figure 66: standardised rates of stomach cancer, by income by

Cancer Trends 151

Figure 65 Standardised rates of stomach cancer for 25+ year-olds by income by sex

Figure 66 Standardised rates of stomach cancer by income by sex and age group

152 Cancer Trends

Table 63 Age- and ethnicity-standardised income rate ratios (SRR) rate differences (SRD) relative indices of inequality (RII) and slope indices of inequality (SII) of stomach cancer by sex

Age group

Cohort Males Females

Relative inequalities

Absolute inequalities



SRR RII (95 CI) SRD SII (95 CI) SRR RII (95 CI) SRD SII (95 CI)

Stomach

25+ years 1981ndash1986 129 14 (09ndash22)

72 90 (-35ndash21)

156 16 (09ndash29)

60 70 (-01ndash14)

1986ndash1991 137 17 (11ndash26)

84 12 (35ndash21)

158 19 (12ndash31)

48 70 (28ndash11)

1991ndash1996 120 13 (09ndash19)

42 60 (13ndash99)

130 18 (06ndash59)

29 70 (-64ndash20)

1996ndash2001 139 19 (13ndash27)

62 12 (22ndash22)

126 16 (10ndash25)

23 50 (08ndash84)

2001ndash2004 135 16 (11ndash24)

55 90 (-14ndash19)

090 08 (05ndash14)

-11 -20 (-89ndash44)

P (trend) 055 048 044 098 002 015 lt01 011

Pooled 131 15 (12ndash18)

63 90 (48ndash14)

134 16 (12ndash22)

32 50 (-02ndash11)

25ndash64 years

1981ndash1986 076 06 (03ndash13)

-40 -70 (-15ndash16)

178 20 (09ndash47)

34 40 (-13ndash97)

1986ndash1991 166 22 (11ndash46)

58 80 (61ndash10)

169 20 (08ndash49)

26 40 (-08ndash81)

1991ndash1996 147 19 (10ndash36)

44 70 (23ndash11)

121 19 (07ndash50)

09 30 (-20ndash74)

1996ndash2001 109 14 (07ndash25)

09 30 (-82ndash15)

181 25 (10ndash61)

23 30 (-14ndash83)

2001ndash2004 132 18 (10ndash32)

24 50 (-19ndash12)

081 08 (04ndash17)

-10 -10 (-42ndash17)

P (trend) 075 047 097 094 021 023 014 004 Pooled 118 13

(10ndash18) 19 30

(-11ndash75) 143 18

(13ndash27) 18 30

(12ndash48)


39 53 (-16ndash108)

167 16 (07ndash36)

26 29 (-30ndash61)

1986ndash1991 128 15 (09ndash27)

27 44 (-48ndash93)

139 19 (10ndash36)

14 25 (12ndash50)

1991ndash1996 103 11 (07ndash17)

26 50 (-12ndash21)

138 20 (04ndash94)

13 32 (-30ndash93)

1996ndash2001 147 19 (11ndash31)

27 49 (60ndash92)

106 13 (07ndash25)

22 13 (-20ndash28)

2001ndash2004 127 13 (08ndash23)

17 22 (-23ndash68)

116 14 (06ndash30)

58 13 (-34ndash60)

P (trend) 097 090 059 081 004 013 005 003 Pooled 129 14

(11ndash19) 23 34

(13ndash54) 134 17

(11ndash27) 13 24

(-22ndash51)

Notes 95 percent confidence intervals in brackets SRRs and SRDs compare low- and high-income tertiles Underlying non-linear trends mean the p for trend value must be interpreted cautiously

Cancer Trends 153

Chapter 26 Testicular Cancer There are two main subtypes of testicular cancer seminomas and non-seminomas Testicular cancer is relatively rare ndash 141 cases were diagnosed in New Zealand in 2005 ndash however it is the most common cancer among young men57 As in most developed countries the incidence of testicular cancer is increasing in New Zealand (the rate rising by 143 percent between 1956 and 1996)3 82 There are only a few well-established risk factors for testicular cancer Age is the best documented peak incidence occurs at 25ndash35 years Close relatives of men with testicular cancer are at a significantly increased risk However family clusters only account for a small proportion of total cases Ethnicity is also an important factor in the United States the rate of testicular cancer is six times higher in whites than it is in blacks83 Place of birth is also strongly linked with risk there are considerable differences in incidence rates between countries84 Cryptorchidism (undescended testes) is a well-established risk factor for testicular cancer Recently interest has focused on a possible relationship between subfertility and hypospadias cryptorchidism and testicular cancer The incidence of all these conditions has been increasing recently leading to some researchers suggesting they have a common origin As testicular cancer is commonly a disease of young men considerable research effort has focused on the prenatal environment particularly in utero exposure of the foetus to oestrogens85-88 To date research findings have been somewhat inconsistent Environmental exposures later in life are also likely to influence the development of testicular cancer Some infections may be related to increased risk possibly including infection with the mumps rubella or Epstein-Barr viruses A variety of occupational exposures have been investigated again with inconsistent results Note that the age range for testicular cancer in this report is from 15 years of age not 25 due to the cancerrsquos high incidence in the 15ndash24 year age range

261 Ethnic trends Rates among men aged 15+ years increased over the period surveyed by one-quarter among Māori and by one-half among EuropeanOther but neither trend was statistically significant (Figure 67 and Table 121 in Appendix 1) There was little apparent change in rates among Pacific and Asian males ndash although a marked imprecision of rates must be noted Pooled over time rates among Māori were 139 (95 percent confidence interval 122ndash159) times that of EuropeanOther Pacific 047 (028ndash080) times that rate and Asian 045 times (026ndash078) (Table 64) No trends over time in inequalities were evident

154 Cancer Trends

Figure 67 Standardised rates of testicular cancer for 15+ year-olds by ethnicity

Figure 68 Standardised rates of testicular cancer by ethnicity by age group

Cancer Trends 155

Table 64 Age-standardised rate ratios (SRR) of testicular cancer for Māori Pacific and Asian compared to EuropeanOther

Exposure Testicular Total ethnicity

Cohort 15+ years SRR (95 CI)

15ndash44 years SRR (95 CI)

Males

Total Māori vs European

1981ndash1986 150 (105ndash216) 140 (098ndash202) 1986ndash1991 090 (062ndash129) 111 (074ndash166) 1991ndash1996 158 (119ndash210) 184 (135ndash251) 1996ndash2001 172 (136ndash218) 183 (141ndash238) 2001ndash2004 125 (095ndash164) 138 (103ndash185) P (trend) 082 069 Pooled 139 (122ndash159) 151 (131ndash174)

Total Pacific vs European


Total Asian vs European


Notes 95 percent confidence intervals in brackets Underlying non-linear trends mean the p for trend value must be interpreted cautiously

156 Cancer Trends

Table 65 Age-standardised rate differences (SRD) of testicular cancer for Māori Pacific and Asian compared to EuropeanOther


Cohort 15+ years SRD (95 CI)

15ndash44 years SRD (95 CI)

Males


1981ndash1986 38 (-01ndash76) 42 (-08ndash92) 1986ndash1991 -08 (-32ndash16) 10 (-30ndash50) 1991ndash1996 42 (12ndash72) 72 (27ndash12) 1996ndash2001 59 (29ndash89) 90 (43ndash14) 2001ndash2004 28 (-10ndash66) 55 (00ndash11) P (trend) 041 029 Pooled 32 (17ndash46) 54 (33ndash75)


1981ndash1986 -49 (-80ndash -18) -65 (-11ndash -19) 1986ndash1991 -08 (-92ndash76) -50 (-10ndash00) 1991ndash1996 -21 (-54ndash12) -28 (-69ndash12) 1996ndash2001 -60 (-79ndash -42) -76 (-11ndash -48) 2001ndash2004 -88 (-11ndash -64) -11 (-14ndash -70) P (trend) 022 024 Pooled -43 (-64ndash -22) -63 (-82ndash -44)




262 Socioeconomic trends Testicular cancer rates increased over time in all income groups but none of the trends were statistically significant (Figure 69 and Table 122 in Appendix 1) Pooled over time there was an approximately 20 percent greater incidence among males of low income although confidence intervals just included the null (Table 66) There was no strong evidence of changing differences in rates by income over time

Cancer Trends 157

Figure 69 Standardised rates of testicular cancer for 15+ year-olds by income

Figure 70 Standardised rates of testicular cancer by income by age group

158 Cancer Trends

Table 66 Age- and ethnicity-standardised income rate ratios (SRR) rate differences (SRD) relative indices of inequality (RII) and slope indices of inequality (SII) of testicular cancer

Age group

Cohort Males

Relative inequalities Absolute inequalities

SRR RII (95 CI) SRD SII (95 CI)

Testicular

15+ years 1981ndash1986 138 13 (08ndash22) 27 20 (03ndash36) 1986ndash1991 110 10 (06ndash16) 06 00 (-11ndash06) 1991ndash1996 098 10 (06ndash16) -02 00 (-52ndash51) 1996ndash2001 142 17 (11ndash27) 31 40 (09ndash78) 2001ndash2004 121 15 (10ndash24) 19 40 (-13ndash98) P (trend) 093 029 077 070 Pooled 122 12 (10ndash15) 16 20 (03ndash31)

15ndash24 years

1981ndash1986 183 20 (05ndash90) 40 50 (-02ndash10) 1986ndash1991 143 10 (03ndash33) 13 00 (-65ndash59) 1991ndash1996 048 03 (01ndash22) -34 -50 (-72ndash -19) 1996ndash2001 052 05 (01ndash21) -38 -40 (-89ndash12) 2001ndash2004 104 10 (03ndash36) 02 00 (-65ndash59) P (trend) 020 038 030 035 Pooled 093 08 (05ndash15) -04 -10 (-44ndash24)

25ndash44 years

1981ndash1986 122 12 (06ndash23) 30 30 (-12ndash72) 1986ndash1991 105 10 (05ndash18) 05 00 (-25ndash16) 1991ndash1996 111 12 (07ndash21) 12 20 (-90ndash14) 1996ndash2001 202 28 (14ndash58) 11 15 (76ndash22) 2001ndash2004 121 17 (09ndash32) 33 10 (-20ndash21) P (trend) 050 023 041 025 Pooled 131 14 (11ndash19) 39 50 (20ndash81)


Cancer Trends 159

Chapter 27 Thyroid Cancer There are four main types of thyroid cancer papillary (50ndash80 percent of cases) follicular (15ndash20 percent of cases) medullary and anaplastic (both lt10 percent of cases) These subtypes differ in terms of their clinical behaviour and are also likely to differ in terms of their aetiologies Thyroid cancers are relatively uncommon ndash 166 cases were diagnosed in New Zealand in 2005 ndash although they are among the most common cancers diagnosed among children and young people57 89 In the United States there has been an increase in thyroid cancer incidence since the 1970s which is thought to be due at least partly to improvements in diagnosis89 Thyroid cancer is more common among women and peak incidence occurs at 20ndash60 years of age There are a number of inherited syndromes that increase the risk of thyroid cancer including multiple endocrine neoplasia familial medullary thyroid cancer and familial adenomatous polyposis Those with a family history of thyroid cancer are at increased risk Ionising radiation is the only fully established environmental risk factor for thyroid cancer Other possible causes include a diet either low or high in iodine a history of benign thyroid disease such as goitre reproductive factors and sudden changes in weight Smoking may be protective against thyroid cancer89

271 Ethnic trends Thyroid cancer rates increased by about two-thirds among EuropeanOther for both sexes (p for trend le005) but were unstable over time for other ethnic groups (Figure 71 and Table 123 in Appendix 1) Pooled over time Māori thyroid cancer rates were 155 (95 percent confidence interval 111ndash218) and 161 (135ndash192) times Pacific rates 127 (074ndash218) and 358 (287ndash447) times and Asian rates 146 (085ndash249) and 210 (150ndash293) times greater than EuropeanOther rates for males and females respectively (Table 67) Differences in rates between the sexes were marked but varied by ethnic group such that rates among EuropeanOther females were twice Asian and Māori females three times and Pacific females six or more times the male rate (Table 123 in Appendix 1) Pacific female rates of thyroid cancer were particularly high at 185 per 100000 (95 percent confidence interval 146ndash224) There was no evidence of changing inequalities in thyroid cancer incidence over time by ethnicity

160 Cancer Trends

Figure 71 Standardised rates of thyroid cancer for 15+ year-olds by ethnicity by sex

Table 67 Age-standardised rate ratios (SRR) and rate differences (SRD) of thyroid cancer

for Māori Pacific and Asian compared to EuropeanOther by sex

Exposure Thyroid 15+ years


SRR (95 CI) SRD (95 CI) SRR (95 CI) SRD (95 CI)


1981ndash1986 205 (073ndash573) 18 (-17ndash54) 214 (133ndash346) 45 (07ndash84) 1986ndash1991 155 (071ndash342) 09 (-10ndash28) 156 (102ndash239) 24 (-03ndash52) 1991ndash1996 141 (067ndash296) 09 (-13ndash30) 122 (074ndash199) 09 (-16ndash34) 1996ndash2001 163 (101ndash263) 16 (-03ndash35) 158 (118ndash212) 39 (11ndash68) 2001ndash2004 116 (065ndash207) 04 (-13ndash22) 162 (118ndash222) 42 (09ndash75) P (trend) 017 048 049 072 Pooled 155 (111ndash218) 12 (01ndash22) 161 (135ndash192) 32 (18ndash45)


1981ndash1986 029 (004ndash211) -12 (-23ndash -01) 552 (315ndash968) 18 (62ndash30) 1986ndash1991 067 (016ndash273) -05 (-21ndash10) 354 (203ndash615) 11 (28ndash19) 1991ndash1996 217 (075ndash625) 24 (-22ndash71) 367 (209ndash643) 11 (30ndash20) 1996ndash2001 193 (081ndash459) 23 (-18ndash65) 366 (264ndash507) 18 (11ndash25) 2001ndash2004 080 (026ndash249) -05 (-30ndash19) 201 (135ndash299) 70 (18ndash12) P (trend) 076 031 006 036 Pooled 127 (074ndash218) 06 (-09ndash20) 358 (287ndash447) 13 (94ndash17)


1981ndash1986 358 (135ndash949) 10 (-34ndash24) 1986ndash1991 172 (042ndash705) 12 (-27ndash50) 145 (056ndash376) 19 (-40ndash79) 1991ndash1996 080 (018ndash343) -04 (-29ndash20) 123 (055ndash276) 10 (-32ndash52) 1996ndash2001 224 (086ndash585) 31 (-22ndash85) 266 (182ndash389) 11 (48ndash18) 2001ndash2004 091 (042ndash197) -03 (-22ndash17) 150 (100ndash225) 34 (-06ndash75) P (trend) 048 078 Pooled 146 (085ndash249) 10 (-07ndash27) 210 (150ndash293) 56 (21ndash92)


Cancer Trends 161

272 Socioeconomic trends Thyroid cancer rates increased by about three-quarters in the high-income tertile for both males and females and by about one-half in the medium-income tertile over the period surveyed (Figure 72 and Table 124 of Appendix 1) However rates were imprecise and hence trends unstable over time Despite the pattern of varying changes over time by income in thyroid cancer there was no strong evidence of changing inequalities in incidence over time by income Although rates may have been higher in the low- compared to the high-income tertile in 1981ndash1986 they were similar across all income tertiles by 2001ndash2004 (Table 68) Pooled over time there was little evidence of any differences in rates by income Figure 72 Standardised rates of thyroid cancer for 25+ year-olds by income by sex

162 Cancer Trends

Table 68 Age- and ethnicity-standardised income rate ratios (SRR) rate differences (SRD) relative indices of inequality (RII) and slope indices of inequality (SII) of thyroid cancer by sex

Age group







Thyroid

15+ years

1981ndash1986 165 15 (05ndash43)

11 10 (-14ndash28)

183 19 (08ndash41)

32 30 (-08ndash74)

1986ndash1991 129 13 (05ndash31)

04 00 (-12ndash21)

082 07 (03ndash13)

-11 -20 (-40ndash -05)

1991ndash1996 098 09 (03ndash24)

-01 00 (-06ndash02)

118 11 (06ndash20)

06 00 (-68ndash73)

1996ndash2001 074 06 (03ndash13)

-08 -20 (-40ndash07)

116 13 (08ndash20)

13 20 (-23ndash64)

2001ndash2004 101 10 (05ndash20)

00 00 (-21ndash19)

116 13 (08ndash21)

12 20 (-29ndash74)

P (trend) 013 026 016 034 055 070 079 057 Pooled 107 10

(06ndash14) 01 00

(-11ndash09) 118 12

(09ndash15) 10 10

(-12ndash34)


Cancer Trends 163

Chapter 28 Ill-defined Sites Ill-defined cancer sites include those in which the source of the primary tumour is unclear Because of improvements over time in diagnosis and reporting the mix of cancer types included under this rubric has probably changed and may vary between ethnic and income groups rendering interpretation of trends and inequalities problematic

281 Ethnic trends Ill-defined cancer rates tended to decrease over time across ethnic groups but rates were inherently unstable (Figure 73 and Table 123 in Appendix 1) Pooled over time rates of ill-defined cancers were one-and-a-half times as high among Māori and Pacific as they were among EuropeanOther but lower among Asian (Table 69) There was no evidence that rates of Māori Pacific or Asian ill-defined cancer diagnosis were converging with EuropeanOther over time Figure 73 Standardised rates of ill-defined sites cancer for 25+ year-olds by ethnicity by sex

164 Cancer Trends

Table 69 Age-standardised rate ratios (SRR) and rate differences (SRD) of ill-defined sites cancer for Māori Pacific and Asian compared to EuropeanOther by sex

Exposure Ill-defined 25+ years




1981ndash1986 205 (159ndash265) 26 (13ndash39) 127 (089ndash181) 53 (-34ndash14) 1986ndash1991 163 (124ndash213) 16 (49ndash27) 195 (155ndash246) 20 (11ndash30) 1991ndash1996 159 (124ndash204) 14 (48ndash24) 149 (115ndash193) 10 (23ndash18) 1996ndash2001 133 (104ndash169) 80 (02ndash16) 171 (139ndash209) 14 (73ndash20) 2001ndash2004 203 (160ndash258) 19 (10ndash27) 171 (132ndash221) 97 (39ndash16) P (trend) 082 051 080 097 Pooled 170 (151ndash190) 17 (12ndash21) 162 (144ndash182) 12 (84ndash15)


1981ndash1986 103 (055ndash192) 08 (-15ndash17) 142 (063ndash319) 81 (-14ndash31) 1986ndash1991 139 (076ndash252) 10 (-11ndash31) 102 (061ndash169) 03 (-11ndash11) 1991ndash1996 189 (124ndash287) 22 (24ndash41) 140 (088ndash221) 81 (-49ndash21) 1996ndash2001 156 (111ndash220) 14 (07ndash27) 182 (133ndash249) 16 (51ndash27) 2001ndash2004 152 (100ndash232) 95 (-20ndash21) 168 (113ndash249) 93 (04ndash18) P (trend) 052 049 014 029 Pooled 147 (118ndash183) 11 (36ndash19) 143 (113ndash182) 83 (18ndash15)


1981ndash1986 026 (004ndash185) -18 (-31ndash -56) 090 (032ndash255) -19 (-20ndash17) 1986ndash1991 135 (069ndash262) 90 (-14ndash32) 041 (013ndash128) -13 (-23ndash -26) 1991ndash1996 038 (014ndash101) -15 (-24ndash -60) 065 (030ndash140) -71 (-17ndash31) 1996ndash2001 074 (041ndash132) -65 (-17ndash42) 082 (050ndash136) -35 (-12ndash46) 2001ndash2004 023 (009ndash061) -14 (-18ndash -97) 069 (041ndash117) -42 (-92ndash08) P (trend) 024 098 099 026 Pooled 063 (042ndash096) -87 (-15ndash -24) 069 (047ndash102) -60 (-11ndash -07)


282 Socioeconomic trends Rates of ill-defined cancer tended to decrease over time across all income groups ndash but less so in the low-income tertile (Figure 74 and Table 126 in Appendix 1) Pooled over time rates of ill-defined cancer incidence were 20ndash40 percent higher among low-income people The difference in rates of male ill-defined cancer incidence by income widened over time such that by 2001ndash2004 rates among low-income people were at least one-half greater than those of high-income people (Table 70)

Cancer Trends 165

Figure 74 Standardised rates of ill-defined sites cancer for 25+ year-olds by income by sex

Table 70 Age- and ethnicity-standardised income rate ratios (SRR) rate differences (SRD)

relative indices of inequality (RII) and slope indices of inequality (SII) of ill-defined sites cancer by sex

Age group







Ill-defined


-09 -40 (-82ndash12)

114 10 (06ndash16)

26 00 (-11ndash12)

1986ndash1991 102 12 (08ndash17)

07 50 (-08ndash11)

116 13 (09ndash18)

36 60 (-44ndash17)

1991ndash1996 131 12 (08ndash19)

78 60 (-29ndash15)

118 14 (09ndash21)

38 70 (-54ndash20)

1996ndash2001 157 19 (14ndash27)

11 17 (64ndash27)

146 18 (13ndash25)

84 13 (63ndash19)

2001ndash2004 149 16 (11ndash25)

89 10 (-34ndash24)

128 13 (09ndash18)

40 40 (-07ndash81)

P (trend) 003 005 007 003 019 038 045 094 Pooled 121 13

(11ndash15) 53 70

(36ndash10) 124 14

(12ndash17) 45 70

(20ndash12)


Part C Child and Adolescent Cancers

Chapter 29 Childhood Cancer Cancer in childhood (ages 0ndash14 years) is relatively rare About 40 percent of child cancers are leukaemias (in particular acute lymphoblastic leukaemia) and one-quarter are brain cancers (in particular neuroblastoma) with the remainder composed largely of other germ cell tumours Given this heterogeneity trends and inequalities in overall childhood cancer rates should be interpreted with caution

291 Ethnic trends There was no trend in childhood cancer incidence over time within ethnic groups (Figure 75 and Table 127 in Appendix 1)

Pooled over time Māori and EuropeanOther rates were similar but Pacific and Asian rates were elevated compared to those of EuropeanOther by over one-quarter for both Pacific (129 95 percent confidence interval 106ndash157) and Asian (122 087ndash173) (Table 71)

There were no discernable trends in ethnic inequalities in childhood cancer incidence over the 1981ndash2004 period

Figure 75 Standardised rates of childhood cancer (1ndash14 year-olds) by ethnicity

Cancer Trends 169

Table 71 Age-standardised rate ratios (SRR) and standardised rate differences (SRD) of childhood cancer for Māori Pacific and Asian compared to EuropeanOther

Exposure 1st cancer 1ndash14 years

Cohort Both sexes

SRR (95 CI) SRD (95 CI)

Total Māori vs 1981ndash1986 085 (057ndash126) -21 (-70ndash28) European 1986ndash1991 083 (059ndash116) -29 (-81ndash22)

1991ndash1996 094 (068ndash132) -09 (-60ndash42) 1996ndash2001 084 (059ndash120) -23 (-68ndash22) 2001ndash2004 084 (057ndash124) -23 (-72ndash27) P (trend) 098 097 Pooled 086 (073ndash101) -21 (-43ndash01)

Total Pacific 1981ndash1986 111 (067ndash182) 15 (-60ndash89) vs European 1986ndash1991 160 (109ndash234) 10 (06ndash20)

1991ndash1996 122 (077ndash195) 36 (-53ndash12) 1996ndash2001 125 (084ndash184) 35 (-32ndash10) 2001ndash2004 117 (075ndash184) 25 (-49ndash99) P (trend) 059 084 Pooled 129 (106ndash157) 44 (07ndash81)

Total Asian vs 1981ndash1986 149 (062ndash359) 68 (-11ndash25) European 1986ndash1991 123 (049ndash308) 39 (-15ndash23)

1991ndash1996 094 (048ndash182) -10 (-11ndash90) 1996ndash2001 144 (090ndash229) 63 (-30ndash16) 2001ndash2004 101 (058ndash177) 02 (-79ndash83) P (trend) 061 062 Pooled 122 (087ndash173) 34 (-30ndash97)


292 Socioeconomic trends Rates decreased by 16 percent among the high-income tertile over the period surveyed (p for trend 004) but no clear trends were evident in the other tertiles (Figure 76 and Table 128 in Appendix 1)

Pooled over time children from low-income backgrounds had between one-half and two-thirds the rate of cancer of children from high-income backgrounds (for example the RII was 05 95 percent confidence interval 04ndash07) (Table 72) There was no trend in this inequality over time

170 Cancer Trends

Figure 76 Standardised rates of childhood cancer (1ndash14 year-olds) by income

Table 72 Age- and ethnicity-standardised income rate ratios (SRR) rate differences (SRD) relative indices of inequality (RII) and slope indices of inequality (SII) of childhood cancer

