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K U A L A LU M P U R

Present city skyline of Kuala Lumpur – 2015.

Panoramic view of Kuala Lumpur in 1884.

Kuala Lumpur – the capital of Malaysia. The city is located in west-central

Peninsular (West) Malaysia, midway along the west coast tin and rubber

belt and about 25 miles (40 km) east of its ocean port, Port Kelang, on

the Strait of Malacca. It is the country’s largest urban area and its

cultural, commercial, and transportation centre.

MODERNIZATION OF MALAYSIA

The maritime trade and exchanges with Arabs, Chinese, and Indians

served as a momentum that initiated changes in Malay Peninsula from

about the 5th century. Due to active economic trades that centered on

coastal kampong (village), these traditional villages were later developed

into the early towns in Malaysia. The major towns are Melaka, Alor Setar

on the west coast, and Johor Bahru to the south. Kota Bharu, Kuala

Terengganu and Pekan are on the east coast of the peninsular. The main

physical features of early towns were the istana (palace), the mosque and

a market. However, those early towns still had rural images and can be

considered as big villages.

ESTABLISHMENT OF EARLY TOWN

The three western colonial powers; the Portuguese from 1511, the Dutch

from 1641 and the British from 1824 ruled the country consecutively.

Throughout the colonial period, the fabrics and shapes of the town had

gradually been changed. Well-aligned streets, town squares, shophouses,

churches, bungalows, monastery, hospitals, palaces and administrative

buildings were introduced. The colonial power has changed the style of

architecture and its decorative elements that resulted in the earlier

established town such as Melaka became an exhibition of various

architectural styles of the colonialist.

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S E N T U LIf there's one defining trait of Sentul today, it is the graceful juxtaposition of old

and new. Next to the gleaming edifices that house condominiums, offices and

other businesses are old-fashioned shophouses selling anything from flowers to

food to football boots.

Sentul was founded in the late 1800s when the first Malayan railway line opened

between Taiping and Port Weld (now known as Kuala Sepetang), creating a need

for a centrally located railway workshop. . Sentul Works, as the railway workshop

was then called, was one of the finest integrated and most complete engineering

workshops in the country. The workshop elevated Sentul's prominence overnight

and grew the community that comprised largely of its railway workers and their

families who resided in the neighbouring quarters. Their daily lives were dictated

by the routine of the railway system and gave Sentul a strong sense of identity.

According to YTL's senior architect Geoff Low, since Sentul was once KTM

reserve land,it is dotted with several century-old buildings that are remnants of

its railway history. Many of these buildings have been saved and restored - the

KL Performing Arts Centre, for example - and the masterplan is constantly being

adjusted to accommodate the adaptive reuse of each building. But Low is firm

about one thing-only buildings with architectural merit are saved and restored.

For example, the old building that housed the station will be torn down.

Century-old buildings are found in every corner of the historical Sentul. .

The redesigned Sentul Komuter Station as the start of YTL’s ongoing development which is rapidly changing the Sentul landscape. 3


The way Sentul has been revived in recent times is thanks to a

regeneration exercise carried out by YTL Land & Development, which

includes the full spectrum of amenities required of a modem-day

township -residential, commercial, retail properties and transportation.

The excerpt above was extracted from (2010, August 9). The Edge, p. 1.

While life for the residents of this historic railway town may have

changed for better or worse since the days of Sentul Works, Joseph

says the place holds a special place in many people’s hearts.

“I like the new Sentul,” muses Joseph. “Where else can you see a guy

stringing garlands of jasmine in front of his flower shop, with a string of

new condos behind him? It’s like the town has come alive again.”

Property Manager, Joseph, 65.

The excerpt above was extracted from Sentul, a Historical Railway

Town. (2010, September 10). The Star.

“A shiny new KTM Komuter

gracefully slides on the track nearby

where noisy, cheerful steam engines

once did.

This old railway town has so much

history, yet seems so prepared to

trundle into the future.

’’


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H I S T O R Y O F

T H E S H O P H O U S EI N K U A L A L U M P U R

In the 1850s, many Chinese tin miners migrated from Klang to Kuala

Lumpur to operate new and larger tin mines under Sultan of Selangor. It

was then the beginning of the development of Kuala Lumpur. Gullick

(2000) affirmed that they landed at the joining of Sungai Lumpur (now

Gombak) and Sungai Klang and established tin mines at Ampang.

Though the shophouse form was developed in Malacca, Penang and

Singapore by the early 19th century, shophouses were only introduced

in Kuala Lumpur during 1884.

The shophouse is a unique urban housing form found in Southeast

Asian historic cities. The definition of shophouse is a narrow, small

scale terraced structure that provides business for a ground floor and

residential purpose for an upper floor.

The Kuala Lumpur shophouses styles are similar to the styles that

are current in Europe. According to the classification of Idid (1996) and

Heritage of Malaysia Trust (1990), in this general eclectic style attributed

to colonialism, several building periods can be identified as below:-

“Life in a shop house can never have been,

for most people, anything but a congested

and insanitary struggle to survive,

But perhaps the chief reason for the shop

house’s rapidly diminishing numbers is

pressure from modern commercial

development.

’’


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i. Pre 1884 – These shophouses were simple attap huts introduced by Chinese merchants to service the tin miners.

ii. Post 1884 – The façade of the shophouses developed according to style in Europe but the basic plan was not modified.

This variation in façade treatment included:

1. Early Shophouse Style

The earliest form of a shophouse was documented in 1840 and it was a bare bones, no-frills affair. They had 2 storeys, a five-foot way on the first

floor, wooden jalousie (shuttered) windows, and clay-tiled roofs. Materials used for the construction were most likely locally sourced. Add the

cheap labour into the mix and you’d have a pretty cheap yet decent abode.

2. Transitional Style

Fast forward a few decades to the early 1900s and the first generation of immigrants have more or less settled here. They yearned to build more

permanent, substantial homes for themselves. Shophouses became taller, more brightly coloured, and began to see more facade ornamentation

like decorative panels and carvings, although they were still relatively simple and restrained.

This style made a comeback in the late 1930s, possibly in response to the dire economic slump that was the Great Depression.

3. Late Shophouse Style

At the same time, shophouses began to acquire a classical taste, with window vents and carvings that would not look out of place in Greece.

Plaster was also used extensively to create super lavish ornaments like garlands and floral motifs.

Early Chinese merchants very cleverly zhng their houses to incorporate local influences like auspicious animal and floral motifs, giving them a

distinctively schizophrenic look which came to be known as Singapore Eclectic..

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Kuala Lumpur in transition (1884) attap shanties in the foreground and brick buildings behind with the wall of jungle in the background

The first shophouses built in brick, sited in Old Market Square,and built by Yap Ah Loy,

4. Art Deco Style

By the mid 1900s, modern advances in technology in the world as well as post war economy started to exert influence on shophouse architecture.

As the world was introduced to airliners, ships, and motorcars, shophouses also began to reflect the wonders of the Machine Age.

The organically inspired ornamentation of the earlier periods was discarded in favour of more streamlined designs, curved corners and strong

horizontal lines. Geometric shapes, zigzag roofs and flagpoles were also common.

5. Modern Style

Geometric designs continued into the post-war period. By then, shophouses took on a more functional design. Air vents, for example, took on

functional as well as decorative purposes. Modern materials were used – concrete for the walls, and steel for the windows. The roofs of modern

shophouses also tended to be flat.


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Early style shop houses - along Erskine Road, Singapore. Late shop house style - corner of Pertain Road, Singapore.

Art Deco shophouse - Dong Ya Building at Keong Saik Road. Modern shophouse block along Horne Road.

5 types of shophouses in S’pore that you definitely didn’t know of. (2015, February 23). Retrieved November 14, 2015, from http://mothership.sg/2015/02/5-types-of-shophouses-in-spore-that-you-definitely-didnt-know-of/ 8


C A S E S T U D I E S

I . M O D E R N I S M I N S I N G A P O R ET I O N G B A H R U E S T A T E

The Singaporean government started developing modern mass housing, shop houses and new towns for the people in 1959. In March 1960, soon

after Singapore gained self-government, the Housing Development Board (HDB) was established as a statutory body. It took over from SIT the pressing

task of providing proper public housing for the entire population. It was considered the only realistic means of housing the masses and at the same

time eradicating the inner city slums and unhealthy living conditions.

INTRODUCTION OF MODERN PUBLIC HOUSING: SIT (1927-1959)

The introduction of modern architecture in Singapore was done on a relatively large scale by the Singapore Improvement Trust (SIT). SIT built the first

large-scale public housing projects in Singapore, using modern materials such as reinforced concrete, with minimum decoration and rationalized

forms, which allowed mass production and kept construction costs down. Simplicity, rationality, and beauty are the main characteristics featured in SIT

designed apartments.

CASE STUDY 1 – TIONG BAHRU ESTATE

Tiong Bahru was the first housing estate developed by the Singapore Improvement Trust. About 2000 units of three-to five-story apartment

buildings were built between 1936 and 1954. Thirty blocks containing 931 units were built by the Trust in 1936, along the Tiong Poh Road and the

Moh Guan Terrace of the Tiong Bahru area. Fifty blocks of apartments comprising 1040 units on the right side of Tiong Bahru Road were built in

1948. The one- to five-room dwelling units and mix-used units were laid out on a grid provided with generous green public open space. Clean and

rational architectural façades featuring rounded balconies, thin horizontal slabs, and ventilation holes gave the place its unique modernist character.

