The current situation:

LIMA TALKS RIPPLE POSITIVE VIBES

USA and China to become low carbon economies, US to double the rate of reduction and China will start reducing its coal usage within six years.

European Union to reduce carbon emission by 40% by 2030.

South Africa will stop increasing emissions by 2025.

All nations to halt forest loss by 2030.

GGovernments have agreed to provide a greater-than-expected $10 billion to a fund to help poor countries address climate change.

The Lima Climate Conference achieved a range of other im-portant outcomes and decisions and "firsts" in the history of the international climate process.

Levels of transparency and confidence-building reached new heights as several industrialized countries submitted them-selves to questioning about their emissions targets under a new process called a Multilateral Assessment.

The Lima Ministerial Declaration on Education and Aware-ness-raising calls on governments to put climate change into school curricula and climate awareness into national develop-ment plans.

In a further boost to the adaptation ambitions of developing countries, Germany made a pledge of 55 million Euros to the Adaptation Fund.

China also announced $10 million for South-South cooperation and mentioned they would double it next year.

Governments arrived in Lima on a wave of positive news and optimism resulting from the climate action an-nouncements of the European Union, China and the United States to the scaling up of pledges for the Green Climate Fund. They leave Lima on a ffresh wave of positivity towards Paris with a range of key decisions agreed and action-agendas launched, includ-ing on how to better scale up and fi-nance adaptation, alongside actions on forests and education. ” - Christia-na Figueres, Executive Secretary of the UN Framework on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), held the LIMA climate change conference (COP20), which concluded on a positive note. “Lima Call for Climate Action”, a 5 page document, is the outcome of this conference. The wave of optimism across the world rose from the U.S. - China deal. But much still needs to be done to burnish the relations between develop-ing and developed nations before the COP21 in Paris, next year.

Negotiations were not easy as there were various points of contentions:

Developing nations like India and China pushed for greater differentiation. This comes from a 1992 UNFCCC agreement which puts differentiated responsibility on both developed and developing nations on the basis of histor-ic emissions, with stringent financial implications.

Small Island States bloc pressed on “loss and damage” to be included as stand-alone measure. This would help them seek compensation for the damage caused because of the rapid climate change.

Developed countries pushed for a review of prospective emission cuts and pledged to enhance accountability.

The final document, touched upon most of the contentious issues, striking a balance between different blocs.

The topic of Differentiation has always found centre-stage in climate-change meeting. But, China’s declaration of increasing emissions by 2030 earlier this year, was in variance with its solidarity on developed/developing differentiation. However, little has changed, with China backing India up on differentiated responsibility and removal of the clause that says that developing nations shall pay for mitigation costs. This came in the background of increasing carbon emissions by India and China, with focus on higher rates of developments. China stands thirds in terms of carbon emissions, lead byby the U.S. and EU. India holds a late eighth position, yet significant when seen in terms of carbon emissions.

Garnering finances has also been the central agenda since the COP15, Copenhagen. Developed nation committed to mobilize $30 billion/year from 2010-12, increasing it to $100 billion by 2020. COP16 saw a more formal pledge of $100 billion/year along with development of Green Climate Fund (GCF). The final document of Lima urges developed nations to provide enhanced financial support of this front.Initiatives outside the UNFCCC process, such as China’s recent launch of an international climate fund to assist developing countries in tackling climate change suggests a willingness on Beijing’s part to act, which has been largely absent within climate change meetings. Advances in the deploy-ment of renewable energy technologies, which China and India have both shown interest in, also suggests that there is potential for meaningful action that can boost confidence prior to Paris.

23.43%

1.75%

3.61%

4.87%

2.23%

5.7%

2.31%

1.57%

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14.69%

4.17%

* This is a graphical representation, the territories might differ in the original scales of the world map.