Age group Cohort Both sexes



1st cancer

1ndash14 years 1981ndash1986 1986ndash1991 1991ndash1996 1996ndash2001 2001ndash2004 P (trend) Pooled

062 076 077 060 073 092 069

05 (02ndash12) 06 (03ndash11) 07 (04ndash14) 04 (02ndash08) 06 (03ndash12)

092 05 (04ndash07)

-71 -45 -42 -71 -42 075 -55

-90 (-16ndash -29) -90 (-18ndash -06) -50 (-14ndash41) -13 (-18ndash -78)

-70 (-10ndash -31) 078 -90 (-13ndash -57)


Cancer Trends 171

Chapter 30 Adolescent Cancer About 20 percent of adolescent (here defined as the 15ndash24 age group) cancers are lymphomas another 20 percent are germ-cell tumours and approximately 10 percent each are brain cancers melanomas and leukaemias Given this heterogeneity trends and inequalities in overall adolescent cancer rates should be interpreted with caution

301 Ethnic trends EuropeanOther adolescent cancer rates increased by 37 percent over the period surveyed Pacific rates decreased by 58 percent and Asian rates by 37 percent (Figure 77 and Table 129 in Appendix 1)

Pooled over time Māori rates were 079 times those of EuropeanOther (95 percent confidence interval 070ndash089) but there was no substantial difference in rates between Pacific Asian and EuropeanOther However due to the above-mentioned divergent trends over time in rates by ethnic group European rates were about twice Pacific and Asian rates by 2001ndash2004 (Table 73) although none of the trends in SRR or SRD had p values less than 005

Figure 77 Standardised rates of adolescent cancer (15ndash24 year-olds) by ethnicity

172 Cancer Trends

Table 73 Age-standardised rate ratios (SRR) and standardised rate differences (SRD) of adolescent cancer for Māori Pacific and Asian compared to EuropeanOther


Cohort Both sexes



1991ndash1996 068 (052ndash088) -11 (-17ndash -43) 1996ndash2001 077 (061ndash099) -77 (-15ndash -08) 2001ndash2004 071 (054ndash093) -11 (-19ndash -30) P (trend) 012 009 Pooled 079 (070ndash089) -68 (-99ndash -37)


1991ndash1996 130 (095ndash178) 10 (-34ndash23) 1996ndash2001 105 (076ndash145) 16 (-99ndash13) 2001ndash2004 040 (026ndash063) -23 (-31ndash -15) P (trend) 011 006 Pooled 115 (098ndash135) 50 (-09ndash11)

Total Asian vs 1981ndash1986 101 (040ndash252) 02 (-25ndash26) European 1986ndash1991 069 (030ndash158) -91 (-26ndash79)

1991ndash1996 097 (062ndash154) -09 (-16ndash14) 1996ndash2001 088 (061ndash128) -39 (-15ndash72) 2001ndash2004 046 (028ndash075) -20 (-30ndash -11) P (trend) 024 017 Pooled 081 (061ndash109) -61 (-14ndash16)


302 Socioeconomic trends Rates increased in all income groups over the period surveyed increases ranging from 3 percent in the medium-income tertile to 35 percent in the low-income tertile (Figure 78 and Table 130 in Appendix 1)

Rates of adolescent cancer were about 20 percent to one-third lower in adolescents with low-income backgrounds with no evidence of change in this inequality over time (Table 74)

Cancer Trends 173

Figure 78 Standardised rates of adolescent cancer (15ndash24 year-olds) by income

Table 74 Age- and ethnicity-standardised income rate ratios (SRR) rate differences (SRD) relative indices of inequality (RII) and slope indices of inequality (SII) of adolescent cancer




1st cancer


080 079 105 065 087 096 083


082 07 (06ndash09)

-58 -72 17 -14

-46 081 -61

-60 (-19ndash70) -11 (-19ndash -34)

-10 (-19ndash17) -22 (-30ndash -15)

-50 (-17ndash63) 058 -10 (-13ndash -57)


174 Cancer Trends

Part D Conclusions

Cancer Trends 175

Conclusions Social inequalities in cancer incidence reflect socially patterned differences in exposure and susceptibility to environmental carcinogens (for example tobacco smoke some industrial chemicals ultraviolet radiation and certain viruses and bacteria) and lifestyles (for example drug use including alcohol and tobacco dietary carcinogens low fruit and vegetable intake sedentary behaviour obesity and sexual and reproductive behaviours) Differences in access to and quality of health services may generate inequalities in cancer survival but generally not incidence (the major exception is cervical cancer and to a much lesser extent colorectal and breast cancers for which screening can detect pre-cancerous lesions leading to a reduction in cancer incidence)

For this reason differences in cancer incidence between ethnic or income groups largely reflect differences in social conditions and lifestyles and can be used as an lsquointegratorrsquo or marker of such differences So analysis of trends in inequalities in cancer incidence can assist in evaluation of our success in reducing social inequality and in the development of health and broader social policy Such analyses also provide a planning tool with regard to future development and funding of cancer services ndash to the extent that past trends can predict future trajectories Information about trends in risk factors (in the case of those cancers for which risk factors are understood) can also be incorporated into predictive models to improve the accuracy of forecasts

This section will briefly summarise this reportrsquos findings with regard to trends in inequalities in cancer incidence Lung cancer as representative of smoking-related cancers is first reviewed followed by those non-smoking-related cancers for which this analysis has revealed potentially significant inequalities or trends in inequalities Finally implications of these findings for health monitoring and policy are briefly commented on

It should be noted that the purpose of this report is to provide a broad overview of findings rather than an in-depth interpretation of patterns for each cancer Future publications from CancerTrends data will provide more detailed analysis and interpretation for selected cancers of interest

Figures 79 and 80 summarise at a glance the underlying incidence rates over time for 15 major cancer types pooling ages and sexes and adjusting for ethnicity as regards the income analyses

Cancer Trends 177

Figure 79 Summary of incidence by ethnicity for main cancers sexes combined

178 Cancer Trends

Figure 80 Summary of incidence by income tertile for main cancers sexes combined

Cancer Trends 179

Smoking-related cancers Smoking-related cancers include the vast majority (more than 80 percent) of lung cancers but also substantial proportions of upper aerodigestive cancers as well as pancreatic and bladder cancers Here lung cancer is used to represent the wider group of smoking-related cancers

Wide ethnic differences and socioeconomic gradients in tobacco use are well recognised in New Zealand90 and are reflected in inequalities in lung cancer incidence Pooling over time and adjusting for age Māori were over twice (for males) or three times (for females) as likely to develop lung cancer as EuropeanOther people moreover the gap widened over time Pacific people (of both sexes) were also at higher risk (about 15-fold overall) and female (but not male) rates increased over time (Table 103 in Appendix 1) such that inequalities between Pacific and EuropeanOther females tended to widen over time There was no significant inequality or any trend in rates for Asian people (of both sexes)

Unsurprisingly low-income people (of both sexes) were at least 1frac12 times as likely to develop lung cancer as high-income counterparts pooling over age and time and adjusting for differences in ethnic composition The size of this gap increased over time especially among females and when measured on an absolute scale most probably reflecting the differential phasing of the tobacco epidemic by both sex and SEP

Roughly similar inequalities and trends in inequalities were seen in the other smoking-related cancers although differences were not always statistically significant This may reflect the smaller fraction of these cancers (compared to lung cancer) attributable to smoking alone such that differences in magnitude and timing of the tobacco epidemic between social groups were less clearly reflected in incidence rates Interestingly non-EuropeanOther ethnic groups had significantly lower (and stable) incidence rates of bladder cancer than the EuropeanOther group (for which rates increased over time) despite tobacco smoking being an established major risk factor for this cancer the reasons for this are unclear

Non-smoking-related cancers With some exceptions social inequalities in non-smoking related cancer incidence were smaller than those in smoking-related cancer incidence often surprisingly so in terms of income inequalities The following analysis is restricted to 12 cancers for which incidence was sufficient to generate stable group-specific rates for comparison breast cervix colorectal endometrial kidney leukaemia liver melanoma NHL ovary prostate and stomach Less emphasis has been placed on Asian inequalities as the generally low incidence rates among Asian people are thought to largely reflect a healthy migrant effect (which will wash out over time)

180 Cancer Trends

Cancers showing relatively large social inequalities in incidence Six cancers were found to exhibit large ethnic andor socioeconomic inequalities in their incidence cervix colorectal endometrial liver melanoma and stomach Note that in the case of several of these cancers (stomach cervix and colorectal) smoking may in fact make a contribution albeit minor to observed inequalities or trends in inequalities

Cervix Pooling over age and time incidence rates of invasive cervical cancer among Māori and Pacific women were at least twice those of their EuropeanOther counterparts However among younger women (aged less than 65 years) at least the gap has narrowed dramatically and steadily since 1991 coinciding with the introduction of the NCSP By contrast an inequality may now be emerging between EuropeanOther and Asian women (who have relatively low rates of participation in screening coverage rates are also lower for Māori and Pacific than EuropeanOther women but are improving) Income inequalities are also evident (approximately 15 fold-overall) again most probably reflecting differences in participation in screening between income strata These inequalities were stable over the observation period when measured on a relative scale yet absolute differences in incidence reduced over time Given the concern that screening programmes may lead to a widening of inequalities (because disadvantaged groups generally participate to a lesser extent) this finding represents a major public health success having said this inequalities in cervical cancer incidence (or participation in screening) are still a long way from being eliminated

Colorectal No income gradient is evident in colorectal cancer incidence but ethnic differences are marked Māori Pacific people and Asian people (of both sexes) are only half as likely to develop colorectal cancer as EuropeanOther people adjusting for age For Māori this gap appears to be narrowing although the trend is statistically significant only for males Contrary to earlier findings on colorectal cancer mortality40 91 this study found no evidence that inequalities in incidence are narrowing for Pacific people The reason for the lower incidence of colorectal cancer among Māori and Pacific people is not clear however the finding that this differential may be narrowing (at least for Māori) is of concern The trend appears to be driven by an absolute increase in incidence rates among Māori males but may also reflect declining rates among younger EuropeanOther males (and females) ndash possibly resulting from a cohort effect involving the latter ethnic group in particular92

Endometrial No consistent income gradient is evident in endometrial cancer incidence but large ethnic inequalities exist with Māori rates about one-and-a-half times and Pacific rates nearly twice EuropeanOther rates pooled over time and adjusting for age This inequality may have increased over the observation period for Pacific compared to EuropeanOther women although the trend did not quite reach statistical significance Obesity is a major risk factor for this cancer and may explain (part of) the ethnic inequality observed

Cancer Trends 181

Liver Primary liver cancer is relatively uncommon so group-specific rates are not particularly stable Nevertheless it is clear that moderate income inequalities exist rates are 20ndash50 percent higher among low-income compared to high-income groups pooling over age and time and adjusting for ethnicity By contrast ethnic inequalities are large (between three- and eight-fold higher than the EuropeanOther reference group depending on ethnicity and sex) which is consistent with previous research27 28

although trends in inequalities are unclear The most likely explanation for this relates to differences in rates of chronic infection with hepatitis B virus between social groups (largely antedating the introduction of immunisation against this infection) If this is the case it could be that at some future date primary liver cancer incidence rates will begin to decline in all ethnic groups and absolute inequalities will ultimately disappear

Melanoma Māori and Pacific people were one-fifth to one-tenth as likely to develop melanoma as EuropeanOther people (pooling over age and time) and trends in these relative inequalities were non-significant That is melanoma rates increased similarly in all ethnic groups over time Rates in low-income strata were about one-quarter lower than in high-income strata again with similar increases across income groups over time resulting in essentially stable relative inequalities Explanations for these inequalities most likely relate to differences in susceptibility (especially by ethnicity) and exposure (especially by socioeconomic group) to episodic ultraviolet radiation

Stomach Stomach cancer rates are falling over time but large ethnic inequalities persist Māori and Pacific peoples being two to three times as likely to develop this cancer as EuropeanOther people (pooling over age and time) Furthermore for Māori females (and possibly for Pacific females) this inequality widened over the observation period when measured on a relative scale Low-income people (of both sexes) had slightly higher rates of stomach cancer than high-income counterparts (of both sexes pooled over age and time) but for females the inequality narrowed on both absolute and relative scales driven largely by women older than 65 years Inequalities and trends in inequalities may reflect cohort differences in Helicobacter pylori infection rates among other factors (including tobacco smoking)

Cancers showing relatively small or no social inequalities in incidence All other non-smoking-related cancers showed small or no ethnic and income inequalities in incidence rates or exhibited unstable rates (due to small numbers) making inequality analysis difficult However given their relatively large numbers some mention should be made of female breast cancer and prostate cancer

182 Cancer Trends

Breast Pooling over age and time Māori women were slightly more likely to be diagnosed with breast cancer than EuropeanOther women (the SRR was 117 and the SRD 24 per 100000) Moreover Māori rates increased faster than EuropeanOther rates resulting in widening relative inequalities (an SRR of 107ndash123) but did not increase in a monotonic manner with the result that the trend was not statistically significant (p for trend 013) At the same time Māori women experienced a four-fold increase in absolute inequalities compared to EuropeanOther women (the SRD increasing from 84 to 39 per 100000 p for trend 006) By contrast Pacific women had slightly lower rates (an SRR of 090) and there was no trend towards inequality Asian women experienced moderately lower risk (an SRR of 071) which did not vary over time Low-income women were slightly less likely to develop breast cancer than high-income counterparts (with a pooled of SRR 090) this ratio did not vary over time

Explanations for these ethnic trends are unclear but most likely are unrelated to differential participation by ethnicity in the BreastScreen Aotearoa programme (which was only introduced recently) It must also be noted that most of what we know about breast cancer risk factors would predict that EuropeanOther breast cancer incidence rates should be higher than the corresponding Māori rates yet the converse is true Further research is needed in this respect

Prostate Large increases in prostate cancer incidence have occurred among all ethnic and income groups in recent times probably mostly due to opportunistic PSA testing Few differences were found in observed prostate cancer incidence rates by ethnicity (adjusting for age and time) except for a lower rate among Asian men Indeed the lsquostep-lockrsquo increases in Māori Pacific and EuropeanOther prostate cancer incidence rates might be considered surprising as although PSA testing rates have so far been lower among Māori and Pacific than European men (by one-half to one-third depending on age and period)93 no significant trends in ethnic inequalities in prostate cancer incidence have been observed except for an increasing inequality over time favouring Asian men when measured on an absolute scale

Low-income men were about 10ndash20 percent less likely to be diagnosed with this cancer than their high-income counterparts with little suggestion that the difference has changed over the past quarter-century ndash again despite the likelihood that PSA testing rates have thus far been lower among low income than high income men

Implications for policy Inequalities in cancer incidence are an important consideration in regard to health policy development service planning and resource allocation for cancer services This report indicates that the major driver of inequalities across all cancers is tobacco smoking This finding reinforces the need to refresh efforts aimed at reducing tobacco consumption by Māori and low-income groups in particular There are currently also substantial inequalities in the incidence of several cancers unrelated to exposure to tobacco smoke Some of these cancers such as endometrial cancer are linked to obesity and the observed inequalities reinforce the need to address differential

Cancer Trends 183

exposure to the lsquoobesogenicrsquo environment by ethnicity and SEP94 Inequalities in incidence of other cancers such colorectal and primary liver cancer may reflect strong cohort effects Incidence of liver cancer in particular should dissipate as birth cohorts immunised against hepatitis B replace earlier non-immunised cohorts with differentially high infection rates by ethnicity and SEP Inequalities in the incidence of cancers attributable to other infectious agents such as stomach cancer (Helicobacter pylori) and cervical cancer (oncogenic HPV) may also narrow in the future as chronic infection rates reduce overall and simultaneously converge across social groups This is already happening in the case of cervical cancer reflecting the success of the National Cervical Screening Programme in enhancing coverage across most social groups (although screening coverage still remains lower among some ethnic groups than among others) A key policy aim for the future should be to mitigate the rising trend in colorectal cancer incidence among Māori ndash a reduction in ethnic inequality here represents success if it results from falling incidence among Europeans but failure if it reflects increasing incidence among Māori (which appears to be the case currently)

Implications for monitoring Inequalities in cancer cannot be interpreted without simultaneous consideration of incidence survival and mortality (for each major cancer by age cohort and period) The NZCMS provides a means of monitoring inequalities in mortality as previously reported39 40 95 By linking cancer registrations to Census records (anonymously and probabilistically) this report performs the same function for incidence Unfortunately time series data for cancer survival with sufficient information to analyse inequalities directly or (again) by linkage to Census data have only recently become available from the NZCR In the near future it will thus be possible to monitor trends in all three epidemiological variables (cancer incidence survival and mortality) simultaneously allowing fuller interpretation of the drivers of difference Greater understanding and more robust measurement of inequalities can help to optimise cancer policy and resource allocation ensuring better sooner and more convenient cancer services for all

184 Cancer Trends

References 1 Minister of Health The New Zealand Cancer Control Strategy Wellington Ministry of Health and the

New Zealand Cancer Control Trust 2003 2 Danaei G Vander Hoorn S Lopez AD Murray CJL Ezzati M Causes of cancer in the world

comparative risk assessment of nine behavioural and environmental risk factors Lancet 2005366(9499)1784-93

3 Ministry of Health Cancer in New Zealand Trends and Projections Wellington Ministry of Health 2002

4 Jeffreys M Stevanovic V Tobias M Lewis C Ellison-Loschmann L Pearce N et al Ethnic inequalities in cancer survival in New Zealand linkage study American Journal of Public Health 200595(5)834-7

5 Cormack D Ratima M Robson B Brown R Purdie G Access to cancer services for Maumlori A report prepared for the Ministry of Health Wellington Te Rōpū Rangahau Hauora a Eru Pōmare University of Otago 2005

6 Jeffreys M Sarfati D Stevanovic V Tobias M Lewis C Pearce N et al Socioeconomic inequalities in cancer survival in New Zealand the role of extent of disease at diagnosis Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention 200918(3)915-21

7 Ajwani S Blakely T Robson B Bonne M Tobias M Decades of Disparity Ethnic mortality trends in New Zealand 1980-1999 (also available at httpwwwwnmedsacnznzcms-infohtml) Wellington Ministry of Health 2003

8 Blakely T Ajwani S Robson B Tobias M Bonne M Decades of Disparity Widening ethnic mortality gaps from 1980 to 1999 NZ Med J 2004117(1199)U995

9 Shaw C Blakely T Sarfati D Fawcett J Hill S Varying evolution of the New Zealand lung cancer epidemic by ethnicity and socioeconomic position (1981-1999)[see comment] NZ Med J 2005118(1213)U1411

10 Foster FH Cancer registry in New Zealand National Cancer Institute Monographs 19774741-4 11 Tukuitonga CF Solomon N Stewart A Incidence of cancer among Pacific Island people in New

Zealand[comment] NZ Med J 1992105(946)463-6 12 Newman PD Mason BH Holdaway IM Kay RG Arthur JF Hitchcock GC Incidence and clinical

features of breast cancer in the Auckland region NZ Med J 1992105(931)117-20 13 Armstrong W Borman B Breast cancer in New Zealand trends patterns and data quality NZ MedJ

1996109221-24 14 Lawes C Tukuitonga CF Scragg R K The epidemiology of breast cancer in Pacific Women in New

Zealand NZ Med J 1999112354-57 15 McCredie M Paul C Skegg DC Williams S Breast cancer in Maori and non-Maori women Int J

Epidemiol 199928189-95 16 Foster FH Colon and rectum cancer in the New Zealand population National Cancer Institute

Monographs 197747173-5 17 Sutton TD Eide TJ Jass JR Trends in colorectal cancer incidence and histologic findings in Maori

and Polynesian residents of New Zealand Cancer 199371(12)3839-45 18 Thompson AG Regional differences in incidence of gastric and colonic cancer in the Maori of New

Zealand Postgraduate Medical Journal 200278(921)419-21 19 Smith AH Pearce NE Joseph JG Major colorectal cancer aetiological hypotheses do not explain

mortality trends among Maori and non-Maori New Zealanders International Journal of Epidemiology 198514(1)79-85

20 Pearce N Bethwaite P Social class and male cancer mortality in New Zealand 1984-7 NZ Med J 1997110200-02

21 Pearce N Howard J Occupation social class and male cancer mortality in New Zealand 1974-78 Int J Epidemiol 198615456-62

22 Pearce N Sheppard R Howard J et al Time trends and occupational differences in cancer of the testis in New Zealand Cancer 198759(9)1677-82

23 Stewart RJ Stewart AW Stewart JM Isbister WH Cancer of the stomach in New Zealand 1970-74 Australian amp New Zealand Journal of Surgery 198252(4)363-9

24 Dockerty JD Marshall S Fraser J Pearce N Stomach cancer in New Zealand time trends ethnic group differences and a cancer registry-based case-control study International Journal of Epidemiology 199120(1)45-53

Cancer Trends 185

25 Dockerty JD Cox B Cockburn MG Childhood leukaemias in New Zealand time trends and ethnic differences British Journal of Cancer 199673(9)1141-7

26 Simmons GC Yeong ML Lee SP The association of hepatitis B viral infection and hepatocellular carcinoma in New Zealand NZ Med J 198396(739)669-71

27 Blakely T Bates M Garrett N Robson B The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in New Zealand NZ Med J 1998111471-74

28 Blakely T Bates M Baker M Tobias M Hepatitis B carriage explains the excess rate of hepatocellular carcinoma for Maori Pacific Island and Asian people compared to Europeans in New Zealand Int J Epidemiol 199928204-10

29 Blakely T Robson B Atkinson J Sporle A Kiro C Unlocking the numerator-denominator bias I Adjustment ratios by ethnicity for 1991-94 mortality data NZ Med J 200211539-43

30 Blakely T Atkinson J Unlocking the Numerator-Denominator Bias 1991-94 Deaths NZCMS Technical Report No 2 (Also at httpwwwwnmedsacnznzcms-infohtml) Wellington Department of Public Health Wellington School of Medicine University of Otago 2001

31 Ajwani S Blakely T Robson B Atkinson J Fawcett J Kiro K Unlocking the numerator-denominator bias for the 1980s and 1990s NZCMS Technical Report No 4 ISBN 0-473-09111-9 (Also at httpwwwwnmedsacnznzcms-infohtml) Wellington Department of Public Health Wellington School of Medicine and Health Sciences University of Otago 2002

32 Ajwani S Blakely T Robson B Atkinson J Kiro C Unlocking the numerator-denominator bias III adjustment ratios by ethnicity for 1981-1999 mortality data The New Zealand Census-Mortality Study NZ Med J 2004116(1175)6

33 Shaw C Atkinson J Blakely T (Mis)classification of ethnicity on the New Zealand Cancer Registry 1981-2004 NZ Med J 2009122(1294)10-22

34 Pomare E Keefe-Ormsby V Ormsby C Pearce N Reid P Robson B et al Hauora Maori Standards of Health III Wellington Eru Pomare Maori Health Research Centre 1995

35 Ministry of Health Our Health Our Future Wellington NZ Ministry of Health 1999 36 Blakely T Tobias M Robson B Ajwani S Bonne M Woodward A Widening ethnic mortality

disparities in New Zealand 1981-99 Soc Sci Med 200561(10)2233-51 37 Howden-Chapman P Tobias M editors Social Inequalities in Health New Zealand 1999 Wellington

NZ Ministry of Health 2000 38 Blakely T Fawcett J Atkinson J Tobias M Cheung J Decades of Disparity II Socioeconomic

mortality trends in New Zealand 1981-1999 Wellington Ministry of Health 2005 39 Blakely T Tobias M Atkinson J Inequalities in mortality during and after restructuring of the New

Zealand economy repeated cohort studies BMJ 2008336371-75 40 Blakely T Tobias M Atkinson J Yeh L-C Huang K Tracking Disparity Trends in ethnic and

socioeconomic inequalities in mortality 1981-2004 Wellington Ministry of Health 2007 41 Martikainen P Valkonen T Diminishing educational differences in breast cancer mortality among

Finnish women a register-based 25-year follow-up ajph 200090277-80 42 Singh GK Miller BA Hankey BF Changing Area Socioeconomic Patterns in US Cancer Mortality

1950-1998 Part II--Lung and Colorectal Cancers J Natl Cancer Inst 200294(12)916-25 43 New Zealand Health Information Service CancerNew Registrations and Deaths 1996 Wellington

Ministry of Health 2000 44 Statistics New Zealand Statistical standard for ethnicity Statistics New Zealand 2005 45 Statistics New Zealand A Report on the Post-enumeration Survey 2001 Wellington Statistics New

Zealand 2002 46 Fawcett J Atkinson J Blakely T Record linkage of census and mortality 2001-04 records New

