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    CHAPTER1

    1. INTRODUCTION

    There is a growing desire for being connected to any device, anytime, and

    anywhere, which is causing an increasing demand for gaining access to the radio spectrum.

    However, the spectrum resources being limited, to enable bandwidth-hungry services and

    applications, future broadband access systems need to combine optical and wireless access

    technologies in an effective way so as to benefit from their strengths, avoid their

    shortcomings, and deliver the best of both worlds to the mobile users. This purpose is full

    filled by fiber based wireless access system

    1.1. FIBER BASED WIRELESS ACCESS SYSTEM

    Fiber based wireless access systems support high-speed multimedia in real-time by

    combining the capacity of optical fiber with the flexibility of wireless networks. As its name

    suggests it is a means of getting access to any kind of information anytime, anywhere in

    fraction of seconds developed from two complementary technologies wireless and fiber. By

    seamlessly converging optical and wireless access technologies, fiber based wireless access

    system hold great promise to support a plethora of future and emerging broadband services

    and applications on the same infrastructure. These systems increase capacity, Quality of

    Service and support wideband multimedia services and have the possibility of utilizing

    existing fiber infrastructure. They aim at combining the huge amount of available bandwidth

    of optical networks and the ubiquity and mobility of wireless access systems with the

    objective to reduce their cost and complexity.With the ultimate goal of providing access to

    information when needed, wherever needed, and in whatever format it is needed, the vision

    of technological convergence of wireless and optical networks has only becoming a necessity

    but also plays a key role in future communications networks. They can be implemented usingdifferent architectures.Functions such as modulation/demodulation, up/down-converting, and

    data multiplexing, can be performed at a central office serving several wireless access points,

    which in turn reduces operational costs, increases flexibility, and facilitates network

    scalability. Furthermore, radio resources can be allocated dynamically to wireless sites where

    they are mostly needed, thus making better usage of the available radio resources, and

    simplifying mobility handling.

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    The consolidation of Rof and high-speed baseband signals transport over a common optical

    infrastructure is foreseen to pave the way for a seamless broadband experience for the end-

    users.

    1.2. ACCESS SYSTEMS

    Access system is defined as a means by which one may input or output data from information

    source and get the required bit of information. There are two main types of access

    technologies: wired and wireless. Wired technology are those which require physical

    connection to your phone or cable company's central office. Typically, coverage of these

    wired technologies are limited to the area in which they are already present, or only within

    their area of coverage. Wired broadband technologies are also comparatively difficult to

    maintain. Network problems are more difficult to isolate because of the different hops and

    central offices your data passes through. Wireless technology, on the other hand, is not

    hampered by the limitations of cables or of digging trenches to access your area therefore

    making it possible to extend its service nationwide.

    1.3. WIRELESS ACCESS SYSTEMS

    Wireless access systems provide multimedia services as well as voice services. This system

    concept considers the latest trends in technologies and user demand. Wireless systems aim

    at meeting specific service requirements while coping with particular transmission

    impairments and optimizing the utilization of the system resources to ensure cost-

    effectiveness and satisfaction for the end user. Wireless access systems potentially go almost

    everywhere, but provide a highly bandwidth constrained transmission channel susceptible to

    a variety of impairments.Since wireless access systems are resource limited, it is important

    that the network be efficiently managed so as to maximize its resource utilization while

    maintaining the Quality of Service required by various users and traffic types; objectives that

    raise significant challenges in providing feasible and effective deployment and operation of

    these networks. The adverse effects of the wireless propagation environment on environment

    include the increasing demands for busty traffic, the variability in terms of services and

    applications, and the scarce radio resources. Moreover, emerging applications impose greater

    resource-sharing and dynamism demands.