The public can walk along footpaths through the spacious backyards owned and maintained by the residents on the ground floor. The atmosphere

within the housing complex is intimate and warm, which encourages residents to mingle outside their houses9


MODERN MASS HOUSING AND NEW TOWNS FOR THE PEOPLE: HDB (1959-PRESENT)

In March 1960, soon after Singapore gained self-government, the Housing Development Board (HDB) was established as a statutory body. It took

over from SIT the pressing task of providing proper public housing for the entire population. It was considered the only realistic means of housing

the masses and at the same time eradicating the inner city slums and unhealthy living conditions.

CASE STUDY 1 – HDB FLATS

The HDB’s apartment design addresses some basic constraints in Singapore, such as land shortage, an expanding population and reasonable prices.

The large-scale development of high-rise, high-density, low-cost, standardized constructions is the most logical solution. Typically, the HDB

apartment is very functional, simple in shape and plan. It could be conceived as the realization of a simplified version of Le Corbusier’s dream of La

Ville Radieuse. The orientation of dwelling blocks, position of courtyards and balconies, are carefully considered to achieve climatic responsive

Architectural Layout

Tiong Bahru’s Estate Design bears some likeness with the design principles of the post-war New Towns in Britain: the emphasis on creating

small neighbourhoods and maximum privacy between individual homes, the need to promote health and to improve security thanks to open

views and public surveillance. The block's design was also influenced by local architectural idioms, such as the Straits Settlements’ shop-house

typology. The layout is based on a modified shop-house plan with a courtyard acting as an air/light well, a back lane and spiral staircases.

Like its predecessor in Tiong Bahru, the design of High-rise SIT apartment building in Upper Pickering Street features some modernist elements

such as apartment-slab concrete, rounded balconies and predominantly horizontal lines. But the unique lifestyle and typology of Chinatown's

shop-houses are maintained in the new apartments. The five-foot walkway turns into corridors that enable access to the individual dwelling

units, the back lane is turned into balconies, and service spaces like the kitchen and toilets are placed at the rear end of the house/apartment.

By stacking up the horizontal layout vertically, land use is intensified and interaction between dwellers is maintained. Vertical interaction

between the apartments replaced the horizontal interaction on the street. Life was carried up from the street into the sky

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buildings.

ARCHITECTURAL LAYOUT

The void space in every HDB block allows the free flow of pedestrians and nature, although it is does not quite resemble the Corbusian pilotis space.

Small-scale social spaces are created within a cluster of several housing blocks, containing playgrounds and a senior citizen corner.

Next on the grouping scale is the neighbourhood centre, consisting of small shops, markets, nursery schools, clinics, and other

public facilities for about 6,000 residents. The size of a neighbourhood has been reduced since the 1970s to increase the sense of community. Beyond

the neighbourhood group is the town centre with bigger markets, supermarkets, banks, health centres, post offices, schools, and other community

facilities. The district space standards in the HDB New Towns are quite high, as only around a third of the land is used for residential purposes, while

the rest is dedicated to community support and service facilities

Next page – Tiong Bahru Estate.Clockwise, from top left:1. High-rise SIT apartment building in Upper Pickering Street(next to Hong Lim Park) in the process of demolition2. Present day Tiong Bahru. Renovated and maintained since its construction to better serve the citizens of Singapore.3. The original site plan of Tiong Bahru Estate. 4. A present day photo of a corner shop house on the current Tiong Bahru road.

Page after next – HDB Housing1. Rochor Centre comprises of a three-storey building of shops and offices, and four blocks of flats each painted in different shades of blue, green, red and yellow.2. The early typology of HDB apartments in Holland Drive, built around the1970s, now awaiting demolition or redevelopment into a higher-rise higher-density apartment building3. To give a sense of identity, a specially articulated housing-shopping HDB block in Holland Drive. Shops are located at ground level, while upper floors are for dwelling units4. HDB flats, with shops at ground level, at the junction of Siglap Road and East Coast Road - one of the oldest surviving clusters of HDB

This article is extracted from Modernism in Singapore - Wood, J. (2007, August 6). Tiong Bahru Estate. Retrieved November 12, 2015, from http://tiongbahruestate.blogspot.my/2007/08/modernism-in-singapore.html

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C A S E S T U D I E S

I I . M O D E R N I S M I N B R I TA I NP A R K H I L L E S T A T E , S H E F F I E L D

A council house is a form of public or social housing in built by local municipalities in the United Kingdom and Ireland A council estate is a building

complex where a great many council houses and other amenities like schools and shops. Council houses were solidly built and distinctive in design

which evolved over the period of their construction from 1919 to 1980. There were local design variation but they all stuck rigidly to Local

Authority building standards- differing from the more relaxed attitude of the private sector

CASE STUDY II – PARK HILL ESTATE, SHEFFIELD

Park Hill Estate’s rigorous, good-intended yet highly experimental design by the Housing Development Committee can be justified by the fact that,

during a period of high demand for housing; resulting from the clearance of the previously chaotic and increasingly unsanitary slums, and meeting

the housing demand after the Second World War; this was one of the first large scale investments into a new radical form of high density, high rise

housing.

Architectural Layout

Plan

Park Hill was designed as a single building that provided a combination of “accommodation and amenities” The large scale ‘box frame’ structure

allows for a “variety of dwelling types fitted into a standard repetitive structure” where as non-structural walls determine the different dwelling

sizes and arrangement. This in turn is expressed in the external grid creating an overall effect of a seemingly random disordered cellular layout.

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Over the years the estate has been home to 31 shops, 4 pubs, 74 garages, a primary and a nursery school, doctor's surgery and pharmacy. The shops

were set at the lowest point of the estate, to which people were thought to naturally gravitate. 4 pubs and a launderette were more widely dispersed

at points on the ground near lifts.

Of the most notable architectural features of Park Hill Estate is the “street in the sky” analogy, this could not be denied. A visit to the estate will

highlight the importance of these elevated streets on the scheme; Rows upon rows of open access balconies line the entire estate like threads. In order

to understand the role of this analogy, one must look back at ‘street’ life on the slums. A sense of community that the Lyn and Smith wanted to

translate by “replicate (-ing) the tightly packed street life of the area in the air”. But this highly social community were also overcrowded and lacked

structure; the Architect’s task was to therefore extract the culture of the ‘streets’ whilst insuring that the facilitation of a basic organizational system

that signifies the progression towards an improved living condition.

Amenities

As part of translating the slum street life into the estate, the Architects worked on the existing layout to arrange the placement of the new amenities,

choosing to keep the former district shopping street in its original location on the north and instead, to surround the new amenities such as school and

community hall around it. The inclusion of amenities as part of the scheme shares similarities with Le Corbusier’s Unite d’Habitation, which features a

“kindergarten, swimming pool,(and) children’s playground…” this has in turn pushed forward ideas on creating a “setting for a ‘new society’”. Park Hill’s

“ancillary activities” are therefore, an operational strategy that aims at creating a strong sense of community between the residents and convenience

associated with modern living.

The incorporation of a series of coloured bricks to the façade of the Estate, initially attempts to provide a means of “identification” for the inhabitants.

The Housing Committee praises this by explaining that residents can “readily recognise their own deck level both from the outside.

Clockwise from top1. Park Hill Estate was built between 1957 and 1960 as a response to both the housing shortage from the War and

accumulation of slums in the city.2. The ‘Pavement’ shopping high street of Park Hill Estate, located in Sheffield, England. 3. The site plan that shows the arrangement of Park Hill apartment blocks. 4. The newly renovated Park Hill Estate. 1 5


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Architecture is the sum of form, function, and spirit. Modern architectural form is always simple, rational, and functional, an expression of the

“Spirit of the modern Age” (rational, contemporary, innovative, progressive). We could see modernity as a process of modernization, when the

spirit of freedom, progress, and innovation flourishes

To define “modernism” in Asia is rather problematic. Arguably, modernity existed in Southeast Asia ever since the establishment of international

trading ports due to worldwide maritime trade and exchange, at a time when the spirit of free trade and innovation thrived. In cosmopolitan cities,

new architectural typologies appeared with the fusion of various elements, materials, and technology, built by culturally mixed communities.

Architectural shapes such as shop-houses, religious buildings, and palaces expressed a cosmopolitan, entrepreneurial and inventive spirit. This, we

could call past modernity.

“Modern Asia has not developed in a vacuum but has evolved through sustained interactions with the West, which has had a constant presence in

our collective consciousness. This shared experience of the world unites us as Asians. The history of dealing with the West, with our neighbors and

with ourselves, is manifested in the myriad forms of our Architecture. The history of Modern Architecture in Asia is the history of how Asians have

become modern”.

The excerpt above was extracted from Widodo, J. (n.d.). Modernism in Singapore. Retrieved November 14, 2015, from

https://www.academia.edu/223177/Modernism_in_Singapore

M O D E R N I S MA B S T R A C T


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https://www.academia.edu/223177/Modernism_in_Singapore

Left to right:1. Asia on the South-east Asia Map.2. The shop-house typology has evolved

with many generations in Southeast Asian cosmopolitan cities. This is an example of the Art Deco shop-house in Singapore, between the 1930s and the 1950s.

