We ARE what we Eat!BIOCHEMICALLY SPEAKING…

WE ARE WHAT WE EAT.WHY?

OUR BODIES USE WHAT WE CONSUME FOR THESE REASONS: MAINTENANCE REPAIR LIVING PROCESSES GROWTH DEVELOPMENT

The macromolecules our bodies use:

Carbs Fats Proteins Nucleic acids

More specifically, our bodies use these from what we eat:

Water molecules(from water) Amino acids(from protein sources) Glucose and galactose(from carbohydrate sources) Fatty acids(from lipid sources) Vitamins(fat and water soluble) Minerals(many different minerals)

What do we use water for?

We use water as a medium for biochemical reactions to occur. For hydration and dehydration reactions Also used for nutrient transfers in the cytoplasm, xylem, and plasma Most biochemical reactions occur in water-based solutions

Water is so important: our bodies are about 80% water

Water is made of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.

Water

Water makes up most of blood, urine, and saliva

One of water’s major roles will be explained: homeostasis Cells maintain a consistent temperature because of the nature of hydrogen bonding in

water Hydrogen bonding is so strong There is so much of it in water It takes a lot of energy to heat water because of the strong hydrogen bonds

Heating water breaks hydrogen bonds

One molecule of water has two hydrogen atoms The hydrogen atoms that come from food contribute to the production of metabolic

water: Metabolic water is created in our body

Water

Electrolytes dissolve into water

All organisms need water to develop and grow

Because water is polar, it can be used in these activities: Solvent

Example on next slide: the weak ionic bonds of sodium chloride(salt)break when surrounded by water molecules

Chemical reactant Homeostasis

Water dissolving salt

Water boiling

When water boils, the energy transferred from the heat source to the water molecules make the molecules’ speed so fast that they literally ricochet out of the “pan;” they escape from the liquid form of water as vapor.

Water hydrolyzing

Water helps hydrolyze in biochemical reactions

Water

Buffers working in homeostasis Ionization of water results in OH- and H+ ions

Acids donate H+ ions while bases accept H+ ions Other molecules release OH- and H+ ions along with water

A pH scale expresses the concentration of H+ ions A pH of 1 indicates more H+ ions than a pH of 7 The closer the pH is to 0, the more acidic it is, the closer the pH is to 14, the more

basic it is; the pH scale ranges from 0 to 14

Acids and bases must be balanced Biochemical reactions depend on stable pH levels

Water

Buffers Enzymatic activity depends on the pH of the solution its in

Each enzyme has a pH that its activitydecreases and performs optimallyat

What do we use protein for?

Our bodies use the amino acids that are in protein

Many proteins compose enzymes and some hormones in the body

Amino acids are so important! Amino acids are used to build:

muscle Skin Hair Bones body tissues

Protein

Especially for young, rapidly growing animals, proteins need to be consumed

Over 20 different amino acids exist, 10 of which need to be consumed in our diet Essential amino acids have to be consumed because the body cannot consume them

Arginine Histidine Isoleucine Leucine Lysine Methionine Phenylalanine Threonine Tryptophan Valine

Protein degradation

Protein

Made of: An amine group A carboxylic acid group A side chain Primarily carbon, hydrogenNitrogen, oxygen, and sometimesSulfur atoms

Protein

Protein

A protein is made of many amino acids A pearl is to a long pearl necklace as an amino acid is to a protein Proteins can range from a few amino acids to thousands of them The 20 different amino acids form different sequences to form

different proteins A protein with a certain sequence is different from another protein

with a different sequence Proteins vary in structure and function Proteins are made from proteins!

Proteins

Proteins are so abundant that they make up about 58% of a cells’ dry weight

Proteins serve as: Enzymes Transport of small molecules Transport proteins Cell Membrane proteins Trans-membrane transport proteins Structural proteins Nutrient proteins Immuno-proteins or defense proteins Buffer proteins

What do we use carbohydrates for?

We use carbohydrates for energy!

Carbohydrates

What are carbohydrates? Sugars, starches, and cellulose Monosaccharides

One sugar Example: Glucose—a major energy source found in an animals’ blood

Disaccharides Two sugars

Example: glucose and fructose connected (sucrose) Carbohydrates are mainly composed of:

Carbon Hydrogen oxygen

Carbohydrates

Where do carbohydrates come from? Plants!