Zealand Census-Mortality Study Technical Report No 6 Wellington Health Inequalities Research Programme University of Otago Wellington 2008

47 Blakely T Salmond C Probabilistic record linkage and a method to calculate the positive predictive value Int J Epidemiol 2002311246-52

48 Blakely T Salmond C Woodward A Anonymous linkage of New Zealand mortality and Census data Aust NZ J Public Health 20002492-95

49 Hill S Atkinson J Blakely T Anonymous record linkage of census and mortality records 1981 1986 1991 1996 census cohorts NZCMS Technical Report No 3 ISBN 0-473-09110 (Also at httpwwwwnmedsacnznzcms-infohtml) Wellington Department of Public Health Wellington School of Medicine and Health Sciences University of Otago 2002

50 Lash B Documentation of the process and results of linking cancer data with census data 1981 to 2001 Wellington Statistics New Zealand 2008

186 Cancer Trends

51 Atkinson J Shaw C Blakely T Stanley J Sloane K Linkage of Census and Cancer Registrations 1981-2004 CancerTrends Technical Report No 1 Wellington Department of Public Health University of Otago Wellington 2010

52 Jensen J Income equivalences and the estimation of family expenditure on children Wellington Department of Social Welfare (unpublished) 1988

53 Blakely T The New Zealand Census-Mortality Study Socioeconomic inequalities and adult mortality 1991-94 Also at httpwwwwnmedsacnznzcms-infohtml Wellington Ministry of Health 2002258

54 Hayes L Berry G Sampling variability of the Kunst-Mackenbach relative index of inequality J Epidemiol Community Health 200256762-65

55 Mackenbach J Kunst A Measuring the magnitude of socio-economic inequalities in health an overview of available measures illustrated with two examples from Europe Soc Sci Med 199744757-71

56 Rothman K Greenland S Lash T Modern Epidemiology 3rd ed Philadelphia Lippincott WIlliams amp Wilkins 2008

57 Ministry of Health Cancer New Registrations and Deaths 2005 Wellington Ministry of Health 2008 58 New Zealand Health Information Services Cancer Patient Survival Covering the Period 1994 to 2003

Wellington Ministry of Health 2006 59 Kogevinas M Garcia-Closas M Trichopoulos D Urinary Bladder Cancer In Adami HO Hunter D

Trichopoulos D editors Textbook of Cancer Epidemiology Second ed Oxford Oxford University Press 2008

60 World Cancer Research FundAmerican Institute for Cancer Research Food Nutrition Physical Activity and the Prevention of cancer A Global Perspective Washington DC American Institute for Cancer Research 2007

61 Savitz D Trichopoulos D Brain Cancer In Adami HO Hunter D Trichopoulos D editors Textbook of Cancer Epidemiology Second Edition New York Oxford University Press 2008

62 Hankinson S Tamimi R Hunter D Breast Cancer In Adami HO Hunter D Trichopoulos D editors Textbook of Cancer Epidemiology second edition New York Oxford University Press 2008

63 Richardson A Cox B Brown T Smale P al e The impact of breast cancer screening on breast cancer registrations in New Zealand NZ Med J 2005118(1209)U1291

64 Ylitalo N Stuver S Adami H Cervical Cancer In Adami H Hunter D trichopoulos D editors A Textbook of Cancer Epidemiology Second edition New York Oxford University Press 2008

65 Potter J Hunter D Colorectal Cancer In Adami H Hunter D Trichopoulos D editors Textbook of Cancer Epidemiology Second ed New York Oxford University Press 2008

66 Devivo I Persson I Adami H Endometrial Cancer In Adami H Hunter D trichopoulos D editors A Textbook of Cancer Epidemiology second edition New York Oxford University Press 2008

67 Stuver S Trichopoulos D Cancer of the liver and biliary tract In Adami HO Hunter D Trichopoulos D editors Textbook of Cancer Epidemiology Second Edition New York Oxford University Press 2008

68 Melbye M Smedby K Trichopoulos D Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma In Adami HO Hunter D Trichopoulos D editors Textbook of Cancer Epidemiology Second ed Oxford Oxford University Press 2008

69 Cho E Lindblad P Adami HO Kidney Cancer In Adami HO Hunter D Trichopoulos D editors Textbook of Cancer Epidemiology Second Edition New York Oxford University Press 2008

70 Boffetta P Trichopoulos D Cancer of the lung larynx and pleura In Adami H Hunter D Trichopoulos D editors Textbook of Cancer Epidemiology Second ed New York Oxford University Press 2008

71 Petridou E Pourtsidis A Trichopoulos D Leukemias In Adami HO Hunter D Trichopoulos D editors Textbook of Cancer Epidemiology Second ed Oxford Oxford University Press 2008

72 Brennan P Mucci L Adami HO Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer In Adami HO Hunter D Trichopoulos D editors Textbook of Cancer Epidemiology Second ed Oxford Oxford University Press 2008

73 Chang E Adami HO Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma In Adami HO Hunter D Trichopoulos D editors Textbook of Cancer Epidemiology Second ed Oxford Oxford University Press 2008

74 Green A Van Der Pols J Hunter D Skin cancer In Adami HO Hunter D Trichopoulos D editors Textbook of Cancer Epidemiology Second Edition New York Oxford University Press 2008

75 De Roos A Baris D Weiss NS L H Multiple Myeloma In Schottenfield D Fraumeni JF Jr editors Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Third ed Oxford Oxford University Press 2006

76 Melbye M Hjalgrim H Adami HO Hodgkin Lymphoma In Adami HO Hunter D Trichopoulos D editors Textbook of Cancer Epidemiology Second ed Oxford Oxford University Press 2008

Cancer Trends 187

77 Nyren O Adami HO Esophageal Cancer In Adami HO Hunter D Trichopoulos D editors Textbook of Cancer Epidemiology Second ed Oxford Oxford University Press 2008

78 Webb P Gertig D Hunter D Ovarian Cancer In Adami HO Hunter D Trichopoulos D editors Textbook of Cancer Epidemiology Second Edition New York Oxford University Press 2008

79 Ekbom A Trichopoulos D Pancreatic cancer In Adami HO Hunter D Trichopoulos D editors Textbook of Cancer Epidemiology Second Edition New York Oxford University Press 2008

80 Mucci L Signorello L Adami HO Prostate Cancer In Adami HO Hunter D Trichopoulos D editors textbook of cancer Epidemiology Second ed Oxford Oxford University Press 2008

81 Nyren O Adami HO Stomach Cancer In Adami HO Hunter D Trichopoulos D editors Textbook of Cancer Epidemiology Second ed Oxford Oxford University Press 2008

82 Ministry of Health Cancer Incidence Projections 1999ndash2003 update Wellington Ministry of Health 2008

83 Richiardi L Tamimi R Adami H Testicular Cancer In Adami H Hunter D Trichopoulos D editors Textbook of Cancer Epidemiology Second ed New York Oxford University Press 2008

84 Research IAoC GLOBOCAN 2002 Lyon IARC 2005 85 Garner M Turner M Ghadirian P Krewski D Epidemiology of testicular cancer an overview

International Journal of Cancer 2005116(3)331-9 86 Coupland CAC Forman D Chilvers CED Davey G Pike MC Oliver RTD Maternal risk factors for

testicular cancer a population-based case-control study (UK) Cancer Causes amp Control 200415(3)277-83

87 Grotmol T Weiderpass E Tretli S Conditions in utero and cancer risk European Journal of Epidemiology 200621(8)561-70

88 Weir HK Marrett LD Kreiger N Darlington GA Sugar L Pre-natal and peri-natal exposures and risk of testicular germ-cell cancer International Journal of Cancer 200087(3)438-43

89 Hall P Adami HO Thyroid Cancer In Adami HO Hunter D Trichopoulos D editors Textbook of Cancer Epidemiology Second Edition New York Oxford University Press 2008

90 Ministry of Health Inhaling Inequality - Tobaccos contribution to health inequality in New Zealand Wellington Ministry of Health 2001

91 Shaw C Blakely T Sarfati D Fawcett J Peace J Trends in colorectal cancer mortality by ethnicity and socio-economic position in New Zealand 1981-99 one country many stories Aust NZ J Public Health 200630(1)64-70

92 Cox B Little J Reduced risk of colorectal cancer among recent generations in New Zealand British Journal of Cancer 199266(2)386-90

93 Ministry of Health Incidence and Prevalence of PSA Testing in New Zealand Men gt50 Years Unpublished report 2008

94 Ministry of Health Embodying Social Rank How body fat varies with social status gender and ethnicity in New Zealand Public Health Intelligence Occasional Bulletin Wellington Ministry of Health 2006

95 Tobias M Blakely T Matheson D Rasanathan K Atkinson J Changing trends in indigenous inequalities in mortality lessons from New Zealand Int J Epidemiol 200938(6)1711-22

188 Cancer Trends

Appendices

Appendix 1 Tables of Rates This appendix includes tables of all standardised rates that are graphed in figures earlier in the report The tables also include standardised rates pooled over time and p values for statistical tests of trend

Rather than list notes after every table the following is noted here bull The standard population used for the age- and ethnicity-standardised rates by

income was the World Health Organization world standard further stratified by ethnic proportions in New Zealand

bull 95 percent confidence intervals are symmetric except in cases where the lower confidence limit would be less than zero In these instances confidence intervals are determined for the log transformation of the rate then exponentiated

bull 95 percent confidence intervals are shown in parentheses bull p values for trend assume a linear trend In instances where non-linear trends are

expected (for example for rates that rise then fall) the p for trend is misleading and cohort-specific confidence intervals should be examined instead

bull p values are only presented when estimates are available for all five cohorts

Table 75 Age-standardised rates of first cancer by ethnic group

1st cancer Age group

Cohort Total Māori SR (95 CI)

Total Pacific SR (95 CI)

Total Asian SR (95 CI)

EuropeanOther SR (95 CI)

Males

25+ years 1981ndash1986 555 (512ndash598) 506 (404ndash608) 292 (219ndash365) 507 (499ndash515) 1986ndash1991 554 (515ndash592) 622 (530ndash714) 422 (344ndash501) 527 (519ndash535) 1991ndash1996 684 (644ndash724) 575 (510ndash641) 393 (329ndash457) 625 (617ndash633) 1996ndash2001 752 (717ndash787) 723 (664ndash781) 463 (415ndash512) 708 (700ndash716) 2001ndash2004 759 (722ndash797) 596 (544ndash649) 379 (342ndash415) 721 (712ndash730) change 37 18 30 42 P (trend) 002 055 060 lt01 Pooled 656 (638ndash674) 605 (570ndash640) 390 (362ndash419) 612 (609ndash616)

25ndash44 years 1981ndash1986 883 (719ndash105) 899 (614ndash118) 866 (419ndash131) 838 (780ndash895) 1986ndash1991 845 (687ndash100) 120 (92ndash148) 796 (438ndash115) 849 (794ndash903) 1991ndash1996 105 (89ndash120) 799 (588ndash101) 691 (461ndash920) 899 (844ndash955) 1996ndash2001 113 (98ndash128) 895 (703ndash109) 953 (759ndash115) 944 (886ndash100) 2001ndash2004 105 (89ndash120) 560 (406ndash713) 597 (441ndash753) 103 (96ndash110) change 18 -38 -31 23 P (trend) 011 013 045 lt01 Pooled 987 (917ndash106) 885 (780ndash991) 790 (652ndash928) 907 (880ndash933)

45ndash64 years 1981ndash1986 663 (592ndash734) 669 (513ndash825) 325 (191ndash458) 512 (497ndash527) 1986ndash1991 633 (574ndash693) 634 (504ndash763) 413 (290ndash535) 519 (505ndash533) 1991ndash1996 710 (652ndash768) 614 (519ndash709) 370 (278ndash462) 591 (576ndash606) 1996ndash2001 764 (711ndash817) 673 (588ndash758) 429 (358ndash499) 691 (675ndash708) 2001ndash2004 766 (712ndash821) 536 (461ndash610) 388 (333ndash443) 727 (709ndash744) change 16 -20 19 42 P (trend) 004 026 055 lt01 Pooled 704 (677ndash731) 629 (578ndash681) 385 (339ndash431) 602 (595ndash609)

Cancer Trends 191






65ndash74 years 1981ndash1986 1741 (1475ndash2006) 1621 (975ndash2268) 1207 (571ndash1843) 1617 (1571ndash1663) 1986ndash1991 1918 (1657ndash2179) 2398 (1746ndash3051) 1114 (610ndash1618) 1701 (1658ndash1745) 1991ndash1996 2323 (2075ndash2570) 2258 (1796ndash2720) 1307 (875ndash1738) 2095 (2049ndash2141) 1996ndash2001 2549 (2342ndash2756) 2557 (2193ndash2922) 1607 (1281ndash1932) 2488 (2437ndash2539) 2001ndash2004 2857 (2612ndash3101) 2509 (2114ndash2903) 1231 (994ndash1468) 2529 (2467ndash2591) change 64 55 2 56 P (trend) lt01 009 086 lt01 Pooled 2248 (2138ndash2359) 2257 (2019ndash2494) 1296 (1088ndash1504) 2064 (2042ndash2086)

75+ years 1981ndash1986 2189 (1731ndash2648) 1710 (440ndash2980) 786 (299ndash1274) 2389 (2316ndash2462) 1986ndash1991 2208 (1779ndash2637) 2724 (1593ndash3855) 2423 (1482ndash3365) 2537 (2471ndash2604) 1991ndash1996 2889 (2446ndash3332) 2364 (1603ndash3125) 1913 (1176ndash2651) 3063 (2994ndash3132) 1996ndash2001 3561 (3157ndash3965) 3646 (2968ndash4324) 1934 (1416ndash2453) 3325 (3258ndash3393) 2001ndash2004 3164 (2750ndash3578) 2980 (2364ndash3597) 1762 (1342ndash2183) 3346 (3266ndash3426) change 45 74 124 40 P (trend) 006 024 022 001 Pooled 2784 (2590ndash2978) 2670 (2242ndash3098) 1764 (1464ndash2064) 2911 (2880ndash2943)

Females


25ndash44 years 1981ndash1986 171 (149ndash192) 164 (125ndash203) 123 (76ndash170) 155 (147ndash163) 1986ndash1991 183 (162ndash205) 197 (159ndash235) 112 (74ndash151) 173 (165ndash180) 1991ndash1996 184 (165ndash203) 171 (143ndash199) 108 (82ndash134) 159 (151ndash166) 1996ndash2001 190 (173ndash207) 190 (163ndash217) 152 (128ndash175) 171 (163ndash178) 2001ndash2004 173 (157ndash190) 137 (114ndash159) 129 (110ndash148) 173 (164ndash181) change 2 -17 5 11 P (trend) 083 033 045 028 Pooled 181 (172ndash189) 173 (159ndash188) 125 (110ndash140) 166 (162ndash169)

45ndash64 years 1981ndash1986 688 (620ndash756) 727 (573ndash880) 347 (220ndash475) 547 (532ndash563) 1986ndash1991 797 (730ndash863) 754 (624ndash883) 429 (314ndash543) 618 (602ndash634) 1991ndash1996 893 (830ndash956) 561 (476ndash647) 483 (387ndash579) 667 (651ndash683) 1996ndash2001 900 (847ndash953) 691 (610ndash771) 550 (477ndash624) 712 (695ndash728) 2001ndash2004 930 (872ndash988) 727 (645ndash808) 465 (411ndash519) 732 (715ndash749) change 35 0 34 34 P (trend) 002 078 041 lt01 Pooled 837 (809ndash865) 690 (639ndash741) 454 (409ndash499) 651 (644ndash658)


192 Cancer Trends






75+ years 1981ndash1986 1986ndash1991 1991ndash1996 1996ndash2001 2001ndash2004 change P (trend) Pooled


69 003

1622 (1492ndash1752)

962 (383ndash1540) 1527 (804ndash2249) 965 (573ndash1358)

1485 (1127ndash1843) 1656 (1239ndash2074)

72 015

1302 (1068ndash1536)


1292 (975ndash1609) 957 (687ndash1227)

68 022

910 (742ndash1078)


34 lt01

1601 (1581ndash1620)

Table 76 Age- and ethnicity-standardised rates of first cancer by income group


Cohort Low income SR (95 CI)

Medium income SR (95 CI)

High income SR (95 CI)

Males

25+ years 1981ndash1986 536 (517ndash555) 535 (487ndash583) 518 (493ndash542) 1986ndash1991 569 (550ndash588) 555 (535ndash575) 523 (500ndash546) 1991ndash1996 644 (624ndash663) 650 (634ndash667) 621 (598ndash644) 1996ndash2001 733 (715ndash752) 740 (722ndash757) 714 (694ndash734) 2001ndash2004 750 (730ndash770) 732 (713ndash752) 707 (688ndash727) change 40 37 37 P (trend) lt01 002 002 Pooled 641 (633ndash650) 638 (626ndash651) 612 (602ndash622)

25ndash44 years 1981ndash1986 862 (749ndash974) 798 (704ndash891) 888 (779ndash998) 1986ndash1991 834 (737ndash931) 892 (799ndash984) 911 (785ndash104) 1991ndash1996 897 (798ndash996) 929 (834ndash102) 887 (788ndash986) 1996ndash2001 111 (100ndash122) 954 (854ndash105) 918 (825ndash101) 2001ndash2004 101 (88ndash115) 989 (874ndash110) 990 (893ndash109) change 18 24 11 P (trend) 011 001 011 Pooled 940 (891ndash989) 909 (865ndash953) 915 (867ndash963)

45ndash64 years 1981ndash1986 542 (508ndash577) 538 (505ndash571) 546 (502ndash591) 1986ndash1991 570 (539ndash601) 549 (520ndash577) 513 (476ndash550) 1991ndash1996 678 (647ndash708) 594 (565ndash623) 574 (539ndash608) 1996ndash2001 691 (660ndash721) 723 (691ndash754) 682 (653ndash712) 2001ndash2004 749 (714ndash784) 699 (666ndash732) 707 (679ndash736) change 38 30 29 P (trend) lt01 003 002 Pooled 641 (626ndash655) 617 (603ndash630) 599 (583ndash615)

65ndash74 years 1981ndash1986 1784 (1656ndash1912) 1620 (1486ndash1754) 1526 (1409ndash1644) 1986ndash1991 1831 (1724ndash1938) 1804 (1672ndash1936) 1737 (1583ndash1890) 1991ndash1996 2118 (2004ndash2232) 2229 (2127ndash2331) 2089 (1950ndash2227) 1996ndash2001 2514 (2412ndash2617) 2538 (2438ndash2639) 2539 (2417ndash2662) 2001ndash2004 2653 (2529ndash2777) 2599 (2471ndash2728) 2483 (2358ndash2608) change 49 60 63 P (trend) lt01 lt01 lt01 Pooled 2156 (2105ndash2208) 2136 (2082ndash2190) 2054 (1995ndash2114)

Cancer Trends 193





75+ years 1981ndash1986 2414 (2245ndash2583) 2549 (1969ndash3128) 2499 (2203ndash2795) 1986ndash1991 2738 (2528ndash2948) 2699 (2492ndash2906) 2537 (2267ndash2806) 1991ndash1996 2903 (2694ndash3112) 3221 (3067ndash3375) 3171 (2889ndash3453) 1996ndash2001 3545 (3362ndash3727) 3584 (3417ndash3750) 3456 (3241ndash3671) 2001ndash2004 3434 (3253ndash3614) 3548 (3346ndash3750) 3386 (3152ndash3620) change 42 39 35 P (trend) 001 003 003 Pooled 2985 (2899ndash3071) 3099 (2957ndash3240) 2991 (2873ndash3109)



Females

25+ years 1981ndash1986 453 (439ndash467) 457 (438ndash476) 447 (426ndash468) 1986ndash1991 499 (484ndash514) 514 (497ndash530) 520 (499ndash542) 1991ndash1996 547 (532ndash561) 533 (518ndash547) 512 (493ndash531) 1996ndash2001 586 (572ndash600) 563 (549ndash577) 555 (539ndash571) 2001ndash2004 584 (569ndash599) 600 (583ndash617) 581 (564ndash598) change 29 31 30 P (trend) lt01 lt01 001 Pooled 531 (525ndash538) 530 (523ndash537) 520 (512ndash529)


45ndash64 years 1981ndash1986 593 (560ndash625) 574 (539ndash609) 569 (525ndash613) 1986ndash1991 653 (621ndash684) 646 (615ndash678) 672 (627ndash717) 1991ndash1996 735 (706ndash763) 671 (640ndash703) 655 (618ndash691) 1996ndash2001 758 (730ndash787) 710 (680ndash741) 714 (683ndash746) 2001ndash2004 773 (742ndash805) 762 (728ndash796) 745 (713ndash777) change 30 33 31 P (trend) 001 lt01 002 Pooled 699 (685ndash713) 668 (654ndash683) 667 (650ndash685)

194 Cancer Trends





65ndash74 years 1981ndash1986 1065 (998ndash1131) 1139 (1012ndash1266) 1038 (940ndash1136) 1986ndash1991 1234 (1162ndash1307) 1275 (1187ndash1363) 1294 (1172ndash1416) 1991ndash1996 1333 (1259ndash1408) 1343 (1270ndash1415) 1255 (1147ndash1363) 1996ndash2001 1530 (1456ndash1605) 1480 (1405ndash1555) 1282 (1195ndash1369) 2001ndash2004 1590 (1503ndash1677) 1550 (1455ndash1644) 1496 (1392ndash1600) change 49 36 44 P (trend) lt01 lt01 004 Pooled 1338 (1305ndash1372) 1348 (1306ndash1390) 1262 (1215ndash1309)

75+ years 1981ndash1986 1315 (1230ndash1401) 1431 (1249ndash1612) 1424 (1229ndash1620) 1986ndash1991 1533 (1411ndash1654) 1573 (1445ndash1700) 1588 (1392ndash1784) 1991ndash1996 1694 (1582ndash1806) 1736 (1637ndash1835) 1739 (1582ndash1897) 1996ndash2001 1866 (1747ndash1985) 1682 (1608ndash1756) 1777 (1654ndash1899) 2001ndash2004 1917 (1801ndash2033) 1965 (1829ndash2101) 1951 (1777ndash2126) change 46 37 37 P (trend) lt01 009 lt01 Pooled 1652 (1602ndash1702) 1663 (1605ndash1720) 1683 (1606ndash1760)

75ndash84 years 1981ndash1986 1355 (1252ndash1459) 1520 (1285ndash1755) 1447 (1228ndash1667) 1986ndash1991 1527 (1399ndash1656) 1571 (1423ndash1720) 1680 (1448ndash1911) 1991ndash1996 1736 (1602ndash1871) 1766 (1649ndash1883) 1743 (1565ndash1921) 1996ndash2001 1855 (1721ndash1989) 1719 (1631ndash1806) 1803 (1663ndash1943) 2001ndash2004 1879 (1752ndash2006) 1966 (1811ndash2121) 1918 (1727ndash2109) change 39 29 33 P (trend) lt01 008 lt01 Pooled 1660 (1604ndash1717) 1696 (1625ndash1766) 1708 (1620ndash1796)


Cancer Trends 195

Table 77 Age-standardised rates of bladder cancer by ethnic group

Bladder Age group





Males 1981ndash1986 110 (49ndash170) 287 (16ndash559) 52 (07ndash371) 251 (233ndash268) 25+ years 1986ndash1991 155 (90ndash220) 84 (24ndash300) 160 (17ndash302) 277 (260ndash294)

1991ndash1996 142 (85ndash199) 234 (86ndash382) 244 (90ndash398) 297 (281ndash314) 1996ndash2001 212 (145ndash280) 131 (48ndash215) 231 (109ndash354) 325 (309ndash342) 2001ndash2004 187 (128ndash246) 87 (22ndash152) 152 (76ndash227) 340 (321ndash359) change 70 -70 192 35 P (trend) 007 048 034 lt01 Pooled 160 (132ndash188) 168 (97ndash240) 169 (112ndash225) 296 (288ndash304)

Females 1981ndash1986 35 (08ndash61) 31 (04ndash222) 74 (65ndash83) 25+ years 1986ndash1991 60 (16ndash104) 27 (04ndash190) 32 (05ndash227) 75 (67ndash83)

1991ndash1996 54 (19ndash90) 56 (02ndash111) 47 (14ndash157) 88 (80ndash97) 1996ndash2001 63 (36ndash90) 38 (14ndash103) 71 (15ndash127) 97 (89ndash106) 2001ndash2004 86 (48ndash124) 38 (00ndash76) 42 (05ndash79) 94 (85ndash103) change 146 23 27 P (trend) 002 064 003 Pooled 58 (43ndash74) 38 (15ndash61) 48 (24ndash73) 88 (84ndash92)