3. This photo was believed to be taken in the late 1960’s showing KL’s 2 famous landmarks – the Kuala Lumpur Railway station and the National Mosque (Masjid Negara).


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SITE A

CULTURAL SHOP HOUSES

Jalan Ipoh, 51200, Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan,

343, Jalan Sultan Azlan Shah, Sentul, 51200 Kuala

Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

SITE B

COMMUNITY CONVENIENCE SHOP HOUSES

JLN 1/68D, Chow Kit, 50350 Kuala Lumpur, Federal

Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

SITE C

PUBLIC SERVICES SHOP HOUSES

Jalan lpoh, 52100, Kuala Lumpur, Titiwangsa Sentral,

52100 Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur,

Malaysia

Right: Google Maps and Earth images of Site A, B and C.

F A S T F A C T SS E N T U L S H O P H O U S E S

SITE A

SITE CSITE B

SITE A

SITE CSITE B


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Left to rightSite A – Cultural Shop HousesStrong Indian cultural influence on the identity of the shop houses. Site B –Community Convenience Shop HousesProvides simple retail, food and beverage, and services to local residents and patrons. Site C – Public Services Shop HousesEstablished public service buildings are built amongst or as a shop house.

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A B O U T S I T E A , B , C

Left to right, clockwiseThe more recent shop house block of Site A consisting more of offices and centres,The older shop house block consisting of more traditional Indian shops.Site A shop lots are situated opposite the Sri Thandayuthapani Temple.

Back lanes of the shop houses are unkempt and run-down – some are private residences.

S ITE A


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S ITE B

Left to right, clock wiseThe Damai Service Hospital is made out of a series of grand, white shop houses. Arched five-foot walkways shade visitors walking in front of the shop houses.The Art Deco and modern façade of Site B shop houses. Buku Sin Lian is a traditional book store. A gable roofed shop house stands out among the rest, mixing residential and office usage..


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S ITE C

Left to right, clockwiseShading fins are a common site in Site C shop houses.The back façade of Pusat Tuisyen Sri Intan.Eccentric triangular form of a corner shop house.A small Wisma situated in between shop houses.


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“Neither time nor bomb

has destroyed the heart

of Sentul

’’


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A B O U T S I T E A , B , C

SITE A SITE B SITE C

Location / address Jalan Ipoh, 51200, Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah

Persekutuan, 343, Jalan Sultan Azlan Shah,

Sentul, 51200 Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah

Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

JLN 1/68D, Chow Kit, 50350 Kuala Lumpur,

Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Jalan lpoh, 52100, Kuala Lumpur, Titiwangsa

Sentral, 52100 Kuala Lumpur, Federal

Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Function Cultural Shop Houses Community Convenience Shop Houses Public Services Shop Houses

Brief description Has a strong Indian culture identity. Provides simple retail, food and beverage,

and services to local residents and patrons.

Established public service buildings are built

amongst or as a shop house.

Site description Consists of Indian grocery stores,

convenience stores, restaurants,

open-air ‘mamak’.

Situated next to the popular Lotus

Five Star Sentul cinema.

Next to the Sri Thandayuthapani

Temple.

E.g. of buildings are Madras

Restaurant, Madura Convenience

Store, Kedai Kain and Sari Chakras.

Numerous small convenience stores,

bookshop and grocery

stores.

Also many restaurants, Chinese

‘kopitiam’ or coffee shops

E.g. of buildings are the DSH Damai

Service Hospital, Buku Sin Lian

Stationary shop.

Occupied by a number of banks and

‘wisma’s .

Situated directly next to the Chow Kit

monorail.

E.g. of buildings are a Standard

Chartered bank, Wisma TLT, Pusat

Intan Tuition Centre.

Brief history Largely Indian populated

Existence of temple and Indian

cinema nearby contributes to the

cultural demographic

Consists of 2 major blocks of shop

houses

1st block was built by individual

occupants of shop houses (1964)

2nd block was built by a land

developer (1984)

Largely Chinese populated, Chinese

occupants

Originally built in 1938

Renovation and construction continued

until 1975

Well-connected by roads and nearby

monorail stations.

Presence of more urban and public

service shop houses create a larger

and diverse population.

Situated along Jalan Sultan Azlan Shah,

one of the main roads leading in and

out of Sentul

Formerly known as Jalan Ipoh


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A N A LY S I S

S h o p h o u s e s i n S i t e A .

We w e re e x p l o r i n g t h e s h o p h o u s e s i n S e n t u l a re a ,

Ku a l a L u m p u r. I n t h o s e s i t e s , b u i l d i n g s e x i s t i n

re l at i o n s h i p t o t h e i r s t re et a n d i m m e d i at e v i c i n i t y.

T h e re a re a t o t a l o f 3 s i t e s t h at w e h ave e x p l o re d

a n d w e h av e s u b j e c t e d t h e s e s i t e s i nt o S i t e A , S i t e B

a n d S i t e C .

I n S i t e A , t h e s h o p h o u s e s w e re b u i l t r i g h t b e s i d e

J a l a n S u l t a n A z l a h S h a h . C a rs w e re a l l o w e d t o p a r k i n

a s l a n t e d p o s i t i o n at t h e ro a d s i d e s w h i c h s e r ve a s

p a r k i n g s p a c e s f o r p e o p l e t o a c c e s s t h e s h o p h o u s e s

c o nv e n i e n t l y. C i n e m a a n d p r i m a r y s c h o o l ca n b e

f o u n d n e a r b y t h e s h o p h o u s e s .

B e s i d e , t h i s a re a i s h i g h l y i n f l u e n c e d b y H i n d u

c u l t u re . A H i n d u te m p l e a n d p r i m a r y s c h o o l ca n b e

s e e n j u s t r i g h t o p p o s i t e o f t h e s h o p h o u s e s .

G o o g l e m a p a n d e a r t h i m a g e o f S i t e A

SITE A


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C a rs p a r ke d i n a s l a n t e d p o s i t i o n f a c i n g t h e S h o p h o u s e s .

Pe o p l e h av e t o e n te r f ro m t h e f ro n t fa ç a d e t o a c c e s s t h e b u i l d i n g s ,

w h e re a s f i ve - fo o t w a l k w ay i s s e r v e d t o a l l o w p e o p l e w a l k a n d f l o w

t h ro u g h e v e r y s h o p e n t ra n c e s . Pe o p l e c a n a c c e s s e v e r y s h o p s

t h ro u g h t h e i r f ro n t a n d b a c k e n t ra n c e s . T h e re a re o n l y t w o

e n t ra n c e s fo r s i m p l e a n d e a sy a c c e s s o f p e o p l e i n a n d o u t o f t h e

b u i l d i n g . H o we ve r, m o st p e o p l e a c c e s s t h e s h o p s t h ro u g h t h e f ro n t

e n t ra n c e s w h i l e t h e b a c k e n t ra n c e s a re m o st l y a c c e s s e d b y t h e

w o r ke rs o f t h e s h o p s . I n re l at i o n t o t h at , m o st o f t h e w o r ke rs

p a r ke d t h e i r c a rs r i g ht b e h i n d t h e s h o p h o u s e s .

O t h e r t h a n t h at , t h e c l i m at e i n t h i s a re a i s u n co mf o r t a b l y h o t , m o st

p ro b a b l y d u e t o h i g h l y p a c ke d st a l l s b e i n g s et u p a l o n g t h e f i ve fo o t

w a l k w ay i n f ro n t o f t h e s h o p h o u s e s , re d u c i n g t h e a i r v e n t i l a t i o n

ef fe c t s u r ro u n d i n g . T h e st a l l s a re m o s t l y s e l l i n g I n d i a n s t u f f s s u c h

a s l o c a l I n d i a n f o o d s , I n d i a n c o s t u m e s , j e w e l l e r y a n d m a n y o t h e rs .

T h e re i s a l a rg e t ra s h c o l l e c t i n g st o p b e h i n d t h e s h o p h o u s e s t h at

a l l o ws a l l s h o p wo r ke rs t o t h ro w t h e i r r u b b i s h i n o n e p l a c e . O n t h e

o t h e r s i d e , b u s st o p a n d ca n o p y wa l k c a n b e s e e n r i g h t i n f ro n t o f

t h e s h o p h o u s e s . T h e c a n o p y w a l k co n n e c t s t h e s h o p h o u s e s w i t h

t h e o p p o s i t e t e m p l e , s c h o o l a n d o t h e r s h o p b u i l d i n g s , a l l o w i n g

p e o p l e t o c ro s s t h e m a i n ro a d s a n d a l s o c re at e c o n ve n i e n c e f o r t h e

a c c e s s i b i l i t y o f p e o p l e a t b o t h s i d e s o f b u i l d i n g s .S t a l l s b e i n g s e t u p i n a ro w b e s i d e t h e

f i v e - fo o t w a l k w ay.


2 8

G o o g l e m a p a n d e a r t h i m a g e o f S i t e B .

S h o p h o u s e s i n S i t e B .