    1.4.MERGING OF FIBER AND WIRELESS ACCESS SYSTEMS

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    Ultimate goal of internet and communication network in general is to provide access

    to information when we need it, where we need it and in whatever format we need it in.to

    achieve this goal, wireless and optical technologies play a key role. Traditionally wireless

    and optical fiber systems have been designed separately from each other. Wireless

    systems aimed at meeting specific service requirements while coping with particular

    transmission impairments and optimizing the utilization of the system resources to ensure

    cost-effectiveness and satisfaction for the end user. In optical systems, on the other hand,

    research efforts rather focused on cost reduction, simplicity, and future-proof ness against

    legacy and emerging services and applications by means of optical transparency. With the

    ultimate goal of providing access to information when needed, wherever needed, and in

    whatever format it is needed, the vision of technological convergence of wireless and optical

    systems had not only becoming a necessity but also played a key role in future

    communications networks.[4].Indeed, optical fiber does not go everywhere, but where it does

    go, it provides a huge amount of available bandwidth. Wireless access systems, on the other

    hand, potentially go almost everywhere, but provide a highly bandwidth constrained

    transmission channel susceptible to a variety of impairments. But prohibitive cost of

    supplying optical fiber to all end users premises as well as the spectrum limitation of wireless

    access systems fiber based wireless access system seems to be more attractive than by relying

    on either standalone. Clearly, as providers need to satisfy users with continuously-increasing

    bandwidth demands, future access systems must leverage on both technologies and converge

    them seamlessly, giving rise to fiber based wireless access systems. Thus by seamlessly

    converging optical and wireless access technologies, fiber based wireless access system hold

    great promise to support a plethora of future and emerging broadband services and

    applications on the same infrastructure.

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    Fig1.representation of fiber based wireless access system

    Through merging of fiber and wireless access system

    CHAPTER 2

    2. LITERATURE SURVEY

    2.1. HISTORY

    Wireless access systems were discovered back in 1980s.The initial wireless access systems

    were FWA (fixed wireless access systems) the scale of their installations was relatively

    small. Then NWA (Nomadic Wireless Access) systems were used. They used 11-Mbps spot

    access in airports, train stations, hotel lobbies, and other public places using 2.4-GHz

    wireless LAN technology (conforming to IEEE802.11b).Then came mobile wireless access

    (MWA) systems that could be accessed from moving vehicles. These Systems aimed at

    higher transfer speeds (20 Mbps).Advantage of wireless service was that network access

    could be provided to existing buildings without the need to wire them with optical fiber.

    On the other hand, the scarcity of spectrum resources made it impossible to rely entirely on

    wireless for access lines. As a general, higher frequencies mean more bandwidth and faster

    Transmission, but also limit communications to line-of- sight (LOS),due to the slight

    propagation characteristics of high-frequency waves. It therefore became important to

    choose the frequency based on the type of service targeted, and to be able to configure

    optical + wireless hybrid systems that combine the wireless advantages with the wide

    bandwidth of optical fiber communications and this gave rise to fiber based wireless access

    system.

    2.2. TRENDS IN ACCESS TECHNOLOGIES

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    Fig.2.2various access technologies available

    2.2.1. Wired Access Systems

    They are widely deployed and able to provide both high data rates and high reliability. These

    features are of strong importance for many advanced applications. The popularity of these

    access systems stems from the fact that they are easy to install, highly reliable, provide high

    speed access and improved quality of service. There are majority of broadband access

    subscribers have a wired access over telephone lines, in most cases a version of digital

    subscriber line (DSL) are used. Another widely deployed wired access technology is the

    hybrid fiber coax (HFC) solution that uses fiber running from the central office of a network

    provider to a remote node (RN) and coaxial cable from the node to subscribers. An adequate

    converter in the RN adapts the signal from one to the other transmission medium. HFC

    systems reuse the widely deployed Cable TV (CATV) network infrastructure. Both these

    access systems employ copper wires for transmission which have their own losses such as

    low carrying capacity and complexity.So for better carrying capacity and higher bandwidth

    fiber access systems are employed.

