5: Place selected for the installation of HWS in Samali School

Design of hand washing station for Samali F.P. School:

Commissioned on: 14th October, 2015

Fig-6.6: Design Layout of Hand Washing Station at Samali F. P. School

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Fig-6.7: Elevation of Hand Washing Station and Wash Basin

Fig-6.8: Side View of Right Basin of Hand Wash Basin

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Fig-6.9: Side View of Right Basin and Side View of M.S. Bracket

Present Practice of Hand washing:

When MDM time starts and all classes are set to go for MDM then students go to the HWS and form a

row of 8 students and stand in front of the basin four in each group. Then someone from the school

opens up the Ball valve to convey water to the supplying pipes and water comes out from perforation

in projectile motion. There are two perforation at each point having a diameter of 3mm. Students wash

their hands by the water coming through the perforations and put their dishes in the dish holding pipe.

After washing hands they use to wash their dishes with water only. Also Gate valve is provided to

control the flow depending upon the head available in the overhead tank. Whenever all students

complete their washing then the Ball valve is closed. There is a provision for separate use provided by

a push tap. Whenever the Ball valve remain closed and one has to go to toilet wash his/her hands then

this push taps plays a role as a point of source of water. This push has to be pushed by feet and then

water will come out from the outlet of pipe and you can wash your hands.

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Layout of different parts of HWS at Samali FP School:

Fig-6.10: Completed Hand Washing Station installed at Samali F. P. School

Fig-6.11A: Different Components of Hand Washing Station of Samali F. P. School

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Fig-6.11B: Different Components of Hand Washing Station of Samali F. P. School

Fig-6.11C: Different Components of Hand Washing Station of Samali F. P. School

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Fig-6.11D: Different Components of Hand Washing Station

Fig-6.11E: Different Components of Hand Washing Station

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Fig-6.12A: Hand washing practice in Samali F.P. School

Fig-6.12B: Hand washing practice in Samali F.P. School

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Table-3: Expenditure of HWS installed at Samali F.P. School

Subject Description Cost(Rs.) Hand Wash Basin 6’L*18”W*8”H 1200

7’L*18”W*8”H 1800

M.S. Bracket Made of 19mm*5mm thick

M.S. flat(8nos.)

3200

Soap dish Made of PVC(5nos.) &

Bakelite (4nos.)

705

Water meter (optional) ¾” dia Capstan 3100

Plumbing materials and

labour charges

From Overhead tank to Hand

Wash Basin

8724

From Hand Wash Basin to

drainage facility

6660

Flooring (130 sq ft) Tiles (10”*10” area) 6300

Sand, Cement etc 2875

Painting of walls and Wall

writing

Paint , Brush 2450

Transportation of

materials

1500

Total = Rs. 38514

Merits and Demerits of Hand Washing Station installed at Samali School:

Merits:

1. The main advantage of our design type (hand wash basin associated with supporting brackets) is

that it can be withdrawn and reinstalled to a suitable place in future if wanted.

2. The wash basins are installed with a suitable slope for drainage of waste water in a proper way and

also to suit the different grade of students.

3. One Gate valve and Ball valve is set for each line to supply water to the basin (left and right). Thus

usage of basin can be selected depending on number/availability of students.

4. No separate tap is installed in the main water carrying pipe for each student for separate usage at

the time of hand washing to avoid the wastage of water as one(student) may not operate the tap

properly.

5. There is a pipe arrangement system to hold the dishes at the time of hand washing to facilitate the

ease of proper hand washing and not to worry about the dish holding.

6. A separate Push Tap operation is provided for single use mainly after using toilet which reduces

the wastage of water if performed on the hand washing point.

7. As the area was not adequate to install a design type of face to face hand washing facility, we have

to install one sided design type, though the cost of this design type is less.

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8. Soap tray is provided in a 2:3 ratio, i.e. two soap trays are provided for three persons’ use.

9. The design of Hand Wash Basin is a modular type and it can be put in a multiple numbers.

10. The fabrication and installation can be done very quickly compared to brick-cement design type.

Only five to six hours is enough for the installation.

Demerits:

There are two perforation of 3mm dia. In the water carrying pipe each for water outlet which is

done based on an assumption not theoretically.