W h i l e I n S i t e B , t h e s h o p h o u s e s l o o ke d o b v i o u s l y o l d e r

c o m p a re d t o t h e b u i l d i n g s i n S i t e A . H o w e v e r, t h i s a re a

i s rat h e r p e a c ef u l a n d w i n d y. M a j o r i t y o f t h e b u i l d i n g s i n

t h e a re a a re t wo st o re y s . S o m e a re b u i l t u p t o fo u r

s t o r e ys f o r t h e i r b u s i n e s s p u r p o s e s .

T h e ro w s o f s h o p h o u s e s s e e m s t o fo r m a st re et a l o n g

t h e m a i n ro a d s . M o st o f t h e s h o p h o u s e s w e re p refe ra b l y

b u i l t b e s i d e t h e m a i n ro a d s i n o rd e r t o d ra w p e o p l e s ’

at t e n t i o n o f t h e i r s h o p s w h i l e p a s s i n g b y t h e ro a d s . I n

t h i s s i t e , t h e c a rs w e re a l l p a r ke d i n t h e s a m e p a ra l l e l

d i re c t i o n s t i d i l y a n d n e at l y. T h e e nv i ro n m e n t l o o ke d

c l e a n e r a n d m o r e c o m fo r ta b l e c o m p a re d t o t h e S i t e A .

T h i s a re a i s m o re i n f l u e n c e d b y C h i n e s e c u l t u re a s m o st

o f t h e i r b u s i n e s s e s a re r u n b y C h i n e s e o w n e rs . B e s i d e s ,

m a ny a u t o m o t i ve re p a i r i n g a n d s e l l i n g c o m p a n i e s c a n

a l s o b e s e e n i n t h i s a r e a .

SITE B


2 9

Pe o p l e a re a b l e t o a c c e s s t h e s h o p h o u s e s t h ro u g h t h e f ro n t

a n d b a c k e nt ra n c e s . T h i s c o n c e p t i s b e i n g s h a re d a m o n g t h e

s h o p h o u s e b u i l d i n g s fo r e a sy a n d s i m p l e a c c e s s i nt o t h e

b u i l d i n g s . I n c o n t ra r y t o S i t e A , t h e c l i m at e i n S i t e B i s way

m o re c o o l e r, m o st p ro b a b l y d u e t o m a ny t re e s b e i n g p l a n t e d i n

f ro n t o f t h e b u i l d i n g s t o p ro v i d e s o m e s h a d e s . I t h e l p s l o w e r

t h e te m p e rat u re s u r ro u nd i n g a n d c re ate a c o o l i n g ef fe c t t o t h at

a r e a .

T h e re ’s a l s o a n o t h e r fo o t p ave m e n t l o c at e d b e s i d e t h e f i ve - fo o t

wa l k way, a l l o wi n g p e o p l e t o a c c o m m o d ate s t h e i r m o to rc y c l e s .

T h e re a re a fe w c o nv e n i e n c e st o re s s u c h a s 7 - e l e ve n fo u n d

r i g h t o p p o s i t e t h e s h o p h o u s e s . H o w e ve r, t h e re ’s a l a c k o f

p e d e st r i a n ’s w a l k w ay fa c i l i t y t o c ro s s t h e m a i n ro a d t o t h e

o p p o s i t e s h o p b u i l d i n g s .

N e a r b y t h e s i t e , m a ny h o s p i t a l s a n d c l i n i c s a re fo u n d . A l o n g t h e

m a i n ro a d s , a b e a u t i f u l v i e w o f o u r c o u n t r y ’s s i g n at u re b u i l d i n g

- Pet ro n a s Tw i n To w e r c a n a l s o b e s e e n . I t c re at e s a

m a g n i f i c e n t v i e w o f t h e o l d d e c o rat e d s h o p h o u s e t h at i s

d ra g ge d i n t o t h e v i e w o f m o d e r n t w i n t o w e r, fo r m i n g a h u ge

c o n t ra s t b e t w e e n t w o a r c h i t e c t u re s .

Pav e m e n t o u t s i d e t h e s h o p s u s e d t o a c c o m m o d at e m o t o r c yc l e s .

V i e w o f Pe t ro n a s Tw i n To we r a l o n g t h e m a i n ro a d s .


3 0

G o o g l e m a p a n d e a r t h i m a g e o f S i t e C

I n S i t e C , a l o t o f b a n k s c a n b e s e e n a n d t h e b u i l d i n g s a re m o re

m o d e r n c o m p a re d t o t h e o t h e r s i t e s . T h i s s i t e i s m o re w e l l -

d e ve l o p e d a n d h ave h i g h e r d e n s i t y o f b u i l d i n g s . T h i s l e a d s t o t h e

d e m a n d s o f c o nv e n i e n t t ra n s p o r t at i o n sy st e m a ro u n d t h at a re a .

T h u s , K T M a n d b u s s t at i o n s c a n b e fo u n d r i g h t st o n e ’s t h ro w a w ay

i n t h a t a r e a .

S h o p h o u s e s i n S i t e C . K o m u t e r s t a t i o n l o c a t e d a t J a l a n L e n g k o k R a j a L a u t .

SITE C


3 1

T h e s h o p h o u s e s i n S i t e C a re p l a c e d r i g h t b e s i d e t h e m a i n ro a d s ,

w h i c h i s J a l a n L e n g ko k R a j a L a u t . A l l c a rs w e re p a r ke d a t t h e ro a d

s i d e a n d a l l e y b e s i d e t h e b u i l d i n g s . M a j o r i t y o f t h e b u i l d i n g s i n t h e

a r e a a r e o n e a n d t w o s t o r e ys .

T h e a re a h a s c o o l e r c l i m at e a s t h e re a re m o re t re e s b e i n g p l a n t e d i n

f ro n t o f t h e b u i l d i n g c o m p a r e d t o t h e o t h e r t w o s i t e s . I t h e l p s t o

p ro v i d e s h a d e s a n d l o w e r t e m p e rat u re s u r ro u n d i n g . T h e t re e s h e l p

b e a u t i f y a n d a d d g re e n e r y t o t h e s u r ro u n d i n g a s i t c re at e s c o n t ra st

w i t h t h e d a r k c o l o u r t o n e o f t h e b u i l d i n g s s u r ro u n d i n g . I n s o m e s h o p

h o u s e s , t h e re e v e n h av e p r i vat e p a r k i n g s p a c e s t h at a r e fo u n d at t h e

b a c k e nt ra n c e s . B e h i n d t h e s h o p h o us e s , t ra s h st o p c a n b e fo u n d a s

w e l l , a l l o w i n g p e o p l e i n t h at a re a t o t h ro w t h e i r r u b b i s h i n o n e

p l a c e .

T h e re ’s a ro a d j u n c t i o n p l a c e d i n t h e c e n t re o f J a l a n L e n g ko k R a j a

L a u t t h at i n t e rs e c t s m u l t i p l e ro a d s , c re at i n g a n i nt e r c o n n e c t i n g

n et wo r k a m o n g t h e s h o p h o u s e s . B e s i d e s , a fe w p e d e st r i a n wa l k way

c a n b e s e e n a t t h e ro a d j u n c t i o n t h at a l l o w p e o p l e t o c ro s s t h e ro a d s

a n d r e a c h i n g t h e o p p o s i t e s h o p h o u s e s . O t h e r t h a n t h at , t h e s i t e i s

a l s o s u r ro u nd e d b y m a ny h i g h r i s e b u i l d i n g s t h at c o ns i s t o f h o te l s ,

a p a r t m e n t s , c o n d o m i n i u m s a n d o f f i c e b u i l d i n g s .

P r i v a t e p a r k i n g s p a c e s a t t h e b a c k e n t r a n c e o f s h o p h o u s e .

T r e e s w e r e p l a n t e d i n f r o n t o f t h e b u i l d i n g t o p r o v i d e s h a d e s a n d b e a u t i f y t h e e n v i r o n m e n t .


3 2


L AY O U T

S H O P H O U S ES O F M A L AY S I AA R C H I T E C T U R A L L A Y O U T I N T R O D U C T I O N

The shop house is a unique urban housing form found in Southeast Asian colonial cities. Typically, shop houses consist of shops on the ground floor

which open up to a public arcade or "five-foot way", and which have residential accommodation upstairs. The shop houses would abut each other to

form rows with regular facade, firewalls and adherence to street alignment. The shop houses have a narrow, small-scale terraced structure that

provides business for a ground floor and residential purpose for an upper floor.

Shop houses were built in rows with uniform facades in grid pattern networks of roads and back lanes. Elongated with a narrow frontage, the standard

width of the building ranged between 4 and 6 meters, and the depth ranged at least 2 to 3 times longer than the width. The shop house is generally

two or three story-high. Internal courtyards (air wells) and jack roof provided natural ventilation for the house. The street facade of the ground floor

has continual arcades, what is called the 'five-foot way' for the sake of regularity and conformity and they provide a shelter for pedestrians from the

hot sun and torrential rainfall. This walkway, typically an arched opening, joins one house with the rest on the street front. Thus, creating a continuous

walkway on the front facade of the shop house block.

