final exam review: graphicsahamlin/1100_exam_review_drawing... · 2007. 4. 25. · 1...
TRANSCRIPT
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Engineering FundamentalsENG1100 - Session 14B
Final Exam Review:Graphics
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Final Exam• Monday, 7:45pm-9:45pm– Section 3: Fisher 329 – Section 4: Fisher 327B
• Format– Cumulative Exam– Multiple Choice– True/False– Work by hand problems– NON-PROGRAMMABLE calculators may be used
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Graphical Communication Overview
• We will be:– Drawing– Solid Modeling
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Final Exam Topics• Drawing
– Coordinate systems– Isometric and Oblique pictorial sketching– Object Transformations
Translation ReflectionDilation Rotation
– Orthographic ProjectionsNormalInclinedSingle-curved surfaces
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Pictorial Sketching: Coordinate Systems• Used to define the locations of points, lines,
and planes in 2 or 3 dimensions.• "Cartesian Coordinate system"
X
Y
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3-D Coordinate Systems• Consist of three, mutually perpendicular
axes used to define space• Positive or negative based on the axes– Right Hand Rule determines if a coordinate
system is positive (right-handed) or negative (left-handed)
– 3-D Coordinate systems are generally positive (right-handed)
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Coordinate Systems: Right Hand RulePlace your fingers in the direction of the positive x-axis and rotate them in the direction of the y-axis. Your thumb will point in the direction of the positive z-axis.
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Coordinate SystemsThe following systems are right-handed (positive).
These systems are left-handed (negative).
X
Y Z
XY
Z
X
Y
Z
X
Z
Y
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Pictorial Sketching• Used to portray a 3-D object on a 2-D
sheet of paper.• 3-D axes appear differently when shown
on a 2-D surface.• Standard axes:– Isometric
– Oblique
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Isometric Coordinate Axes
Isometric sketches are made as if youere looking down a diagonal a cube
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Isometric Coordinate AxesNote: all isometric object surfaces will appear distorted.
Square surface appears as a rhombus
Isometric sketches are made as if you were looking down a diagonal of a cube
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Coded Plans: Isometric Sketch from corner C
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Isometric Sketching
Guidelines for constructing isometric drawings:0.Draw edge "C".
1.Sketch right or left surface.
2.Draw a surface that shares an edge with the surface just drawn.
3.Continue drawing one surface at a time until the object is complete.
311
2
C
CStep 1 & 2 Step 3 Step 4 ...
Step 4 ...
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Oblique Coordinate Axes
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Oblique Coordinate AxesNote: Surface parallel to the plane of the paper (the XY plane) is shown in its true shape.
Oblique sketches are made perpendicular to an edge on the object
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Oblique Sketching
Oblique sketch from edge DC:
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Oblique Sketching• To draw oblique sketches:
1. Draw the first surface completely2. Add lines showing the receding dimension (depth)3. Repeat until the object is complete
• Notice: All receding lines are parallel to one another
3
1
2
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Oblique Sketching
Since one face of the object is undistorted, the most irregular face is usually shown in the plane of the paper.
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Oblique Sketching
• 3 types of oblique pictorials.• Cabinet pictorials are the most common.
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Object Transformations
TranslationDilationRotationReflection
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Object Transformations:
Translation• Sliding of an object
in the X, Y, and/or Z-directions.
• Object looks the same, only it is in a different position with respect to the origin.
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Object Transformations:
DilationEnlargement or shrinking of an object, i.e. a change in volume.
A) r = 1 C) r = 1/2B) r = 3
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Object Transformations:
DilationThe dilation factor = r• Indicates the change in the dimensions
of the object.
Note: ALL object dimensions are changed by the same factor r.
• 3x3x3 cube with r = 2 will measure 6x6x6• 3x3x3 cube with r = 1/3 will measure 1x1x1• 2x3x1 object with r = 2 will measure 4x6x2
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Object Transformations:
RotationTurning of an object about a straight line (axis of rotation)
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Object Transformations:
Rotation• If the object is turned counter-clockwise (on the axis,
looking towards the origin!), the rotation is positive.
• A clockwise rotation is a negative rotation.
• A 90o turn is one rotation.
Positive
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Object Transformations:
Rotation
Right Hand Rule:
• Point the thumb of your right hand down the axis of rotation.
• Your fingers will curl about the axis in the positive direction.
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Object Transformations:
RotationRotations are denoted by a system of arrow coding.
• A right-facing arrow denotes a positive 90° rotation.
• A left-facing arrow denotes a negative 90° rotation.
• The axis about which the arrow is rotated is shown at the right end of the arrow.
Y
X
Positive 90° rotation about the Y-axis
Negative 90° rotation about the X-axis
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Object Transformations:
RotationFor rotations about more than one axis, arrows are placed in the order in which the rotations are performed.
1) Positive 90° rotation about the z-axis2) Negative 90° rotation about the x-axis.