    Optical fiber provides an unprecedented bandwidth potential that is far in excess of

    the wireless and any other known transmission medium. A single strand of fiber offers a total

    bandwidth of 25000 GHz. To put this potential into perspective, it is worthwhile noting that

    the total bandwidth of radio on the planet Earth is not more than 25 GHz [10]. More

    importantly, optical networks lend themselves well to offloading electronic equipments by

    means of optical bypassing as well as reducing their complexity, footprint, and power

    consumption significantly while providing optical transparency to modulation format, bitrate, and protocol.They majorly include PON(passive optical networks),AON(active optical

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    networks) and P2P.But optical access systems are costly and more power consuming because

    of use of fiber.

    Fig.2.2.1.Wired access technologies.

    2.2.2.Wireless Access TechnologiesWhile the wireless world is embracing different high-speed communications systems

    with different radio access technologies (RAT) and complementary capabilities, such as 3G

    cellular, WPANs, and WLANs, research is forging ahead to future communications systems

    and networking architectures capable of providing ubiquitous packet-based connectivity for a

    plethora of applications and services, with low-cost and low-power computing devices and

    high security, e.g., triple play, video on demand, P2P audio/video file sharing and streaming,

    multichannel HDTV, multimedia/multiparty on-line gaming, and telecommuting. To

    accommodate the rapidly growing demand for multimedia services and extend the Internet

    success to mobile Internet, future broadband wireless access systems are expected to provide

    data rates up to 100 Mb/s with wide-area coverage and up to 1Gb/s with local area coverage,

    and to be flexible enough to accommodate a wide range of transmission rates and different

    degrees of traffic burstiness. Since wireless communications systems are resource limited, it

    is important that the network be efficiently managed so as to maximize its resource utilizationwhile maintaining the QoS required by various users and traffic types; objectives that raise

    significant challenges in providing feasible and effective deployment and operation of these

    networks. They also include WiFi and Wimax. Wi-Fi suggests Wireless Fidelity the name of

    a popularwireless networking technology that uses radio waves to provide wireless high

    speed Internet and networkconnections. Another technology commonly used is

    WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a communication technology

    for wirelessly delivering high-speed Internet service to large geographical areas. The adverse

    effects of the wireless propagation environment on environment include the increasing

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    demands for busty traffic, the variability in terms of services and applications, and the scarce

    radio resources. Moreover, emerging applications impose greater resource-sharing and

    dynamism demands.

    Fig2.2.2.trends in wireless access system

    2.2.3. Radio Over Fiber Access System

    Radio over Fiber (RoF) refers to a technology whereby light is modulated by a radio signal

    and transmitted over an optical fiber link to facilitate wireless access. Although radio

    transmission over fiber is used for multiple purposes, such as in cable television (CATV)

    networks and in satellite base stations, the term RoF is usually applied when this is done for

    wireless access. In RoF systems, wireless signals are transported in optical form between a

    central station and a set of base stations before being radiated through the air. Each basestation is adapted to communicate over a radio link with at least one user's mobile station

    located within the radio range of said base station.

    RoF transmission systems are usually classified into two main categories (RF-over-Fiber ;

    IF-over-Fiber) depending on the frequency range of the radio signal to be transported. a) In

    RF-over-Fiber architecture, a data-carrying RF (Radio Frequency) signal with a high

    frequency (usually greater than 10 GHz) is imposed on a light wave signal before being

    transported over the optical link. Therefore, wireless signals are optically distributed to base

    stations directly at high frequencies and converted to from optical to electrical domain at the

    base stations before being amplified and radiated by an antenna. As a result, no frequency

    up/down conversion is required at the various base station, thereby resulting in simple and

    rather cost-effective implementation is enabled at the base stations.

    b) In IF-over-Fiber architecture, an IF (Intermediate Frequency) radio signal with a lower

    frequency (less than 10 GHz) is used for modulating light before being transported over the

    optical link. Therefore, wireless signals are transported at intermediate frequency over the

    optical

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    Fig.2.2.3. Radio Over Fiber Access System

    2.2.4. WIPAS (Wireless IP access system)

    WIPAS is an innovative wireless access system, easy to manage and with minimal

    maintenance, offering an ideal solution to connectivity problems that require high speed

    transmission in places with difficult access and at low cost.This technology can work with

    two topologies to deploy the links: point-multipoint (P-MP) considering an access point (AP)

    and up-to 239 wireless terminals (WT).point-to-point (P-P) made of two WT. Both

    configurations offer high speed data transmission, reaching 46 Mbps for P-MP and 64 Mbps

    for P-P. In addition, it has adaptive modulation schemes that adjust to environmental

    conditions, reducing the probability to loose connectivity, making it a very reliable system.