Like the Historic City of Melaka, George Town also have large collection of shop houses and townhouses within its Core and Buffer Zones numbering

more than 1700 buildings in different styles and types. All of these buildings normally have similar plan configuration as well as materials used. What

makes them look different is their façade. These shop houses extend to the street without any forecourt. From the outside one can see only the

concrete walls with long rectangular windows for the upper level and the roof which was made of tiles. The upper floor projects out to cover the

veranda in front of the main entrance. The façade is often designed in a symmetrical organization in which the entrance is located in the middle with

windows on both sides. There are several different architectural styles of shop houses on the street. Some have stylistic trends of the different periods

on the front façade. Architecturally, the shop houses and townhouses in the Historic City of George

A R C H I T E C T U R A L L AY O U T

3 4

‘‘’Like the Historic City of Melaka, George Town also have large collection of shop houses and townhouses

numbering more than 1700 buildings in different styles and types. All of these buildings normally have similar plan

configuration as well as materials used. What makes them look different is their façade..

’’Building Conservation. (2008, April 1). Retrieved November 12, 2015, from http://buildingconservation.blogspot.my/2009/01/categories-of-

shophouses-at-malacca.html

Dr. Kamarul Syahril Kamal (PhD), Senior Lecturer, Building Department, Faculty of Architecture, Planning and Surveying, University Technology MARA (Perak)

3 5

http://buildingconservation.blogspot.my/2009/01/categories-of-shophouses-at-malacca.html

This page:Clockwise

1. Shop house heritage plan of Georgetown, Penang. The building is not free standing, rather it is connected to several other shop houses to form a shop house block. This shop house is repeated to create streets and town squares found in many urban areas in Malaysia.

2. Standard plan for modern day shop houses ( Demak LautCommercial Centre)

Next page: Clockwise1. A rental shop house, with a covered courtyard (Sopandi,

2002)

2. Key Elements of a typical shop house.3. Standard plan and building elements of Southern Chinese

Eclectic Shop Houses.

S H O P H O U S ES O F M A L AY S I AA R C H I T E C T U R A L L A Y O U T D E V E L O P M E N T


3 6


3 7

Above: Standard plan of a Georgetown shop house.


3 8

FAST FACTS

Location: Site B / Community

Convenience Shop Houses

Address: JLN 1/68D, Chow Kit, 50350

Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory of Kuala

Lumpur, Malaysia

Orientation: Facing South

A N A L Y S I S

1 9 3 0 s S H O P H O U S EA R C H I T E C T U R A L L A Y O U T

In a team, we visited Sem Kin Bak Kut Teh Restaurant at Site B. Owned by a Chinese couple in their 60s, they were friendly enough to welcome us in

so we could analyse the interior of the shop house. The restaurant was currently out of service and vacant (as the couple is planning to sell the lot).

Clockwise, from top left

1) The pavement outside the restaurant.

2) The shop house stands out with its taller, pitched roof.

3) Sem Kin Restaurant shop house has a faint pink, Neo-classical styled façade.

History:

• Originally built in 1940 but continually reconstructed by house

owners ever since.

• Bought over by the Chinese couple in the mid 1980s for

dwelling and restaurant business purposes.

• Rear kitchen and second floor were constructed by the

owners themselves.


3 9

Ground floor Clockwise, from top left:

1) The retired couple posing for a photo in front of the cash register.

2) The toilets at the rear end of the kitchen.

3) The long kitchen which also functions as a corridor from the main restaurant to the wash yard.

4) Storage space.5) The entrance from the main

restaurant to kitchen and wash yard (left) and the staircases and storage (right).


4 0

Second floorClockwise, from bottom left

1) The half-landing staircase leads from the ground floor to second floor.

2) Second floor living space adjacent to 2 rooms.3) The living space is also an activity cum storage area

for the couple.4) The small attic in the back room was used for

worker’s accommodation in the older days. 5) The corridor leading from the living space to the toilet

and the back room.


4 1

Second floor Clockwise, from top left:

1) The wooden staircase leading from the first to second floor.

2) The sloped ceiling of the third floor creates a more enclosed atmosphere.

3) View from the first to send floor – wooden railing frames the mezzanine.

4) 2 more small rooms on the second floor.


4 2

1. On-site sketch / Ground floor plan

Restaurant and commercial use.

a. The entrance is on the south façade facing the main pavement, adjacent to a five-foot

walkway.

b. A spacious hall where the restaurant’s main space (tables, chairs and cashier) greets us.

c. We move into the main space. To the left, we enter the longitudinal kitchen area, which

also functions as a corridor to the wash yard and toilets at the rear of the house. The back

part of the kitchen is extended by the tenants themselves as steel roofing and beams are

observed.

d. To the right of the main space, a storage space complete with attic makes up the rear

space.

e. The half-landing stairs are adjacent to it, leading up to the first floor.

.

Spatial atmosphere

• The wide unobstructed restaurant space after the entrance conveys its function as the main

area.

• High ceiling height also creates a grand and spacious atmosphere..

• The kitchen on the left and storage on right are smaller in size and space.

S E M K I N R ES TA U R A N TO N S I T E – S K E T C H E S


4 3

2. On-site sketch / First floor plan

Dwelling and main living quarters.

a. As we climb up the stairs, a small hall / living area greets us.

b. 2 private rooms lie adjacent.

c. We turn to the front of the house (north) and enter a small corridor leading to a bathroom,

and another room.

d. From this room, another attic can be accessed (also built by tenants, for worker’s

accommodation)

Spatial atmosphere

• A sense of private space is immediately felt as the living spaces such as the bedrooms and

toilet are on one floor.


Entering the living area of the first floor from the ground floor.


4 4

3. On-site sketch / Second floor plan

Dwelling and storage space.

a. Similar to the first floor, we were greeted by a small living area cum bedroom..

b. At the front (north) side of the house is a small storage area.

Spatial atmosphere

• This level is constructed by the elderly couple after buying the shop house.

• Intended to serve as extra bedroom, living and storage space.

• Sloped ceiling towards the front of the house minimizes user movement and access.

• Gives a more restricted and enclosed feeling as the ceiling height is sloped and low.

• This floor is more stuffy and hot than the other as it is directly below the ceiling – the couple

hang their laundry to dry here.


Left: The second floor while climbing up the stairs. Right: A closer look at the sloping pitched roof.


4 5

S E M K I N R ES TA U R A N TA N A L Y S I S S K E T C H E S

SECOND FLOOR

GROUND FLOOR

FIRST FLOOR

Stairs

Private bedrooms

Private bedrooms

Stairs

Stairs

Storage

Storage

Storage

Kitchen

MAIN ENTRY AND EXIT

FLOOR TO FLOOR CIRCULATION


4 6

SPATIAL HEIRARCHY

• Spatial hierarchy means that the user is first greeted by the primary activity spaces,

followed by the secondary ones. There are two types of spatial hierarchy for the shop

house.

1) Elevation

• The mixed-function of the house creates spatial hierarchy differentiated according to its

floors.

• The ground floor is used for purely restaurant, cooking and storage space.

• First floor houses the main bedroom and private storage space along with worker’s attic

accommodation.

• Second floor serves as the secondary bedroom and extra storage space.

2) Plan

• The sequence of spaces in the shop house can be experienced by walking from the front of

the house to the rear end.

• E.g. 1 - On the ground floor, the user passes by the restaurant space to get to the kitchen,

toilet and storage at the back.

• E.g. 2: - On the first and second floor, the user enters the living area and turns in the other

direction to reach the storage and toilet area.

S E M K I N R ES TA U R A N TA R C H I T E C T U R A L D E S I G N P R I N C I P L E S

Restaurant / commercial

Private

Private

GROUND FLOOR CIRCULATION

FIRST AND SECOND FLOOR

CIRCULATION

FRONT ELEVATION


4 7

GEOMETRY

• In the shop house, all spaces are all geometric – rectangular and square. There are no

organic or curvy spaces.

• The alignment of spaces are also all right-angled to one another. There are no

juxtaposition or overlaying of spaces.

• The same type of spaces are also zoned geometrically next to and above one another.

REPETITION

• The shape of the plan is the same for all 3 floors in the shop house – rectangular and

linear.

• The stairwells are all aligned at the same position in the house.

First and second floor

• The main living spaces are at the rear end of the house and accessed directly from

staircase.

• The linear corridor leading from there to the storage spaces are at the same position.

• The storage spaces are directly above one another.

Ground floor

• In contrary to the upper floors, the main restaurant space is directly after the entrance

of the shop house.

• The secondary storage spaces are at the read end of the house.

Main space

Main space

Main space

Secondary space

Secondary space

Secondary space

Walkway

Walkway

Stairs

EXPLODED AXONOMETRIC OF LAYOUT


4 8

A R C H I T E C T U R E

S T Y L E A N A LY S I S

With the independence in 1957, the strong desire to define the architectural identity of a new nation brought worldwide trend of International Style for

the architecture of government buildings, schools, hospitals, offices and universities. The international style of Malaysia was not much different from the

globalized internationalism based on new technology and functionalism. However, modern architecture in Malaysia tried to design a more socially and

historically relevant buildings with the sensitivity to hot and humid tropical climate

Important changes were made in architectures and city planning of KL in the 1920s and 1930s due to the strong influences of European architecture

style. Art Deco style buildings were introduced to replace Strait Eclectic Style. With the independence in 1957, the strong desire to define the

architectural identity of a new nation brought worldwide trend of International Style for the architecture of government buildings, schools, hospitals,

offices and universities. Today, the external facades of shop houses may remain the same, but peek inside and you will find a diverse range of functions –

temples, clan associations, guilds, kopitiams, bookshops, bars, museums, and of course homes.

