final exam review unit 3- ecology. environment every living and nonliving thing that surrounds an...
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Final Exam Review
Unit 3- Ecology
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Environment
Every living and nonliving thing that surrounds an organism
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Biotic Factors
• Living Factors• ex: plants, prey, predators,
bacteria, fungus
Abiotic Factors
• Nonliving Factors• ex: water, temperature,
sunlight, soil,
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Population
A group of one species living in an area
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CommunityAll of the different populations living in an area
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EcosystemAll of the living and nonliving things and how
they interact in an area
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BiomeGroup of ecosystems that have the same climate
and community
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Habitat
Where an organism lives
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Trophic Levels
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AutotrophsOrganisms that produce
their own food for energy, photosynthesis
Ex: Producers: make their own food, through the process of photosynthesis, ex: plants, algae
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HeterotrophsOrganisms that cannot produce their own food
for energy
Consumers: Organisms that eat/consume other organisms• Herbivore• Carnivore• Omnivore• Scavenger• Decomposer
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Herbivoreeats plants, primary consumers, ex: deer, cow
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Carnivoreeats meat/other consumers, ex: lion, tiger
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Omnivore
eats both plants and animals, ex: humans, raccoons, bears
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Scavengereats dead animals, ex: vultures
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Decomposer
breaks down dead matter and recycles the nutrients back to the soil, ex: fungus, bacteria
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Food Chainshows the flow of energy in an ecosystem,
simple
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Food Web• many food
chains interconnected
• complex
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Ecological Pyramids• Energy• Biomass• Numbers• decreases as you
move up the pyramid,
• producers are always the largest and on the bottom.
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Biological Magnification
• The concentration of a toxin increases as is moves through the food chain, highest concentrations at the top of the food chain, ex:
• DDT in bald eagles
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BiodiversityThe number of different species in an area, more
biodiversity=more stable
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Niche
an organisms role/job in its environment, two species cannot occupy the same niche
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Competitive Exclusion
When two organisms try to occupy the
same niche, they will compete. One will
stay in that niche and the other will either
die or have to occupy a different niche
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The niche a species can ideally have, can be larger than the realized niche
Realized NicheThe niche a species actually occupies, can be smaller than the fundamental niche
Fundamental Niche
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Niche Diversitythe number of different niches in an ecosystem due to abiotic factors• fluctuating abiotic factors many niches (desert)• constant abiotic factors=few niches (marsh)
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Evolution
a slow gradual change in a species over time
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Adaptation
A trait that an organism has that allows it to survive in a changing environment
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Specialized species
• A species with a small niche, only one food source.
• Ex: koala bear and panda bear
Generalized species
• A species with a large niche, many food sources.
• Ex: mice, roaches
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Convergent evolution
two species evolve separately to have similar traits because they have similar niches.
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Coevolution
• When two species evolve to rely on each other for survival, mutualism
• ex: acacia tree and stinging ants
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Predator-Prey
predator- the hunterprey-the hunted
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Parasitismone organisms feeds off of another organism for survival, one species benefits, the other is harmed. Ex: tapeworm, malaria, ringworm– Host: The organism the parasite is feeding off of
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Mutualism• two species rely on each other for survival,
both benefit• ex: Egyptian Plover and Nile Croccodile
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CommensalismOne species benefits, the other isn’t harmed or
helped, ex: barnacles on a whale
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Invasive SpeciesA non-native species that
causes harm to the environment
• Why are they dangerous? – They outcompete with
native species for essential resources
• How do they get here? – Accidental (in wood), boats
(mass transportation), intentional release (pets that get too big), tropical plants for garden
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Endangered SpeciesA species that is close to extinction
Main reason for species endangerment? • Habitat destruction