Form 6-1

Final Report

Project Title Desertification and Livelihood in Semi-Arid Afro-Eurasia

Abbreviated Title Desertification in Afro-Eurasia

Project Category Individual Collaboration Project

Project Leader TANAKA Ueru

Homepage http://www.chikyu.ac.jp/rihn/project/R-07.html; http://www.kazehitotsuchi.com/

Keywords

Desertification, Livelihood, Practical Techniques for Desertification Control, Rural Development Support, Semi-Arid Afro-Eurasia, Social and Ecological Adaptation

Proposed project period

□ 3 years Full Research □ 4 years Full Research ☑ 5 years Full Research

Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. ACHIEVEMENTS IN FULL RESEARCH 2. RESPONSE TO REVIEWER COMMENTS 3. MOST NOTABLE OUTPUTS TO DATE 4. PROJECT ORGANIZATION AND MEMBERS 5. FIGURES AND SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Please describe the following: a) Research objectives and background, b) Research methods and organization, c) the most significant findings or outcomes of the study In describing a ～ c above, be sure to discuss the significance of being a RIHN research project referring to the following points. *How is this research in line with the founding mission, basic concepts and requirements for research projects of RIHN? *Recognition of “global environmental problem”; what you regard as a global environmental problem, and, how the project will contribute to its solution (If additional space is necessary, use section 6).

a) Research objectives and background a-1. Research objectives: The objectives of this research are set as follows: 1) to deepen understanding of the cultural, social and ecological characteristics of targeted areas in Semi-Arid Afro-Eurasia as a premise to study on desertification; 2) to design and verify some practical techniques/approaches effective for desertification control, ecosystems conservation/restoration and improvement of livelihood in the context of rural development support, with paying special attention to vulnerable people and areas left behind in the trend of economic development and globalization; 3) to disseminate the knowledge, experiences and techniques/approaches for desertification control and rural development to local people, local government and aid-organizations. a-2. Background: Desertification is one of the globally concerned problems/issues with complex phenomena related to land degradation and poverty in sub-humid, semiarid and arid areas of Afro-Eurasia. In ratifying the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) in 1994, the international community, including Japan, signed its commitment to solve the problems. More than twenty years has past, so far, there have been many efforts made by international organization, local government and NGO. The problems, however, still remain unsolved and become more serious year by year (UNDP, 2003; Easterly, 2006; Tollefson and Gilbert, 2012).

Difficulties: Why desertification control have not been successfully achieved and even became worse? It may be explained from the complexity in its causes, social and ecological condition, and diverse livelihoods of local people closely linking with poverty (Mainguet, 1994). As defined in UNCCD (1994), the causes of desertification are both climatic factors and human activities (Geist, 2005; Zdruli et al., 2010). Apart from the climatic factors, such as short and uneven distribution of rainfall, excess and fluctuating rain, and wind (Geist, 2005; Boken et al. 2005), primary causes of desertification are the daily activities to support people’s livelihood and basic needs for survival, such as cropping, animal husbandry and gathering of fuel woods (Geist, 2005, O’Brien et al., 2010; Jana and Majumder, 2010). Difficulty of desertification control, it is to be carried out while maintaining the causes, i.e. daily livelihood activities.

Focus: Pillar actions of the implementation for desertification control in the documents of UNCCD (1994) are summarized into ‘policy making’, ‘financial support’, ‘scientific and technical knowledge’, ‘capacity building (for officials)’, ‘education and training (for local people)’ and ‘extension of technology’. Among them, the most critical action should be ‘scientific and technical knowledge’, since it is directly reflected to the contents of ‘capacity building’, ‘education and training’ and ‘extension of technology’. Unfortunately, inadequate understanding and confusion about the concept of desertification (Kadomura et al., 1993) and techniques for desertification control is still remained among researchers. The framework of actions and implementation measures were already established at international and government level. Those at regions and

(EXECUTIVE SUMMARY, CONTINUED) community level are, however, still weak, especially in semi-arid Africa (Fig. 1). The project, therefore, puts major focus on the research to create realistic and practical ‘scientific and technical knowledge’ leading the actions at community level.