I N T R O D U C T I O NA R C H I T E C T U R A L S T Y L E A N A L Y S I S

A R C H I T E C T U R A L S T Y L E

5 0

MODERN (1950-1970)

• Functional and simple as a reflection of the post-war situation

• Industrial materials like steel and reinforced concrete used

• Common features include thin sunshade fins and air vents that are both functional as well as decorative

ART DECO (1930-1960)

• Geometric designs and pre-cast elements used

• Special emphasis given to street corners with the

year of the building’s construction usually displayed

on the façade

TIMELINE OF SHOP HOUSESSINGAPORE


5 1

A R T D E C O A R C H I T E C T U R A L A N A L Y S I S

The art deco style (1930 – 1960), which above all reflected modern technology, was characterized by smooth lines, geometric shapes, streamlined forms

and bright, sometimes garish colours. The Art Deco style developed after the Paris Exposition Internationale des Arts Decoratifs et Industrieles Modernes

in 1925. Beginning as a style of ornamentation, Art Deco was exemplified in trains, radios, jewellery, furniture, and countless other items. It also evolved

into a style of architecture. Office buildings, post offices, movie theatres and apartment buildings were built in the Art Deco style.

Primary Stylistic Features

• Vertical emphasis.

• Rooflines are stepped or flat.

• Concrete is a common material used in construction to achieve smooth white surfaces. However, polychromatic examples exist with painted concrete.

• A minimum of one of the following decorative elements: zigzags, chevrons, sunburst, fluting, banding or other references to the machine age.

Left to right:

1. Typical

characteristics of

Decorative Deco2. Miami Beach Art

Deco Building3. The most familiar

type of the style in Cincinnati is the box-like, two-story, flat-roofed, brick apartment building


5 2

SENTUL SHOP HOUSES

As an overall, the Art Deco influence is less seen on the facades of the shop house compared to the modern and post-war architectural style. Although

inspired directly from building styles in the West, the local Art Deco buildings differ according to their local context and function.

Below are a few buildings that show Art Deco influence.

1. Damai Service Hospital (Site B)

• Vertical emphasis of form is emphasized

• Banding in contrasting colour is used to frame the building.

2. Wisma Mepro (Site C)

• It has a box-like, flat-roofed, concrete façade

• Vertical glass windows with metal sashes.

3. Back façade of Site A shop houses

• Streamlined modern curves reminiscent of the 1920s need for speed.

Left to right: 1. The back façade

of Site A shop house.

2. Wisma Meprostands confidently

3. The DamaiService Hospital


5 3

M O D E R N , P O S T M O D E R N A N D

B R U TA L I S T S T Y L EA R C H I T E C T U R A L A N A L Y S I S

Modern architecture is generally characterized by simplification of form and creation of ornament from the structure and theme of the building. It

is a term applied to an overarching movement, with its exact definition and scope varying widely. In a broader sense, early modern architecture

began at the turn of the 20th century with efforts to reconcile the principles underlying architectural design with rapid technological advancement

and the modernization of society.

The dominant style of architecture between 1945 and 1975 was the Modern Movement, and some of England’s most important listed buildings of

the period are traditional, even classical. But the mid-1950s saw the emergence worldwide of a more rugged style within modernism, which in

Britain was termed ‘Brutalism’. Simple, functional buildings erected after the war were becoming standardised, while dismissing the decorative

flights of fancy of the Festival of Britain as excessive. They turned instead to a form of modern architecture that was honest - indeed expressive -

of its materials, whether brick or timber, concrete or steel, and which was related to the latest designs by international architects including Frank

Lloyd Wright and Mies van der Rohe as well as Le Corbusier.

PRIMARY STYLISTIC FEATURES

Modern

• simplicity and clarity of forms and elimination of "unnecessary detail"

• visual expression of structure (as opposed to the hiding of structural elements)

• the related concept of "Truth to materials", meaning that the true nature or natural appearance of a material ought to be seen rather than concealed

or altered to represent something else


5 4

• use of industrially-produced materials; adoption of the machine aesthetic

Post modern

• the characteristics of postmodernism allow its aim to be expressed in diverse ways.

• these characteristics include the use of sculptural forms, ornaments, anthropomorphism and materials

• these forms are sculptural and are somewhat playful.

• these forms are not reduced to an absolute minimum; they are built and shaped for their own sake.

Brutalism

• dynamic geometric style that is massive

• monolithic and blocky in appearance

• typically contains copious amounts of poured concrete

Clockwise, from top left:

1. The Bauhaus building at Dessau, Germany, designed by Walter Gropius.

2. Greyhound Bus Station in Cleveland, showing the Streamline Moderne aesthetic.

3. Washington, D.C. A combination of brutalistand international modernism.

4. Washington, D.C. The modernist NPR building, with dark spandrel panels between the rows of windows that provide a uniformly reflective appearance.

5. Chicago, IL. Marina City. A mixed-use set of residential towers, referred to locally as the "Corn Cobs".


5 5

SENTUL SHOP HOUSES

Since the early 20th century, private architects and architectural firms erected many modern movement buildings in Kuala Lumpur. Some of the

buildings demonstrate a fervent modern movement style of simple ,functional façades, designed primarily along horizontal lines; others are more

eclectic, innovative and sensitive to tropical climate and themes. Modern style houses are always straightforward in character and rationally

proportioned, but also freely designed: they seem to reflect the new, liberal, optimistic attitudes towards life and the 1930s entrepreneur spirit.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN LOCAL AND WESTERN STRUCTURES

• The local modern, post modern and brutalism structures differ according to size and height. While buildings in the West tend to be massive and

dominating in scale, local structures are more conformed to its functionality and site context.

• These local structures are constructed amongst shop houses. The Western buildings are often stand-alone.

• The local buildings are built largely in vertical form, towering over the pavements – this being a main feature of Malaysian shop houses.

• A prominent local built element, the five-foot walkway is incorporated into each building regardless of its architectural style.

• Building materials used for local buildings are mostly concrete, and sparingly used. In the West, a wider array of materials are used, with more

room for more ornamentation and flourish designs.

Next page:

A variety of modern, post modern and brutalism shop houses and buildings situated in Site A, B and C. Western influences are clearly seen in the building facades, but local context

and climate does play its role in injecting local style into it.


5 6


5 7

B U I L D I N G

C O N S T R U C T I O N

A N A LY S I S

ROOF

Shop house are using pitched roof at the period 1840 until 1940,

and flat roof are starting and used to build shop houses since 1940.

TIME PERIOD OF THE ROOF STYLES

From the roof type, we can easily determine the period that the

shop house was built.

Figure of the roof in three different periods

Between late and modern shop house style, there is a art deco

shop house style. The time period of the style is from 1930-1960.

Art deco shop house style was using pitched roof from 1930 to

1940. After that flat roof art deco shop house was built.

An art deco shop house which built in 1935 at site B.

Site A: For the site, the shop house was built in 1964 –1984. 99% of the shop houses’ roofs at the area are flat roofs.

Site B: Shop house around the around was built in 1938.The shop house are using the styles art deco shop house style, because it has a lot art and decorative feature . Beside, the shophouse show the reflection of the vertical symmetry

Site C: There is a huge time gap in this area. Some shop houses were built in 1935 and some was rebuilt at the past few years. The contrast of the roof are easily seen from the picture.

ROOF TYPES FROM DIFFERENT SITE

B U I L D I N G C O N S T R U C T I O N

5 9

PITCHED ROOF (EARLY AND LATE SHOP HOUSE STYLE)

• Pitched roof is a roof that has sloped surface and

overlapping V-profile.

• The sloped surface is used to ensure the proper drainage

during rainy weather.

ROOF COVER:

Most of the shop houses are using clay tiles which well-organized on timber batten and bonded with mortar.

PARTY WALL

The wall is built around 30cm higher

than the roof. It is used to

demarcate a shop house and break

the shop house to the individual lot.

FLAT ROOF (MODERN SHOP HOUSE STYLE)

• Modern shop house like to use flat roof because it

has a lot of possibilities and more functional

• The flat roof actually have slope that up to

approximately 10 degree to prevent the raining water

stay still on the roof surface

ROOF COVER

Most of the shop house owners

will fully use the whole area of the

shop houses even the roof. The

flat surface that allows the roof

spaces can be used to build an

extra structure as a living space.


6 0

WALLFor the shop houses along Jalan Sentul, the brick plastered walls are most commonly used, and timber wall partitions are also popular in the shop house at that area.

BRICK PLASTERED WALL

• The bricks that commonly chosen to used are the clay brick.

• A Large quantities of lime are used to build the wall

Figure of brick plastered wall

SITE A SITE B SITE C

3rd LAYER: LIME WASH

WATER + LIME

USED TO CREATE A BETTER

SURFACE THAT CAN

DEFLECT HEAT AND LIGHT

FROM THE EXTERIOR

2nd LAYER: LIME PLASTER

SAND+WATER + LIME

USED TO CREATE A SKIN

AND FINISHING ON THE

BRICK WORK

1st LAYER: LIME MORTAR

SAND+ WATER + LIME

USED TO HOLD BRICK

TOGETHER

TIMBER PARTITION WALL• Timber is one of the famous traditional material that used in a lot

of shop house • The installation of a timber wall partition is very simple and the

expenses are cheaper.• It can provide simple and basic space division. Most of the Chinese

shop house owners use timber partition because they have more family members and some also built it to create a space for storage use.