Table 78 Age- and ethnicity-standardised rates of bladder cancer by income group

Bladder Age group




Males 1981ndash1986 249 (204ndash295) 256 (211ndash301) 219 (177ndash261) 25+ years 1986ndash1991 273 (238ndash308) 258 (229ndash286) 236 (181ndash291)

1991ndash1996 249 (214ndash283) 314 (277ndash351) 257 (217ndash297) 1996ndash2001 324 (292ndash356) 317 (281ndash353) 280 (245ndash316) 2001ndash2004 319 (285ndash354) 339 (300ndash378) 314 (269ndash359) change 28 32 43 P (trend) 010 002 lt01 Pooled 281 (264ndash298) 295 (278ndash311) 259 (239ndash278)

Females 1981ndash1986 78 (61ndash96) 52 (39ndash66) 53 (39ndash68) 25+ years 1986ndash1991 77 (63ndash90) 66 (46ndash85) 63 (49ndash77)

1991ndash1996 89 (73ndash106) 85 (65ndash105) 91 (64ndash117) 1996ndash2001 93 (76ndash110) 95 (79ndash110) 84 (66ndash101) 2001ndash2004 95 (78ndash113) 90 (73ndash107) 89 (64ndash114) change 22 73 68 P (trend) 002 002 002 Pooled 86 (79ndash93) 77 (69ndash85) 75 (67ndash84)

196 Cancer Trends

Table 79 Age-standardised rates of brain cancer by ethnic group

Brain Age group






1991ndash1996 65 (36ndash95) 70 (13ndash127) 62 (10ndash113) 104 (93ndash116) 1996ndash2001 70 (38ndash101) 104 (44ndash164) 86 (30ndash142) 113 (102ndash125) 2001ndash2004 119 (74ndash163) 70 (20ndash120) 89 (37ndash141) 111 (98ndash124) change 153 -19 123 9 P (trend) 012 024 lt01 008 Pooled 74 (58ndash90) 71 (45ndash97) 63 (35ndash92) 105 (100ndash111)


1991ndash1996 55 (25ndash84) 21 (05ndash80) 37 (11ndash123) 84 (74ndash95) 1996ndash2001 33 (14ndash52) 50 (05ndash94) 72 (19ndash125) 71 (62ndash81) 2001ndash2004 73 (43ndash104) 66 (24ndash109) 16 (05ndash53) 70 (60ndash81) change 181 -82 11 P (trend) 024 052 049 Pooled 43 (32ndash54) 48 (27ndash69) 48 (21ndash75) 71 (66ndash75)

Table 80 Age- and ethnicity-standardised rates of brain cancer by income group

Brain Age group






25+ years 1981ndash1986 44 (32ndash56) 69 (47ndash90) 49 (35ndash64) 1986ndash1991 55 (42ndash68) 75 (55ndash94) 39 (26ndash51) 1991ndash1996 80 (64ndash95) 80 (61ndash99) 71 (50ndash92) 1996ndash2001 68 (52ndash84) 61 (46ndash77) 60 (45ndash75) 2001ndash2004 81 (59ndash103) 67 (48ndash87) 70 (53ndash87) change 84 -3 43 P (trend) 005 044 014 Pooled 65 (58ndash72) 71 (62ndash79) 57 (50ndash65)

Cancer Trends 197

Table 81 Age-standardised rates of breast cancer by ethnic group

Breast Age group





Females 1981ndash1986 123 (105ndash140) 112 (79ndash145) 699 (405ndash993) 114 (110ndash118) 25+ years 1986ndash1991 142 (126ndash157) 146 (115ndash177) 110 (76ndash144) 140 (136ndash144)

1991ndash1996 178 (162ndash194) 106 (86ndash126) 896 (675ndash112) 143 (139ndash147) 1996ndash2001 198 (184ndash212) 145 (126ndash165) 117 (99ndash135) 160 (156ndash164) 2001ndash2004 210 (194ndash225) 141 (121ndash161) 126 (110ndash142) 170 (166ndash175) change 71 25 80 49 P (trend) lt01 038 004 lt01 Pooled 168 (161ndash175) 129 (118ndash141) 101 (90ndash113) 144 (142ndash146)

25ndash44 years 1981ndash1986 389 (286ndash493) 583 (355ndash812) 560 (227ndash893) 471 (429ndash513) 1986ndash1991 668 (533ndash803) 792 (536ndash105) 205 (63ndash347) 573 (530ndash616) 1991ndash1996 715 (590ndash840) 683 (491ndash875) 493 (322ndash663) 545 (504ndash586) 1996ndash2001 758 (650ndash867) 638 (481ndash795) 557 (420ndash694) 575 (533ndash616) 2001ndash2004 661 (561ndash761) 455 (323ndash587) 552 (431ndash672) 590 (548ndash633) change 70 -22 -1 25 P (trend) 016 022 017 010 Pooled 637 (585ndash689) 639 (548ndash730) 469 (379ndash560) 549 (530ndash568)


65+ years 1981ndash1986 276 (192ndash360) 152 (28ndash277) 911 (11ndash181) 232 (220ndash244) 1986ndash1991 227 (166ndash287) 192 (71ndash313) 287 (110ndash464) 280 (267ndash292) 1991ndash1996 343 (273ndash413) 212 (122ndash301) 113 (43ndash183) 282 (270ndash294) 1996ndash2001 365 (307ndash423) 264 (177ndash352) 180 (108ndash252) 303 (291ndash316) 2001ndash2004 430 (357ndash504) 284 (188ndash380) 230 (150ndash310) 326 (309ndash342) change 56 87 153 40 P (trend) 004 lt01 019 001 Pooled 323 (292ndash354) 218 (170ndash265) 178 (129ndash226) 282 (277ndash288)

198 Cancer Trends

Table 82 Age- and ethnicity-standardised rates of breast cancer by income group

Breast Age group





1991ndash1996 139 (132ndash147) 152 (144ndash159) 141 (133ndash150) 1996ndash2001 162 (155ndash170) 165 (157ndash172) 177 (169ndash186) 2001ndash2004 167 (159ndash174) 181 (171ndash190) 188 (179ndash197) change 47 48 54 P (trend) lt01 lt01 004 Pooled 140 (137ndash143) 152 (148ndash156) 156 (151ndash160)





Cancer Trends 199

Table 83 Age-standardised rates of cervical cancer by ethnic group

Cervix Age group






1991ndash1996 406 (339ndash473) 340 (231ndash449) 145 (48ndash243) 162 (148ndash176) 1996ndash2001 328 (276ndash381) 183 (112ndash254) 190 (115ndash265) 144 (131ndash157) 2001ndash2004 236 (183ndash289) 150 (89ndash211) 179 (120ndash238) 112 (97ndash127) change -58 -64 4 -40 P (trend) lt01 003 085 lt01 Pooled 399 (366ndash433) 329 (263ndash396) 178 (130ndash227) 160 (154ndash167)

25ndash44 years 1981ndash1986 454 (346ndash562) 230 (74ndash386) 153 (52ndash451) 166 (143ndash190) 1986ndash1991 308 (228ndash389) 287 (128ndash446) 38 (09ndash155) 180 (158ndash203) 1991ndash1996 291 (221ndash362) 197 (92ndash301) 81 (13ndash150) 143 (122ndash163) 1996ndash2001 301 (228ndash373) 96 (41ndash152) 146 (65ndash228) 146 (125ndash167) 2001ndash2004 169 (120ndash219) 92 (37ndash147) 113 (59ndash167) 118 (95ndash142) change -63 -60 -26 -29 P (trend) 003 005 022 006 Pooled 311 (275ndash348) 185 (131ndash238) 106 (62ndash150) 152 (142ndash162)

45ndash64 years 1981ndash1986 728 (521ndash935) 100 (379ndash162) 262 (54ndash127) 214 (183ndash245) 1986ndash1991 646 (470ndash823) 505 (192ndash819) 446 (92ndash800) 197 (167ndash226) 1991ndash1996 586 (440ndash732) 566 (306ndash826) 203 (04ndash402) 195 (168ndash221) 1996ndash2001 462 (346ndash577) 228 (95ndash361) 233 (101ndash365) 150 (126ndash174) 2001ndash2004 270 (165ndash375) 188 (67ndash309) 219 (103ndash335) 106 (84ndash129) change -63 -81 -16 -50 P (trend) lt01 005 040 001 Pooled 552 (481ndash623) 513 (353ndash673) 275 (149ndash401) 176 (163ndash188)

65+ years 1981ndash1986 829 (336ndash132) 190 (27ndash135) 190 (27ndash135) 202 (166ndash238) 1986ndash1991 452 (124ndash779) 156 (44ndash267) 140 (20ndash995) 205 (171ndash239) 1991ndash1996 464 (233ndash696) 451 (40ndash861) 120 (17ndash849) 182 (151ndash213) 1996ndash2001 191 (75ndash307) 305 (38ndash572) 250 (73ndash852) 154 (124ndash183) 2001ndash2004 337 (131ndash543) 182 (03ndash361) 519 (82ndash957) 98 (71ndash125) change -59 -4 173 -51 P (trend) 022 062 023 002 Pooled 460 (321ndash600) 555 (285ndash824) 230 (86ndash374) 172 (157ndash186)

200 Cancer Trends

Table 84 Age-standardised rates of cervical cancer by income group

Cervix Age group




Females 1981ndash1986 291 (249ndash333) 244 (197ndash290) 208 (157ndash260) 25+ years 1986ndash1991

1991ndash1996 1996ndash2001 2001ndash2004 change P (trend) Pooled

285 (236ndash335) 235 (206ndash263) 199 (173ndash225) 132 (107ndash158)

-55 lt01

233 (217ndash250)


-44 lt01

197 (180ndash213)


-43 003

172 (153ndash192)

25ndash44 years 1981ndash1986 244 (192ndash297) 184 (142ndash226) 193 (118ndash269) 1986ndash1991 227 (182ndash271) 198 (155ndash241) 185 (101ndash268) 1991ndash1996 186 (149ndash222) 173 (131ndash216) 109 (74ndash144) 1996ndash2001 191 (152ndash229) 191 (146ndash235) 149 (106ndash192) 2001ndash2004 95 (68ndash123) 150 (106ndash193) 127 (89ndash166) change -61 -18 -34 P (trend) 002 025 050 Pooled 193 (175ndash212) 181 (161ndash200) 154 (127ndash181)

45ndash64 years 1981ndash1986 394 (290ndash498) 276 (187ndash365) 333 (172ndash494) 1986ndash1991 343 (262ndash424) 240 (177ndash303) 274 (164ndash385) 1991ndash1996 309 (253ndash366) 237 (174ndash300) 223 (133ndash313) 1996ndash2001 259 (206ndash313) 176 (127ndash226) 145 (94ndash197) 2001ndash2004 166 (112ndash219) 132 (66ndash197) 114 (74ndash154) change -58 -52 -66 P (trend) lt01 lt01 lt01 Pooled 301 (267ndash334) 216 (186ndash246) 223 (176ndash270)

65ndash74 years 1981ndash1986 1986ndash1991 1991ndash1996 1996ndash2001 2001ndash2004 change P (trend) Pooled


-59 011

298 (234ndash362)


-73 001

310 (199ndash421)


-25 057

231 (136ndash325)

75+ years 1981ndash1986 175 (103ndash248) 344 (94ndash126) 165 (64ndash266) 1986ndash1991 422 (146ndash121) 198 (83ndash313) 239 (37ndash442) 1991ndash1996 105 (39ndash171) 118 (70ndash167) 71 (18ndash124) 1996ndash2001 183 (44ndash322) 123 (79ndash167) 147 (59ndash234) 2001ndash2004 248 (55ndash441) 96 (36ndash156) 17 (04ndash70) change 42 -72 -90 P (trend) 084 018 008 Pooled 226 (121ndash330) 180 (81ndash278) 133 (81ndash186)

Cancer Trends 201

Table 85 Age-standardised rates of colorectal cancer by ethnic group

Colorectal Age group






1991ndash1996 591 (482ndash701) 595 (382ndash809) 806 (484ndash113) 103 (100ndash106) 1996ndash2001 780 (662ndash899) 566 (417ndash714) 638 (460ndash816) 103 (100ndash107) 2001ndash2004 750 (635ndash865) 369 (232ndash506) 517 (378ndash656) 103 (100ndash106) change 73 19 -24 14 P (trend) 001 067 011 005 Pooled 602 (551ndash652) 437 (350ndash524) 675 (549ndash801) 991 (976ndash101)

25ndash64 years 1981ndash1986 204 (129ndash279) 306 (109ndash503) 296 (80ndash513) 513 (483ndash544) 1986ndash1991 354 (259ndash449) 138 (43ndash233) 418 (186ndash651) 574 (543ndash605) 1991ndash1996 320 (247ndash394) 305 (181ndash430) 393 (170ndash616) 576 (545ndash606) 1996ndash2001 392 (315ndash468) 392 (237ndash547) 351 (213ndash489) 557 (526ndash587) 2001ndash2004 388 (307ndash469) 129 (52ndash206) 205 (118ndash291) 479 (450ndash508) change 90 -58 -31 -7 P (trend) 005 069 018 058 Pooled 329 (293ndash365) 260 (197ndash324) 339 (251ndash427) 543 (529ndash556)

65+ years 1981ndash1986 188 (114ndash261) 239 (34ndash169) 257 (70ndash445) 320 (304ndash337) 1986ndash1991 135 (85ndash184) 158 (3ndash314) 227 (76ndash379) 331 (316ndash346) 1991ndash1996 220 (158ndash281) 249 (119ndash379) 319 (147ndash491) 382 (367ndash397) 1996ndash2001 294 (232ndash357) 179 (109ndash248) 240 (139ndash340) 395 (380ndash411) 2001ndash2004 317 (247ndash386) 174 (88ndash259) 229 (145ndash312) 431 (412ndash449) change 69 626 -11 34 P (trend) 005 005 053 lt01 Pooled 226 (198ndash255) 156 (108ndash204) 256 (189ndash323) 369 (362ndash376)


1991ndash1996 491 (391ndash592) 386 (240ndash532) 373 (207ndash540) 841 (814ndash868) 1996ndash2001 476 (399ndash554) 378 (263ndash494) 602 (449ndash755) 841 (814ndash867) 2001ndash2004 453 (374ndash533) 432 (310ndash554) 439 (328ndash550) 849 (820ndash878) change 32 -3 29 7 P (trend) 012 046 031 002 Pooled 428 (388ndash469) 386 (312ndash459) 407 (327ndash487) 827 (814ndash839)

25ndash64 years 1981ndash1986 251 (160ndash342) 225 (62ndash389) 106 (34ndash336) 483 (455ndash512) 1986ndash1991 247 (169ndash326) 113 (20ndash206) 182 (02ndash363) 486 (457ndash514) 1991ndash1996 267 (198ndash335) 245 (132ndash357) 239 (100ndash378) 498 (470ndash526) 1996ndash2001 272 (212ndash332) 177 (99ndash255) 334 (211ndash457) 474 (447ndash501) 2001ndash2004 316 (248ndash385) 218 (124ndash311) 232 (159ndash306) 423 (396ndash451) change 26 -3 119 -12 P (trend) 005 052 022 017 Pooled 268 (235ndash302) 194 (143ndash246) 218 (157ndash279) 475 (463ndash488)

65+ years 1981ndash1986 112 (60ndash165) 217 (60ndash374) 173 (7ndash338) 259 (247ndash272) 1986ndash1991 131 (84ndash178) 116 (30ndash203) 861 (103ndash162) 270 (259ndash282) 1991ndash1996 164 (114ndash215) 134 (41ndash226) 112 (30ndash194) 290 (278ndash301) 1996ndash2001 173 (131ndash214) 154 (89ndash218) 213 (134ndash293) 306 (294ndash318) 2001ndash2004 121 (85ndash157) 179 (108ndash250) 149 (91ndash207) 345 (329ndash361) change 8 -18 -14 33 P (trend) 080 050 039 lt01 Pooled 141 (120ndash162) 159 (113ndash205) 146 (100ndash192) 291 (286ndash297)

202 Cancer Trends

Table 86 Age- and ethnicity-standardised rates of colorectal cancer by income group







25ndash44 years 1981ndash1986 76 (44ndash109) 79 (45ndash113) 101 (64ndash138) 1986ndash1991 75 (45ndash105) 69 (44ndash94) 74 (44ndash105) 1991ndash1996 65 (40ndash91) 78 (49ndash107) 66 (42ndash90) 1996ndash2001 91 (59ndash123) 82 (54ndash111) 85 (56ndash114) 2001ndash2004 46 (23ndash69) 68 (42ndash94) 109 (74ndash145) change -39 -14 8 P (trend) 032 079 068 Pooled 72 (59ndash85) 76 (63ndash89) 86 (72ndash100)

45ndash64 years 1981ndash1986 996 (856ndash114) 104 (90ndash119) 986 (814ndash116) 1986ndash1991 113 (100ndash126) 115 (103ndash127) 112 (98ndash126) 1991ndash1996 119 (107ndash131) 109 (98ndash120) 110 (98ndash123) 1996ndash2001 100 (88ndash113) 111 (99ndash122) 114 (102ndash125) 2001ndash2004 104 (91ndash117) 902 (785ndash102) 850 (753ndash947) change 5 -13 -14 P (trend) 085 029 034 Pooled 107 (102ndash113) 107 (101ndash112) 105 (99ndash111)





Cancer Trends 203







-19 042

82 (69ndash95)


-63 018

92 (76ndash108)


-31 035

93 (78ndash108)



75+ years 1981ndash1986 288 (259ndash317) 300 (245ndash355) 354 (266ndash443) 1986ndash1991 334 (284ndash384) 311 (271ndash352) 346 (270ndash422) 1991ndash1996 368 (315ndash422) 340 (305ndash374) 321 (276ndash367) 1996ndash2001 325 (284ndash365) 351 (319ndash383) 346 (302ndash391) 2001ndash2004 359 (322ndash395) 383 (337ndash429) 399 (338ndash460) change 25 28 13 P (trend) 010 lt01 034 Pooled 334 (314ndash353) 335 (316ndash353) 351 (321ndash381)

Table 87 Age-standardised rates of endometrial cancer by ethnic group

Endometrium Age group





Females 25+ years

1981ndash1986 1986ndash1991 1991ndash1996 1996ndash2001 2001ndash2004 change P (trend) Pooled


4 030

297 (266ndash328)


86 015

467 (394ndash539)


49 010

192 (138ndash246)


-3 067

179 (173ndash185)

204 Cancer Trends

Table 88 Age- and ethnicity-standardised rates of endometrial cancer by income group





Females 25+ years



17 014

213 (200ndash226)


13 043

218 (202ndash234)


-15 059

207 (188ndash226)

Table 89 Age-standardised rates of gallbladder and bile duct cancer by ethnic group

Gallbladder Age group





Males 1981ndash1986 36 (03ndash68) 117 (28ndash484) 30 (24ndash37) 25+ years 1986ndash1991

1991ndash1996 35 (10ndash124) 49 (17ndash81)


22 (17ndash27) 29 (24ndash34)

1996ndash2001 34 (09ndash59) 28 (08ndash94) 16 (05ndash53) 24 (19ndash28) 2001ndash2004 change P (trend)

25 (06ndash45) -31 026

70 (17ndash122) 34 (03ndash65) -71 048

27 (22ndash32) -10 096

Pooled 36 (22ndash51) 48 (26ndash70) 45 (05ndash84) 26 (24ndash29)

Females 1981ndash1986 27 (03ndash51) 42 (06ndash296) 33 (27ndash39) 25+ years 1986ndash1991 16 (05ndash50) 30 (25ndash35)

1991ndash1996 36 (10ndash62) 42 (15ndash121) 14 (02ndash101) 35 (30ndash40) 1996ndash2001 39 (17ndash61) 32 (10ndash102) 41 (03ndash80) 27 (22ndash32) 2001ndash2004 54 (21ndash87) 58 (12ndash105) 63 (20ndash105) 34 (28ndash40) change 100 50 3 P (trend) 009 089 Pooled 33 (23ndash44) 43 (24ndash61) 39 (15ndash62) 32 (30ndash35)

Cancer Trends 205

Table 90 Age- and ethnicity-standardised rates of gallbladder and bile duct cancer by income group






1991ndash1996 31 (19ndash42) 34 (22ndash47) 22 (14ndash29) 1996ndash2001 30 (18ndash43) 21 (12ndash31) 22 (14ndash29) 2001ndash2004 31 (18ndash44) 37 (22ndash51) 27 (18ndash36) change 0 37 -16 P (trend) 063 079 060 Pooled 29 (23ndash36) 28 (23ndash33) 27 (21ndash33)



Table 91 Age-standardised rates of Hodgkinrsquos disease by ethnic group

Hodgkinrsquos Age group






1991ndash1996 31 (11ndash50) 15 (03ndash69) 25 (18ndash31) 1996ndash2001 25 (07ndash42) 24 (06ndash98) 21 (06ndash71) 26 (20ndash32) 2001ndash2004 35 (10ndash59) 05 (01ndash37) 32 (02ndash61) 41 (32ndash51) change -8 -55 -52 11 P (trend) 046 028 074 Pooled 28 (18ndash37) 19 (07ndash31) 29 (06ndash52) 32 (28ndash35)


1991ndash1996 05 (01ndash21) 11 (02ndash77) 21 (03ndash151) 16 (11ndash21) 1996ndash2001 12 (03ndash21) 13 (03ndash53) 37 (11ndash122) 21 (15ndash27) 2001ndash2004 22 (07ndash37) 29 (01ndash56) 27 (01ndash53) 27 (18ndash37) change 57 263 -7 P (trend) 050 089 Pooled 13 (07ndash20) 14 (05ndash23) 28 (09ndash48) 20 (17ndash23)

206 Cancer Trends

Table 92 Age- and ethnicity-standardised rates of Hodgkinrsquos disease by income group






1991ndash1996 16 (06ndash26) 24 (14ndash34) 27 (14ndash41) 1996ndash2001 31 (18ndash44) 29 (18ndash40) 22 (13ndash32) 2001ndash2004 49 (26ndash72) 27 (14ndash40) 47 (30ndash63) change 96 -4 24 P (trend) 074 063 098 Pooled 32 (25ndash38) 26 (21ndash31) 32 (26ndash38)


1991ndash1996 17 (09ndash25) 10 (04ndash16) 11 (05ndash18) 1996ndash2001 13 (07ndash19) 25 (13ndash36) 15 (07ndash24) 2001ndash2004 26 (15ndash38) 42 (21ndash63) 24 (09ndash40) change -13 83 -8 P (trend) 090 080 059 Pooled 20 (15ndash24) 22 (17ndash27) 21 (15ndash27)

Table 93 Age-standardised rates of kidney cancer by ethnic group

Kidney Age group






1991ndash1996 146 (95ndash197) 58 (21ndash160) 74 (25ndash214) 150 (138ndash163) 1996ndash2001 146 (104ndash188) 73 (28ndash118) 84 (14ndash154) 167 (155ndash180) 2001ndash2004 140 (95ndash185) 137 (61ndash213) 85 (27ndash142) 172 (157ndash187) change 33 21 673 58 P (trend) 007 006 001 001 Pooled 130 (109ndash152) 77 (37ndash117) 64 (32ndash96) 140 (135ndash146)


1991ndash1996 114 (70ndash158) 29 (02ndash55) 46 (13ndash164) 70 (62ndash78) 1996ndash2001 65 (38ndash91) 50 (14ndash86) 20 (05ndash74) 89 (80ndash98) 2001ndash2004 90 (55ndash125) 64 (17ndash111) 33 (03ndash64) 97 (87ndash107) change 165 -11 87 P (trend) 013 lt01 Pooled 67 (53ndash81) 53 (31ndash75) 33 (14ndash52) 84 (80ndash88)

Cancer Trends 207

Table 94 Age- and ethnicity-standardised rates of kidney cancer by income group

Kidney Age group







Table 95 Age-standardised rates of larynx cancer by ethnic group

Larynx etc Age group






1991ndash1996 84 (47ndash121) 66 (04ndash128) 76 (22ndash268) 65 (57ndash73) 1996ndash2001 62 (36ndash89) 75 (19ndash132) 72 (16ndash127) 62 (54ndash69) 2001ndash2004 118 (72ndash164) 51 (09ndash92) 69 (22ndash117) 51 (43ndash58) change 18 -57 -51 -43 P (trend) 035 007 014 lt01 Pooled 79 (60ndash98) 89 (43ndash135) 110 (57ndash163) 71 (67ndash75)


1991ndash1996 19 (03ndash34) 60 (02ndash118) 29 (06ndash137) 13 (10ndash17) 1996ndash2001 2001ndash2004 change P (trend)

25 (09ndash40) 25 (04ndash47)

-24 081

07 (01ndash49) 13 (03ndash55)

-77 055


-29 022


208 Cancer Trends

Table 96 Age- and ethnicity-standardised rates of larynx cancer by income group








-23 006

89 (78ndash100)