    WIPAS works at a frequency of 26GHz far in this term from any other wireless data

    communication system and therefore having almost no impact in terms of interference.

    This feature brings a high quality and secure communication. Finally, the communication

    devices are compact and lightweight; they can be installed in any facility, proving to work

    continuously under heavy duty. It employs fiber based wireless access system and radio overfiber technology thus this can be considered as the most recent development in the wireless

    access systems

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    Fig.2.2.4.wireless IP access system in comparison with WiFi

    CHAPTER 3

    3.NEED OF FIBER BASED WIRELESS ACCESS SYSTEM

    Wireless access systems and fiber access systems were in their own way sufficient for

    meeting the needs of an people for speedy and reliable access. But both these characteristics

    were achieved at the cost of reduced bandwidth and increased complexity. Wireless access

    systems could not provide larger carrying capacity whereas fiber access systems architecture

    got more complex with increased number of users and even the cost of construction and

    power consumption increased.so there was a growing need for technology which could for

    the disadvantages of both the technologies as well as include assets of both these

    complimentary technologies which gave rise to development of a technology which could

    provide the users with best of both worlds i.e. fiber based wireless access system. Thus

    Though each of these systems have their own pros and cons still fiber based wireless access

    system outcasts most of them with the improved quality of service (QoS) on account of use of

    wireless system and enable wideband services because of employment of optic fibers in the

    access system. Optical fiber based wireless access schemes receive renewed attention with

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    the popularity of hot-spots. Although existing hot-spots are typically supported by Wi-Fi

    access, a similar architecture is often useful to provide cellular services [1]. These optical

    fiber based micro cells not only increase the capacity, but also improve the quality of service

    (QoS) and enable wideband services. This approach is often useful in crowded areas such as

    supermarkets, airport concourses and subway stations where the macro-cellular architecture

    is inadequate. Furthermore the ability to use existing dark fiber for radio over-fiber solutions

    will significantly reduce the deployment cost and time. Note that, most of the modern cities

    have extensive fiber infrastructure and often there is additional dark fiber in the same conduit

    that can be used for this purpose.There is an increasing demand from broadband

    telecommunication end-users to have instant access to high-capacity information services,

    whether from a fixed or a mobile terminal. Recently fiber based wireless technology has

    attracted more and more attention to provide wireless connectivity due to its advantages of

    low-transmission loss and high bandwidth of optical fibers

    CHAPTER 4

    4.WORKING OF FIBER BASED WIRELESS ACCESS SYSTEM

    4.1.TWO MAJOR WAYS OF REALISING FIBER BASED WIRELESS ACCESS

    SYSTEM

    4.1.1.Use Of Most Cell Station

    The basic configuration of such systems is shown in Fig. 1. They use optical fiber between

    the access control equipment (ACE) and RAPs. Since the modulators and demodulators

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    Fig4.4.1.basic figure of fiber based wireless access system

    (MODEMs) and controllers for each microcell are centrally housed in the ACE, each RAP

    consists of only a transmitter (TX), receiver (RX), electric-to-optic converter (E/O) and optic-

    to-electric converter (O/E). This reduces RAP size and complexity. Other advantages include

    higher transmission capacity, easier system deployment, and effective MODEM use.

    4.4.2.Use of hot spots and wireless access points

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    Fig4.4.2.Design of fiber based wireless access system using wireless access point

    This type majorly uses wireless hotspots technique just as in case of wifi realisation.

    Optical fiber based wireless access schemes receive renewed attention with the popularity of

    hot-spots. Although existing hot-spots are typically supported by Wi-Fi access, a similar

    architecture is often useful to provide cellular services [1]. These optical fiber based micro

    cells not only increase the capacity, but also improve the quality of service (QoS) and enable

    wideband services. This approach is often useful in crowded areas such as supermarkets,

    airport concourses and subway stations where the macro-cellular architecture is inadequate.