Figuere of timber partition wall in site B

CHINESE CHINESERESTAURANT BOOKSTORE


6 1

STAIRCASE

The staircase of shop house is normally built beside

the shop house. With the time changes, some shop

house change the design. They built the staircase

inside the shop house. It is more safety and save a lot

of time. Classical timber staircase is hard to found at

the area. Some of them are too old and the owners

decided to change them into the concrete staircase.

CONCRETE STAIRCASE

The quality of an area can be

reflected from buildings and

minor developments, as you

can see from the picture

below.

Site A: Cement mixer staircase Site B: mosaic tiled staircase Site C: granite tile staircase

CLASSICAL TIMBER STAIRCASE

Classical timber staircase are only used in the early period

because the lifespend is short compare to concrete

staircase.

A timber staircase was found in a Chinese restaurant in site B which has almost 78 years history.


6 2

FIVE FOOT WAY

FIve foot way is one of the important elements in construction of shop house, and the traditional materials are encouraged to use to as finishes on

five foot way of the shophouse. Traditional finishes for the five-foot way floors include cement screed, terra cotta tiles, clay tiles, cement terrazzo,

mosaic, marble-chip terrazzo or granite slab. The five-foot way is usually features edging parallel to the drain at the road side. Tile patterns used on

the five-foot way are sometimes repeated on the front wall of the shophouse either ending as a skirting or under the window to form a decorative

wall.

Where the existing floor finishes are not original, traditional materials are to be considered. The selection of the floor finishes preferably matches

the architectural style of the shophouses.

.


Art Decoshophouses may have a variety of colours of marble-chip terrazzo or mosaic as the thefinishes

It is untraditional for five-foot ways to be finished inceramic tiles or slate.

Early Style shophousesto have cementscreed with gridded rope indentations and granite edge slabs

6 3

C O M PA R I S I O N W I T H S H O P H O U S E I N W ES T E R N C O U N T R Y

For the modern shop house in western country, the 1st storey (open shop front) have a big contrast with the upper storey ( residential

space). For the shop front is built to have more transparency and the residential spaces are built to have more privacy at the same

time. The shop fronts are commonly use transparent glass as the display case. They used to display the good sale stock inside the shop

to attract customer. Beside, the western shop house don't use the five foot way but only a long corridor . But external roof was built

on some western shop house.

Western shop houses Shop front of the western shop houses Outlook compare between local shop house and western shop house


6 4


E L E M E N T S A N A LY S I S

The Sentul shop houses consist of a variety of architectural components

that define the Malaysian architecture in its very way. Influenced by both

local and foreign styles, Sentul shop houses are undoubtedly the most

unique in its area. Along Jalan Sentul were shop houses with three

different functions namely Cultural Shop Houses, Community Convenience

Shop Houses and Public Services Shop Houses.

The obvious elements of Art Deco present in these shop houses are the

strong emphasis on vertical elements as the buildings are closely packed.

From the outside, Sentul shop houses seemed combined to one another

but are divided by rear boundary walls on the inside.

Site A, B and C shop houses

The vertical elements are strongly defined by the upright structure

of the walls called pilasters from Shanghai that is portrayed on the

façade. Interior boundary walls were used to set a variance in

spaces between one shop house and another. Also, the façade

portrays a strong emphasis on geometrical elements from Art Deco

that is acquired in most shop houses along Jalan Sentul.

Sketch shows the

diving walls in shop

houses

Sketch shows geometrical

elements found on façade

of shop houses

F A Ç A D E S


A R C H I T E C T U R A L E L E M E N T S

6 6

Unusually, the facade is always recessed at ground level, leaving a space

here that for walkways to be constructed. Walkways play an essential

role in the user circulation around a building. Along the rows of shop lots

are walkways that provide a walking passage for pedestrians and

customers.

Site A Site B Site C

Materials used for walkways vary from site A to B and C.

Walkways on site A, B and C respectively

Length of walkway sideways Differences between sites A, B and C

The walkways are made wide up to 1.5 metres to allow pedestrians to circulate with ease. The walkway in Site A is different than in Site B and C. Site A

has extended pavements along as well for stall setting purposes. Site B and C however implemented green features such as planting trees and bushes

along the walkways for both aesthetic value and health wise.

The materials used for these walkways are Art Deco styled :- a riot of

multicolour tiles and random arrangement of tiles.

The tiles used in Site A

walkways are small and vary in

colour for aesthetic purposes.

These colours are randomly

placed to show a diverse in

contrast.

Sketch shows

dimensions of

tiles used

Site A walkway material

The cement walkways on Site B and C

provides a seamless pathway that is

easy to construct and strong overtime.

Concrete cement walkway

Sketch shows

pavement practicality

on site

W A L K W A Y S


6 7

Entrances found on ground level of shop lots consist of grills and shades.

These entrances come in different lengths depending on the business

being run. The grills, made from metal act as safety barriers against

miscreants when the shop is left unattended. The shades, made from

aluminium however reduces impurities from walkways or roads from

entering the building.

Entrances from site A,B and C

The metal grills can be opened

and closed in one direction either

left or right only. Most of these

entrances are found in front of

staircases to the upper floor.

The shades are pulled downwards to

close the entrance. These entrances

are big to allow more customers to go

in and out of the shop and also to

allow easy carriage of goods.

Two types of entances found in Sentul shop houses

At the back of the shop houses are storage spaces at ground level, with an

open courtyard or light-well which explains the need for bigger back

entrances. These back entrances are either partially closed or fully closed.

Back entrances for site A, B and C

Sketch of back door entrance

One of the many unique features that can be

found in Sentul shop houses is the utilization of

an assortment of open-to-sky spaces to admit

natural daylight as well as natural air called

internal courtyards. Contingent upon their size,

these courtyards may be landscaped spaces for

any household activities.

Courtyard that has been made into a kitchen and storage space

E N T R A N C E S

C O U R T Y A R D S


6 8

W I N D O W S

All shop houses have a

common setting whereby

the architect

implemented sun

adaptation concepts as

well as natural ventilation

openings, making the

shop houses sustainable.

The diversity of numbers

and types of windows

also add on to the beauty

on the façade of the shop

houses.

Site A, Band C

buildings respectively

The windows found in

Sentul shop houses

are almost similar to

each other because of

developers that come

from the same era.

They either come in

threes or in rows.

Sketch of windows on site that come in three and one row

Windows are crucial for a building’s sustainable approach as it is a

medium that allows natural light to penetrate through. Shop houses

along Jalan Sentul is embodied with windows of different shapes and

sizes. Each window has a purpose depending on its response to building

topography. The most common windows are louvre windows and

casement windows.

Sketch shows types of

windows and how

windows work for

natural lighting

N A T U R A L L I G H T I N G S

Windows on site

Sketch shows function of types of windows

Shop houses at the

end of each row

carry an advantage

by having more

windows at the

sides to allow as

much light from the

sun’s orientation

possible.

Sketch

shows

adaptation

of building

to Sun’s

orientation


6 9

N A T U R A L V E N T I L A T I O N S

Most of the Sentul shop houses implement the use of natural

ventilation to cool the interior spaces. Hence, air vents of all shapes and

sizes were designed in this architecture to support the idea of natural

ventilation. The placing of these air vents were based on the concept of

“hot-air rises”.

Air vent In Site A

Site A building has air vents that are longitudinal

to allow more air to enter the shop houses.

Site B building air vents are small and right

above the windows for easy circulation of air.

Air vent in Site B

Air vent in Site C

Site C building air vents are

numerous and cluttered to

allow more hot air to rush out

during the hot day.

S H A D I N G S

Shading plays an important role in preventing the hot sun from entering

parts of a building and rain as well. Some shades found in Sentul shop

houses were built protruding out from the building and some awnings

were also installed right above window panes.

Shading structure in Site A

Shading in Site A shop houses are built protruding

out from the building as natural shading structure

for its louvre windows.

Side B shadings are

built seamlessly

with the façade as

the windows are

inside the building. Site B Shading

Site C shadings are awnings that are aligned to the

windows on facades. Site C shading


7 0

A R C H E SOne of the most unique characteristics on the Sentul shop houses are

the arches through the “five-foot walkways”. These arches contain

impost and keystones that are used in Art Deco designs to replace

European influenced columns which is not weight supportive compared.

Also, these arches represent the advancement of Malaysian architecture

during its time. This covered five-foot way, typically an arched opening,

joins one house with the rest on the street front. Thus, creating a

continuous walkway on the front facade of the shop house block.

Arches on Site B and C walkways

The arches

throughout the

walkway are the

same in height.

However, the

horizontal length

of the arches

vary according to

the side of

pathways.

Sketch shows height of arch

Art Deco arches are

essential in making the

building more stable as

weight force from

above is distributed

evenly towards the

ground. Aesthetically it

provides a sense of

stability when walking

through it.