-39 lt01

72 (65ndash79)


-45 010

51 (44ndash58)


1991ndash1996 26 (11ndash40) 13 (07ndash19) 17 (04ndash30) 1996ndash2001 16 (10ndash23) 20 (11ndash29) 11 (05ndash16) 2001ndash2004 12 (06ndash18) 13 (06ndash20) 22 (01ndash43) change -29 18 69 P (trend) 023 043 051 Pooled 19 (15ndash24) 15 (11ndash18) 14 (09ndash20)

Table 97 Age-standardised rates of leukaemia by ethnic group

Leukaemia Age group





Males 1981ndash1986 153 (84ndash222) 245 (73ndash418) 132 (119ndash146) 25+ years 1986ndash1991 119 (74ndash165) 157 (29ndash285) 226 (25ndash427) 163 (149ndash176)

1991ndash1996 182 (125ndash239) 182 (79ndash285) 180 (26ndash334) 184 (171ndash198) 1996ndash2001 248 (180ndash316) 191 (95ndash287) 185 (106ndash264) 224 (209ndash238) 2001ndash2004 267 (199ndash335) 234 (135ndash332) 118 (61ndash175) 267 (250ndash285) change 75 -4 102 P (trend) 004 051 lt01 Pooled 190 (163ndash218) 200 (144ndash256) 181 (117ndash245) 206 (199ndash212)

25ndash64 years 1981ndash1986 107 (56ndash157) 174 (45ndash303) 62 (50ndash73) 1986ndash1991 86 (47ndash124) 60 (11ndash109) 123 (06ndash239) 71 (60ndash82) 1991ndash1996 158 (97ndash220) 109 (42ndash175) 101 (13ndash188) 87 (74ndash99) 1996ndash2001 137 (96ndash179) 95 (35ndash156) 145 (76ndash213) 112 (98ndash125) 2001ndash2004 142 (96ndash188) 124 (61ndash186) 86 (38ndash135) 140 (124ndash156) change 33 -29 126 P (trend) 016 048 lt01 Pooled 125 (103ndash147) 112 (76ndash148) 116 (76ndash155) 100 (94ndash106)

65+ years 1981ndash1986 426 (73ndash780) 513 (127ndash207) 509 (445ndash572) 1986ndash1991 319 (95ndash544) 885 (233ndash337) 126 (24ndash657) 658 (593ndash723) 1991ndash1996 464 (202ndash727) 477 (10ndash944) 853 (206ndash353) 688 (629ndash747) 1996ndash2001 825 (475ndash118) 634 (168ndash110) 474 (22ndash926) 856 (787ndash925) 2001ndash2004 968 (603ndash133) 818 (272ndash137) 481 (38ndash924) 969 (885ndash105) change 127 59 90 P (trend) 005 028 lt01 Pooled 582 (442ndash722) 658 (324ndash991) 784 (200ndash137) 782 (751ndash812)

Cancer Trends 209

Leukaemia Age group





Females 1981ndash1986 132 (74ndash189) 66 (20ndash213) 57 (13ndash239) 85 (75ndash94) 25+ years 1986ndash1991 110 (60ndash160) 136 (33ndash239) 97 (87ndash106)

1991ndash1996 163 (111ndash216) 148 (55ndash240) 82 (02ndash161) 120 (109ndash131) 1996ndash2001 123 (83ndash163) 151 (88ndash215) 86 (35ndash136) 130 (120ndash140) 2001ndash2004 187 (139ndash236) 138 (74ndash203) 89 (46ndash133) 161 (148ndash174) change 42 109 56 89 P (trend) 032 014 lt01 Pooled 141 (118ndash163) 127 (90ndash165) 78 (47ndash108) 122 (117ndash126)

25ndash64 years 1981ndash1986 91 (38ndash145) 75 (23ndash243) 23 (03ndash166) 43 (34ndash51) 1986ndash1991 66 (26ndash106) 103 (13ndash194) 53 (44ndash63) 1991ndash1996 119 (68ndash170) 101 (37ndash164) 38 (10ndash139) 66 (55ndash78) 1996ndash2001 100 (58ndash142) 93 (46ndash140) 84 (33ndash136) 65 (55ndash75) 2001ndash2004 121 (82ndash160) 94 (41ndash148) 65 (28ndash102) 83 (71ndash96) change 33 25 183 93 P (trend) 017 064 lt01 Pooled 98 (78ndash119) 93 (61ndash126) 52 (31ndash73) 63 (58ndash68)

65+ years 1981ndash1986 360 (93ndash626) 199 (28ndash141) 306 (264ndash348) 1986ndash1991 341 (102ndash580) 250 (60ndash104) 329 (290ndash369) 1991ndash1996 470 (184ndash755) 328 (95ndash114) 265 (66ndash106) 406 (364ndash448) 1996ndash2001 326 (142ndash509) 438 (119ndash757) 137 (19ndash973) 504 (455ndash552) 2001ndash2004 636 (347ndash924) 597 (61ndash113) 287 (17ndash557) 598 (534ndash662) change 77 44 95 P (trend) 043 lt01 Pooled 416 (303ndash530) 391 (214ndash568) 218 (68ndash368) 444 (423ndash466)

210 Cancer Trends

Table 98 Age- and ethnicity-standardised rates of leukaemia by income group

Leukaemia Age group





1991ndash1996 184 (152ndash216) 181 (156ndash206) 184 (151ndash217) 1996ndash2001 210 (182ndash238) 265 (229ndash301) 261 (218ndash303) 2001ndash2004 271 (235ndash308) 276 (241ndash312) 275 (232ndash318) change 122 109 129 P (trend) lt01 001 lt01 Pooled 182 (169ndash195) 203 (188ndash217) 197 (181ndash213)

25ndash64 years 1981ndash1986 62 (39ndash84) 52 (35ndash69) 65 (40ndash89) 1986ndash1991 74 (53ndash95) 65 (47ndash83) 85 (61ndash109) 1991ndash1996 102 (77ndash127) 87 (61ndash113) 112 (74ndash150) 1996ndash2001 102 (78ndash125) 136 (108ndash163) 128 (99ndash157) 2001ndash2004 144 (112ndash177) 160 (127ndash192) 127 (103ndash151) change 132 208 95 P (trend) 001 lt01 lt01 Pooled 94 (83ndash105) 97 (86ndash108) 102 (89ndash115)






Cancer Trends 211

Table 99 Age-standardised rates of lip mouth and pharynx cancer by ethnic group

Oropharynx Age group








1991ndash1996 41 (19ndash64) 56 (13ndash99) 52 (19ndash145) 57 (50ndash65) 1996ndash2001 66 (37ndash95) 69 (24ndash115) 83 (33ndash134) 61 (54ndash68) 2001ndash2004 48 (25ndash72) 99 (43ndash154) 80 (41ndash119) 68 (58ndash78) change -14 71 -2 -4 P (trend) 093 034 083 045 Pooled 52 (40ndash64) 77 (48ndash106) 80 (47ndash113) 66 (62ndash70)

Table 100 Age- and ethnicity-standardised rates of lip mouth and pharynx cancer by income group








-9 017

201 (187ndash215)


-35 003

159 (146ndash172)


-26 008

129 (115ndash143)



212 Cancer Trends

Table 101 Age-standardised rates of liver cancer by ethnic group

Liver Age group






1991ndash1996 190 (135ndash245) 256 (136ndash376) 357 (168ndash545) 40 (34ndash46) 1996ndash2001 229 (177ndash281) 301 (202ndash401) 231 (131ndash331) 46 (40ndash52) 2001ndash2004 239 (183ndash295) 341 (227ndash455) 238 (149ndash327) 52 (45ndash60) change 90 44 266 79 P (trend) 003 034 012 lt01 Pooled 196 (171ndash221) 303 (246ndash360) 213 (154ndash272) 41 (38ndash44)


1991ndash1996 67 (34ndash100) 99 (38ndash159) 61 (20ndash187) 20 (16ndash25) 1996ndash2001 62 (36ndash88) 71 (24ndash118) 78 (20ndash137) 25 (20ndash29) 2001ndash2004 61 (33ndash89) 145 (74ndash215) 81 (31ndash130) 22 (18ndash27) change -24 116 29 P (trend) 065 047 007 Pooled 61 (46ndash76) 98 (64ndash132) 64 (37ndash92) 21 (19ndash23)

Table 102 Age- and ethnicity-standardised rates of liver cancer by income group

Liver Age group





1991ndash1996 84 (59ndash109) 79 (56ndash102) 65 (42ndash87) 1996ndash2001 97 (77ndash117) 89 (68ndash109) 69 (48ndash90) 2001ndash2004 115 (91ndash139) 118 (88ndash149) 72 (50ndash94) change 219 82 89 P (trend) lt01 002 017 Pooled 81 (71ndash90) 81 (71ndash92) 71 (57ndash84)



Cancer Trends 213

Table 103 Age-standardised rates of lung cancer by ethnic group

Lung Age group






1991ndash1996 173 (154ndash192) 113 (84ndash142) 463 (250ndash676) 808 (781ndash836) 1996ndash2001 151 (136ndash167) 124 (101ndash146) 572 (398ndash746) 691 (667ndash715) 2001ndash2004 147 (131ndash163) 926 (721ndash113) 482 (337ndash627) 638 (613ndash663) change -10 27 -21 -32 P (trend) 025 099 036 lt01 Pooled 159 (150ndash167) 109 (95ndash123) 611 (486ndash736) 793 (780ndash805)

25ndash64 years 1981ndash1986 928 (756ndash110) 404 (153ndash656) 250 (28ndash473) 480 (451ndash509) 1986ndash1991 865 (723ndash101) 985 (637ndash133) 518 (165ndash871) 432 (406ndash458) 1991ndash1996 107 (92ndash123) 698 (492ndash904) 144 (16ndash273) 357 (333ndash381) 1996ndash2001 868 (748ndash988) 585 (424ndash745) 279 (155ndash403) 285 (263ndash306) 2001ndash2004 743 (631ndash855) 360 (236ndash484) 170 (97ndash243) 236 (217ndash256) change -20 -11 -32 -51 P (trend) 029 040 053 lt01 Pooled 903 (838ndash968) 619 (511ndash726) 277 (181ndash373) 364 (353ndash375)

65+ years 1981ndash1986 606 (479ndash733) 249 (65ndash433) 281 (66ndash496) 373 (356ndash390) 1986ndash1991 560 (450ndash669) 511 (267ndash756) 327 (126ndash529) 343 (329ndash358) 1991ndash1996 608 (509ndash708) 393 (231ndash556) 259 (112ndash406) 341 (327ndash355) 1996ndash2001 554 (475ndash632) 476 (357ndash595) 206 (119ndash293) 302 (290ndash315) 2001ndash2004 605 (512ndash698) 457 (318ndash596) 216 (132ndash301) 293 (278ndash308) change -0 84 -23 -21 P (trend) 096 017 011 lt01 Pooled 586 (539ndash632) 415 (335ndash495) 260 (187ndash333) 332 (326ndash339)



25ndash64 years 1981ndash1986 525 (390ndash660) 123 (32ndash215) 139 (00ndash278) 158 (142ndash175) 1986ndash1991 692 (566ndash818) 196 (80ndash311) 71 (01ndash140) 181 (164ndash198) 1991ndash1996 811 (688ndash934) 151 (62ndash240) 276 (110ndash443) 207 (188ndash225) 1996ndash2001 737 (636ndash838) 243 (153ndash334) 102 (32ndash172) 196 (178ndash213) 2001ndash2004 874 (756ndash991) 306 (191ndash420) 133 (72ndash195) 216 (197ndash234) change 66 149 -4 37 P (trend) 006 005 063 003 Pooled 720 (666ndash775) 199 (154ndash243) 145 (94ndash196) 190 (183ndash198)


214 Cancer Trends

Table 104 Age- and ethnicity-standardised rates of lung cancer by income group

Lung Age group







979 (907ndash105) -22 lt01

111 (107ndash114)


-16 011

955 (918ndash992)


-39 003

709 (671ndash747)

25ndash64 years 1981ndash1986 658 (576ndash739) 511 (439ndash583) 490 (416ndash564) 1986ndash1991 565 (501ndash628) 564 (498ndash630) 389 (320ndash457) 1991ndash1996 580 (520ndash640) 459 (403ndash515) 350 (279ndash422) 1996ndash2001 467 (416ndash518) 436 (377ndash495) 236 (195ndash278) 2001ndash2004 452 (394ndash510) 299 (254ndash345) 208 (171ndash244) change -31 -41 -58 P (trend) 002 003 lt01 Pooled 549 (520ndash578) 462 (434ndash489) 341 (313ndash369)


75+ years 1981ndash1986 503 (437ndash570) 356 (271ndash442) 382 (280ndash484) 1986ndash1991 500 (420ndash579) 449 (357ndash541) 286 (225ndash347) 1991ndash1996 453 (376ndash530) 436 (381ndash491) 371 (280ndash462) 1996ndash2001 508 (434ndash581) 449 (383ndash514) 327 (258ndash395) 2001ndash2004 462 (392ndash531) 470 (386ndash553) 366 (276ndash455) change -8 32 -4 P (trend) 039 008 068 Pooled 486 (453ndash520) 430 (395ndash465) 345 (308ndash383)




Cancer Trends 215

Lung Age group






Table 105 Age-standardised rates of melanoma by ethnic group

Melanoma Age group






1991ndash1996 86 (49ndash123) 55 (04ndash106) 23 (07ndash73) 611 (584ndash637) 1996ndash2001 137 (97ndash177) 73 (25ndash121) 60 (14ndash107) 737 (708ndash766) 2001ndash2004 137 (89ndash185) 46 (04ndash88) 66 (26ndash106) 833 (800ndash866) change 18 0 -55 156 P (trend) 032 100 035 lt01 Pooled 113 (92ndash135) 66 (26ndash106) 64 (32ndash95) 577 (565ndash589)


45ndash64 years 1981ndash1986 152 (35ndash268) 64 (09ndash453) 170 (42ndash697) 404 (361ndash447) 1986ndash1991 65 (10ndash119) 544 (495ndash592) 1991ndash1996 77 (12ndash142) 70 (17ndash287) 43 (11ndash173) 772 (717ndash827) 1996ndash2001 176 (102ndash250) 127 (13ndash240) 79 (03ndash154) 889 (830ndash947) 2001ndash2004 141 (67ndash215) 56 (13ndash243) 73 (05ndash141) 105 (98ndash112) change -7 -13 -57 160 P (trend) 030 lt01 Pooled 121 (85ndash157) 81 (32ndash129) 92 (30ndash155) 762 (737ndash787)

216 Cancer Trends

Melanoma Age group





65+ years 1981ndash1986 206 (68ndash625) 554 (488ndash619) 1986ndash1991 310 (55ndash565) 655 (150ndash286) 884 (808ndash961) 1991ndash1996 236 (56ndash417) 247 (59ndash103) 140 (131ndash149) 1996ndash2001 284 (126ndash442) 224 (69ndash728) 98 (14ndash699) 188 (178ndash199) 2001ndash2004 362 (113ndash610) 127 (31ndash512) 73 (18ndash291) 224 (211ndash237) change 76 304 P (trend) 017 lt01 Pooled 275 (179ndash372) 325 (72ndash578) 87 (15ndash159) 204 (199ndash209)



25ndash44 years 1981ndash1986 90 (41ndash139) 65 (09ndash459) 378 (340ndash415) 1986ndash1991 76 (35ndash117) 08 (01ndash56) 151 (02ndash301) 431 (391ndash470) 1991ndash1996 84 (41ndash128) 39 (05ndash73) 101 (37ndash280) 406 (369ndash443) 1996ndash2001 100 (62ndash139) 58 (00ndash115) 60 (10ndash110) 410 (374ndash446) 2001ndash2004 84 (44ndash123) 13 (03ndash50) 25 (00ndash51) 476 (429ndash523) change -7 -62 26 P (trend) 065 008 018 Pooled 87 (68ndash106) 31 (14ndash47) 83 (35ndash131) 417 (400ndash435)

45ndash64 years 1981ndash1986 59 (12ndash106) 108 (26ndash445) 111 (16ndash788) 511 (462ndash559) 1986ndash1991 93 (21ndash165) 46 (07ndash329) 155 (38ndash621) 645 (593ndash697) 1991ndash1996 111 (42ndash180) 183 (60ndash558) 767 (712ndash822) 1996ndash2001 178 (109ndash248) 85 (09ndash161) 98 (18ndash177) 860 (804ndash916) 2001ndash2004 246 (153ndash339) 88 (03ndash174) 976 (912ndash104) change 317 -19 91 P (trend) lt01 lt01 Pooled 132 (101ndash163) 81 (33ndash130) 137 (51ndash223) 696 (671ndash720)

65+ years 1981ndash1986 142 (45ndash451) 521 (463ndash580) 1986ndash1991 214 (25ndash404) 748 (683ndash814) 1991ndash1996 197 (32ndash362) 382 (111ndash131) 266 (61ndash117) 983 (911ndash106) 1996ndash2001 266 (100ndash431) 128 (41ndash401) 121 (113ndash129) 2001ndash2004 265 (90ndash440) 198 (63ndash618) 118 (27ndash505) 153 (142ndash164) change 87 193 P (trend) 003 lt01 Pooled 214 (137ndash292) 239 (95ndash383) 202 (59ndash345) 122 (118ndash126)

Notes Due to a 50 percent increase in melanoma registrations around 1994 (owing to changes introduced by the Cancer Registry Act 1993) the percentage increases in the table are overstated P values are not reliable and have therefore been suppressed The changes can be adjusted for by increasing the 1981ndash1986 and 1986ndash1991 rates by about 50 percent and probably disregarding 1991ndash1996 to gain an impression of change over time Trends in absolute inequalities over time are not interpretable hence pooled SRs and p for trends are not shown

Cancer Trends 217

Table 106 Age- and ethnicity-standardised rates of melanoma by income group

Melanoma Age group





1991ndash1996 400 (357ndash443) 504 (465ndash543) 582 (535ndash628) 1996ndash2001 544 (497ndash591) 625 (579ndash671) 688 (642ndash735) 2001ndash2004 556 (504ndash607) 654 (600ndash709) 806 (757ndash856) change 149 129 118 P (trend) lt01 lt01 lt01 Pooled 411 (389ndash433) 477 (458ndash496) 564 (543ndash584)







218 Cancer Trends

Melanoma Age group







75+ years 1981ndash1986 469 (326ndash612) 463 (299ndash628) 343 (199ndash486) 1986ndash1991 621 (453ndash789) 838 (440ndash124) 581 (417ndash745) 1991ndash1996 738 (572ndash905) 887 (754ndash102) 882 (687ndash108) 1996ndash2001 101 (81ndash120) 122 (106ndash138) 135 (99ndash171) 2001ndash2004 115 (95ndash134) 146 (122ndash170) 156 (124ndash188) change 144 215 355 P (trend) lt01 lt01 lt01 Pooled 779 (701ndash856) 948 (841ndash106) 912 (802ndash102)

Note The same caveats apply to interpreting the data contained in this table as apply to Table 105 above

Cancer Trends 219

Table 107 Age-standardised rates of myeloma by ethnic group

Myeloma Age group








1991ndash1996 109 (60ndash158) 128 (46ndash209) 65 (21ndash200) 57 (50ndash64) 1996ndash2001 77 (45ndash108) 148 (80ndash217) 81 (25ndash136) 58 (51ndash64) 2001ndash2004 101 (64ndash138) 81 (32ndash131) 66 (23ndash109) 58 (50ndash65) change 94 913 47 26 P (trend) 025 007 003 Pooled 87 (68ndash106) 88 (59ndash116) 64 (33ndash95) 55 (51ndash58)

Table 108 Age- and ethnicity-standardised rates of myeloma by income group

Myeloma Age group








220 Cancer Trends

Table 109 Age-standardised rates of non-Hodgkinrsquos lymphoma by ethnic group

NHL Age group






1991ndash1996 182 (109ndash255) 182 (55ndash308) 186 (54ndash319) 205 (190ndash220) 1996ndash2001 197 (150ndash245) 261 (155ndash367) 201 (107ndash295) 247 (231ndash263) 2001ndash2004 239 (170ndash308) 128 (60ndash197) 132 (59ndash204) 256 (237ndash275) change 88 -57 32 91 P (trend) lt01 026 034 lt01 Pooled 171 (144ndash198) 221 (106ndash335) 137 (87ndash187) 200 (193ndash207)


1991ndash1996 118 (75ndash160) 180 (82ndash278) 90 (16ndash164) 153 (141ndash166) 1996ndash2001 217 (164ndash269) 206 (124ndash288) 187 (107ndash266) 184 (170ndash197) 2001ndash2004 177 (129ndash226) 216 (128ndash304) 97 (52ndash142) 198 (183ndash213) change 57 162 108 P (trend) 015 026 lt01 Pooled 147 (124ndash171) 198 (151ndash244) 103 (70ndash135) 147 (142ndash153)

Table 110 Age- and ethnicity-standardised rates of non-Hodgkinrsquos lymphoma by income group

NHL Age group




Males 1981ndash1986 125 (101ndash148) 180 (123ndash237) 25+ years 1986ndash1991 146 (121ndash172) 173 (146ndash200) 188 (141ndash235)

1991ndash1996 219 (181ndash257) 206 (175ndash238) 202 (172ndash232) 1996ndash2001 218 (189ndash247) 239 (211ndash267) 274 (237ndash311) 2001ndash2004 251 (211ndash290) 245 (209ndash280) 253 (216ndash290) change 101 41 P (trend) lt01 007 Pooled 189 (175ndash203) 214 (200ndash227) 228 (211ndash245)



Note Due to an aberrantly high rate in the middle-income male group in 1981ndash1986 pooled and trend statistics for this group are not presented

Cancer Trends 221

Table 111 Age-standardised rates of oesophageal cancer by ethnic group

Oesophagus Age group






1991ndash1996 168 (110ndash226) 33 (10ndash106) 43 (06ndash305) 109 (99ndash119) 1996ndash2001 138 (92ndash184) 93 (34ndash151) 93 (15ndash171) 98 (89ndash107) 2001ndash2004 160 (109ndash210) 101 (27ndash174) 49 (08ndash89) 110 (100ndash121) change -5 25 P (trend) 044 012 Pooled 144 (118ndash171) 88 (52ndash125) 63 (30ndash95) 105 (101ndash110)


1991ndash1996 49 (21ndash78) 22 (05ndash93) 52 (46ndash58) 1996ndash2001 57 (29ndash85) 24 (00ndash47) 31 (10ndash103) 43 (37ndash48) 2001ndash2004 50 (23ndash77) 26 (08ndash81) 06 (01ndash42) 49 (42ndash55) change 19 -4 23 P (trend) 022 039 Pooled 43 (31ndash56) 25 (08ndash41) 20 (07ndash33) 46 (43ndash48)

Table 112 Age- and ethnicity-standardised rates of oesophageal cancer by income group









222 Cancer Trends

Table 113 Age-standardised rates of ovarian cancer by ethnic group

Ovary Age group





Females 25+ years



55 023

189 (166ndash212)


-29 016

254 (202ndash305)


95 043

168 (121ndash214)


11 021

187 (181ndash194)

Table 114 Age- and ethnicity-standardised rates of ovarian cancer by income group

Ovary Age group








65+ years 1981ndash1986 311 (231ndash391) 361 (266ndash456) 488 (333ndash643) 1986ndash1991 381 (306ndash455) 379 (292ndash466) 348 (261ndash435) 1991ndash1996 421 (328ndash515) 421 (342ndash500) 716 (501ndash932) 1996ndash2001 451 (346ndash556) 461 (361ndash561) 414 (309ndash519) 2001ndash2004 541 (406ndash677) 585 (449ndash721) 402 (294ndash509) change 74 62 -18 P (trend) lt01 002 099 Pooled 415 (372ndash458) 434 (390ndash478) 477 (412ndash542)

Cancer Trends 223

Table 115 Age-standardised rates of pancreatic cancer by ethnic group

Pancreas Age group






1991ndash1996 162 (98ndash227) 108 (35ndash181) 100 (30ndash336) 126 (115ndash137) 1996ndash2001 220 (158ndash282) 189 (103ndash274) 38 (13ndash114) 128 (118ndash139) 2001ndash2004 change P (trend)

179 (120ndash238) -10 098

150 (73ndash228) -55 084

82 (32ndash132) 118 (107ndash130) -6 030



1991ndash1996 129 (80ndash178) 118 (28ndash208) 63 (22ndash178) 100 (91ndash109) 1996ndash2001 165 (117ndash212) 73 (25ndash121) 85 (25ndash145) 102 (93ndash110) 2001ndash2004 167 (114ndash219) 59 (10ndash108) 48 (12ndash83) 93 (84ndash102) change 61 -52 -48 12 P (trend) 002 006 080 019 Pooled 139 (115ndash163) 114 (65ndash163) 65 (28ndash103) 92 (88ndash96)