Plants are composed of about 75% carbohydrates Starches

Starches get broken down into sugars Starch is usually found in the grain, which stores that energy for the seed

Sugars Sugars make up what a carbohydrate is Carbohydrates get broken down into sugar Sugar names (only naming a few)

Glucose (monosaccharide) Fructose (monosaccharide) Lactose (monosaccharide) Sucrose (disaccharide) Mannose(disaccharide)

Why do we need carbohydrates?

Every cell in our human bodies uses glucose as an energy source

To combine with lipids to form glycolipids Which are used to form cellular matrices in cytoplasm These serve as markers on the outside of cells, for cellular recognition

To combine with proteins to form glycoproteins Which is used alongside or as the role player of biological activities of

Vision Transportation Enzymatic and hormonal activities Inhibition Immunological antibodies

Carbohydrates

Important role Of glucosides:

Glucosides are molecules that are composed of a sugar and a non-sugar bonded by a glycosidic bond

These are prevalent in DNA and RNA

Carbohydrates

Vitamin C is a carbohydrate! It is used in the synthesis of collagen

Scurvy can occur if there is a defect in the synthesis of collagen Vitamin C is used in the post translational hydroxylation of proline and

lysine This occurs on the polypeptide chains of protocollagen

During the synthesis of hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine in tropocollagen Tropocollagen is a molecular component of collagen fiber

Hydroxylation of Proline--a very important reaction for the synthesis of collagen to occur

Why does our body use lipids for?

Fats are an important energy source

Some fats are used for the production of hormones

Some fats are found in cellular membranes

Some fats act as cellular membranes

Some fats are precursors to many different biological molecules

Essential fatty acids are derived from fat!

Lipids

Steroids/Sterols Cholesterol (most common steroid in the body)

Has a carboxylic acid head with a tail made of fatty acids

Are found in both plants and animals

They can be saturated or unsaturated

Fats contain more than twice the amount of energy as carbohydrates Efficient storage of energy

Lipids

Saturated The fatty acids are linear There are no double bonds They pack tighter than unsaturated fatty acids

Unsaturated These fatty acids are bent There is at least one double bond

Monounsaturated One double bond

Polyunsaturated Two or more double bonds

They cannot pack as tight as saturated fatty acids because they are bent

LipidsWhat exactly are they?

Lipids

Cholesterol is a very important lipid Is a component of cell membranes Serve many functions including:

Salt balance Metabolic function Sexual function

Precursor of all other steroids in an animal Like bile salts Male and female sex hormones Adrenocortical hormones Vitamin D

Lipids

Lipids are broken down into Acetyl-CoA and glycerol

Lipids

Cholesterol synthesis Can be consumed in the diet or made from Acetyl-CoA Synthesized from fat, carbohydrates, and proteins

Why do we need minerals?

Minerals are vitally important! Bones contain phosphorous and calcium! To develop properly, minerals are essential Have structural and functional roles Serve as electrolytes They contribute to the construction of:

Blood cells Muscles Internal organs Enzymes

Minerals

Two types: Macrominerals

Required in large amounts Calcium Chlorine Magnesium Phosphorus Potassium Sodium Sulfur

Minerals

Micro minerals Required in trace amounts

Cobalt Copper Fluorine Iron Iodine Manganese Molybdenum Selenium Zinc

Minerals

Minerals make up 3-5% of the body Calcium makes up half of this 3-5% of minerals in the body Phosphorous makes up ¼ of the 3-5% of minerals in the body

Why do we need vitamins?

They are used in small amounts and are essential!

