ShinkeisuijakuJapan

EspantoAndean Regions

IndispositionHaiti Falling Out

The CarribeanThinking too much

Africa

Thinking too muchNative American

groups

Thinking too muchLatin America

Thinking too muchThe Carribean

NervaGreeks in North

America

NierbiSicillians in North

America

NervesWhites in

AppalachiaBlacking out

Southern United States

NervesWhites in

Newfoundland

Mal’occhiuItalians

Mal de ojoSpanish Speakers

KoroSoutheast Asia

Shen K’ueiChina

Srog rlung gi nadTibet

Pen lomLaos

VataSri Lankda

AshaktapannaIndia

Taein kong poKorea

Hwa byungKorea

Dhat syndromePrevalent among individuals in South Asia

Symptoms may include: dissociative experiences (depersonaliza-tion, derealization, amnesia), seizure-like or fainting episodes, and suicidal gestures.

Shenjing shuairuoPrevalent among individuals in China

Symptoms may include: weakness (e.g., mental fatigue), emotions (e.g., feeling vexed), excitement (e.g., increased recollections), nervous pain (e.g., headache), and sleeping problems (e.g., insomnia)

Taijin kyofushoPrevalent among individuals in Japan

Symptoms may include: anxiety about and avoidance of interper-sonal situations due to the thought, feeling, or conviction that one’s appearance and actions in social interactions are inadequate or o�ensive to others. Variants include major concerns about facial blushing (erythrophobia), having an o�ensive body odor (olfactory reference syndrome), inappropriate gaze (too much or too little eye contact), sti� or awkward facial expression or bodily movements (e.g., sti�ening, trembling), or body deformity

Khyâl capPrevalent among Cambodians

Symptoms may include: dizziness, palpitations, shortness of breath, and cold extremities, symptoms of anxiety, autonomic arousal, catastrophic cognitions centered on the concern that khy'l (a windlike substance) may rise in the body—along with blood—and cause a range of serious e�ects.

SustoPrevalent among Latinos in the United States and among people in Mexico, Central America, and South America.

Symptoms may include: appetite disturbances, inadequate or excessive sleep, troubled sleep or dreams, feelings of sadness, low self-worth or dirtiness, interpersonal sensitivity, and lack of motivation to do anything. muscle aches and pains, cold in the extremities, pallor, headache, stomachache, diarrhea. Related DSM-5 disorders: major depressive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, other specified/unspecified trauma and stressor-related disorder,and somatic symptom disorder.

NerviosPrevalent among Latinos in the United States and Latin America

Symptoms may include: emotional distress, somatic distur-bance, inability to function, headaches and brain aches (occipi-tal neck tension), irritability, stomach disturbances, sleep di�i-culties, nervousness, easy tearfulness, inability to concentrate, trembling, tingling sensations, and mareos (dizziness with occa-sional vertigo-like exacerbations)

KufungisisaPrevalent among the Shona of Zimbabwe

Symptoms may include: anxiety symptoms, excessive worry, panic attacks, depressive symptoms, and irritability

Maladi mounPrevalent in Haitian communities

Symptoms may include: interpersonal envy and malice causing harm to their enemies by sending illnesses such as psychosis, depression, social or academic failure, and inability to perform activities of daily living

Related disorders: Major Depressive Disorder, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, other speci-fied/unspecified trauma and stressor-related disorder, and Somatic Symptom Disorder.

Related disorders: Major depressive Disorder, Persistent Depressive Disorder, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, other specified/unspecified dissociative disorder, Somatic Symp-tom Disorder, Schizophrenia.

Related disorders: Panic Attack, Panic Disorder, Conversion Disorder, Intermittent Explosive Disorder, other specified or unspecified anxiety disorder, other specified or unspecified trauma and stressor-related disorder, other specified or unspecified dissociative disorder.

Related disorders: Major Depressive Disorder, Persistent Depressive Disorder, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Posttrau-matic Stress Disorder, Obsessive-compulsive Disorder, Persistent Complex Bereavement Disorder.

Related disorders: Major Depressive Disorder, Persistent Depressive Disorder, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Somat-ic Symptom Disorder, Illness Anxiety Disorder, Erectile Disorder, Early Ejaculation, other specified or unspecified sexual dysfunction.

Related disorders: Major Depressive Disorder, Persistent Depressive Disorder, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Somat-ic Symptom Disorder, Social Anxiety Disorder, Specific Phobia, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.

Related disorders: Panic Attack, Panic Disorder, General-ized Anxiety Disorder, Agoraphobia, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Illness Anxiety Disorder.