    Furthermore the ability to use existing dark fiber for radio over-fiber solutions will

    significantly reduce the deployment cost and time. Note that, most of the modern cities have

    extensive fiber infrastructure and often there is additional dark fiber in the same conduit that

    can be used for this purpose

    4.2MOSTcell station

    The concept behind the fiber-oriented wireless system, called "MOST", is shown in Fig. 2.

    Many MOST-cell stations (M-CSs) are connected to the access control station (ACS) by

    optical fibers. The CS in each cell houses a radio transmitter and receiver (TX/RX) including

    frequency converters, a supervisory control, electric-to-optic converters (E/ 0), and optic-to-

    electric converters (O B). The ACS is fabricated using modulators / demodulators

    (MODEM), time division multiple access (TDMA) circuits, operation software (CONT),

    supervisory control, network interface (INT), E/O, and O B

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    l

    Fig.4.2.basic structure of MOST

    . A small optical interface (O B and E/O) is key to achieving a compact commercial CS,

    how- ever, such an interface has not yet to be developed. A wide dynamic range is another

    important point that must be provided for radio system applications. Both low noise and

    linearity are required for this optical interface.

    4.3. Subcarrier multiplexing in fiber based wireless access system

    The subcarrier multiplexing (SCM) technique has many advantages for wireless

    systems applications, especially in cellular and microcell systems. This technique features

    direct RF/IF signal transmission over an optical fiber. The flexibility of the wireless systems

    is significantly enhanced enabling construction of a simple cell station (CS) located in each

    cell to be achieved. The broadband characteristic of an optical fiber encourages High bit rate

    communication, e.g., data and video transmission. Applying the SCM technique is the way to

    enhance future personal multimedia communications.

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    4.4. SEFA and SSM Technology

    Since the technology involves fiber structure Signal to noise ratio play an important role

    in case of fiber based wireless access systems. There are two signal to noise ratios involved,

    the optical SNR (OSNR) and the electrical SNR. These two form the cumulative SNR in the

    concatenated fiber-wireless channel. The OSNR is a function of the modulation index m,

    E/O, O/E conversion losses and, the fiber length. Shot, RIN and thermal noises terms are

    involved in the OSNR. The OSNR should be greater than the expected SNR at the cell

    boundary for a reasonable link design. So in order to improve the overall performance signal

    extraction frequency is used Signal extraction and frequency arrangement (SEFA) technology

    is proposed in the trial system to improve the input dynamic range. In this technique, each

    desired received signal is extracted by tuning in an M-CS, and then the frequency of each

    extracted signal is converted for avoiding IM3. The frequency converted signals modulate the

    LD. Since LD non-linearity can be ignored, SEFA can increase the optical modulation index

    proportional to the electrical input power into LD. Of course, each extracted signal power

    level can be adjusted by AGC or a limiter. That is to say, this improves the SNR. On the other

    hand, conventional simple transmission cannot increase the optical modulation index, since

    LD nonlinearity must be taken into account.Signal extraction with frequency arrangement

    (SEFA) was proposed to prevent the optical modulation index from restricting performance.

    This leads to large optical modulation index and large receiver gain .It was confirmed by

    simulation that the SEFA provides great improvements in DUR. In SEFA, larger DUR

    improvement was obtained with worse conditions in the optical feeder. A 5-dB improvement

    was obtained using a DFB-LD (which provides good conditions). Even using an FP-LD,

    which provides poor conditions in an optical feeder and which has not been investigated well

    as an E/O device because of its undesirable characteristics, we obtained about 11 dB of DUR

    improvement.