b) Research methods and organization b-1. Research areas: Semi-Arid Afro-Eurasia contains front-lines of desertification in the world (Middleton and Thomas, 1997). This project set the study areas in the Sahel of West Africa (mainly Burkina Faso, Niger and Senegal), Southern Africa (Namibia and Zambia), East Africa (Tanzania), Northeast Africa (Sudan), North Africa (Algeria), South Asia (India) and East Asia (Mongolia and China), as shown in Fig. 2, where socio-ecological conditions and land resources are deteriorated due to demographic pressure and inappropriate use. b-2. Research methods: Research methods are summarized into seven categories: 1) Review of literatures (reports, papers, maps, statistics and census); 2) Interviews, observation and field measurement in the research sites; 3) On-site monitoring of meteorological condition in atmosphere and pedosphere (soil); 4) Action research to design and verify practical techniques/approaches related to desertification control and rural development; 5) Chronological survey of the consequence of the action researches; 6) Integrative and comparative analyses of the above; and 7) Proposition of the research results in the form of technology packages (or implementation plans). b-3. Research organization: As listed in “7. PROJECT MEMBERS“, a wide range of disciplines are covered with the members from RIHN, Kyoto University, Japan International Research Centre for Agricultural Science (JIRCAS), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Global Environment Forum (GEF), Institute of Rajasthan Studies (India), All India Jat Heroes Memorial College (India), Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (India) and so on. Each member is appointed to one or some groups according to the research site, i.e. West Africa Group, Southern Africa Group, East Africa Group, North and Northeast Africa Group, South Asia Group and East Asia Group. The project also maintains the collaboration network with relevant organizations such as International Crop Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Zambia Agricultural Research Institute; Namibian Ministry of Agriculture, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Sokoine University of Agriculture (Tanzania), University of Guston Berge (Senegal) and L’Organisation Nigerienne des Educateurs Novateurs (ONEN, a NGO in Niger). c) Most significant findings or outcomes of the study On the knowledge side, we identified fertility mechanism of sandy soils in semi-arid Tropics which was not deeply understood so far. On the technical side, we innovated some practical techniques through bridging indigenous knowledge and scientific field studies with the participation of local people. The concept of concurrently satisfying livelihood improvement and ecosystems conservation may bring a new paradigm of desertification control and rural development support which is different from the one with conventional dichotomy like 'human vs nature'. It meets the line of RIHN’s primary mission clearly engraved in the name of the institute, i.e. ‘humanity and nature’. The innovations give technical breakthrough to mitigate desertification, one of the issues of global environmental problems, which had been stagnating for a long time.

1. ACHIEVEMENTS IN FULL RESEARCH Describe in detail the project achievements in the period of Full Research. Describe outcomes of the project of a whole and the specific activities of each work group. Include discussion of the principal problems encountered and the solutions that were adopted to address them.

Remarkable research achievements in the project are summarized along with the objectives. Most of the achievements are the results of ‘co-designing’ and ‘co-working’ through the close participation with local people and NGOs. Academic awards given to the relevant studies are considered to be the evidence for the novelty and uniqueness of research achievements. 1. To deepen the understanding of targeted areas in semi-arid Afro-Eurasia

Researches in Africa: Basic information related to social, cultural and ecological characteristics of the targeted areas are were collected. The causes and background of desertification were also identified. We paid special focus on resilience or adaptation strategies of local people against extreme weather (e.g. drought and flooding) and social changes (e.g. influx of refugees and intervention through rural development activities by local government and aid-organizations).

We documented the livelihood systems, social relations and coping behaviours during the year of crisis in pastoralists’ community in Burkina Faso (Katakura Motoko Award, Association of Arid Land Studies, Y. Ishimoto, 2014), in agro-pastoralists community in Niger (Young Scientist Award, Society of Agricultural Systems, Y. Sasaki, 2013; Best Presentation Award, Society of Agricultural Systems, Y. Komura et al., 2012), and in Namibia (Best Poster Award, Association for Arid Land Studies, K. Teshirogi, 2012). Soil fertility mechanism and its management practices were identified in sandy soils under semi-arid condition in the Sahel (Best Poster Award, 20th World Congress of Soil Science, H. Shinjo et al., 2014). Situation of education and social support for children, including street children, in urban area of Burkina Faso were reported and pointed out that the realities were far different from our general understanding (Superior Presentation Award, African Educational Research Forum, T. Shimizu, 2013). The fact that a time-lag occured in behaviours and decision-making of local people when received external technique, identified in the case of Burkina Faso, was useful information to design rural development approach (Best presentation Award, Society of Agricultural Systems, Y. Machi et al., 2014). We identified some requisites of resilience against extreme weather (flooding) in rural communities of semi-arid Zambia (Poster award, World Water Week 2012, Umetsu et al., 2012). Use of mobile-phones was helpful to the recovery of household economy after flooding (Best Poster Award, Association for Arid Land Studies, Y. Ishimoto et al., 2013).