ZX
Y
X
X
1) Positive 90° rotation about the y-axis2) Positive 90° rotation about the x-axis3) Negative 90° rotation about the x-axis.
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Object Transformations:
Rotation• For multiple rotations about the same axis, use
an arrow for each rotation of 90°.
XX
Y
Positive 180° rotation about the x-axis
Negative 270° rotation about the y-axis
YY
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Object Transformations:
RotationThe final orientation of the object is dependent on the order in which the rotations were performed.
XY
YX
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Object Transformations:
RotationSometimes one set of rotations can be replaced by a simpler set.
is equivalent to
is equivalent to
YY YY
XZZY
ZX
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Object Transformations:
ReflectionA reflection across a plane displays the object’s mirror image.
ReflectionPlane
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Object Transformations:
ReflectionPlane of symmetryoccurs if the objects on both sides of the plane are mirror images of each other.
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Orthographic Projection
• Ortho - Greek word meaning perpendicular• Show the views of an object projected in 2-D• Usually the top, front, and right side views
top
front right
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Orthographic Projection
• Imagine the object is surrounded by a glass cube.
• Object surfaces are projected onto the faces.
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Orthographic Projection● Unfold the cube
so that it lies in a single plane
● Three views of the object are now visible on the same plane in space
Fold lines
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Orthographic Projection
When the glass cube is unfolded: Front view: Height and Width
Top view: Width and Depth Right view: Depth and Height H H
W
W
D
D
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Orthographic Projection
Align views with each other (features project from one view to the next)
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• Parallel to one of the six glass panes of our transparent cube
• Perpendicular (normal) to the projectors to/from that plane
Shown true size and shape in the view that they are parallel to
Seen as edges (lines) in the other principal viewsA
B
Orthographic Projection:
Normal SurfacesB
A
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Orthographic Projection:
Hidden Lines
Hidden Line (Dashed lines; can't be "seen in that view)
Visible Line (Solid lines, can be seen in a given view, aka: Object Lines)
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Orthographic Projection:
Inclined Surfaces• Not parallel to any of the principal views• Appear as area in two views, as edge in third view
• Area views are foreshortened• Basic shape is maintained
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Constructing an isometric view of an inclined surface:1. Locate the endpoints of each inclined edge 2. Draw a straight line between them
Isometric View:
Inclined Surfaces
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Select an orientation that makes the inclined surface appear as a visible area (whenever feasible)
Isometric View:
Inclined Surfaces: Constructing Isometric Views
Correct Incorrect
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Constructing a missing orthographic view of an inclined surface:
1. Locate each vertex (edge to edge intersection) in the given views
2. Project to the construction view
Vertices are connected to create edges as in the other views.
Orthographic Projection:
Inclined Surfaces
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Orthographic Projection:
Single Curved Surfaces
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Orthographic Projection:
Single Curved Surfaces• Surfaces having curvature about one axis• Generated by revolving a line about an axis
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Orthographic Projection:
Single Curved Surfaces
Consider a cylinder: • Ends are circles in one
orthographic view• Other orthographic views are
rectangular• Rectangle width is equal to
the cylinder diameterNote: when projecting into
orthographic views, the curved area is bounded by circular edges.
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Orthographic Projection:
Single Curved SurfacesBecause a curved surface is rectangular in two views, you MUST indicate the radial center with centerlines.
•Crossing centerlines are used in the circular view.
•One centerline is shown in each areal view.
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Orthographic Projection:
Single Curved SurfacesUsually, the two orthographic views that show the cylinder as a rectangular area are projected from the circular view.
Right view projected from the front view
Right view projected from the circular view
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Orthographic Projection:
Single Curved Surfaces-Holes
Holes follow the same rules as external curved surfaces, except the cylindrical boundaries are shown as hidden lines.
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Orthographic Projections
• If you have a choice for selecting Front, top, right side views– Select views to show the object’s profile– Select views to minimize hidden lines
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Final Exam Topics• Unigraphics (NX 3.0)
– Units– Constraints (Dimensional and Geometric)– Sketch Based Modeling Approach– Boolean Operations (Cut, Intersect, Join)– Drafting Application
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UGNX software• UGNX is an integrated modeling package– Integrated means: You can model a part,
create a drawing from it, analyze it, and set up manufacturing tool paths - all within the same package
• In ENG1100/ENG1102 we will be focusing on 3D modeling and drafting
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File Management• All UGNX files have a .prt extension
even though they may be more than just parts.
• Things that can be in a .prt file include– Solid Bodies (Models)– Assemblies– Drawings– Analysis Info– And more
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Software Structure• UGNX is organized into: – Applications: Gateway, Modeling, Drafting
(and others)– Sub-Applications: Sketcher, Assembly
(are accessed from the Modeling application)
• When a part file is opened or created, the Gateway application is entered.– Gateway: used to review file information and
manage files• To create or edit a solid body the
Modeling application is entered
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UGNX Startup• Launch NX3.0 from
the “Start” button• Select either New
or Open from the File menu
• Name a new file, or choose an existing one
• Choose Units!• This starts the
Gateway application
• (See next slide)
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WARNING – CHOOSE UNITS NOW!