    The superimposed subcarrier modulation (SSM) is amethod for reducing the

    reflection noise induced by fiber connectors. For optimizing the input power and frequency of

    the superimposed subcarrier, RIN and IM3 performance was measured under single-mode

    and reflective-fiber conditions.SSM was confirmed experimentally to be effective for

    reducing the reflection noise. The input power of the superimposed subcarrier corresponded

    to an index value of less than 0.6 of the total optical modulation index including desired

    signals. A RIN improvement of about 11 dB was obtained when fc=1GHz and pc=5 dBm.

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    Combining SSM and SEFA, a larger improvement in DUR is obtained under worse

    optical conditions, such as using FP-LDs may find application in wireless systems using

    subcarrier optical transmission.

    4.5. Signal Processing for Optical Fiber based Wireless Access

    Wireless communications has entered a new phase. The focus is shifting from

    voice to multimedia services, which need wideband radio links. Furthermore, new wireless

    subscribers are signing up at an increasing rate demanding more capacity. Micro and pico

    cellular architecture is an attractive solution for both of these issues because; it increases the

    frequency reuse and enables wideband access. In this micro/pico cell scenario, low power

    radio access points (RAPs) should provide wireless access instead of conventional base

    stations for cost considerations. These radio access points should be robust and have low

    complexity and connected to the central base station via radio-over-fiber (ROF) 1 links [1].

    Figure 1 (left) shows such architecture and Figure 1 (right) gives a closer look at the

    downlink. The focus of this work is to investigate various signal processing strategies to

    provide a cost-effective, high performance solution for high-speed fiber based wireless

    access. We have been investigating signal-processing strategies to improve the performance

    of fiber based wireless access schemes cost-effectively.

    Several observations can be made from Figure 1. First, the signal at the radio access

    point (RAP) is either at optical frequencies or at radio frequencies, but not at baseband

    frequencies. Therefore, baseband signal processing cannot be (cost-effectively) done at the

    RAP 2.

    Figure4.5. Architectural and functional schematics of the fiber based wireless access scheme

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    Therefore, the (baseband) compensation should preferably be done at the portable

    unit or at the central base station rather than at the RAP. Note that in both of these cases, the

    optical fiber channel that is concatenated with the wireless channel should be handled jointly.

    This is a challenging task because of the time varying dynamic nature of the multipath

    wireless channel and nonlinear characteristics of the optical channel. Furthermore, the uplink

    and downlink have different channel combinations in this scenario and require separate

    solutions. Secondly, it is desirable not to modify the portable units because of the ROF link.

    In other words, the portable unit should not be aware of the existence of the ROF link. This

    deliberation makes seamless roaming between fiber-based and conventional wireless systems

    possible and, reduces the cost of portable units. Thirdly, since one central base station

    supports several radio access points and a large number of portable units, the cost of the

    central base station is shared among many users. Therefore, by performing most of the signal

    processing centrally rather than at portable units, or by asymmetric distribution of the

    complexity, the overall system cost is reduced. In addition to the nonlinear distortion,

    multipath dispersion of the wireless link is also a major factor that limits the system

    performance.

    The fiber-wireless uplink consists of a linear dynamic system (the wireless channel) followed

    by a static nonlinear system (the ROF link). Therefore, it can be modelled as a Wiener systemfor Gaussian inputs. However, due to the practical difficulties in generating Gaussian inputs,

    different approaches have been proposed. Pseudo noise (PN) sequences have white noise like

    properties and, easy to generate and analyse. Their correlation properties are well understood.

    Besides, maximal length PN sequences are widely used in spread spectrum communications.

    Therefore, using PN sequence for channel estimation is very attractive in wireless

    communications. The fiber-wireless channel has the following properties:

    1. The wireless channel varies relatively fast. Therefore, the compensation should follow it in

    real time.

    2. The nonlinearity comes from the laser diode and from the RF amplifier. Hence, it is almost

    stationary. That means the nonlinear compensation needs to be updated only occasionally.

    3. When multiple users are supported by this fiber based wireless access scheme, each user

    has a different wireless channel. But all of them will share the same ROF channel.