Table 116 Age- and ethnicity-standardised rates of pancreatic cancer by income group

Pancreas Age group





1991ndash1996 134 (106ndash162) 137 (111ndash162) 133 (99ndash166) 1996ndash2001 160 (133ndash187) 134 (108ndash161) 133 (106ndash160) 2001ndash2004 136 (111ndash160) 139 (115ndash163) 144 (102ndash185) change -17 -8 -11 P (trend) 085 036 033 Pooled 145 (130ndash160) 151 (137ndash165) 146 (125ndash167)



224 Cancer Trends

Table 117 Age-standardised rates of prostate cancer by ethnic group

Prostate Age group






1991ndash1996 137 (116ndash158) 119 (85ndash152) 575 (327ndash824) 139 (135ndash142) 1996ndash2001 183 (165ndash202) 209 (176ndash243) 956 (727ndash119) 208 (204ndash212) 2001ndash2004 191 (172ndash211) 191 (160ndash222) 958 (769ndash115) 209 (204ndash214) change 234 366 726 193 P (trend) lt01 002 lt01 002 Pooled 125 (117ndash133) 130 (114ndash146) 584 (484ndash683) 137 (135ndash138)

25ndash64 years 1981ndash1986 217 (120ndash315) 65 (20ndash206) 151 (134ndash168) 1986ndash1991 177 (112ndash243) 329 (83ndash574) 28 (04ndash198) 148 (132ndash164) 1991ndash1996 256 (187ndash326) 452 (239ndash666) 174 (29ndash319) 362 (338ndash386) 1996ndash2001 606 (498ndash714) 451 (317ndash586) 241 (138ndash344) 770 (735ndash806) 2001ndash2004 734 (619ndash850) 592 (420ndash763) 411 (286ndash536) 991 (950ndash103) change 238 811 556 P (trend) 005 lt01 003 Pooled 381 (340ndash422) 367 (287ndash448) 201 (152ndash250) 541 (528ndash554)

65+ years 1981ndash1986 262 (176ndash348) 194 (16ndash373) 640 (160ndash256) 365 (348ndash381) 1986ndash1991 377 (288ndash466) 521 (277ndash765) 229 (78ndash380) 383 (368ndash398) 1991ndash1996 690 (573ndash808) 559 (370ndash747) 291 (127ndash456) 694 (674ndash714) 1996ndash2001 909 (805ndash1013) 1078 (883ndash1274) 503 (353ndash653) 962 (938ndash985) 2001ndash2004 874 (763ndash986) 977 (784ndash1171) 405 (299ndash510) 904 (876ndash933) change 233 403 532 148 P (trend) lt01 002 002 002 Pooled 610 (564ndash656) 650 (559ndash741) 293 (231ndash355) 649 (640ndash658)

Cancer Trends 225

Table 118 Age- and ethnicity-standardised rates of prostate cancer by income group

Prostate Age group









226 Cancer Trends

Table 119 Age-standardised rates of stomach cancer by ethnic group

Stomach Age group






1991ndash1996 435 (337ndash533) 324 (195ndash454) 139 (35ndash242) 177 (164ndash189) 1996ndash2001 348 (280ndash417) 443 (306ndash581) 254 (144ndash363) 168 (156ndash180) 2001ndash2004 357 (278ndash437) 402 (261ndash544) 142 (65ndash218) 157 (144ndash170) change -7 -47 15 -33 P (trend) 027 060 062 001 Pooled 403 (358ndash448) 498 (389ndash608) 158 (107ndash208) 189 (182ndash195)


65+ years 1981ndash1986 125 (68ndash181) 270 (74ndash465) 235 (33ndash167) 906 (822ndash990) 1986ndash1991 166 (101ndash231) 240 (79ndash402) 469 (117ndash188) 888 (814ndash962) 1991ndash1996 136 (87ndash185) 687 (137ndash124) 534 (122ndash234) 760 (697ndash824) 1996ndash2001 971 (648ndash129) 180 (100ndash261) 141 (50ndash232) 695 (635ndash756) 2001ndash2004 137 (91ndash183) 126 (60ndash191) 497 (119ndash875) 626 (557ndash695) change 10 -53 111 -31 P (trend) 060 095 045 lt01 Pooled 132 (109ndash155) 179 (121ndash237) 635 (326ndash944) 782 (751ndash814)

Females 1981ndash1986 274 (184ndash365) 274 (86ndash461) 107 (32ndash352) 113 (102ndash123) 25+ years 1986ndash1991



-1 091

257 (224ndash289)


-9 076

222 (163ndash280)

180 (45ndash315) 73 (25ndash211)

105 (47ndash164) 86 (38ndash133)

-20 047

111 (67ndash156)


-42 005

84 (80ndash88)

25ndash64 years 1981ndash1986 168 (104ndash231) 127 (29ndash225) 175 (46ndash665) 42 (33ndash50) 1986ndash1991 150 (96ndash203) 189 (69ndash309) 92 (07ndash177) 29 (23ndash36) 1991ndash1996 147 (95ndash200) 113 (42ndash183) 27 (06ndash113) 32 (25ndash39) 1996ndash2001 113 (78ndash147) 113 (56ndash170) 84 (26ndash141) 26 (20ndash32) 2001ndash2004 142 (99ndash185) 152 (80ndash224) 45 (12ndash78) 29 (23ndash36) change -15 20 -74 -31 P (trend) 028 099 082 020 Pooled 144 (121ndash167) 138 (99ndash178) 87 (32ndash141) 32 (29ndash35)

65+ years 1981ndash1986 107 (52ndash163) 895 (322ndash249) 483 (432ndash534) 1986ndash1991 749 (375ndash112) 452 (113ndash181) 548 (177ndash170) 360 (319ndash401) 1991ndash1996 968 (598ndash134) 419 (124ndash142) 274 (68ndash111) 330 (295ndash366) 1996ndash2001 885 (588ndash118) 637 (244ndash103) 256 (94ndash698) 331 (291ndash371) 2001ndash2004 change P (trend)

103 (63ndash142) -4 066

771 (331ndash121) -14 049

345 (45ndash645) 257 (219ndash294) -47 003


Cancer Trends 227

Table 120 Age- and ethnicity-standardised rates of stomach cancer by income group

Stomach Age group







-34 001

265 (244ndash286)


-17 048

237 (218ndash255)


-37 001

201 (179ndash224)


65+ years 1981ndash1986 130 (97ndash164) 110 (82ndash139) 909 (616ndash120) 1986ndash1991 125 (101ndash149) 100 (74ndash126) 977 (627ndash133) 1991ndash1996 888 (703ndash107) 913 (746ndash108) 863 (587ndash114) 1996ndash2001 830 (673ndash987) 902 (742ndash106) 563 (426ndash701) 2001ndash2004 795 (610ndash979) 947 (681ndash121) 624 (465ndash783) change -39 -14 -31 P (trend) 004 014 010 Pooled 102 (92ndash113) 974 (871ndash108) 795 (677ndash914)


1991ndash1996 123 (100ndash146) 103 (81ndash124) 94 (56ndash132) 1996ndash2001 108 (87ndash129) 125 (100ndash150) 86 (63ndash109) 2001ndash2004 99 (77ndash120) 127 (98ndash157) 109 (78ndash141) change -40 -17 4 P (trend) 001 086 069 Pooled 126 (115ndash137) 123 (109ndash137) 95 (81ndash108)

25ndash64 years 1981ndash1986 78 (53ndash104) 63 (39ndash87) 44 (26ndash62) 1986ndash1991 63 (44ndash81) 57 (33ndash81) 37 (20ndash55) 1991ndash1996 53 (37ndash70) 43 (24ndash61) 44 (11ndash77) 1996ndash2001 51 (36ndash65) 46 (30ndash63) 28 (16ndash40) 2001ndash2004 44 (29ndash58) 71 (48ndash95) 54 (33ndash74) change -44 13 23 P (trend) 001 096 083 Pooled 58 (50ndash67) 55 (46ndash65) 41 (31ndash50)



-35 007

497 (439ndash555)


-32 063

502 (421ndash582)


-7 095

372 (300ndash443)

228 Cancer Trends

Table 121 Age-standardised rates of testicular cancer by ethnic group

Testicular Age group








Table 122 Age- and ethnicity-standardised rates of testicular cancer by income group









Cancer Trends 229

Table 123 Age-standardised rates of thyroid cancer by ethnic group

Thyroid Age group









Table 124 Age- and ethnicity-standardised rates of thyroid cancer by income group

Thyroid Age group








230 Cancer Trends

Table 125 Age-standardised rates of ill-defined cancer by ethnic group

Ill-defined Age group








1991ndash1996 304 (228ndash380) 285 (156ndash415) 133 (32ndash235) 204 (191ndash217) 1996ndash2001 335 (271ndash400) 358 (248ndash467) 162 (82ndash242) 197 (184ndash209) 2001ndash2004 234 (177ndash290) 229 (141ndash318) 94 (45ndash143) 137 (126ndash147) change -6 -17 -47 -30 P (trend) 055 092 057 015 Pooled 311 (276ndash346) 275 (210ndash340) 132 (80ndash184) 192 (186ndash198)

Table 126 Age- and ethnicity-standardised rates of ill-defined cancer by income group










-13 051

233 (219ndash248)


-34 007

216 (200ndash232)


-22 020

188 (172ndash205)

Cancer Trends 231

Table 127 Age-standardised rates of childhood cancers by ethnic group






Both sexes 1ndash14 years



3 087

131 (113ndash149)


10 088

196 (162ndash230)


-29 044

186 (124ndash248)


4 066

152 (139ndash165)

Table 128 Age- and ethnicity-standardised rates of childhood cancers by income group








-1 040

124 (105ndash144)


6 083

148 (128ndash168)


-16 004

179 (152ndash206)

Table 129 Age-standardised rates of adolescent cancers by ethnic group









-3 093

254 (228ndash280)


-58 009

372 (316ndash428)


-37 037

261 (186ndash336)


37 lt01

322 (305ndash339)

Table 130 Age- and ethnicity-standardised rates of adolescent cancers by income group








35 038

287 (259ndash314)


3 063

326 (298ndash354)


23 008

347 (319ndash376)

232 Cancer Trends

Appendix 2 Miscellaneous

A21 Income thresholds

Table 131 Income tertile cut points for each five-year age group

Low income Medium income High income

0ndash4 years lt$20926 $20926 ndash lt$34548 ge$34549 5ndash9 years lt$21298 $21298 ndash lt$35785 ge$35787 10ndash14 years lt$23547 $23549 ndash lt$39449 ge$39450 15ndash19 years lt$28461 $28461 ndash lt$46773 ge$46774 20ndash24 years lt$31683 $31684 ndash lt$53335 ge$53335 25ndash29 years lt$29924 $29924 ndash lt$53597 ge$53597 30ndash34 years lt$27549 $27551 ndash lt$47141 ge$47141 35ndash39 years lt$28425 $28426 ndash lt$46868 ge$46869 40ndash44 years lt$32103 $32104 ndash lt$52046 ge$52047 45ndash49 years lt$36102 $36102 ndash lt$57565 ge$57565 50ndash54 years lt$36297 $36297 ndash lt$58787 ge$58788 55ndash59 years lt$31236 $31236 ndash lt$53335 ge$53335 60ndash64 years lt$23493 $23494 ndash lt$42850 ge$42851 65ndash69 years lt$20930 $20930 ndash lt$34548 ge$34549 70ndash74 years lt$20774 $20778 ndash lt$34548 ge$34549 ge 75 years lt$20332 $20337 ndash lt$34548 ge$34549

Table 132 Income quintile cut points for each five-year age group

Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 5

0ndash4 years lt$15591 $15591 ndash lt$23371 $23371 ndash lt$31064 $31064 ndash lt$43438 ge$43438 5ndash9 years lt$15849 $15850 ndash lt$24053 $24054 ndash lt$32492 $32495 ndash lt$44594 ge$44594 10ndash14 years lt$17394 $17396 ndash lt$26558 $26559 ndash lt$35849 $35849 ndash lt$49174 ge$49174 15ndash19 years lt$21062 $21062 ndash lt$31986 $31986 ndash lt$42689 $42690 ndash lt$57017 ge$57017 20ndash24 years lt$22948 $22949 ndash lt$35930 $35930 ndash lt$48572 $48572 ndash lt$63483 ge$63484 25ndash29 years lt$22207 $22208 ndash lt$33674 $33674 ndash lt$48133 $48135 ndash lt$66543 ge$66547 30ndash34 years lt$20924 $20926 ndash lt$30837 $30837 ndash lt$42345 $42347 ndash lt$62001 ge$62002 35ndash39 years lt$21588 $21589 ndash lt$31684 $31684 ndash lt$42345 $42346 ndash lt$59166 ge$59167 40ndash44 years lt$24384 $24384 ndash lt$35764 $35764 ndash lt$47189 $47190 ndash lt$64220 ge$64220 45ndash49 years lt$27047 $27048 ndash lt$40267 $40267 ndash lt$53057 $53057 ndash lt$70908 ge$70909 50ndash54 years lt$26953 $26954 ndash lt$40443 $40446 ndash lt$53596 $53597 ndash lt$72173 ge$72175 55ndash59 years lt$22371 $22373 ndash lt$35590 $35591 ndash lt$48022 $48024 ndash lt$66402 ge$66405 60ndash64 years lt$19347 $19350 ndash lt$27011 $27011 ndash lt$37998 $38003 ndash lt$55277 ge$55278 65ndash69 years lt$18454 $18467 ndash lt$22063 $22064 ndash lt$29523 $29523 ndash lt$43757 ge$43758 70ndash74 years lt$18448 $18454 ndash lt$20938 $20939 ndash lt$27639 $27642 ndash lt$40069 ge$40071 ge75 years lt$18056 $18071 ndash lt$20928 $20930 ndash lt$27011 $27011 ndash lt$38260 ge$38269

Cancer Trends 233

A22 Pooled over time measures of rates and measures of association

Standardised rates (SR) rate differences (SRD) and rate ratios (SRR) were calculated directly on unit-level data for each Census-cancer cohort Slope indices of inequality (SIIs) and relative indices of inequality (RIIs) were calculated on SRs brought out of the data laboratory but for each cohort separately

Given the small and sometimes unstable differences in cancer inequalities over cohorts it is useful to provide pooled over time estimates with some measure of statistical imprecision (that is confidence intervals) However in this case it was not feasible to calculate these pooled estimates and measures of statistical imprecision directly on unit record data The five separate Census-cohorts were not merged in the data laboratory at Statistics New Zealand and analyses on such pooled data would have been extremely time-consuming given the added processes necessarily involved

This section outlines the methods and approximations used to calculate the pooled estimates and their measures of imprecision

The pooled estimates in this report were intended to provide the lsquoaveragersquo over time Given that ethnic proportions varied over time while rates were also changing it was possible that a direct pooled estimate (not done) or Mantel-Haenszel would be confounded by time Standardisation by time was therefore decided on Each of the first four cohorts comprised five years of time but the last cohort comprised 382 years (March 2001 to December 2004) Thus the proportion of time occupied by each cohort was 021 021 021 021 and 016 respectively These proportions were the weights used (as outlined below) to standardise further over time here called wt as opposed to the standard nomenclature for such weights wi In this case the value refers to World Health Organization standard population weights and their derivations to include ethnicity used in the standardisation within cohorts

A221 Pooled standardised rates The pooled over time SR is simply the weighted average over time using the above weights

The variance of these pooled SRs (strictly standardised SRs) is approximated by the following formula

sum sum =

( (2Var

)t

tt

wSRw )

Var(SR)

where SR is the pooled SR over time wt the weight or proportion of time occupied by each cohort and SRt the SR in each cohort

For example assume each cohort has a rate of 200 per 100000 each with the same variance of 100 (which equates to a se of 10 and a 95 percent confidence interval of 1804ndash2196) The pooled SR is obviously 200 The variance of this pooled SR is 4times(0212 times100) + 0162times100 = 202 Thus the se of the pooled SR is 449

234 Cancer Trends

Table 133 below shows some mock data for standardised rates by cohort (SRt) and their variances (Var(SRt)) The pooled SR SR among the exposed is the weighted sum of the SRt that is 16165 per 100000 Among the unexposed it is 8865 per 100000 The variance of each of these SR is the sum of the cohort-specific variances of SRt each multiplied by wt

2 1840 among the exposed and 997 among the unexposed Thus the 95 percent confidence interval for SR among the exposed is 16165 plusmn (196times 1840) =15324 minus17006 per 100000

Table 133 Mock data for demonstrating calculation of pooled SR (per 100000)

Cohort (t) Wt

Exposed Unexposed

SRt Var(SRt) SRt times wt Var(SRt) times wt 2 SRt Var(SRt) SRt times wt Var(SRt) times wt

2

1981ndash1986 021 150 100 3150 441 100 60 2100 265 1986ndash1991 021 140 110 2940 485 90 45 1890 198 1991ndash1996 021 175 80 3675 353 85 40 1785 176 1996ndash2001 021 160 75 3360 331 90 55 1890 243 2001ndash2004 016 190 90 3040 230 75 45 1200 115

Sum 16165 1840 8865 997

A222 Pooled SRD and SRR

The pooled over time SRD SRD is the wt weighted average of the SRDt over time Alternatively it is just the difference between two stratum-specific pooled SR (for example Māori and EuropeanOther)

The variance of SRD is just the sum of the variance of the pooled SR for the unexposed (Var(SR 0 ) ) and exposed ( Var(SR1 ) )

The pooled over time SRR SRR is just the ratio of the pooled SR of the exposed ( SR1 ) to the unexposed ( SR0 ) The variance of ln( SRR ) is approximated by the following formula

Var(SR1 ) Var(SR 0 )Var[ln( SRR)] = 2 2+ SR1 SR 0

Extending the mock example in Table 133 the pooled SRD SRD is 7300 per 100000 with a variance of 2837 (that is 1840 + 997) The pooled SRR SRR is 182 The variance of ln( SRR ) is 0001973 (that is 1840161652 + 99788652) Calculating the confidence intervals in natural logarithm transformations then exponentiating the 95 percent confidence interval for SRR is 174ndash191

Cancer Trends 235

A223 Pooled SII and RII

Note that a variance calculated for SRD using a weight-squared sum of the variance of each cohort-specific SRD is mathematically identical to that given above using the sum of the variance of the pooled SRs Therefore it seems reasonable to calculate the pooled SII SII as simply the wt-weighted average of the SIIt over time The variance of SII is just the weighted sum of the variances of each cohort SII SIIt where the weights are the wt squared

However the calculation of a pooled RII using just the cohort-specific RII is not straightforward Further as the SII like the RII is a regression-based estimate it is not implausible that a lsquoproperlyrsquo calculated SII for all cohorts pooled might differ slightly from the above weighted average SII

Thus pooled SRs ( SR ) were first generated across all five cohorts for each quintile of income using data already exported from the Statistics New Zealand data laboratory then the standard methods used in the NZCMS and CancerTrends38 54 were applied to calculate the SIIs and RIIs directly on the pooled quintile SR This also required person time in each quintile (pooled over time) as both the weights in the regression and to calculate the central point on the cumulative proportion scale for ranked household income However as all five cohorts were actually pooled to determine quintile cut points each quintile group actually comprises exactly (or very close to) 20 percent Thus the regression did not need to be weighted and the ridit scores (central values of each quintile on the cumulative proportion scale) points could simply be fixed as 01 03 05 07 and 09

236 Cancer Trends

152 Cancer Trends

Table 63 Age- and ethnicity-standardised income rate ratios (SRR) rate differences (SRD) relative indices of inequality (RII) and slope indices of inequality (SII) of stomach cancer by sex

Age group







Stomach


72 90 (-35ndash21)

156 16 (09ndash29)

60 70 (-01ndash14)

1986ndash1991 137 17 (11ndash26)

84 12 (35ndash21)

158 19 (12ndash31)

48 70 (28ndash11)

1991ndash1996 120 13 (09ndash19)

42 60 (13ndash99)

130 18 (06ndash59)

29 70 (-64ndash20)

1996ndash2001 139 19 (13ndash27)

62 12 (22ndash22)

126 16 (10ndash25)

23 50 (08ndash84)

2001ndash2004 135 16 (11ndash24)

55 90 (-14ndash19)

090 08 (05ndash14)

-11 -20 (-89ndash44)

P (trend) 055 048 044 098 002 015 lt01 011

Pooled 131 15 (12ndash18)

63 90 (48ndash14)

134 16 (12ndash22)

32 50 (-02ndash11)

25ndash64 years

1981ndash1986 076 06 (03ndash13)

-40 -70 (-15ndash16)

178 20 (09ndash47)

34 40 (-13ndash97)

1986ndash1991 166 22 (11ndash46)

58 80 (61ndash10)

169 20 (08ndash49)

26 40 (-08ndash81)

1991ndash1996 147 19 (10ndash36)

44 70 (23ndash11)

121 19 (07ndash50)

09 30 (-20ndash74)

1996ndash2001 109 14 (07ndash25)

09 30 (-82ndash15)

181 25 (10ndash61)

23 30 (-14ndash83)

2001ndash2004 132 18 (10ndash32)

24 50 (-19ndash12)

081 08 (04ndash17)

-10 -10 (-42ndash17)

P (trend) 075 047 097 094 021 023 014 004 Pooled 118 13

(10ndash18) 19 30

(-11ndash75) 143 18

(13ndash27) 18 30

(12ndash48)


39 53 (-16ndash108)

167 16 (07ndash36)

26 29 (-30ndash61)

1986ndash1991 128 15 (09ndash27)

27 44 (-48ndash93)

139 19 (10ndash36)

14 25 (12ndash50)

1991ndash1996 103 11 (07ndash17)

26 50 (-12ndash21)

138 20 (04ndash94)

13 32 (-30ndash93)

1996ndash2001 147 19 (11ndash31)

27 49 (60ndash92)

106 13 (07ndash25)

22 13 (-20ndash28)

2001ndash2004 127 13 (08ndash23)

17 22 (-23ndash68)

116 14 (06ndash30)

58 13 (-34ndash60)

P (trend) 097 090 059 081 004 013 005 003 Pooled 129 14

(11ndash19) 23 34

(13ndash54) 134 17

(11ndash27) 13 24

(-22ndash51)


Cancer Trends 153



154 Cancer Trends



Cancer Trends 155





Males








156 Cancer Trends





Males









Cancer Trends 157



158 Cancer Trends


Age group

Cohort Males



Testicular


15ndash24 years


25ndash44 years



Cancer Trends 159



160 Cancer Trends














Cancer Trends 161


162 Cancer Trends


Age group







Thyroid

15+ years

1981ndash1986 165 15 (05ndash43)

11 10 (-14ndash28)

183 19 (08ndash41)

32 30 (-08ndash74)

1986ndash1991 129 13 (05ndash31)

04 00 (-12ndash21)

082 07 (03ndash13)

-11 -20 (-40ndash -05)

1991ndash1996 098 09 (03ndash24)

-01 00 (-06ndash02)

118 11 (06ndash20)

06 00 (-68ndash73)

1996ndash2001 074 06 (03ndash13)

-08 -20 (-40ndash07)

116 13 (08ndash20)

13 20 (-23ndash64)

2001ndash2004 101 10 (05ndash20)

00 00 (-21ndash19)

116 13 (08ndash21)

12 20 (-29ndash74)

P (trend) 013 026 016 034 055 070 079 057 Pooled 107 10

(06ndash14) 01 00

(-11ndash09) 118 12

(09ndash15) 10 10

(-12ndash34)


Cancer Trends 163



164 Cancer Trends













Cancer Trends 165




Age group







Ill-defined


-09 -40 (-82ndash12)

114 10 (06ndash16)

26 00 (-11ndash12)

1986ndash1991 102 12 (08ndash17)

07 50 (-08ndash11)

116 13 (09ndash18)

36 60 (-44ndash17)

1991ndash1996 131 12 (08ndash19)

78 60 (-29ndash15)

118 14 (09ndash21)

38 70 (-54ndash20)

1996ndash2001 157 19 (14ndash27)

11 17 (64ndash27)

146 18 (13ndash25)

84 13 (63ndash19)

2001ndash2004 149 16 (11ndash25)

89 10 (-34ndash24)

128 13 (09ndash18)

40 40 (-07ndash81)

P (trend) 003 005 007 003 019 038 045 094 Pooled 121 13

(11ndash15) 53 70

(36ndash10) 124 14

(12ndash17) 45 70

(20ndash12)








Cancer Trends 169



Cohort Both sexes











170 Cancer Trends






1st cancer


062 076 077 060 073 092 069


092 05 (04ndash07)

-71 -45 -42 -71 -42 075 -55


-70 (-10ndash -31) 078 -90 (-13ndash -57)