Researches in Asia: Indigenous knowledge and techniques, which give insights to identify the requisites of social and ecological adaptation of livelihood systems in semi-arid condition, were collected in India. The situation of traditional animal-driven water well, which is almost disappearing, was recorded (Best Poster Award, Association for Arid Land Studies, H. Endo et al, 2014). The background of agrarian changes and livelihood diversification in Tamil Nadu state was explained by recent demographic movement due to overseas and inter-regional transmigration (Best Poster Award, EMASS-2014, M. Jegadeesan et al., 2014). Factors to decide resilience in pastoralists’ livelihood found after natural disaster in cool arid environment were identified in the field research in Mongolia (Best Poster Award, Society for International Development Studies, H. Nakamura, 2014).

(ACHIEVEMENTS IN FULL RESEARCH, CONTINUED 1) 2. To design and verify some practical techniques/approaches

Basically using local resources and indigenous knowledge, we innovated practical techniques concurrently enabling livelihood improvement and desertification control. Some of them include a bold idea of introducing Indian traditional knowledge to semi-arid Africa, which can be a model example of so-called ‘south-to-south technology transfer’ on innovation. As an attempt of ‘co-designing’ and ‘co-working’, we involved local people to the process of innovation, demonstration, monitoring and dissemination, and confirmed its validity. Due to the novelty and achievement, the studies were highly evaluated and given many academic awards, e.g. 2012 SSPN Award, K. Ikazaki et al., 2012; Best Poster Award, Society of International Development, U. Tanaka and K. Ikazaki, 2013; Best Poster Award, Society for International Development Studies, Y. Sasaki, 2013; Best Presentation Award, 20th World Congress of Soil Science, K. Ikazaki et al., 2014; Young Scientist Award, Society of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, K. Ikazaki, 2014; Achievement Award for Young Scientists, Foundation of Agricultural Science of Japan, K. Ikazaki, 2014; /Environment Ministers’ Award by Hitachi Foundation, Tanaka et al,, 2014; Nikkei Award for Global Environmental Techniques, Tanaka et al., 2015.

Innovated practical techniques: Soil erosion by wind (wind erosion) is one of the causes of desertification/land degradation in semi-arid Africa. In Niger, we made an apparatus to measure wind erosion, revealed its processes, and innovated a prototype technique ‘fallow-band system’ to control wind erosion and concurrently to improve crop yield (Fig. 3). Soil erosion by water (water erosion) is also serious and damage land resources. We devised a practical technique, called ‘contour-line of Andropogon’, which concurrently enables reduction of soil erosion by water, encouragement of water-harvesting to soil, and increase of household income (Fig. 4). The technique is basically a revival one based on some indigenous practices in Burkina Faso, such as Zai (planting pit) and Kukokse (line of grass). Combination of traditional tools from India and cowpea cultivation in pastoral area (Fig. 5) is useful to conserve soil moisture, convert degraded grassland into productive land, generate household income and, thus, stabilize the livelihood of pastoralists. We modified the method of tree planting under semi-arid environment (Fig. 6). Tree planting was one of the standard measures against desertification so far, however, not necessarily effective. Using an indigenous technique ‘Zai’, the survival rate of planted tree seedlings were drastically improved. Not only innovating practical techniques, we devised an improved agricultural extension method incorporating some steps of ‘social network survey’ (Fig. 7) and demonstrated its applicability in Niger. 3. To disseminate the knowledge, experiences and techniques/approaches

The technique ‘fallow-band system’ was implemented in Niger through JICA Grassroots Project in 2010 through 2013 (http://www.jica.go.jp/partner/kusanone/partner/niger_01.html). Using our research results, Ministry of Environment of Japan published a technical brochure ‘Lifestyle and Measures against Desertification’ in 2013 (http://www.env.go.jp/en/nature/desert/ download/against%20desertification_eng.pdf). One of our technique (fallow-band system) was introduced in the high school text book published by Geography Teachers' Association of Victoria (GTAV), Australia, in 2016. We made many presentations in Africa, India, Europe, China and Japan.