Discharge rate is lower in the nearest perforation from the water entry point.

The wash basin is made of “22 standard wire gauge G.I. sheet”. Thus its strength and durability

prior to proper handling by the students at the time of hand washing is an important factor for long

lasting.

Corrosion of G.I. material exposed to weather also in contact with water at hand washing duration

is an important factor for durability.

Someone from the school has to take care of opening and closing the master valve in time.

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6.2. Chatta Kalikapur Subid Ali Girls High School

Fig-6.13: Chatta Kalikapur Subid Ali Girls’ High School

Address of the school: Chatta Kalikapur Subid Ali Girls High School, Chatta Kalikapur, P.O.:

Maheshtala, Dist.: South 24 Pargana

Headmistress: Smt. Anjana Ghosal

Number of students: 1800

Number of teachers: 22

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SWOT analysis in the context of installation of Hand Washing Station in Chatta

Kalikapur Subid Ali Girls High school


Four taps is there for hand washing purpose.

At the time of hand washing liquid soaps is used by push-soap arrangement.

HELPFUL HARMFUL IN

TE

RN

AL

O

RIG

IN

STRENGTHS



Water supplied by PHE &

supply is regular


Sufficient space for

construction is available



4 hand washing taps installed

with overhead shade

One water storage tank

available in the roof

One hand pump installed near

the mid-day meal cooking area

9 toilets and 9 urinals in total

WEAKNESSES

Sufficient number of teachers

not available

Grey water disposal to rear side

pond

4 hand washing point not

sufficient for such huge number

of students

One tank of 1000 litres is not

sufficient for 1800 students

dependent on the PHE supply

as supply time is fixed for a day

Incinerator is not in working

condition

EX

TE

RN

AL

OR

IGIN

OPPORTUNITIES

Mass hand washing station can

be installed Another storage tank can be

placed Guardians of the students are

cooperative

Mason, workmen and

equipment available locally

Chances of theft is less as the

security of the school is very

good

THREATS

Maintenance cost to be

arranged for proper service

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Long queue observed at the time of hand wash.

Dish washing also done in these four taps.

Fig-6.14: students washing their hands from four taps and others are waiting in a queue


Hand washing stations can be constructed in the school premise near the existing incineration

area as water pipe line can be easily drawn there as well as adequate area is available.

Face to face washing arrangements can be done as enough space is available.

Individual tap connected to a common pipe line can be installed for separate usage as

monitoring of huge students is problematic.

Usage of individual tap for hand washing will minimize the wastage of water.

Design of hand washing station for Chatta Kalikapur Subid Ali Girls High

School:

Commissioned on: 3rd December, 2015

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Fig-6.15:Design Layout of Face to Face Hand Washing Station at Chatta School

Fig-6.16: Elevation view of Hand Washing Station at Chatta School

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Fig-6.17: Hand Wash Basin and Bracket type Pedestal

Fig-6.18: Side view of Hand Washing Station at Chatta School

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Present practice of Hand washing:

When the bell rings for tiffin period and students start to come to the HWS to wash hands, then 16

students stand at 16 taps and remaining students wait in a queue. Someone from the school opens up

the Ball valve to make flow of water in the water supply pipe, then students open taps and wash their

hand putting their dishes at the dish holding pipe. After washing hands with soap taking from soap tray

they wash their dishes also. After completion of hand washing of all students ball valve is again closed.

Layout of different parts of HWS at Chatta Kalikapur SubidAli Girls High

School:

Fig-6.19: Different Components of Hand Wash Basin of Chatta School

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Fig-6.20A: Different Components of Hand Washing Station of Chatta School

Fig-6.20B: Different Components of Hand Washing Station of Chatta School

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Fig-6.21: Waste Outlet of Hand Wash Basins of Chatta School

Table-4: Expenditure of HWS installed at Chatta Kalikapur Subid Ali Girls High school

Subject Description Cost(Rs.)

Hand Wash Basin( made of

FRP material)

7’3”L*2’3”W*10”H

(2 nos.)

19730

G.I. Pedestal with M.S.

Bracket

Made of 2” dia. G.I. pipe

and 19mm*5mm thick M.S.

flat(6nos.)

4530

G.I. Post ½” dia.* 3½’ ht. G.I. pipe

(3nos.)