Cancer Trends 171





172 Cancer Trends



Cohort Both sexes











Cancer Trends 173






1st cancer


080 079 105 065 087 096 083


082 07 (06ndash09)

-58 -72 17 -14

-46 081 -61

-60 (-19ndash70) -11 (-19ndash -34)

-10 (-19ndash17) -22 (-30ndash -15)

-50 (-17ndash63) 058 -10 (-13ndash -57)


174 Cancer Trends

Part D Conclusions

Cancer Trends 175






Cancer Trends 177


178 Cancer Trends


Cancer Trends 179






180 Cancer Trends





Cancer Trends 181






182 Cancer Trends






Cancer Trends 183



184 Cancer Trends


























Cancer Trends 185


























186 Cancer Trends



























Cancer Trends 187




















188 Cancer Trends

Appendices














Males




Cancer Trends 191








Females





192 Cancer Trends








69 003

1622 (1492ndash1752)


1485 (1127ndash1843) 1656 (1239ndash2074)

72 015

1302 (1068ndash1536)


1292 (975ndash1609) 957 (687ndash1227)

68 022

910 (742ndash1078)


34 lt01

1601 (1581ndash1620)






Males





Cancer Trends 193








Females




194 Cancer Trends









Cancer Trends 195


Bladder Age group










Bladder Age group








196 Cancer Trends


Brain Age group










Brain Age group







Cancer Trends 197


Breast Age group










198 Cancer Trends


Breast Age group










Cancer Trends 199


Cervix Age group










200 Cancer Trends


Cervix Age group







-55 lt01

233 (217ndash250)


-44 lt01

197 (180ndash213)


-43 003

172 (153ndash192)





-59 011

298 (234ndash362)


-73 001

310 (199ndash421)


-25 057

231 (136ndash325)


Cancer Trends 201















202 Cancer Trends














Cancer Trends 203







-19 042

82 (69ndash95)


-63 018

92 (76ndash108)


-31 035

93 (78ndash108)










Females 25+ years



4 030

297 (266ndash328)


86 015

467 (394ndash539)


49 010

192 (138ndash246)


-3 067

179 (173ndash185)

204 Cancer Trends






Females 25+ years



17 014

213 (200ndash226)


13 043

218 (202ndash234)


-15 059

207 (188ndash226)










22 (17ndash27) 29 (24ndash34)


25 (06ndash45) -31 026

70 (17ndash122) 34 (03ndash65) -71 048

27 (22ndash32) -10 096




Cancer Trends 205




















206 Cancer Trends











Kidney Age group









Cancer Trends 207


Kidney Age group

















25 (09ndash40) 25 (04ndash47)

-24 081

07 (01ndash49) 13 (03ndash55)

-77 055


-29 022


208 Cancer Trends









-23 006

89 (78ndash100)


-39 lt01

72 (65ndash79)


-45 010

51 (44ndash58)




Leukaemia Age group









Cancer Trends 209

Leukaemia Age group









210 Cancer Trends


Leukaemia Age group












Cancer Trends 211



















-9 017

201 (187ndash215)


-35 003

159 (146ndash172)


-26 008

129 (115ndash143)



212 Cancer Trends


Liver Age group










Liver Age group








Cancer Trends 213


Lung Age group













214 Cancer Trends


Lung Age group







979 (907ndash105) -22 lt01

111 (107ndash114)


-16 011

955 (918ndash992)


-39 003

709 (671ndash747)







Cancer Trends 215

Lung Age group







Melanoma Age group









216 Cancer Trends

Melanoma Age group












Cancer Trends 217


Melanoma Age group












218 Cancer Trends

Melanoma Age group









Cancer Trends 219


Myeloma Age group










Myeloma Age group








220 Cancer Trends


NHL Age group










NHL Age group









Cancer Trends 221




















222 Cancer Trends


Ovary Age group





Females 25+ years



55 023

189 (166ndash212)


-29 016

254 (202ndash305)


95 043

168 (121ndash214)


11 021

187 (181ndash194)


Ovary Age group









Cancer Trends 223


Pancreas Age group







179 (120ndash238) -10 098

150 (73ndash228) -55 084

82 (32ndash132) 118 (107ndash130) -6 030





Pancreas Age group








224 Cancer Trends


Prostate Age group









Cancer Trends 225


Prostate Age group









226 Cancer Trends


Stomach Age group












-1 091

257 (224ndash289)


-9 076

222 (163ndash280)

180 (45ndash315) 73 (25ndash211)

105 (47ndash164) 86 (38ndash133)

-20 047

111 (67ndash156)


-42 005

84 (80ndash88)



103 (63ndash142) -4 066

771 (331ndash121) -14 049

345 (45ndash645) 257 (219ndash294) -47 003


Cancer Trends 227


Stomach Age group







-34 001

265 (244ndash286)


-17 048

237 (218ndash255)


-37 001

201 (179ndash224)








-35 007

497 (439ndash555)


-32 063

502 (421ndash582)


-7 095

372 (300ndash443)

228 Cancer Trends



















Cancer Trends 229


Thyroid Age group










Thyroid Age group








230 Cancer Trends





















-13 051

233 (219ndash248)


-34 007

216 (200ndash232)


-22 020

188 (172ndash205)

Cancer Trends 231










3 087

131 (113ndash149)


10 088

196 (162ndash230)


-29 044

186 (124ndash248)


4 066

152 (139ndash165)









-1 040

124 (105ndash144)


6 083

148 (128ndash168)


-16 004

179 (152ndash206)










-3 093

254 (228ndash280)


-58 009

372 (316ndash428)


-37 037

261 (186ndash336)


37 lt01

322 (305ndash339)









35 038

287 (259ndash314)


3 063

326 (298ndash354)


23 008

347 (319ndash376)

232 Cancer Trends









Cancer Trends 233








sum sum =

( (2Var

)t

tt

wSRw )

Var(SR)



234 Cancer Trends




Cohort (t) Wt

Exposed Unexposed


2


Sum 16165 1840 8865 997







Cancer Trends 235





236 Cancer Trends

Cancer Trends 153



154 Cancer Trends



Cancer Trends 155





Males








156 Cancer Trends





Males









Cancer Trends 157



158 Cancer Trends


Age group

Cohort Males



Testicular


15ndash24 years


25ndash44 years



Cancer Trends 159



160 Cancer Trends














Cancer Trends 161


162 Cancer Trends


Age group







Thyroid

15+ years

1981ndash1986 165 15 (05ndash43)

11 10 (-14ndash28)

183 19 (08ndash41)

32 30 (-08ndash74)

1986ndash1991 129 13 (05ndash31)

04 00 (-12ndash21)

082 07 (03ndash13)

-11 -20 (-40ndash -05)

1991ndash1996 098 09 (03ndash24)

-01 00 (-06ndash02)

118 11 (06ndash20)

06 00 (-68ndash73)

1996ndash2001 074 06 (03ndash13)

-08 -20 (-40ndash07)

116 13 (08ndash20)

13 20 (-23ndash64)

2001ndash2004 101 10 (05ndash20)

00 00 (-21ndash19)

116 13 (08ndash21)

12 20 (-29ndash74)

P (trend) 013 026 016 034 055 070 079 057 Pooled 107 10

(06ndash14) 01 00

(-11ndash09) 118 12

(09ndash15) 10 10

(-12ndash34)


Cancer Trends 163



164 Cancer Trends













Cancer Trends 165




Age group







Ill-defined


-09 -40 (-82ndash12)

114 10 (06ndash16)

26 00 (-11ndash12)

1986ndash1991 102 12 (08ndash17)

07 50 (-08ndash11)

116 13 (09ndash18)

36 60 (-44ndash17)

1991ndash1996 131 12 (08ndash19)

78 60 (-29ndash15)

118 14 (09ndash21)

38 70 (-54ndash20)

1996ndash2001 157 19 (14ndash27)

11 17 (64ndash27)

146 18 (13ndash25)

84 13 (63ndash19)

2001ndash2004 149 16 (11ndash25)

89 10 (-34ndash24)

128 13 (09ndash18)

40 40 (-07ndash81)

P (trend) 003 005 007 003 019 038 045 094 Pooled 121 13

(11ndash15) 53 70

(36ndash10) 124 14

(12ndash17) 45 70

(20ndash12)








Cancer Trends 169



Cohort Both sexes











170 Cancer Trends






1st cancer


062 076 077 060 073 092 069


092 05 (04ndash07)

-71 -45 -42 -71 -42 075 -55


-70 (-10ndash -31) 078 -90 (-13ndash -57)


Cancer Trends 171





172 Cancer Trends



Cohort Both sexes











Cancer Trends 173






1st cancer


080 079 105 065 087 096 083


082 07 (06ndash09)

-58 -72 17 -14

-46 081 -61

-60 (-19ndash70) -11 (-19ndash -34)

-10 (-19ndash17) -22 (-30ndash -15)

-50 (-17ndash63) 058 -10 (-13ndash -57)


174 Cancer Trends

Part D Conclusions

Cancer Trends 175






Cancer Trends 177


178 Cancer Trends


Cancer Trends 179






180 Cancer Trends





Cancer Trends 181






182 Cancer Trends






Cancer Trends 183



184 Cancer Trends


























Cancer Trends 185


























186 Cancer Trends



























Cancer Trends 187




















188 Cancer Trends

Appendices














Males




Cancer Trends 191








Females





192 Cancer Trends








69 003

1622 (1492ndash1752)


1485 (1127ndash1843) 1656 (1239ndash2074)

72 015

1302 (1068ndash1536)


1292 (975ndash1609) 957 (687ndash1227)

68 022

910 (742ndash1078)


34 lt01

1601 (1581ndash1620)






Males





Cancer Trends 193








Females




194 Cancer Trends









Cancer Trends 195


Bladder Age group










Bladder Age group








196 Cancer Trends


Brain Age group










Brain Age group







Cancer Trends 197


Breast Age group










198 Cancer Trends


Breast Age group










Cancer Trends 199


Cervix Age group










200 Cancer Trends


Cervix Age group







-55 lt01

233 (217ndash250)


-44 lt01

197 (180ndash213)


-43 003

172 (153ndash192)





-59 011

298 (234ndash362)


-73 001

310 (199ndash421)


-25 057

231 (136ndash325)


Cancer Trends 201















202 Cancer Trends














Cancer Trends 203







-19 042

82 (69ndash95)


-63 018

92 (76ndash108)


-31 035

93 (78ndash108)










Females 25+ years



4 030

297 (266ndash328)


86 015

467 (394ndash539)


49 010

192 (138ndash246)


-3 067

179 (173ndash185)

204 Cancer Trends






Females 25+ years



17 014

213 (200ndash226)


13 043

218 (202ndash234)


-15 059

207 (188ndash226)










22 (17ndash27) 29 (24ndash34)


25 (06ndash45) -31 026

70 (17ndash122) 34 (03ndash65) -71 048

27 (22ndash32) -10 096




Cancer Trends 205




















206 Cancer Trends











Kidney Age group









Cancer Trends 207


Kidney Age group

















25 (09ndash40) 25 (04ndash47)

-24 081

07 (01ndash49) 13 (03ndash55)

-77 055


-29 022


208 Cancer Trends









-23 006

89 (78ndash100)


-39 lt01

72 (65ndash79)


-45 010

51 (44ndash58)




Leukaemia Age group









Cancer Trends 209

Leukaemia Age group









210 Cancer Trends


Leukaemia Age group












Cancer Trends 211



















-9 017

201 (187ndash215)


-35 003

159 (146ndash172)


-26 008

129 (115ndash143)



212 Cancer Trends


Liver Age group










Liver Age group








Cancer Trends 213


Lung Age group













214 Cancer Trends


Lung Age group







979 (907ndash105) -22 lt01

111 (107ndash114)


-16 011

955 (918ndash992)


-39 003

709 (671ndash747)







Cancer Trends 215

Lung Age group







Melanoma Age group









216 Cancer Trends

Melanoma Age group












Cancer Trends 217


Melanoma Age group












218 Cancer Trends

Melanoma Age group









Cancer Trends 219


Myeloma Age group










Myeloma Age group








220 Cancer Trends


NHL Age group










NHL Age group









Cancer Trends 221




















222 Cancer Trends


Ovary Age group





Females 25+ years



55 023

189 (166ndash212)


-29 016

254 (202ndash305)


95 043

168 (121ndash214)


11 021

187 (181ndash194)


Ovary Age group









Cancer Trends 223


Pancreas Age group







179 (120ndash238) -10 098

150 (73ndash228) -55 084

82 (32ndash132) 118 (107ndash130) -6 030





Pancreas Age group








224 Cancer Trends


Prostate Age group









Cancer Trends 225


Prostate Age group









226 Cancer Trends


Stomach Age group












-1 091

257 (224ndash289)


-9 076

222 (163ndash280)

180 (45ndash315) 73 (25ndash211)

105 (47ndash164) 86 (38ndash133)

-20 047

111 (67ndash156)


-42 005

84 (80ndash88)



103 (63ndash142) -4 066

771 (331ndash121) -14 049

345 (45ndash645) 257 (219ndash294) -47 003


Cancer Trends 227


Stomach Age group







-34 001

265 (244ndash286)


-17 048

237 (218ndash255)


-37 001

201 (179ndash224)








-35 007

497 (439ndash555)


-32 063

502 (421ndash582)


-7 095

372 (300ndash443)

228 Cancer Trends



















Cancer Trends 229


Thyroid Age group










Thyroid Age group








230 Cancer Trends





















-13 051

233 (219ndash248)


-34 007

216 (200ndash232)


-22 020

188 (172ndash205)

Cancer Trends 231










3 087

131 (113ndash149)


10 088

196 (162ndash230)


-29 044

186 (124ndash248)


4 066

152 (139ndash165)









-1 040

124 (105ndash144)


6 083

148 (128ndash168)


-16 004

179 (152ndash206)










-3 093

254 (228ndash280)


-58 009

372 (316ndash428)


-37 037

261 (186ndash336)


37 lt01

322 (305ndash339)









35 038

287 (259ndash314)


3 063

326 (298ndash354)


23 008

347 (319ndash376)

232 Cancer Trends









Cancer Trends 233








sum sum =

( (2Var

)t

tt

wSRw )

Var(SR)



234 Cancer Trends




Cohort (t) Wt

Exposed Unexposed


2


Sum 16165 1840 8865 997







Cancer Trends 235





236 Cancer Trends

154 Cancer Trends



Cancer Trends 155





Males








156 Cancer Trends





Males









Cancer Trends 157



158 Cancer Trends


Age group

Cohort Males



Testicular


15ndash24 years


25ndash44 years



Cancer Trends 159



160 Cancer Trends














Cancer Trends 161


162 Cancer Trends


Age group







Thyroid

15+ years

1981ndash1986 165 15 (05ndash43)

11 10 (-14ndash28)

183 19 (08ndash41)

32 30 (-08ndash74)

1986ndash1991 129 13 (05ndash31)

04 00 (-12ndash21)

082 07 (03ndash13)

-11 -20 (-40ndash -05)

1991ndash1996 098 09 (03ndash24)

-01 00 (-06ndash02)

118 11 (06ndash20)

06 00 (-68ndash73)

1996ndash2001 074 06 (03ndash13)

-08 -20 (-40ndash07)

116 13 (08ndash20)

13 20 (-23ndash64)

2001ndash2004 101 10 (05ndash20)

00 00 (-21ndash19)

116 13 (08ndash21)

12 20 (-29ndash74)

P (trend) 013 026 016 034 055 070 079 057 Pooled 107 10

(06ndash14) 01 00

(-11ndash09) 118 12

(09ndash15) 10 10

(-12ndash34)


Cancer Trends 163



164 Cancer Trends













Cancer Trends 165




Age group







Ill-defined


-09 -40 (-82ndash12)

114 10 (06ndash16)

26 00 (-11ndash12)

1986ndash1991 102 12 (08ndash17)

07 50 (-08ndash11)

116 13 (09ndash18)

36 60 (-44ndash17)

1991ndash1996 131 12 (08ndash19)

78 60 (-29ndash15)

118 14 (09ndash21)

38 70 (-54ndash20)

1996ndash2001 157 19 (14ndash27)

11 17 (64ndash27)

146 18 (13ndash25)

84 13 (63ndash19)

2001ndash2004 149 16 (11ndash25)

89 10 (-34ndash24)

128 13 (09ndash18)

40 40 (-07ndash81)

P (trend) 003 005 007 003 019 038 045 094 Pooled 121 13

(11ndash15) 53 70

(36ndash10) 124 14

(12ndash17) 45 70

(20ndash12)








Cancer Trends 169



Cohort Both sexes











170 Cancer Trends






1st cancer


062 076 077 060 073 092 069


092 05 (04ndash07)

-71 -45 -42 -71 -42 075 -55


-70 (-10ndash -31) 078 -90 (-13ndash -57)


Cancer Trends 171





172 Cancer Trends



Cohort Both sexes











Cancer Trends 173






1st cancer


080 079 105 065 087 096 083


082 07 (06ndash09)

-58 -72 17 -14

-46 081 -61

-60 (-19ndash70) -11 (-19ndash -34)

-10 (-19ndash17) -22 (-30ndash -15)

-50 (-17ndash63) 058 -10 (-13ndash -57)


174 Cancer Trends

Part D Conclusions

Cancer Trends 175






Cancer Trends 177


178 Cancer Trends


Cancer Trends 179






180 Cancer Trends





Cancer Trends 181






182 Cancer Trends






Cancer Trends 183



184 Cancer Trends


























Cancer Trends 185


























186 Cancer Trends



























Cancer Trends 187




















188 Cancer Trends

Appendices














Males




Cancer Trends 191








Females





192 Cancer Trends








69 003

1622 (1492ndash1752)


1485 (1127ndash1843) 1656 (1239ndash2074)

72 015

1302 (1068ndash1536)


1292 (975ndash1609) 957 (687ndash1227)

68 022

910 (742ndash1078)


34 lt01

1601 (1581ndash1620)






Males





Cancer Trends 193








Females




194 Cancer Trends









Cancer Trends 195


Bladder Age group










Bladder Age group








196 Cancer Trends


Brain Age group










Brain Age group







Cancer Trends 197


Breast Age group










198 Cancer Trends


Breast Age group










Cancer Trends 199


Cervix Age group










200 Cancer Trends


Cervix Age group







-55 lt01

233 (217ndash250)


-44 lt01

197 (180ndash213)


-43 003

172 (153ndash192)





-59 011

298 (234ndash362)


-73 001

310 (199ndash421)


-25 057

231 (136ndash325)


Cancer Trends 201















202 Cancer Trends














Cancer Trends 203







-19 042

82 (69ndash95)


-63 018

92 (76ndash108)


-31 035

93 (78ndash108)










Females 25+ years



4 030

297 (266ndash328)


86 015

467 (394ndash539)


49 010

192 (138ndash246)


-3 067

179 (173ndash185)

204 Cancer Trends






Females 25+ years



17 014

213 (200ndash226)


13 043

218 (202ndash234)


-15 059

207 (188ndash226)










22 (17ndash27) 29 (24ndash34)


25 (06ndash45) -31 026

70 (17ndash122) 34 (03ndash65) -71 048

27 (22ndash32) -10 096




Cancer Trends 205




















206 Cancer Trends











Kidney Age group









Cancer Trends 207


Kidney Age group

















25 (09ndash40) 25 (04ndash47)

-24 081

07 (01ndash49) 13 (03ndash55)

-77 055


-29 022


208 Cancer Trends









-23 006

89 (78ndash100)


-39 lt01

72 (65ndash79)


-45 010

51 (44ndash58)




Leukaemia Age group









Cancer Trends 209

Leukaemia Age group









210 Cancer Trends


Leukaemia Age group












Cancer Trends 211



















-9 017

201 (187ndash215)


-35 003

159 (146ndash172)


-26 008

129 (115ndash143)



212 Cancer Trends


Liver Age group










Liver Age group








Cancer Trends 213


Lung Age group













214 Cancer Trends


Lung Age group







979 (907ndash105) -22 lt01

111 (107ndash114)


-16 011

955 (918ndash992)


-39 003

709 (671ndash747)







Cancer Trends 215

Lung Age group







Melanoma Age group









216 Cancer Trends

Melanoma Age group












Cancer Trends 217


Melanoma Age group












218 Cancer Trends

Melanoma Age group









Cancer Trends 219


Myeloma Age group










Myeloma Age group








220 Cancer Trends


NHL Age group










NHL Age group









Cancer Trends 221




















222 Cancer Trends


Ovary Age group





Females 25+ years



55 023

189 (166ndash212)


-29 016

254 (202ndash305)


95 043

168 (121ndash214)


11 021

187 (181ndash194)


Ovary Age group









Cancer Trends 223


Pancreas Age group







179 (120ndash238) -10 098

150 (73ndash228) -55 084

82 (32ndash132) 118 (107ndash130) -6 030





Pancreas Age group








224 Cancer Trends


Prostate Age group









Cancer Trends 225


Prostate Age group









226 Cancer Trends


Stomach Age group












-1 091

257 (224ndash289)


-9 076

222 (163ndash280)

180 (45ndash315) 73 (25ndash211)

105 (47ndash164) 86 (38ndash133)

-20 047

111 (67ndash156)


-42 005

84 (80ndash88)



103 (63ndash142) -4 066

771 (331ndash121) -14 049

345 (45ndash645) 257 (219ndash294) -47 003


Cancer Trends 227


Stomach Age group







-34 001

265 (244ndash286)


-17 048

237 (218ndash255)


-37 001

201 (179ndash224)








-35 007

497 (439ndash555)


-32 063

502 (421ndash582)


-7 095

372 (300ndash443)

228 Cancer Trends



















Cancer Trends 229


Thyroid Age group










Thyroid Age group








230 Cancer Trends





















-13 051

233 (219ndash248)


-34 007

216 (200ndash232)


-22 020

188 (172ndash205)

Cancer Trends 231










3 087

131 (113ndash149)


10 088

196 (162ndash230)


-29 044

186 (124ndash248)


4 066

152 (139ndash165)









-1 040

124 (105ndash144)


6 083

148 (128ndash168)


-16 004

179 (152ndash206)










-3 093

254 (228ndash280)


-58 009

372 (316ndash428)


-37 037

261 (186ndash336)


37 lt01

322 (305ndash339)









35 038

287 (259ndash314)


3 063

326 (298ndash354)


23 008

347 (319ndash376)

232 Cancer Trends









Cancer Trends 233








sum sum =

( (2Var

)t

tt

wSRw )

Var(SR)



234 Cancer Trends




Cohort (t) Wt

Exposed Unexposed


2


Sum 16165 1840 8865 997







Cancer Trends 235





236 Cancer Trends

Cancer Trends 155





Males








156 Cancer Trends





Males









Cancer Trends 157



158 Cancer Trends


Age group

Cohort Males



Testicular


15ndash24 years


25ndash44 years



Cancer Trends 159



160 Cancer Trends














Cancer Trends 161


162 Cancer Trends


Age group







Thyroid

15+ years

1981ndash1986 165 15 (05ndash43)

11 10 (-14ndash28)

183 19 (08ndash41)

32 30 (-08ndash74)

1986ndash1991 129 13 (05ndash31)

04 00 (-12ndash21)

082 07 (03ndash13)

-11 -20 (-40ndash -05)

1991ndash1996 098 09 (03ndash24)

-01 00 (-06ndash02)

118 11 (06ndash20)

06 00 (-68ndash73)

1996ndash2001 074 06 (03ndash13)

-08 -20 (-40ndash07)

116 13 (08ndash20)

13 20 (-23ndash64)

2001ndash2004 101 10 (05ndash20)

00 00 (-21ndash19)

116 13 (08ndash21)

12 20 (-29ndash74)

P (trend) 013 026 016 034 055 070 079 057 Pooled 107 10

(06ndash14) 01 00

(-11ndash09) 118 12

(09ndash15) 10 10

(-12ndash34)


Cancer Trends 163



164 Cancer Trends













Cancer Trends 165




Age group







Ill-defined


-09 -40 (-82ndash12)

114 10 (06ndash16)

26 00 (-11ndash12)

1986ndash1991 102 12 (08ndash17)

07 50 (-08ndash11)

116 13 (09ndash18)

36 60 (-44ndash17)

1991ndash1996 131 12 (08ndash19)

78 60 (-29ndash15)

118 14 (09ndash21)

38 70 (-54ndash20)

1996ndash2001 157 19 (14ndash27)

11 17 (64ndash27)

146 18 (13ndash25)

84 13 (63ndash19)

2001ndash2004 149 16 (11ndash25)

89 10 (-34ndash24)

128 13 (09ndash18)

40 40 (-07ndash81)

P (trend) 003 005 007 003 019 038 045 094 Pooled 121 13

(11ndash15) 53 70

(36ndash10) 124 14

(12ndash17) 45 70

(20ndash12)