2. RESPONSE TO REVIEWER COMMENTS Use this section to respond to any outstanding reviewer comments (especially the comments given by PEC and the others)

Comment 1: A number of points came up for further consideration during the last year of research. Some reflection on the technology development and adoption process would be useful –

(1) Would it be possible to do a formal assessment of the impacts of the process? : As a general theory, it may be possible through the on-site monitoring. In the case of this project, thorough assessment was difficult because of security deterioration in Niger, as our major study site, where the technology development and dissemination was conducted. As a small effort, our partner ONEN (a local NGO) continued the extension of some innovated techniques such as ‘fallow-band system’ and ‘contour-line of Andropogon’ and its monitoring. The techniques, designed based on indigenous knowledge and effective to improve livelihood without much cost and labours, were well understood and accepted by local people. In the other sites, e.g. Senegal and Burkina Faso, it is a bit early to do the assessment since it is not long the techniques were introduced.

(2) What the success factors and obstacles were?: For the innovation and demonstration of practical techniques, the success factors were 1) thorough field works to understand the social, cultural, ecological characteristics of the targeted areas, root causes of desertification and needs of local people, 2) design of the techniques of desertification control based on indigenous knowledge and effective to improve livelihood without much cost and labours, and 3) involvement of local people from a stage of field research and/or a design of the techniques with close communication. The obstacles were 1) the attitude of some people and officials of local institutions who expect benefit from outsiders, and 2) the security deterioration in the major study sites.

(3) What kind of people were likely to adopt technology or play key roles in the dissemination process?: According to our social network survey in Niger, as shown in Fig. 7, any people who had enough time and curiosity tend to try and adopt the introduced techniques. We identified that some pioneers and opinion leaders, including village chief, played key roles and that those people were emerged naturally in the community. We had an impression that our attitude to involve local people from the stage of field research may encourage the chance to emerge such personnel.

(4) What the prospects are for continued local use of the technology as the project withdraws from the localities. : As technology itself is designed to satisfy people's needs and to be easily practiced, it will be continue to be implemented. For the same reason, although it takes time, it is expected to be disseminated through people's contact and communication. Comment 2: A second area of debate is related to the bigger picture of the project.

(1) With research going on at a local scale in a large number of sites across continents, what are the prospects of scaling-up beyond the local level? : Reasons why our study was conducted in a large number of sites across continents is to collect information of indigenous knowledge and adaptation strategies in semi-arid environment for obtaining practical techniques of desertification control which stand in local context. Regarding the scaling-up beyond the local level, it is possible to apply to the Sahel region (a vast area extending from Senegal to Djibouti) with common features such as semi-arid environment, sandy soil and rain-fed cultivation of millets.

(2) While the main focus of the research has been on the customization of technology, is it also possible to standardize the results for application in a wider area? : Standardisation is possible on the premise of adjustment that fits the situation of targeted area.

(3) How can the successes in the field be used as insights for policy? : We will provide the knowledge and techniques to the relevant institutions, such as UNCCD, GGWISS, UNEP, local government and NGOs through the form of scientific and technical papers, home-page contents and oral presentation. Whether or not to reflect them in policy will be left to the responsible agencies.

(4) Would the project’s engagement with the Great Green Wall Initiative be a mechanism for reaching national governments or international organizations such as UNEP? : The Great Green Wall for the Sahara and the Sahel Initiative (GGWSSI), an international project led by African Union, has an office and branches in each member country and, thus, the provided knowledge and techniques may reach to the targeted area. The GGWSSI has some international partners such as FAO.