750

Water meter (optional) 1” dia. Capstan(1 piece) 5255

½” dia. Bibcock(PVC) 16 nos. 288

Soap Tray Made of PVC (12 nos.) 1620

Plumbing materials and

labour charges

From Overhead tank

to drainage facility

11010

Flooring (207 sq. ft.) Tiles (10”*10” area) 4500

Brick, Sand, Cement etc. 30100

Transportation of materials 1900

Total = Rs.79683.00

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Merits and Demerits of Hand Washing Station installed at Chatta Kalikapur Subid

Ali Girls High School:

Merits:

The main advantage of our design type (hand wash basin associated with supporting brackets) is


Face to face hand washing practice is facilitated in this type of design. Thus the involvement of

students to achieve proper hand washing practice can be assured seeing the other person at the time

of washing their hands.

The wash basins are made of “FRP (Fiber-reinforced Polymer)” material, which is so much hard

compared to G.I. sheet and also durable in nature.

The wash basins are installed with a suitable slope for drainage of waste water in a proper way and


There is a pipe arrangement system to hold the dishes at the time of hand washing to facilitate the


Water is fed to the water carrying pipe for hand washing from both ends. Thus discharge of water

required for washing hands will be adequate.

A discharge rate of 2L/min from the taps was set by providing half opening of Gate Valve to

convey adequate amount of water which will not be less for hand and dish washing or very high to

splash outside and make wet students’ dress.

One Gate valve and Ball valve is provided to control the flow and to open/close the flow

respectively.

Separate taps are installed for separate usage at the time of hand washing. Thus wastage of water

can be minimized providing “Use only that amount of water what is required and then close the

tap”.

Soap tray is provided in a 3:4 ratio, i.e. three soap trays are provided for four persons’ use.

The design of Hand Wash Basin is a modular type and it can be put in a multiple numbers.

The fabrication and installation can be done very quickly compared to brick-cement design type.

Only one an d half day is enough for the installation.

Demerits:

Inadequate amount of taps are provided compared to 1800 students usage by installing only two

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6.3. Purnachandra Free Primary School

Fig-6.22: Purnachandra Paharpur Free Primary School

Address of the school: Purna Chandra Paharpur Free Primary School, Maheshtala West, Ward No 10,

Dist.: South 24 Pargana

Headmistress: Smt. Kajal Sarkar

Number of students: 202 (Girls: 102 And Boys 100)

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SWOT analysis in the context of installation of Hand Washing Station in Purna

Chandra F.P. School


Two taps for children for short height and two for normal and tall children.

At the time of hand washing liquid soaps is used.

Dish washing also done in these three taps.

HELPFUL HARMFUL

INT

ER

NA

L O

RIG

IN

STRENGTHS



Water supplied by PHE &

supply is regular




4 hand washing taps installed

within shed (3 are in use

mostly)

Two water storage tank

available in the roof

4 toilets and 6 urinals in total

for boys and girls

WEAKNESSES

Inadequate space

EX

TE

RN

AL

OR

IGIN

OPPORTUNITIES

Mass hand washing station

can be installed Guardians of the students are

cooperative

Mason, workmen and

equipment available locally

Chances of theft is less as the

security of the school is very

good

School is looking forward to

“Jamini Roy” award as it has

been awarded “Shishu Mitra”

and “Nirmal Mitra” already

THREATS

Maintenance cost to be

arranged for proper service

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Fig-6.23: Previous practice of hand washing of students of Purnachandra School


Running water facility was already available in the school.

Hand washing stations can be constructed in the school premise near the existing hand

washing area.

Face to face washing arrangements can be done.

Separate taps can be installed so that water wastage can be minimized.

Fig-6.24: Area under the shade is selected for installation of HWS

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Design of hand washing station for Purnachandra Paharpur F. P. School:

Commissioned on: 9th January, 2016

Fig-6.25:Design Layout of Face to Face Hand Washing Station at Chatta School

Fig-6.26:Elevation view of Face to Face Hand Washing Station at Chatta School

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Fig-6.27:Side view of Face to Face Hand Washing Station and Pedestral of Chatta School

Fig-6.28A: Different components of Hand washing station at Purnachandra F. P. School

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Fig-6.28B: Different components of Hand

washing station and Shower type cap

arrangement at Purnachandra F. P. School

Fig-6.29: Shower type arrangement

Table-5: Expenditure of HWS installed at Purnachandra F. P. School

Subject Description Cost(Rs.) Hand Wash Basin( made of

FRP material)

7’3”L*2’3”W*10”H

9865.00

G.I. Pedestal with M.S.