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    CHAPTER 5

    5. APPLICATIONS OF FIBER BASED WIRELESS ACCESS SYSTEM

    Fiber based wireless access system is majorly employed in fields where we require speed as

    well as large bandwidth. The major applications of fiber based wireless access systems may

    be given as follows:

    1. Broadband communication and access

    2. FFTA

    3.Telepresentations

    5.1. Broadband communication and access

    They can be employed for broadband mobile communications because of improve the

    quality of service (QoS) and enabled wideband services. Optical broadband access

    technologies providing high-speed optical connections to the end users, will play an essential

    role in alleviating the last mile bottleneck for next generation access networks. With the cost-

    reduction in optoelectronic technologies for the past few years, it becomes apparent that

    optics will move deeper and deeper into the networks to provide the much-needed bandwidth.

    Compared to the traditional connections via copper, optical systems can certainly offer at

    least 10 to 100 times more bandwidth over a much larger coverage area, hence having the

    potential to sign up a sufficient number of customers to support the upgrade efforts. The

    point-to-multi-point topology further enables flexible deployment toward reaching a large

    number of end points. Optical wireless technology can be a complementary solution to the

    fiber-based access networks. The principle of optical wireless technology is to use laser

    beams to transmit high-speed (mega-gigabit per second) data via point-to-point or meshtopologies through the air2. This is an attractive candidate to provide last-mile connections

    (up to 5 km) where the buildings are close to the fiber-optic infrastructure but not directly

    connected with fibers. The transmitting and receiving unit is a telescope with an incorporated

    optical transceiver, thus allowing bi-directional transmission. Most vendors employ laser

    beams at 780-920nm range to achieve lower cost while some others use 1550- nm lasers to

    achieve better eye-safe operation. No FCC license is required for transmission at such optical

    frequencies. As a line-of-sight technology, optical wireless systems are vulnerable to several

    environmental factors, including bad weather, poor atmospheric visibility, building sway,

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    scintillation, etc. However, these can be resolved by systems with built-in intelligence such

    as automatic tracking and alignment, etc. To obtain even better reliability, unlicensed

    frequency radio systems can be used to back up the optical wireless systems when the

    weather condition is poor.

    5.2. FFTA (Fiber To The Antenna)

    By using an optical connection directly to the antenna, the equipment vendor can gain several

    advantages like low line losses, immunity to lightning strikes/electric discharges and reduced

    complexity of base station by attaching light weight Optical-to-Electrical (O/E) converter

    directly to antenna

    5.3. Telepresentation

    Telepresentation refers to substituting the step of transportation of a person to a destination

    where his presence is necessitated solely for the purpose of exchange of information by

    telepresence or videoconferencing or video telephony in order to minimize the anticipated

    future traffic gridlocks which mandate that the burdens on the transportation infrastructure be

    reduced to a fifth or at a minimum to a third of the current volumes. Term telepresence refers

    to a set of technologies that allow a person to feel as if present, to give the appearance that a

    person is present, without actually being there thus to have an effect, via telerobotics, at a

    place other than their true location of the person. Telepresence requires that the users' senses

    be provided with such stimuli as to give the feeling of being in that other location.

    Additionally, users may be given the ability to affect the remote location. In this case, the

    user's position, movements, actions, voice, etc. may be sensed, transmitted and duplicated in

    the remote location to bring about this effect. Therefore information can travel in both

    directions between the user and the remote location. A popular application is found in

    telepresence videoconferencing, a higher level of video telephony which deploys greater

    technical sophistication and improved fidelity of both video and audio than in traditional

    videoconferencing.

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    CHAPTER 6

    ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

    6.1.ADVANTAGES:

    6.1.1. Improved the quality of service (QoS) and immunity to low line losses

    This technology combines the assets of two of the leading technologies and covers up

    their shortcomings thus providing improved quality of service.