(5) The project rationale makes prominent reference to the UNCCD – how can findings and lessons be made relevant to that convention? : Based on the mission, UNCCD has an office and mechanism to collect vast knowledge, technology and activities related to desertification countermeasures, and disseminates them to concerned organizations and local governments. Therefore, UNCCD can be one of the target institutions that conveys our research results. As shown in Fig. 1, our research results may supplement shortcomings, i.e. field-based knowledge and practical techniques, in the framework of UNSSD actions.

(6) As the project enters its final year, there will be a need to summarize the results across the continents: Please refer to the reply in 2-(1).

3. MOST NOTABLE OUTPUTS TO DATE

(1) Ikazaki, K., Shinjo, H., Tanaka, U., Tobita, S., Funakawa, S., and Kosaki, T. 2011: Aeolian materials sampler for measuring surface flux of soil nitrogen and carbon during wind erosion events in the Sahel, West Africa. Transactions of the ASABE, 54(3), 983-990

(2) Ikazaki, K., Shinjo, H., Tanaka, U., Tobita, S., Funakawa, S., and Kosaki, T. 2011: Field-Scale Aeolian Sediment Transport in the Sahel, West Africa. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 75, 1885-1897

(3) Ikazaki, K., Shinjo, H., Tanaka, U., Tobita, S., Funakawa, S., and Kosaki, T. 2011: “Fallow Band System” a land management practice for controlling desertification and improving crop production in the Sahel, West Africa. 1. Effectiveness in desertification control and soil fertility improvement. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 57(4), 573-586

(4) Hidetoshi Miyazaki, Yudai Ishimoto, Ueru Tanaka, and Chieko Umetsu 2013: The role of the sweet potato in the crop diversification of small-scale farmers in Southern Province, Zambia. African Study Monographs, 34(2), 119-137

(5) Ishimoto, Y., Miyazaki, H, Umetsu, C. 2013: Social Safety Net Using Mobile Phones: A Case Study of Southern Province, Zambia. Journal of Agricultural Development Studies, 24(1), 26-35. (in Japanese)

(6) Ishimoto, Y., Miyazaki, H., Seto, S., Umetsu, C., and Tanaka, U. 2013: Resilience of Agro-pastoralists Livelihood System in the Sahel : A Case of Introduction of Migration in I-village, Northeastern Burkina Faso. Journal of Arid Land Studies, 23(2), 73-77 (in Japanese)

(7) Ishimoto, Y., Miyazaki, H., Seto, S., and Tanaka, U. 2013: Safety Net of Agro-pastoralists in the Sahel: Survival Devices Embedded in Food Consumption System. Sand Dune Research, 60(2), 73-78 (in Japanese)

(8) Sakurai, Takeshi and Ryo Inoue 2014: Development of the Rural Economy of Burkina Faso in 30 Years: Have They Escaped from the Poverty? Economic Review, 65(1), 23-41. (in Japanese)

(9) Ando K., Shinjo H., Kuramitsu H., Miura R., Sokotela S., Funakawa S. 2014: Effects of cropping and short-natural fallow rotation on soil organic carbon in the Eastern Province of Zambia. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 196, 34-41.

(10) Ando, K., Shinjo, H., Noro, Y., Takenaka, S., Miura R., Sokotela, S.B., and Funakawa, S 2014: Short-term effects of fire intensity on soil organic matter and nutrient release after slash-and-burn in Eastern Province, Zambia. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 60, 173-182

(11) Koki Teshirogi 2014: Recent Changes in Communal Livestock Farming in Northwestern Namibia with Special Reference to the Rapid Spread of Livestock Auctions and Mobile Phones. MILA the Special Issue, 27-36 (in Japanese)

(12) Ueru TANAKA, Kenta IKAZAKI, Hitoshi SHINJO, Satoshi TOBITA 2014: Practical technique for desertification control concurrently to reduce wind erosion and improve crop performance. Environmental Research Quarterly, 176, 5-14. (in Japanese) (Award of Minister of Environment, the Hitachi Environment Foundation)

(13) Kenta Ikazaki 2015: Desertification and a New Countermeasure in the Sahel, West Africa. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 61, 372-383

(14) Hiroshi Nakamura, Rinchindorj Dorjjadamba, and Delgerjargal Sodnomdarjaa 2017: The Impact of a Disaster on Asset Dynamics in the Gobi Region of Mongolia: An Analysis of