Bracket

Made of 2” dia. G.I. pipe

and 19mm*5mm thick M.S. flat(3nos.)

2265.00

G.I. Post ½” dia* 3½’ ht. G.I. pipe (1no.) 410.00

½” Dia. PVC Bibcock 8 nos. 144.00

Water meter (optional) 20mm ID Capstan(1 piece) 3640.00

Soap tray Made of PVC (6 nos.) 690.00

Shower type uPVC

cap(including drilling)

8 nos. 560.00

Plumbing materials and labour

charges

From existing pipe connection to

drainage facility

6706.00

Flooring (75 sq ft) Tiles (10”*10” area) 5390.00

Brick, Sand, Cement etc 3260.00

Transportation of materials 1600.00

Total = Rs. 34530.00

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Merits of Hand Washing Station installed at Purnachandra F. P. School:

The main advantage of our design type (hand wash basin associated with supporting brackets) is


Face to face hand washing practice is facilitated in this type of design. Thus the involvement of

students to achieve proper hand washing practice can be assured seeing the other person at the time

of washing their hands.

The wash basins are made of “FRP (Fiber-reinforced Polymer)” material, which is so much hard

compared to G.I. sheet and also durable in nature.

The design of Hand Wash Basin is a modular type and it can be put in a multiple numbers.

The wash basins are installed with a suitable slope for drainage of waste water in a proper way and


There is a pipe arrangement system to hold the dishes at the time of hand washing to facilitate the


We used G.I. pipe as water carrying pipe which facilitates more strength than PVC pipe used in

case of Chatta School design.

Shower-type caps have been put with the mouth of the taps which spread the water helping to wash

hands with less amount of water.

One Gate valve and Ball valve is provided to control the flow and to open/close the flow

respectively.

Separate taps are installed for separate usage at the time of hand washing. Thus wastage of water

can be minimized providing “Use only that amount of water what is required and then close the

tap”.

Soap tray is provided in a 3:4 ratio, i.e. three soap trays are provided for four persons’ use.

The fabrication and installation can be done very quickly compared to brick-cement design type.

Only one an d half day is enough for the installation.

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7. OPTIMUM TIME, WATER AND SOAP REQUIREMENT

Optimum time and water requirement:

Different flow rates have been tried and a minimum flow rate of 2 L/min was found to be adequate

for washing hands by the students conveniently. Higher flow is unnecessary as it will lead to more

wastage/consumption and moreover, chances of water splashing upon the students’ body from the

basin increase. The flow rate is adjusted within suitable gate valves. Students were observed in

three schools when they were washing hands with proper techniques instructed to them. An

average time of 20 seconds will be good enough to allow adequate hand washing systematically.

Each tap can allow 3 students for hand washing per minute. MDM recess is normally for 40

minutes in schools and the students may utilize first 10 minutes and last 10 minutes for washing

their hands and dishes before and after MDM (leaving 20 minutes for food being served and eaten).

Thus, within 10 minutes about 100 students can wash their hands before MDM from the 4 taps

provided in one module. The water necessary for washing hands will be 400 L considering hand

and dishwashing before and after MDM. For running water facility with an overhead tank, the

capacity of overhead tank should be at least 500 L considering same tank for supplying water to

toilet facilities.

Optimum soap requirement:

In general school authorities arrange commercially available soap (Rs. 5/- piece). We observed that

on an average basis, 8 soaps were totally used by 150 students of Samali School and 6 soaps were

used up by 135students of Purnachandra School only in three days. But later on when the same

soaps were cut into smaller pieces (1 soap cut into 2 pieces), and the same number of students were

washing with the half portion of the soap, then two portions were found to last for one additional

day. Smaller piece of soap allows less wastage of soap and becomes economical. So it can be

stated that for an average attendance of 150 students or 135 students, cost related to soap

consumption per month (24 days) will be by Rs. 240/- and Rs. 180/- respectively

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8. BACTERIOLOGICAL STUDY: EXTENT OF HAND AND DISH

WASHING

Review of the literature indicates that there are many pathogens in hand surfaces which really have the

potential to harm our health. The focus of the study was to find out the removal of bacteria from hand

surfaces achieved by hand washing among young school students. During taking food, different

surfaces of palms like the front and back side, tips of fingers and also surfaces in between fingers come

in touch with food and therefore, cleanliness of all these surfaces in equally important for hygiene.

