film history the beginnings. inventors early film is a result of inventors, not artists
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FILM HISTORYThe Beginnings
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Inventors
Early film is a result of inventors, not artists.
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Persistence of Vision• The ability of the brain to retain an image a split second
longer than the eye actually sees it.
• If we see 16 individual images in rapid succession the brain connects them to make a fluid sequence of movement.
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Zoetrope• Circular drum with slits• creates illusionof movement
• 1834• *• *
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Experimentation
• In many countries at the same time• France, Germany, England, and the U.S. all claim to have inventedthe movies
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PHOTOGRAPHYPrecursor to film
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Photography Emerges • 1816 - first photographic images.
• 1839 - clear, sharp images on silver copperplate.• Required 15 minutes
exposure time.
• 1841 - Only 3 minutes needed for exposure.
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Beginning of Film
• Originally, films were a series of photographs shown one after another. • The speed was too slow for continuous motion
• Eadweard Muybridge• 1872 - Set up 12 cameras along a track, tied strings to
the shutters which were tripped as the horse ran down the track.
• Created movement with photography.
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George Eastman• Developed celluloid film (1884)• made motion pictures
possible • it was flexible• allowed light to pass
through• was durable (it didn’t break
in projector)
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First American Motion Picture (1889)
• Thomas Edison and William Dickson filmed a sneeze
*
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Edison’s Kinetoscope
• 1889• in parlors• dancing, juggling, wonders of the world, some re-enactments
Open
Closed
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•Kinetoscope for individual audiences•Edison did not see future in mass projection• But contributed: sprocket holes on film, first movie studio
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Lumière Brothers
• 1895• Worked on Edison’s Kinetoscope
• Designed their own machine within a year
• Solved projection for mass audiences
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Cinematographe
• Machine shot the pictures, printed, and projected them.
• The camera was portable.• A hand crank
provided the power.
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December 28, 1895• First theater opens to the paying public
• Basement of a Paris café.• Lumières’ shows:
• Workers leaving the Lumière Factory.• Arrival at Lyon.• A Baby’s Meal.
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Georges Melies
•One of the first to see
Lumières in Paris•Saw opportunity•Set up Europe’s first film
studio in 1897
- with artificially-arranged scenes
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Le Voyage Dans la Lune
• 1902 - Voyage/Trip to the Moon• Pioneer of illusion and fantasy:
• trick photography• dissolves• wipes• stop-motion, slow-motion• and fadeouts