Livestock Changes. The Journal of Development Studies, 1-18 (published online) (15) Ikazaki, Kenta 2017: Control of Wind Erosion, Loss of Soils, and Organic Matter Using the

“Fallow Band System” in Semiarid Sandy Soils of the Sahel. In FUNAKAWA, Shinya (ed.) Soils, Ecosystem Processes, and Agricultural Development -Tropical Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa-, Springer, Berlin, Germany (in press)

4. PROJECT ORGANIZATION AND MEMBERS The project organization composed with four groups according to the activity site. Since 2010, there were four groups such as West Africa, Southern Africa, South Asia and East Asia, and added Northeast Africa from 2015 and East Africa from 2016, according to the progress of the research. Major members and the groups were shown in the following Fig. 8. Some of those members were also allocated into the group of Research Integration and Social Implementation. The former included the activities of comparative studies between the targeted areas in Africa and Asia. The latter was done in West Africa (Niger, Burkina Faso and Senegal) and in East Africa (Tanzania).

Fig. 8: Major members and groups composing the project organization

As West Africa (Niger, Burkina Faso and Niger) was the most serious area of desertification, we have spent a lot of resources and time for the research activities encompassing the objective 1 (understanding the targeted area), 2 (designing some practical techniques) and 3 (disseminating the techniques). We also did much input to the site in semi-arid Southern Africa where there is a potential risk of desertification near future. We also made much input to the sites in Southern Africa where has a potential risk of desertification near future due to the ever expanding populations and land use pressure, though serious signs are not visible so far. Studies in South Asia provided Study of indigenous knowledge in South Asia has brought a number of hints for designing techniques of desertification control techniques in West Africa. In the sites of East Asia, North Africa and Northeast Africa, we collected many information for further studies which may be done by some members after the project. The site in East Africa (Tanzania) was set to demonstrate the applicability of our approach innovated in semi-arid West Africa to humid environment.

Understanding

Design

Dissemination

West Africa Group

Southern Africa Group

South Asia Group

East Asia Group

East Africa Group

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- Sokoine Univ. Agric.(Tanzania)

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Sasaki

- ICRISAR Sahelien Center - Univ. Guston Berge (Senegal)- NGO/ONEN (Niger)

Shinjo, Teshirogi, Miyazaki, Ishimoto,

Uchida, Ando, Mizuno

- Agric. Res. Institute (Zambia)

- Ministry of Agric. (Namibia)

Tanaka, Miyazaki,

Endo, Vivek,Jegadeesan,

- ICRISAT- Tamil Nadu Agric. Univ. (India)

- All Jat HerosUniv. (India)

- Rajasthan Vidhyapeeth(India)

Nakamura, Teshirogi, Miura Ishiyama,

Tanaka, Miyazaki

Transfer of indigenous knowledge and/or innovations

Spin-off of innovations

Transfer of indigenous knowledge

Collection of information for further studies

Fig. 1: Framework of UNCCD, shortcomings and our focus

Fig. 2: Targeted areas in Asia and Africa

5. FIGURES AND SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS Post supplementary figures, tables and pictures within five pages.

Framework of UNCCD Actions and our Focus

International level

National level

District level

Community and Household level

Policy Funding Scientific knowledge

Training, Education

District government and extension office

Aid organization, Local NGOs

Tech. transfer

Capacity building

Appropriate? Any option?

Appropriate?

Lack of options and adaptabilityKnowledge,

Experiences, Innovations

(FIGURES AND SUPPLEMENTS, CONTINUED 1)

Fig. 3: Outline of the ‘fallow-band system’

Fig. 4: Outline of the ‘contour-lines of Andropogon’

Fallow-band System

● Wind erosion control- Reduction of wind erosion loss

Soil 74% , Organic matter 58%

● Crop growth and yield - Crop growth: high survival rate- Yield increase: 32 to 75% up from 3rd year

● Low inputs - No cost, No labor, No material

● Extension (in Niger) - 439 households, 82 villages, 23 districts

(March 2013), Continuation by NGO (since 2014)

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Innovation Contour-lines of AndropogonDesign Verification Dissemination ● Local resource and its use