Bacteriological assessment of all these surfaces was done before and after washing with water/soap.

For mid-day meal system in schools, the students normally carry dishes from their home and

cleanliness of these dishes before and after cleaning with water was also assessed. Among those

pathogenic bacteria it was decided to perform study on selected bacteria like enteric bacteria

(Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteritidis) and Staphylococcus aureus. These three bacteria have

potential to harm our health by causing food -borne diseases. These bacteria are transferred through

different paths like person to person contact, contaminated water, by improper handling of

contaminated foods. In general these bacteria are found to be present on human skin surfaces like in

infected cuts, pimples, noses etc. and thus by touching one another these are transferred from one

person to another. If we get affected by these pathogens then they can cause a number of diseases like

diarrhea or bloody diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea.

A study was conducted about the presence of bacteria in hand surfaces and also in dishes used for

MDM by the students in two schools namely Purnachandra Paharpur F.P. School and Samali F. P.

School, South 24 Parganas, West Bengal were identified for this study. In these two schools

appropriate hand washing stations have been installed (discussed earlier) and suitable awareness and

sentitisation drive towards hand washing before MDM and after use of toilet was also undertaken. Ten

students from each school (studying in classes II, III and IV, both girls and boys) were randomly

chosen. Two samples were collected for each student; one from front surface of palm and finger tips,

and another sample from back of fingers and surface in between fingers to analyse for presence of

bacteria before any kind of hand washing. Samples from same surfaces were collected again for each

student after they were allowed to wash their hands. In addition, samples from top surfaces of the

dishes that they will use for MDM were also collected before and after washing with water. To find

the effectiveness of hand washing with soap in comparison to with only water, one set of students

(students of Purnachandra School) washed their hands with soap and water as usually practiced;

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whereas students of the other school (Samali School), washing of hand was allowed with water only

(no soap).

The samples were taken from the surfaces by sterile cotton swabs and preserved in 8ml solution of

sterile 0.85% saline water in a test tube. Then these samples were transferred to laboratory for

inoculation in specific agar medium. For the inoculation of enteric bacteria and Staphylococcus aureus,

HiCrome Escherichia coli agar (HiMedia Lab-M1295) and HiCrome MeReSa agar Base (HiMedia

Lab-M1674) were used, respectively. 1.0 ml and 0.5 ml of the saline solution mixed with the samples

were used for the inoculation on the specific agar media. Incubation was done in 35°C for 24 hours for

Staphylococcus aureus and in 30 °C for 4 hours then in 44 °C for 18-24 hours for enteric bacteria.

Identification of Escherichia coli bacteria was done by the formation of bluish green colonies where

other enteric bacteria were identified by white colonies and identification of Staphylococcus aureus

bacteria was done by the development of bluish green colonies on specific agar media (Fig-49). After

the completion of incubation, number of bacterial colonies were counted in CFU unit. Assuming 100%

collection of bacteria by the swabs, 100% transfer of bacteria from the swabs to the saline solution and

amount of saline solution (0.2 mL) soaked by swabs, number of bacteria present on the particular

surface (palm or dish) was estimated.

The results of the bacteriological analysis are presented in Table-6 to Table-8 and Figures-9.2 to 9.14.

The students were identified by numbers from S1 to S20, where S1 to S10 are from Purnachandra

School and the others from Samali School. It is observed from Tables 6, 7 and 8 and Figures 9.2 & 9.3

that significant number of both bacteria (Enteric and S. aureus) were present in palm surfaces (front

and back). Upon the palm surfaces, the number of S. aureus ranged from 40 to 1920 CFUs whereas

upon the back of palm surfaces, the number varied from 76 to 1344 CFUs. The number of enteric

bacteria present on front and back of palm sur

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