Sketch

shows

structure of

the arches

Stairs are essential in shop houses as they act as a platform of access from the

ground floor to the first floor and second floor. However they vary depending

on the type of building function and the place of installation. Most stairs in

Sentul shop houses are found in between main buildings.

types of stairs found on Site A, B and C

Materials used for staircases

Concrete and brick staircases. Building was built in 1964

which shows advancement in materiality for Malaysian

architecture.

Wooden stairs. Timber was used as it

was found abundantly in 1938 before

World War.

Spiral staircase

Spiral staircase made out of steel found outside of a shop

house in Site B. It was used to excess the upper floors

directly from the outside without having to excess from the

inside.

Spiral staircase in Site B

S T A I R C A S E S

Sketch shows stairs found on

site


7 1

Shop houses are ordinarily manufactured with pitched rooftops secured with

orange clay rooftop tiles. Again, this marks an important shift away from the use of

more organic coconut frond thatch (called "attap") in traditional architecture. The

included expense of dirt tiles was borne because of their more prominent

solidness and particularly their imperviousness to flame.

Rooftop structure of shop houses

The facade of Sentul shop houses are all light colored.

Traditionally, numerous shop houses would have had a grayish

shading on their walls. Other well known early hues were

indigo and ochre, given the scope of accessible shades.

Bright façade colors of Sentul shop houses

Pitched roofs plays an advantage in shop housing development as it prevents

rainwater from being collected on the top. All the shop houses along Jalan Sentul are

built in such way to endure the rainy weather in Malaysia and acts as ventilation for

the inner-courtyard.

Function of pitched roof in shop houses in general

R O O F S F A Ç A D E C O L O U R S


7 2

In these modern days of Malaysia, our country’s development has been growing rapidly. Since then, there are conflict between urban change and

heritage and this situation is physically obvious in all the towns and cities in Malaysia today. Not forgetting the identity of Malaysia, there are many

buildings that have combinations of Malay roof forms with the mainly modernist types. The remaining of British Colonial past had made intense

effort to introduce Islamic elements in the means of government buildings. The force of rapid urbanisation brings in newly built intensities onto

some places that demolished almost all the heritage buildings which were there before. This will affect Malaysia’s urban not just architecturally and

environmentally but also socially and culturally. On the contrary, there is an urgent need to develop new appropriate design linkages with the urban

past and at the same time relevant to the present. This endeavour should be for an appropriate inventiveness. A coexisting awareness by the local

architects and the planners towards the historical and cultural context of place and its architectural priorities will provide a firmer basis in the pursuit

to relate new designs with the locality and time. Any argument on the making of modern architecture in Malaysia should be given obvious

outstanding references to the various foreign involvements into the country.

C O N C LU S I O N

7 3

C O N C L U S I O N

R E F E R E N C ES

INTRODUCTION

• Singapore Shophouses. (2010, December 16). Retrieved November 16, 2015, from https://notabilia.wordpress.com/2010/12/16/singapore-shophouses/

• Widodo, J. (n.d.). Modernism in Singapore. Retrieved November 14, 2015, from https://www.academia.edu/223177/Modernism_in_Singapore

• Singapore Chinatown Shophouse. (n.d.). Retrieved November 15, 2015, from http://www.sg-shophouseforsale.com/chinatown-shophouse/

• Malaysia Design Archive | An Influence of Colonial Architecture to Building Styles and Motifs in Colonial Cities in Malaysia. (2005). Retrieved November 8, 2015.

• Kuala Lumpur | national capital, Malaysia. (n.d.). Retrieved November 8, 2015.

• History. (2015, August 20). Retrieved November 8, 2015.

• Sentul’s history is reflected in its old-world charm. (2014, July 8). The Star. Retrieved from http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Community/2014/08/08/No-longer-a-

gangsters-den-Sentuls-history-is-reflected-in-its-oldworld-charm/

ARCHITECTURAL LAYOUT

• Wood, J. (2007, August 6). Tiong Bahru Estate. Retrieved November 12, 2015, from http://tiongbahruestate.blogspot.my/2007/08/modernism-in-singapore.html

• List of old SIT estates. (n.d.). Retrieved November 12, 2015, from http://www.teoadila.com/Singapore/sitlist/

Abdallah, M. (2013, April 22). Park Hill Estate. Retrieved November 12, 2015, from https://architoss.wordpress.com/miscellaneous/essays/park-hill-estate/

• Chong Kia Hoi Realty Sdn Bhd :: 张家辉實業有限公司. (n.d.). Retrieved November 12, 2015, from http://www.ckhrealty.com/demaklaut.php

Pulau Pinang | Penang Tourism | George Town World Heritage City. (n.d.). Retrieved November 12, 2015, from http://www.pulaupinang.com/penang-tourism/penang-world-

heritage-site-khoo-kongsi/

• Penang Shophouses | Cultural Heritage Action Team. (n.d.). Retrieved November 12, 2015, from http://heritagegeorgetown.blogspot.hk/2010/03/penang-shophouses.html

• Ah Tong Tailor. (2012, October 12). Retrieved November 12, 2015, from http://ahtongtailor.com/tag/george-town-shop-houses/

7 4

R E F E R E N C E S

ARCHITECTURE STYLE ANALYSIS

• Postmodern.” Boundless Art History. Boundless, 21 Jul. 2015. Retrieved 16 Nov. 2015 from https://www.boundless.com/art-history/textbooks/boundless-art-history-

textbook/global-art-since-1950-ce-37/architecture-236/postmodern-840-10852/

• Architectural Style Guide - Art Deco. (n.d.). Retrieved November 16, 2015, from http://dnr.alaska.gov/parks/oha/styleguide/artdeco.htm

• Modern - Boundless Open Textbook. (n.d.). Retrieved November 16, 2015, from https://www.boundless.com/art-history/textbooks/boundless-art-history-textbook/global-

art-since-1950-ce-37/architecture-236/modern-839-10850/

• Modernism and Brutalism. (2011, October 17). Retrieved November 16, 2015, from http://architecturestyles.org/post-war-modern/

• The History and Influence of Art Deco in Malaysia's Architecture. (2013, June 6). Retrieved November 16, 2015, from http://www.expatgomalaysia.com/2013/06/06/the-

history-and-influence-of-art-deco-in-malaysias-architecture/

• Art Deco & Moderne: 1930 To 1950 - City Planning. (n.d.). Retrieved November 16, 2015, from http://www.cincinnati-oh.gov/planning/historic-conservation/major-

architectural-styles/art-deco-moderne-1930-to-1950/

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION ANALYSIS

• Penang Shophouse Styles. (n.d.). Retrieved November 13, 2015, from http://www.slideshare.net/penangshophouse/4-penang-shophouse-styles-8-

may2011?next_slideshow=2

• YOUR SHOPHOUSES: DO IT RIGHT. (2015, February 1). Retrieved November 13, 2015, from http://www.ura.gov.sg/uol/~/media/User Defined/URA

Online/publications/technical_publications/conservation_publications/YourShophouseDoItRight Feb 2015.ashx

• CONVERSATION GUIDELINES. (2011, December 1). Retrieved November 13, 2015, from http://www.ura.gov.sg/uol/~/media/User Defined/URA

Online/Guidelines/Conservation/Cons-Guidelines.ashx

• CONVERSATION GUIDELINES. (2011, December 1). Retrieved November 13, 2015, from http://www.ura.gov.sg/uol/~/media/User Defined/URA

Online/Guidelines/Conservation/Cons-Guidelines.ashx

• An Inspiring Interior for an Optician’s Shop: Hofstede Optiek in the Netherlands. (n.d.). Retrieved November 15, 2015, from http://www.designhomeonline.net/03/2011/an-

inspiring-interior-for-an-opticians-shop-hofstede-optiek-in-the-netherlands/

7 5

R E F E R E N C E S

ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS ANALYSIS

• Art Deco (c.1925-40) (Art Deco Design Style: Origins, History, Characteristics)

• Davis, Howard, Living Over the Store: Architecture and Local Urban Life, Routledge, 2012

• Themes, E. (2012, January 8). Shophouse Architecture. Retrieved July 14, 2015, from http://www.shophousetowkay.sg/guide/styles-of-shophouse/

• Types of stairs - Advantages & Disadvantages. (Keuka Studios Types of Stairs Comments)

• Mai-Lin Tjoa-Bonatz, "Shophouses in Colonial Penang", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volume LXXI Part 2, 1998, pp 122-136

• Davis, Howard, Living Over the Store: Malaysian Architecture and Local Urban Life, 2012

• Ahmad, D. (2008, July 7). THE ARCHITECTURAL STYLE OF THE PERANAKAN CINA. Retrieved November 11, 2015, from

http://www.hbp.usm.my/conservation/SeminarPaper/peranakan cina.html

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R E F E R E N C E S

C H A I C H I N E E

0 9 0 7p7 2 9 5 0

A L A N K O O K A

LO K

0 3 1 8 7 5 7

C H I A S U E H W A

0 3 1 7 9 2 0

A R V I N D H A N a / l

B A L A S I N G A M

0 3 1 9 7 5 3

A U T H O R S

“I like the new Sentul.. Where

else can you see a guy

stringing garlands of jasmine in

front of his flower shop, with a

string of new condos behind

him? It’s like the town has

come alive again.

”

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