    It provides immunity to low line losses such as lightning strikes/electric discharge

    6.1.2. Large Bandwidth

    Optical fiber provides an unprecedented bandwidth that is far in excess than any other

    known transmission medium and offers significantly longer ranges without requiring any

    active devices. Optical fibres offer enormous bandwidth. The enormous bandwidth offered by

    optical fibers has other benefits apart from the high capacity for transmitting microwave

    signals. The high optical bandwidth enable high speed signal processing that may be more

    difficult or impossible to do in electronic systems

    6.1.3. Economical and high speed system

    Fiber based wireless access system aim at combining the huge amount of available

    bandwidth of optical networks and the ubiquity and mobility of wireless access networks

    with the objective to reduce their cost and complexity

    6.1.4. Low Maintenance

    Optical fiber has some further advantageous properties such as longevity and lowmaintenance which will eventually render fiber the medium of in wired first/last mile access

    networks in most of todays green field

    6.1.5. Flexibility

    Since optical fibers are used in fiber based wireless access systems hence the system can

    reach to any remote location thus providing a better flexibility. Thus flexibility is one of the

    most prominent advantages of fiber based wireless system.

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    6.1.6. Transparency

    Fiber based wireless access system provide transparency against data rate and signal

    format, which eased carriers worldwide into deploying future-proof passive optical network

    (PON) outside plants that can be flexibly upgraded as new technologies mature or new

    standards evolve and meet the requirements of future

    6.2.DISADVANTAGES

    6.2.1. Noise and losses in the signals

    The single mode fiber has enough bandwidth to support radio-over-fiber transmission

    up to several GHz. However, the RF power that can be transmitted over fiber is very limited.

    Typically 40 dB signal loss occurs just due to E/O and O/E conversion only. Half of this loss

    is contributed to impedance mismatch between the 50 ohm RF system and the low impedance

    laser diode at the E/O converter and, the high impedance photo diode and the 50 ohm output

    at the O/E converter. Reactive matching techniques decrease these losses at the expense of

    bandwidth. In addition, due to square law detection, any loss in the optical domain appears

    twice in the electrical domain in log scale. These factors make the received signal at the end

    of the radio over fiber (ROF) link weak at which point optical noise is added to the signal.

    This noisy signal is then amplified and radiated to the air where it is further attenuated and

    polluted with noise. The challenge is to recover the original information at the portable unit to

    provide adequate QoS.

    The overall signal to noise ratio is a function of various noise mechanisms of the ROF

    link, mainly the shot, thermal and relative intensity noise (RIN) and the wireless channel

    noise. Of these noise mechanisms, shot noise is a function of the mean optical power while

    the RIN is a function of the square of the optical power. The RIN dynamically increases with

    the power of the modulating RF signal. In addition to the above are the wireless channel

    additive noise and thermal noise that are signal independent. Furthermore, the higher the

    radio signal bandwidth, the higher the noise power collected at the ROF link.

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    Fig.6.2.1 block diagram of losses and added noise

    6.2.2. Expensive

    Since this system employs optical fiber hence it is more expensive as compared to

    other wireless access systems though it is less costlier as compared to fiber access systems.

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    CHAPTER 7

    7.CONCLUSION

    Fiber based wireless access systems support high-speed multimedia in real-time by

    combining the capacity of optical fiber with the flexibility of wireless networks

    The integration of optical and wireless systems is considered to be one of the most promising

    solutions for increasing the existing capacity and mobility as well as decreasing the costs in

    next-generation optical access systems.

    By seamlessly converging optical and wireless access technologies, fiber based wireless

    access systems hold great promise to support a plethora of future and emerging broadband

    services and applications on the same infrastructure

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    CHAPTER 8

    REFERENCES

    [1]On the design of optical fiberbased wireless accesss Systems Fernando, X.N.;

    Anpalagan, A Publication Year: 2004 , Page(s): 3550 - 3555 Vol.6

    [2] X. Yu, T. B. Gibbon, I. T. Monroy, Converged wireless and wireline access system

    based on optical phase modulation for both radio-over-fiber and baseband signals, IEEE

    Photon. Technol. Lett., to be published

    [3] H. Ohtsuka, R. Ohmoto, T. Shimizu, and H. Arai, Fiber-optic wireless

    access systems, in Proc. MWE95, 1995, pp. 424429.

    [4] K. Araki and H. Ohtsuka, Fiber-oriented wireless systems for intelligent

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