final report
DESCRIPTION
Final Report. Viren Bhanot. Work Done. Rotary compressor – Its working and calculations Small Experiment Line Bypass Heater C alibration Heat Balance Report Accumulator Dry-Out testing Accumulator Cooling Power measurements CMS Pixel Upgrade User’s Manual for Building 158. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Final ReportViren Bhanot
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Work Done• Rotary compressor – Its working and calculations• Small Experiment Line• Bypass Heater Calibration• Heat Balance Report• Accumulator Dry-Out testing• Accumulator Cooling Power measurements• CMS Pixel Upgrade• User’s Manual for Building 158
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Rotary CompressorSanyo Compressor
•Model no.: C-C140L5
•Dedicated for CO2 •Two-Stage
compression•Pressure rating of
90 bar (outlet, 2nd stage)
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Matlab Compressor Calculations
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Small Experiment Line•250W Cartridge Heater•Swagelok Fittings•Concentric Heat Exchanger after Mass
Flow Meter•Actuators for Metering Valves
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Heater Selection•250 W heater required•Cartridge, insertion heater for direct
heating•Inlet to heater perpendicular to its length•Flow development analysed for selection
▫Hydrodynamic and Thermodynamic flow development
•Low watt density required
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Heater SelectionCorrelations Used:•Hausen•Stephan•Shah/London
•Flow Development•Fully Developed•Thermodynamicall
y developing, Hydrodynamically developed
•Simultaneously developing
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Heater SelectionSpecifications:•Watlow Firerod Cartridge Heater•Ф -3/8”, Length – 7”•Power - 250 W•Watt Density – 5 W/cm2
•4” No-heat zone•Epoxy Seals to protect from moisture
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Swagelok Fittings•Heater mounted on reducer union•Inlet through Welding Tee fitting•Tube inner dia = 1/2”, heater dia = 3/8”•Line between mass flow meter and
metering valve in a concentric internal heat exchanger.
•Whole Assembly Welded Together
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CAD Model
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Heater Assembly
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Actuator• Electrical Actuator for
Swagelok metering valves
Two companies discovered:• Hanbay inc. (Canada)• Grotec (Germany)
• Actuator ordered from Hanbay (cost ~ $1500)
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Bypass Heater Calibration•Bypass Heater (2 kW) performance not
satisfactory▫Virtually no heating at low powers, then
sudden overheating at medium-high powers
▫Output power not equal to power requested through PVSS
•Heater controlled through phase angle controller (inexpensive way of controlling heater)
•“Span” setting of heater too narrow. Corrected.
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Bypass Heater Calibration•Tests performed to measure heater power
and compare it against input power (through PVSS)
•System run in single phase to measure enthalpy using Pressure and Temperature.
•Power o/p = Enthalpy Change x Massflow Rate
•Pressure, temperature measured across internal heat exchanger.
•Output power found to be not equal to input power
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Bypass Heater Calibration
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Bypass Heater Calibration•Phase Angle Controller chops up the sine-
wave signal (4-20 mA) linear with time, instead of linear with output power
•Mustapha prepared MATLAB and PVSS programs to correctly calculate output power to match input power.
•New logic incorporated into PVSS by Lukasz. Works perfectly, and has been tested.
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Heat Balance• Heater Calibration
tests expanded to give overview of heat balance for entire system.
• Heat addition/extraction measured to get an idea of system performance
• Compressor data also included
Parameters measured•Preq
•Qpump
•Qheater
•Qin
•Qcond
•Qcomp
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Heat Balance
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Heat Balance
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Heat BalanceConclusions drawn:
• Up until 1100W, the readings are reliable.
• Readings above 1100W are unreliable due to premature boiling of CO2 inside the tubes.
• Offset between requested power and power measured is due to heat added by the pump and surroundings.
• Compressor cooling capacity is lower than expected (this data is already 2 months old)
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Accumulator Dry-Out Testing• Accumulator heater in
thermo-syphon configuration
• During start-up, accumulator heated for long time
• At higher vapor pressure, higher vapor density.
• At higher density, lower convective currents
• Risk of dry-out, heater melting.
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Accumulator Dry-Out Testing•A parameter called Thermal Resistance
used to calculate dry-out thresholds
•Accumulator heated for long periods with 250, 500, 750, 900 and 1000W power
•Rth calculated for all data points, and plotted against accumulator saturation temperature.
•Combined graph for all readings plotted
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Accumulator Dry-Out Testing
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Accumulator Dry-Out Testing
S. No.
Heater Power
Dry-Out
Saturation Temperature
(°C)
1 250 N/A2 500 273 750 224 900 195 1000 17
Conclusions drawn:• At 250W Heater Power,
dry-out is not witnessed. • Higher the heater power,
lower the saturation temperature at which dry-out occurs.
• Some unexplained bumps are observed at higher powers, through sudden, steep rises and falls in the values of Thermal Resistance
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Accumulator Cooling Power•Tests done to measure cooling power in
accumulator•It was expected that cooling at 100%
valve opening should match heating at 100% heater power (1 kW)
•This was not the case•Some cooling power lost because cooling
spiral passes through liquid CO2.
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Accumulator Cooling Power•Accumulator cooled and then heated at
specific rates. For example, 50% CV1105 valve opening corresponds to 50% heater power, 500W
•Slopes of cooling and heating measured.•Cooling slope observed to be less than
heating slope.•Since slope unequal, this method not
enough to determine cooling power
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Accumulator Cooling Power
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Accumulator Cooling Power•Rough estimate obtained by plotting
Heater’s power versus the value ‘dp/dt’ (change in pressure per unit time)
•dp/dt values of cooling spiral superimposed on heating graph.
•This gives rough but useful estimate of cooling capacity.
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Accumulator Cooling PowerCooling Power Measured:
Valve Opening
Cooling Power
25% 6050% 22575% 575100% 740
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Accumulator Cooling PowerConclusions:
• Cooling power does not correspond to its respective heating power.
• The maximum cooling power available is only 740W.
• The cooling power at 25% valve opening is not a quarter of the full cooling power. This is due to the inertia of the fluid.
• Cooling Power is not completely linear over the entire range.
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CMS Pixel Upgrade• CMS Pixel layout being discussed with various
iterations proposed.• Latest proposal (at that time) was simulated to
measure the fluid temperature and pressure drop. Results were compared with Bart’s results (with his global calculator)
• Joao’s calculator was used in Matlab, and simulations with Friedel and Chisholm correlations.
• The simulation results were similar to, but not exactly the same as Bart’s own simulations.
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CMS Pixel Upgrade
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CMS Pixel Upgrade
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User’s Manual•The eventual aim of project was to
prepare User Manual to allow external researchers (Belle, SLAC, IBL) to use the system without distracting Bart, Lukasz or Joao!
•The manual is about 60 pages long and will hopefully be used by someone in the future.
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Thank You