Related disorders: Social Anxiety Disorder, Body Dysmorphic Disorder, Delusional Disorder, Obsessive-compulsive Disorder, Olfactory Reference Syndrome

Ataque de nerviosPrevalent among individuals of Latino descent

Symptoms may include: intense emotional upset, acute anxiety, anger, or grief, screaming and shouting uncontrollably, attacks of crying, trembling, heat in the chest rising into the head, becoming verbally and physically aggressive, dissociative experiences (deper-sonalization, derealization, amnesia), seizure-like or fainting episodes, and suicidal gestures.

Related disorders: Delusional Disorder (persecutory type), Schizophrenia (paranoid features).

The colors outside the circles represents the porprotions of category of the related DSM-5 Disorders.

This line links a cultural concept with a related condition in another cultural context

CULTURAL CONCEPTS OF DISTRESSAND RELATED DSM-5 MENTAL DISORDERS

Provided are the nine types of cultural concepts of distress and related mental disorders. The symptoms of each concepts and related mental disorders are listed. The ICD-10-CM (DSM-5 Diagnoses and Codes) of each mental disorder is provided for easier navigation for references in DSM-5.All of the information are extracted from DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fi�h Edition).

Related DSM-5 Disorders

Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders

Conditions for Further StudySexual Dysfunctions Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders

Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders

Anxiety disorders Depressive DisordersSchizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders

Dissociative Disorders

Intermittent Explosive Disorder (F63.81) Persistent Complex Bereavement Disorder Erectile Disorder (F52.21)

Premature (Early) Ejaculation (F52.4)

Other specified/unspecified Sexual Dysfunction (F52.8)

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (F43.10)

Other specified/unspecified Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders (F43.8)

Body Dysmorphic Disorder F45.22

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder F42

Olfactory reference syndrome (No code)

Panic Attack Specifier / Disorder F41.0

Other specified/unspecified Anxiety Disorder F41.8)

Generalized Anxiety Disorder F41.1

Agoraphobia F40.00

Social Anxiety Disorder F40.10

Specific Phobia F40.218- F40.248

Major Depressive Disorder (F32.0 - F33.9)

Persistent Depressive Disorder (F34.1)

Schizophrenia F20.9

Schizophrenia (paranoid features) F20.9

Delusional Disorder F22

Delusional Disorder (persecutory type) F22

Other Specified or Unspecified Dissociative Disorder (F44.89)Sypmtoms may include: Palpitations, pounding heart, or

accelerated heart rate, sweating, trembling or shaking, sensations of shortness of breath or smothering, feelings of choking, chest pain or discomfort, nausea or abdominal distress, feeling dizzy, unsteady, light-headed, or faint, chills or heat sensations, paresthesias (numbness or tingling sensations), derealization (feelings of unreality) or depersonalization (being detached from oneself), fear of losing control or “going crazy.”, fear of dying.

Sypmtoms may include: marked, or intense, fear or anxiety of social situations in which the individual may be scrutinized by others.

Sypmtoms may include: Delusions; Hallucinations; Disorganized speech; Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior; Negative symptoms.

Sypmtoms may include: Preoccupation with one or more perceived defects or flaws in physical appearance that are not observable or appear slight to others; At some point during the course of the disorder, the individual has performed repetitive behaviors (e.g., mirror checking, excessive grooming, skin picking, reassurance seeking) or mental acts (e.g., comparing his or her appearance with that of others) in response to the appearance concerns.

Sypmtoms may include: Marked di�iculty in obtaining an erection during sexual activity; Marked di�iculty in maintaining an erection until the completion of sexual activity; Marked decrease in erectile rigidity.

Sypmtoms may include: A persistent or recurrent pattern of ejaculation occurring during partnered sexual activity within approximately 1 minute following vaginal penetration and before the individual wishes it.

Sypmtoms may include: Excessive thoughts, feelings, or behaviors related to the somatic symptoms or associated health concerns as manifested by at least one of the following: Disproportionate and persistent thoughts about the seriousness of one’s symptoms; Persistently high level of anxiety about health or symptoms; Excessive time and energy devoted to these symptoms or health concerns.

Sypmtoms may include: Depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day, as indicated by either subjective report or observation made by others, markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all, or almost all, activities most of the day, nearly every day Significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain, or decrease or increase in appetite nearly every day; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; Psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day ; Fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; Feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt (which may be delusional) nearly every day (not merely self-reproach or guilt about being sick); Diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day (either by subjective account or as observed by others); Recurrent thoughts of death (not just fear of dying), recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt or a specific plan for committing suicide.