- Wild perennial grass (Andropogon gayanus Kunth）- Use of indigenous techniques: Zai (planting pit

with manure) and Kukokse (line planting)

● Effects - Reduction of soil erosion by water- Nutrient trap- Rain and run-off water harvesting to soil- Partial improvement of crop productivity

● Benefit/Incentive for local people - Income generation (selling in local market)

e.g. 100m X 3 lines (5m width) = 1 to 2 month grains- Use as own property (for vulnerable household)- Getting/feeling benefit within a half year- No inputs (labor and manure) from 2nd year- Simple components and easy practice

(FIGURES AND SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS, CONTINUED 2)

Fig. 5: Combination of traditional tools from India and cowpea cultivation

Fig. 6: Modified method of tree planting under semi-arid environment

Cowpea, a local variety for peas and fodder

Selling in local market

● Combination of Indian tools and local cowpea (fodder type)

- Efficient work wish animal-driven sawing tool (India)- Use of local resource (cowpea, fodder type)- Feeding livestock and Income generation- From degraded grassland to production land

InnovationDesign Verification Dissemination

Cultivation of Cowpea(fodder type, in pastoral zone)

Degraded grasslandwith Cenchrus biflorus Roxb.

(due to over-grazing, grassland in the Sahel is dominated with grass species that livestock does not like)

+Animal-driven plow and sawing attachment from India

● Planting method- Tree planting using Zai technique

→ Improvement of survival and growth rate- Accompanied crops

→ Weeding → Harvest of crops/fodders

● Fodder trees- Local variety of Acacia- Pruning of branches

→ Harvest of pods for fodder

- Selling in local market - Affinity between afforestation and living

● To make ‘Fodder tree woodland’

Zai (planting pit), a local technique from Burkina Faso

Acacia Radiana Acacia Senegal

Local fodder trees

- Manuring- Weeding

InnovationDesign Verification Dissemination

Modification for afforestation

(FIGURES AND SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS, CONTINUED 3)

Fig. 7: Modified agricultural extension method incorporated with some steps of ‘social network survey’

Modified Extension Method

Opinion leaders (left) and Vulnerable households (right) in the information network

● Incorporation of some steps of ‘social network survey’

- New steps added (at initial phase)Use of local youth (after a half day training), Short interviewing, GPS recording, Mapping, Analysis(7 days: 3 staff for 200 households)

- Proceeding to conventional steps(agricultural extension/participatory approach)

● Innovative aspects - Visualization:

Network of informationNetwork of confidence

- Identification:Opinion leaders Vulnerable householdsAffinity and Conflict

● Dissemination - Implemented by a local NGO

(in Western Niger since 2013)

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87

89

96

97

99

102

104

104(2)105

110

112

123

127

131

132

133

1411

42

143

144

147

148

150

153

154155

176

1611

63

164

165

166

167

168

169

170

187

172

173

174

175

177

178

180

181

186

188

189

190

191

193

194

195

196

197

College

184

183

67

63

64

70

9

125197

3113

901

21

116

45

140

32

100

74

118

29

199

151

3201

7

200

2

124

モスク

39

40

42

179

19241 3

8

58

Opinion leader Widows and elders

Finare village Dougel Kainavillage

Form7-7 (at the completion of the project)

FINANCIAL RESULTS AND PLANNING OF THE PROJECT ○ Project title：Desertification and Livelihood in Semi-Arid Afro-Eurasia

○ Project leader：TANAKA Ueru

○ Project abbreviation: Desertification in Afro-Eurasia

RESULTS Unit: 1,000JPY

Fiscal Year and Project

Stage Total

Breakdown of the Total

Facility and

Equipment Supplies Personnel Travel Honorarium Others

PR 9,034 1,975 1,360 820 3,073 51 1,755

FR1 79,788 17,092 8,721 19,676 22,457 158 11,684

FR2 84,941 9,939 7,945 28,420 22,105 2,252 14,280

FR3 79,045 6,784 5,596 28,485 20,985 4,390 12,805

FR4 60,458 2,116 3,166 28,853 15,766 2,312 8,245

FR5 45,000 1,100 3,087 22,337 11,087 780 6,609

ANNOTATIONS