Vitamins are used for: Growth Production Reproduction fighting stress Fighting disease Healing Remodeling

Vitamins act as: Coenzymes-this is the most prominent role of vitamins!!! Signaling molecules Antioxidants Hormones

Vitamins

Vitamins can be: Soluble in water

B vitamins Vitamin C

Soluble in fat Vitamin A Vitamin E Vitamin D Vitamin K

Vitamins

Vitamins

Vitamins

Vitamins Vitamin C: this acts as a coenzyme for oxidation/reduction reactions

Synthesis of collagen The most important role for vitamin C is being the cofactor for hydroxylation reactions

of proline during the synthesis of collagen Carnitine synthesis Catabolism of tyrosine Synthesis of steroids Catecholamine neurotransmitter synthesis

Biotin: this a cofactor that is required for carboxylation reactions, such as Acetyl-CoA carboxylase and pyruvate carboxylase

A lack of biotin can effect skin, hair, and nails because it is essential for collagen synthesis

What do we use alcohol for?

Alcohol can be broken down into a source of energy Ethanol can be broken down into fat or energy

Alcohol can be abused It can ruin the liver

Only the liver can metabolize alcohol Fat accumulation in the liver can be seen after one heavy drinking episode High concentrations of acetaldehyde in the brain causes damage

Alcohol can make you gain weight

Alcohol

Digestion of: Acetaldehyde to acetic acid to Acetyl-CoA Alcohol digestion takes priority over carbohydrates, proteins, and fat

absorption Alcohol is immediately converted into fat

Alcohol absorption can be slowed by fat intake Alcohol absorption occurs:

In the mouth Esophagus Small intestine Stomach

Alcohol Digestion

References used for pictures

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water (water molecule pic) http://chemistry.elmhurst.edu/vchembook/171solublesalts.html (nacl and water boiling) https

://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/macromolecules/introduction-to-macromolecues/a/introduction-to-macromolecules?qa_expand_key=kaencrypted_ae9d895bc806686eeaa240108833ab5a_b51eeabfe42fa445df9b21898e75c27db513d90b12d21ad04ff44c13cdfc8f9f3d62bfa345c9362eeccf5388abb40acb6e022f8af762b6c1c0c103781aaa079a43e61d577007e746fc01670d688351a028b3d3dcf714cd01d095a98c114e1256 (maltose)

http://www.slideshare.net/MohamedHassanien/factors-affecting-enzymes (buffer pic) http://study.com/academy/lesson/threonine-amino-acid-structure-function.html (amino

acid) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid (primary protein structure) http://www.dfitpt.com/carbohydrates-exposed (carbs) http://extension.illinois.edu/diabetes2/subsection.cfm?SubSectionID=2 https://www.sciencenews.org/article/sweet-confusion (sugars) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid_bilayer (fat)

References usedfor pictures

http://cholesteroldiabetes.com/cholesterol-topics/cholesterol-synthesis-mnemonic.html (cholesterol synthesis)

http://www.gbhealthwatch.com/Science-Cholesterol-Lipoproteins-101.php (cholesterol) http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/AA72/AA72.htm (alcohol breakdown) https://www.reddit.com/r/Homebrewing/comments/23wbeo/jim_kochs_trick_to_not_getti

ng_drunk_xpost_from/ (alcohol breakdown)

http://www.cyberlipid.org/glycolip/glyl0062.htm (glucosides) http://www.cs.stedwards.edu/chem/Chemistry/CHEM43/CHEM43/Protinhib/FUNCTION.H

TML (proline)

http://classroom.sdmesa.edu/eschmid/Lecture5-Microbio.htm (fatty acid metabolism) http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&ved=0ahUK

EwiXndWItZTKAhUQ6GMKHXnkCU4QjhwIBQ&url=http%3A%2F%2Fjb.asm.org%2Fcontent%2F191%2F13%2F4307.figures-only&psig=AFQjCNGwgPfQg8vDslUWe-L8T3rF_WKZdQ&ust=1452143058808411 (glycerol metabolism)

http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v419/n6906/fig_tab/nature01097_F4.html (metabolism)

References usedfor pictures

http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v426/n6968/fig_tab/nature02263_F1.html (protein degradation)

http://study.com/academy/lesson/structure-and-function-of-carbohydrates.html (carbohydrates)

http://biology.tutorvista.com/biomolecules/carbohydrates.html (three different types of carbs)

http://biowiki.ucdavis.edu/Textbook_Maps/OpenStax_Biology/2%3A_The_Cell/06%3A_Metabolism/6.5%3A_Enzymes (vitamins)