Until Death Do You Part!!
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Icon to open ModelingThis is the Gateway application
Tool BarsResource Bar
Cue, Status line – PAY ATTENTION HERE!
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Sketch Based Modeling
• ENG1100 will introduce “Sketch Based”modeling techniques
• ENG1102 will introduce “Feature Based” modeling
• Each technique has its place in 3D modeling
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Why Sketch?
• Sketching gives a high level of control over feature creation
• Sketching allows efficient editing of complex features
• Consider sketching when feature based modeling can’t capture the design intent
• Sketches can be extruded or revolved into a 3-D feature
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General Modeling Method using the Sketcher
1) Create 2-D Sketch
2) Constrain Size & Shape
3) Make 3-dimensional using extrude (cut, revolve, sweep, etc.)
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Extrusion• Materials processing term:– material is forced through a die of a given shape
resulting in an object of constant cross-section• Example: – Forming complex steel cross-sections is done by
applying pressure to molten steel and forcing it through a die
– Analogous to a Play-Dough Fun-Factory
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Sketch – opens the Sketch function
Extrude
Hole
This is the Modeling application
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Click the flag to finish your sketch
Note the sub-application name
Sketching tools
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As a Team....(switch drivers)
• Extrude the shape you created– First you must “finish” your sketch
(click the “finish flag” icon)– Use the extrude icon and follow
the cue directions– Use the default extrude distance
or use the arrowhead “handle” to set
Extrude
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Extrude Dialog
Change Extrude Direction
Boolean Operators
Extrusion Distance
Extrude Dialog Icon
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Sketching on Surfaces (other than original 2-D sketch)
• Go into Sketcher • Select surface of
object to draw on• Draw and
“finish” new sketch
• Extrude (new part, cut, join, or intersect) new sketch in Modeler
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Sketching on Surfaces
• Your 2-D sketches can extend beyond the borders of the surface itself
Circle Extends BeyondSurface Border
Makes Semi-Circular Cutout
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General Modeling Method using the Sketcher
1) Create 2-D Sketch
2) Constrain Size & Shape
3) Make 3-dimensional using extrude (cut, revolve, sweep, etc.)
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Need to Modify Your Sketch?
• Do NOT simply select sketcher icon and select plane as you did previously – this creates a NEW and SEPARATE sketch
• Instead, select your original sketch
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How to Modify Original Sketch#1 Need to go back to original sketch
• Three ways to do this– Double-click (Left mouse button) on appropriate sketch in
the Part Navigator (Sketch “Sketch 000”)– Position cursor over part in graphics window until outline of
original sketch appears (in pink) – double click left mouse button
– Go to sketcher as when beginning a new sketch, but once in sketcher, select the correct sketch number (next to the checkered flag) to edit
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2-D Sketch Constraints
1. Dimensional Constraints• Control Size• Length, angle, diameter, etc.
2. Geometric Constraints• Control Shape• Horizontal, Parallel, Coincident, Tangent,
Angular, etc.
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Dimensional Constraint ToolsIn Sketcher Mode:• Inferred• Horizontal• Vertical• Parallel• Perpendicular• Angular• Diameter• Radius• Perimeter
To change decimal places/size of dimension text– Preferences -> Sketch ->
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Dimensional Constraints
• Does typing in the length as you sketch dimensionally constrain your part?
• NO – this will create the correct size now, but you need to add dimensional constraints in order to more easily modify later
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Drawing your shape to scale does not constrain your shape!!!!!
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Geometric Constraints
• Control the shape of sketch• Options appear as you select curves to
create the constraint
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Geometrically dimension your shape
• Delete all but one of your length dimensions and make the four sides equal length
• Try to drag the sides/vertices of your shape around
Make sure this is turned on
Use this to create yourgeometric constraints –to make lines equal length,first click on one line, thenthe second line
Make your bottom line a horizontal line
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Create a Drawing1. Create part in
modeling application
2. Switch to drafting application
3. Insert Sheet form select:
• Paper size• Scale• Units
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Create a Drawing• 4. Add Base View
• Insert > View > Base View
• MB3 on drawing border > Add Base View
• Icon on sidebar• Part Nav MB3 on
drawing sheet > Add Base View
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Create a Drawing
• 5. Choose View Options
• Style (hidden lines)
• View (front/iso)• Scale
• 6. Place Base View
• 7. Add Projected Views
• 8. To get an isometric, Add Base View
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Adding Dimensions• For many dimensions, just use
the Inferred dimension tool• To be more specific, pick the tool
that best selects your part geometry
• Dimensions are fully associatedto solid, i.e. if you change the model (in modeling) dimensions (in drafting) automatically update
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Adding Notes (Annotation)
• Select Annotation Editor • Insert > Annotation • Icon
• Enter Text in Edit Window
• Place Text