Sypmtoms may include: Poor appetite or overeating; Insomnia or hypersomnia; Low energy or fatigue; Low self-esteem; Poor concentration or di�iculty making decisions; Feelings of hopelessness.

Sypmtoms may include: The essential feature of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is the development of characteristic symptoms following exposure to one or more traumatic events; the individual has recurrent, involuntary, and intrusive recollections of the event; A common reexperiencing symptom is distressing dreams that replay the event itself or that are representative or thematically related to the major threats involved in the traumatic event; ntense psychological distress or physiological reactivity o�en occurs when the individual is exposed to triggering events that resemble or symbolize an aspect of the traumatic event; A persistent negative mood state either began or worsened a�er exposure to the event; markedly diminished interest or participation in previously enjoyed activities, feeling detached or estranged from other people , or a persistent inability to feel positive emotions; heightened sensitivity to potential threats, including those that are related to the traumatic experience; concentration di�iculties; Problems with sleep onset and maintenance; quick temper and may even engage in aggressive verbal and/or physical behavior with little or no provocation

Sypmtoms may include: Preoccupation with having or acquiring a serious illness; There is a high level of anxiety about health, and the individual is easily alarmed about personal health status; The individual performs excessive health-related behaviors (e.g., repeatedly checks his or her body for signs of illness) or exhibits maladaptive avoidance (e.g., avoids doctor appointments and hospitals).

Sypmtoms may include: This disorder may be distinguished from dissociative identity disorder by the absence of an identity disruption characterized by two or more distinct personality states or an experience of possession. Dissociative amnesia in conversion disorder is more limited and circumscribed (e.g., amnesia for a non-epileptic seizure).

Sypmtoms not given

Sypmtoms may include: Repetitive behaviors; The behaviors or mental acts are aimed at preventing or reducing anxiety or distress, or preventing some dreaded event or situation; Recurrent and persistent thoughts, urges, or images that are experienced, at some time during the disturbance, as intrusive and unwanted, and that in most individuals cause marked anxiety or distress; The individual attempts to ignore or suppress such thoughts, urges, or images, or to neutralize them with some other thought or action

Sypmtoms may include: concern that the person emits an o�ensive body odor.

Sypmtoms may include: Ideation, of less than delusional proportions, involving suspiciousness or the belief that one is being harassed, persecuted, or unfairly treated; Delusions; Hallucinations; Disorganized speech; Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior; Negative symptoms.

Sypmtoms may include: This subtype applies when the central theme of the delusion involves the individual’s belief that he or she is being conspired against, cheated, spied on, followed, poisoned or drugged, maliciously maligned, harassed, or obstructed in the pursuit of long-term goals.

Sypmtoms may include: The essential feature of delusional disorder is the presence of one or more delusions.

Sypmtoms may include: marked fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation (e.g., flying, heights, animals, receiving an injection, seeing blood).

Sypmtoms not given

Sypmtoms/Experiences may include: Marked fear or anxiety about/of the following five situations: Using public transportation, being in open spaces, being in enclosed places, standing in line or being in a crowd, being outside of the home alone.

Sypmtoms may include: Restlessness or feeling keyed up or on edge, being easily fatigued, di�iculty concentrating or mind going blank, irritability, muscle tension, sleep disturbance.

Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders

Somatic Symptom Disorder (F45.1)

Illness Anxiety Disorder (F45.21)

Conversion disorder (F44.4 - F44.7)

Sypmtoms not given

Sypmtoms may include: Verbal aggression (e.g., temper tantrums, tirades, verbal arguments or fights) or physical aggression toward property, animals, or other individuals

Sypmtoms may include: Marked di�iculty accepting the death; Experiencing disbelief or emotional numbness over the loss; Di�iculty with positive reminiscing about the deceased; Bitterness or anger related to the loss; Maladaptive appraisals about oneself in relation to the deceased or the death (e.g., self-blame); Excessive avoidance of reminders of the loss (e.g., avoidance of individuals, places, or situations associated with the deceased; in children, this may include avoidance of thoughts and feelings regarding the deceased); A desire to die in order to be with the deceased; Di�iculty trusting other individuals since the deathl Feeling alone or detached from other individuals since the death; Feeling that life is meaningless or empty without the deceased, or the belief that one cannot function without the deceased; Confusion about one’s role in life, or a diminished sense of one’s identity (e.g., feeling that a part of oneself died with the deceased); Di�iculty or reluctance to pursue interests since the loss or to plan for the future (e.g., friendships, activities).

Sypmtoms not given