Cancer Trends 169



Cohort Both sexes











170 Cancer Trends






1st cancer


062 076 077 060 073 092 069


092 05 (04ndash07)

-71 -45 -42 -71 -42 075 -55


-70 (-10ndash -31) 078 -90 (-13ndash -57)


Cancer Trends 171





172 Cancer Trends



Cohort Both sexes











Cancer Trends 173






1st cancer


080 079 105 065 087 096 083


082 07 (06ndash09)

-58 -72 17 -14

-46 081 -61

-60 (-19ndash70) -11 (-19ndash -34)

-10 (-19ndash17) -22 (-30ndash -15)

-50 (-17ndash63) 058 -10 (-13ndash -57)


174 Cancer Trends

Part D Conclusions

Cancer Trends 175






Cancer Trends 177


178 Cancer Trends


Cancer Trends 179






180 Cancer Trends





Cancer Trends 181






182 Cancer Trends






Cancer Trends 183



184 Cancer Trends


























Cancer Trends 185


























186 Cancer Trends



























Cancer Trends 187




















188 Cancer Trends

Appendices














Males




Cancer Trends 191








Females





192 Cancer Trends








69 003

1622 (1492ndash1752)


1485 (1127ndash1843) 1656 (1239ndash2074)

72 015

1302 (1068ndash1536)


1292 (975ndash1609) 957 (687ndash1227)

68 022

910 (742ndash1078)


34 lt01

1601 (1581ndash1620)






Males





Cancer Trends 193








Females




194 Cancer Trends









Cancer Trends 195


Bladder Age group










Bladder Age group








196 Cancer Trends


Brain Age group










Brain Age group







Cancer Trends 197


Breast Age group










198 Cancer Trends


Breast Age group










Cancer Trends 199


Cervix Age group










200 Cancer Trends


Cervix Age group







-55 lt01

233 (217ndash250)


-44 lt01

197 (180ndash213)


-43 003

172 (153ndash192)





-59 011

298 (234ndash362)


-73 001

310 (199ndash421)


-25 057

231 (136ndash325)


Cancer Trends 201















202 Cancer Trends














Cancer Trends 203







-19 042

82 (69ndash95)


-63 018

92 (76ndash108)


-31 035

93 (78ndash108)










Females 25+ years



4 030

297 (266ndash328)


86 015

467 (394ndash539)


49 010

192 (138ndash246)


-3 067

179 (173ndash185)

204 Cancer Trends






Females 25+ years



17 014

213 (200ndash226)


13 043

218 (202ndash234)


-15 059

207 (188ndash226)










22 (17ndash27) 29 (24ndash34)


25 (06ndash45) -31 026

70 (17ndash122) 34 (03ndash65) -71 048

27 (22ndash32) -10 096




Cancer Trends 205




















206 Cancer Trends











Kidney Age group









Cancer Trends 207


Kidney Age group

















25 (09ndash40) 25 (04ndash47)

-24 081

07 (01ndash49) 13 (03ndash55)

-77 055


-29 022


208 Cancer Trends









-23 006

89 (78ndash100)


-39 lt01

72 (65ndash79)


-45 010

51 (44ndash58)




Leukaemia Age group









Cancer Trends 209

Leukaemia Age group









210 Cancer Trends


Leukaemia Age group












Cancer Trends 211



















-9 017

201 (187ndash215)


-35 003

159 (146ndash172)


-26 008

129 (115ndash143)



212 Cancer Trends


Liver Age group










Liver Age group








Cancer Trends 213


Lung Age group













214 Cancer Trends


Lung Age group







979 (907ndash105) -22 lt01

111 (107ndash114)


-16 011

955 (918ndash992)


-39 003

709 (671ndash747)







Cancer Trends 215

Lung Age group







Melanoma Age group









216 Cancer Trends

Melanoma Age group












Cancer Trends 217


Melanoma Age group












218 Cancer Trends

Melanoma Age group









Cancer Trends 219


Myeloma Age group










Myeloma Age group








220 Cancer Trends


NHL Age group










NHL Age group









Cancer Trends 221




















222 Cancer Trends


Ovary Age group





Females 25+ years



55 023

189 (166ndash212)


-29 016

254 (202ndash305)


95 043

168 (121ndash214)


11 021

187 (181ndash194)


Ovary Age group









Cancer Trends 223


Pancreas Age group







179 (120ndash238) -10 098

150 (73ndash228) -55 084

82 (32ndash132) 118 (107ndash130) -6 030





Pancreas Age group








224 Cancer Trends


Prostate Age group









Cancer Trends 225


Prostate Age group









226 Cancer Trends


Stomach Age group












-1 091

257 (224ndash289)


-9 076

222 (163ndash280)

180 (45ndash315) 73 (25ndash211)

105 (47ndash164) 86 (38ndash133)

-20 047

111 (67ndash156)


-42 005

84 (80ndash88)



103 (63ndash142) -4 066

771 (331ndash121) -14 049

345 (45ndash645) 257 (219ndash294) -47 003


Cancer Trends 227


Stomach Age group







-34 001

265 (244ndash286)


-17 048

237 (218ndash255)


-37 001

201 (179ndash224)








-35 007

497 (439ndash555)


-32 063

502 (421ndash582)


-7 095

372 (300ndash443)

228 Cancer Trends



















Cancer Trends 229


Thyroid Age group










Thyroid Age group








230 Cancer Trends





















-13 051

233 (219ndash248)


-34 007

216 (200ndash232)


-22 020

188 (172ndash205)

Cancer Trends 231










3 087

131 (113ndash149)


10 088

196 (162ndash230)


-29 044

186 (124ndash248)


4 066

152 (139ndash165)









-1 040

124 (105ndash144)


6 083

148 (128ndash168)


-16 004

179 (152ndash206)










-3 093

254 (228ndash280)


-58 009

372 (316ndash428)


-37 037

261 (186ndash336)


37 lt01

322 (305ndash339)









35 038

287 (259ndash314)


3 063

326 (298ndash354)


23 008

347 (319ndash376)

232 Cancer Trends









Cancer Trends 233








sum sum =

( (2Var

)t

tt

wSRw )

Var(SR)



234 Cancer Trends




Cohort (t) Wt

Exposed Unexposed


2


Sum 16165 1840 8865 997







Cancer Trends 235





236 Cancer Trends

156 Cancer Trends





Males









Cancer Trends 157



158 Cancer Trends


Age group

Cohort Males



Testicular


15ndash24 years


25ndash44 years



Cancer Trends 159



160 Cancer Trends














Cancer Trends 161


162 Cancer Trends


Age group







Thyroid

15+ years

1981ndash1986 165 15 (05ndash43)

11 10 (-14ndash28)

183 19 (08ndash41)

32 30 (-08ndash74)

1986ndash1991 129 13 (05ndash31)

04 00 (-12ndash21)

082 07 (03ndash13)

-11 -20 (-40ndash -05)

1991ndash1996 098 09 (03ndash24)

-01 00 (-06ndash02)

118 11 (06ndash20)

06 00 (-68ndash73)

1996ndash2001 074 06 (03ndash13)

-08 -20 (-40ndash07)

116 13 (08ndash20)

13 20 (-23ndash64)

2001ndash2004 101 10 (05ndash20)

00 00 (-21ndash19)

116 13 (08ndash21)

12 20 (-29ndash74)

P (trend) 013 026 016 034 055 070 079 057 Pooled 107 10

(06ndash14) 01 00

(-11ndash09) 118 12

(09ndash15) 10 10

(-12ndash34)


Cancer Trends 163



164 Cancer Trends













Cancer Trends 165




Age group







Ill-defined


-09 -40 (-82ndash12)

114 10 (06ndash16)

26 00 (-11ndash12)

1986ndash1991 102 12 (08ndash17)

07 50 (-08ndash11)

116 13 (09ndash18)

36 60 (-44ndash17)

1991ndash1996 131 12 (08ndash19)

78 60 (-29ndash15)

118 14 (09ndash21)

38 70 (-54ndash20)

1996ndash2001 157 19 (14ndash27)

11 17 (64ndash27)

146 18 (13ndash25)

84 13 (63ndash19)

2001ndash2004 149 16 (11ndash25)

89 10 (-34ndash24)

128 13 (09ndash18)

40 40 (-07ndash81)

P (trend) 003 005 007 003 019 038 045 094 Pooled 121 13

(11ndash15) 53 70

(36ndash10) 124 14

(12ndash17) 45 70

(20ndash12)








Cancer Trends 169



Cohort Both sexes











170 Cancer Trends






1st cancer


062 076 077 060 073 092 069


092 05 (04ndash07)

-71 -45 -42 -71 -42 075 -55


-70 (-10ndash -31) 078 -90 (-13ndash -57)


Cancer Trends 171





172 Cancer Trends



Cohort Both sexes











Cancer Trends 173






1st cancer


080 079 105 065 087 096 083


082 07 (06ndash09)

-58 -72 17 -14

-46 081 -61

-60 (-19ndash70) -11 (-19ndash -34)

-10 (-19ndash17) -22 (-30ndash -15)

-50 (-17ndash63) 058 -10 (-13ndash -57)


174 Cancer Trends

Part D Conclusions

Cancer Trends 175






Cancer Trends 177


178 Cancer Trends


Cancer Trends 179






180 Cancer Trends





Cancer Trends 181






182 Cancer Trends






Cancer Trends 183



184 Cancer Trends


























Cancer Trends 185


























186 Cancer Trends



























Cancer Trends 187




















188 Cancer Trends

Appendices














Males




Cancer Trends 191








Females





192 Cancer Trends








69 003

1622 (1492ndash1752)


1485 (1127ndash1843) 1656 (1239ndash2074)

72 015

1302 (1068ndash1536)


1292 (975ndash1609) 957 (687ndash1227)

68 022

910 (742ndash1078)


34 lt01

1601 (1581ndash1620)






Males





Cancer Trends 193








Females




194 Cancer Trends









Cancer Trends 195


Bladder Age group










Bladder Age group








196 Cancer Trends


Brain Age group










Brain Age group







Cancer Trends 197


Breast Age group










198 Cancer Trends


Breast Age group










Cancer Trends 199


Cervix Age group










200 Cancer Trends


Cervix Age group







-55 lt01

233 (217ndash250)


-44 lt01

197 (180ndash213)


-43 003

172 (153ndash192)





-59 011

298 (234ndash362)


-73 001

310 (199ndash421)


-25 057

231 (136ndash325)


Cancer Trends 201















202 Cancer Trends














Cancer Trends 203







-19 042

82 (69ndash95)


-63 018

92 (76ndash108)


-31 035

93 (78ndash108)










Females 25+ years



4 030

297 (266ndash328)


86 015

467 (394ndash539)


49 010

192 (138ndash246)


-3 067

179 (173ndash185)

204 Cancer Trends






Females 25+ years



17 014

213 (200ndash226)


13 043

218 (202ndash234)


-15 059

207 (188ndash226)










22 (17ndash27) 29 (24ndash34)


25 (06ndash45) -31 026

70 (17ndash122) 34 (03ndash65) -71 048

27 (22ndash32) -10 096




Cancer Trends 205




















206 Cancer Trends











Kidney Age group









Cancer Trends 207


Kidney Age group

















25 (09ndash40) 25 (04ndash47)

-24 081

07 (01ndash49) 13 (03ndash55)

-77 055


-29 022


208 Cancer Trends









-23 006

89 (78ndash100)


-39 lt01

72 (65ndash79)


-45 010

51 (44ndash58)




Leukaemia Age group









Cancer Trends 209

Leukaemia Age group









210 Cancer Trends


Leukaemia Age group












Cancer Trends 211



















-9 017

201 (187ndash215)


-35 003

159 (146ndash172)


-26 008

129 (115ndash143)



212 Cancer Trends


Liver Age group










Liver Age group








Cancer Trends 213


Lung Age group













214 Cancer Trends


Lung Age group







979 (907ndash105) -22 lt01

111 (107ndash114)


-16 011

955 (918ndash992)


-39 003

709 (671ndash747)







Cancer Trends 215

Lung Age group







Melanoma Age group









216 Cancer Trends

Melanoma Age group












Cancer Trends 217


Melanoma Age group












218 Cancer Trends

Melanoma Age group









Cancer Trends 219


Myeloma Age group










Myeloma Age group








220 Cancer Trends


NHL Age group










NHL Age group









Cancer Trends 221




















222 Cancer Trends


Ovary Age group





Females 25+ years



55 023

189 (166ndash212)


-29 016

254 (202ndash305)


95 043

168 (121ndash214)


11 021

187 (181ndash194)


Ovary Age group









Cancer Trends 223


Pancreas Age group







179 (120ndash238) -10 098

150 (73ndash228) -55 084

82 (32ndash132) 118 (107ndash130) -6 030





Pancreas Age group








224 Cancer Trends


Prostate Age group









Cancer Trends 225


Prostate Age group









226 Cancer Trends


Stomach Age group












-1 091

257 (224ndash289)


-9 076

222 (163ndash280)

180 (45ndash315) 73 (25ndash211)

105 (47ndash164) 86 (38ndash133)

-20 047

111 (67ndash156)


-42 005

84 (80ndash88)



103 (63ndash142) -4 066

771 (331ndash121) -14 049

345 (45ndash645) 257 (219ndash294) -47 003


Cancer Trends 227


Stomach Age group







-34 001

265 (244ndash286)


-17 048

237 (218ndash255)


-37 001

201 (179ndash224)








-35 007

497 (439ndash555)


-32 063

502 (421ndash582)


-7 095

372 (300ndash443)

228 Cancer Trends



















Cancer Trends 229


Thyroid Age group










Thyroid Age group








230 Cancer Trends





















-13 051

233 (219ndash248)


-34 007

216 (200ndash232)


-22 020

188 (172ndash205)

Cancer Trends 231










3 087

131 (113ndash149)


10 088

196 (162ndash230)


-29 044

186 (124ndash248)


4 066

152 (139ndash165)









-1 040

124 (105ndash144)


6 083

148 (128ndash168)


-16 004

179 (152ndash206)










-3 093

254 (228ndash280)


-58 009

372 (316ndash428)


-37 037

261 (186ndash336)


37 lt01

322 (305ndash339)









35 038

287 (259ndash314)


3 063

326 (298ndash354)


23 008

347 (319ndash376)

232 Cancer Trends









Cancer Trends 233








sum sum =

( (2Var

)t

tt

wSRw )

Var(SR)



234 Cancer Trends




Cohort (t) Wt

Exposed Unexposed


2


Sum 16165 1840 8865 997







Cancer Trends 235





236 Cancer Trends

Cancer Trends 157



158 Cancer Trends


Age group

Cohort Males



Testicular


15ndash24 years


25ndash44 years



Cancer Trends 159



160 Cancer Trends














Cancer Trends 161


162 Cancer Trends


Age group







Thyroid

15+ years

1981ndash1986 165 15 (05ndash43)

11 10 (-14ndash28)

183 19 (08ndash41)

32 30 (-08ndash74)

1986ndash1991 129 13 (05ndash31)

04 00 (-12ndash21)

082 07 (03ndash13)

-11 -20 (-40ndash -05)

1991ndash1996 098 09 (03ndash24)

-01 00 (-06ndash02)

118 11 (06ndash20)

06 00 (-68ndash73)

1996ndash2001 074 06 (03ndash13)

-08 -20 (-40ndash07)

116 13 (08ndash20)

13 20 (-23ndash64)

2001ndash2004 101 10 (05ndash20)

00 00 (-21ndash19)

116 13 (08ndash21)

12 20 (-29ndash74)

P (trend) 013 026 016 034 055 070 079 057 Pooled 107 10

(06ndash14) 01 00

(-11ndash09) 118 12

(09ndash15) 10 10

(-12ndash34)


Cancer Trends 163



164 Cancer Trends













Cancer Trends 165




Age group







Ill-defined


-09 -40 (-82ndash12)

114 10 (06ndash16)

26 00 (-11ndash12)

1986ndash1991 102 12 (08ndash17)

07 50 (-08ndash11)

116 13 (09ndash18)

36 60 (-44ndash17)

1991ndash1996 131 12 (08ndash19)

78 60 (-29ndash15)

118 14 (09ndash21)

38 70 (-54ndash20)

1996ndash2001 157 19 (14ndash27)

11 17 (64ndash27)

146 18 (13ndash25)

84 13 (63ndash19)

2001ndash2004 149 16 (11ndash25)

89 10 (-34ndash24)

128 13 (09ndash18)

40 40 (-07ndash81)

P (trend) 003 005 007 003 019 038 045 094 Pooled 121 13

(11ndash15) 53 70

(36ndash10) 124 14

(12ndash17) 45 70

(20ndash12)








Cancer Trends 169



Cohort Both sexes











170 Cancer Trends






1st cancer


062 076 077 060 073 092 069


092 05 (04ndash07)

-71 -45 -42 -71 -42 075 -55


-70 (-10ndash -31) 078 -90 (-13ndash -57)


Cancer Trends 171





172 Cancer Trends



Cohort Both sexes











Cancer Trends 173






1st cancer


080 079 105 065 087 096 083


082 07 (06ndash09)

-58 -72 17 -14

-46 081 -61

-60 (-19ndash70) -11 (-19ndash -34)

-10 (-19ndash17) -22 (-30ndash -15)

-50 (-17ndash63) 058 -10 (-13ndash -57)


174 Cancer Trends

Part D Conclusions

Cancer Trends 175






Cancer Trends 177


178 Cancer Trends


Cancer Trends 179






180 Cancer Trends





Cancer Trends 181






182 Cancer Trends






Cancer Trends 183



184 Cancer Trends


























Cancer Trends 185


























186 Cancer Trends



























Cancer Trends 187




















188 Cancer Trends

Appendices














Males




Cancer Trends 191








Females





192 Cancer Trends








69 003

1622 (1492ndash1752)


1485 (1127ndash1843) 1656 (1239ndash2074)

72 015

1302 (1068ndash1536)


1292 (975ndash1609) 957 (687ndash1227)

68 022

910 (742ndash1078)


34 lt01

1601 (1581ndash1620)






Males





Cancer Trends 193








Females




194 Cancer Trends









Cancer Trends 195


Bladder Age group










Bladder Age group








196 Cancer Trends


Brain Age group










Brain Age group







Cancer Trends 197


Breast Age group










198 Cancer Trends


Breast Age group










Cancer Trends 199


Cervix Age group










200 Cancer Trends


Cervix Age group







-55 lt01

233 (217ndash250)


-44 lt01

197 (180ndash213)


-43 003

172 (153ndash192)





-59 011

298 (234ndash362)


-73 001

310 (199ndash421)


-25 057

231 (136ndash325)


Cancer Trends 201















202 Cancer Trends














Cancer Trends 203







-19 042

82 (69ndash95)


-63 018

92 (76ndash108)


-31 035

93 (78ndash108)










Females 25+ years



4 030

297 (266ndash328)


86 015

467 (394ndash539)


49 010

192 (138ndash246)


-3 067

179 (173ndash185)

204 Cancer Trends






Females 25+ years



17 014

213 (200ndash226)


13 043

218 (202ndash234)


-15 059

207 (188ndash226)










22 (17ndash27) 29 (24ndash34)


25 (06ndash45) -31 026

70 (17ndash122) 34 (03ndash65) -71 048

27 (22ndash32) -10 096




Cancer Trends 205




















206 Cancer Trends











Kidney Age group









Cancer Trends 207


Kidney Age group

















25 (09ndash40) 25 (04ndash47)

-24 081

07 (01ndash49) 13 (03ndash55)

-77 055


-29 022


208 Cancer Trends









-23 006

89 (78ndash100)


-39 lt01

72 (65ndash79)


-45 010

51 (44ndash58)




Leukaemia Age group









Cancer Trends 209

Leukaemia Age group









210 Cancer Trends


Leukaemia Age group












Cancer Trends 211



















-9 017

201 (187ndash215)


-35 003

159 (146ndash172)


-26 008

129 (115ndash143)



212 Cancer Trends


Liver Age group










Liver Age group








Cancer Trends 213


Lung Age group













214 Cancer Trends


Lung Age group







979 (907ndash105) -22 lt01

111 (107ndash114)


-16 011

955 (918ndash992)


-39 003

709 (671ndash747)







Cancer Trends 215

Lung Age group







Melanoma Age group









216 Cancer Trends

Melanoma Age group












Cancer Trends 217


Melanoma Age group












218 Cancer Trends

Melanoma Age group









Cancer Trends 219


Myeloma Age group










Myeloma Age group








220 Cancer Trends


NHL Age group










NHL Age group









Cancer Trends 221




















222 Cancer Trends


Ovary Age group





Females 25+ years



55 023

189 (166ndash212)


-29 016

254 (202ndash305)


95 043

168 (121ndash214)


11 021

187 (181ndash194)


Ovary Age group









Cancer Trends 223


Pancreas Age group







179 (120ndash238) -10 098

150 (73ndash228) -55 084

82 (32ndash132) 118 (107ndash130) -6 030





Pancreas Age group








224 Cancer Trends


Prostate Age group









Cancer Trends 225


Prostate Age group









226 Cancer Trends


Stomach Age group












-1 091

257 (224ndash289)


-9 076

222 (163ndash280)

180 (45ndash315) 73 (25ndash211)

105 (47ndash164) 86 (38ndash133)

-20 047

111 (67ndash156)


-42 005

84 (80ndash88)



103 (63ndash142) -4 066

771 (331ndash121) -14 049

345 (45ndash645) 257 (219ndash294) -47 003


Cancer Trends 227


Stomach Age group







-34 001

265 (244ndash286)


-17 048

237 (218ndash255)


-37 001

201 (179ndash224)








-35 007

497 (439ndash555)


-32 063

502 (421ndash582)


-7 095

372 (300ndash443)

228 Cancer Trends



















Cancer Trends 229


Thyroid Age group










Thyroid Age group








230 Cancer Trends





















-13 051

233 (219ndash248)


-34 007

216 (200ndash232)


-22 020

188 (172ndash205)

Cancer Trends 231










3 087

131 (113ndash149)


10 088

196 (162ndash230)


-29 044

186 (124ndash248)


4 066

152 (139ndash165)









-1 040

124 (105ndash144)


6 083

148 (128ndash168)


-16 004

179 (152ndash206)










-3 093

254 (228ndash280)


-58 009

372 (316ndash428)


-37 037

261 (186ndash336)


37 lt01

322 (305ndash339)









35 038

287 (259ndash314)


3 063

326 (298ndash354)


23 008

347 (319ndash376)

232 Cancer Trends









Cancer Trends 233








sum sum =

( (2Var

)t

tt

wSRw )

Var(SR)



234 Cancer Trends




Cohort (t) Wt

Exposed Unexposed


2


Sum 16165 1840 8865 997







Cancer Trends 235





236 Cancer Trends

158 Cancer Trends


Age group

Cohort Males



Testicular


15ndash24 years


25ndash44 years



Cancer Trends 159



160 Cancer Trends














Cancer Trends 161


162 Cancer Trends


Age group







Thyroid

15+ years

1981ndash1986 165 15 (05ndash43)

11 10 (-14ndash28)

183 19 (08ndash41)

32 30 (-08ndash74)

1986ndash1991 129 13 (05ndash31)

04 00 (-12ndash21)

082 07 (03ndash13)

-11 -20 (-40ndash -05)

1991ndash1996 098 09 (03ndash24)

-01 00 (-06ndash02)

118 11 (06ndash20)

06 00 (-68ndash73)

1996ndash2001 074 06 (03ndash13)

-08 -20 (-40ndash07)

116 13 (08ndash20)

13 20 (-23ndash64)

2001ndash2004 101 10 (05ndash20)

00 00 (-21ndash19)

116 13 (08ndash21)

12 20 (-29ndash74)

P (trend) 013 026 016 034 055 070 079 057 Pooled 107 10

(06ndash14) 01 00

(-11ndash09) 118 12

(09ndash15) 10 10

(-12ndash34)


Cancer Trends 163



164 Cancer Trends













Cancer Trends 165




Age group







Ill-defined


-09 -40 (-82ndash12)

114 10 (06ndash16)

26 00 (-11ndash12)

1986ndash1991 102 12 (08ndash17)

07 50 (-08ndash11)

116 13 (09ndash18)

36 60 (-44ndash17)

1991ndash1996 131 12 (08ndash19)

78 60 (-29ndash15)

118 14 (09ndash21)

38 70 (-54ndash20)

1996ndash2001 157 19 (14ndash27)

11 17 (64ndash27)

146 18 (13ndash25)

84 13 (63ndash19)

2001ndash2004 149 16 (11ndash25)

89 10 (-34ndash24)

128 13 (09ndash18)

40 40 (-07ndash81)

P (trend) 003 005 007 003 019 038 045 094 Pooled 121 13

(11ndash15) 53 70

(36ndash10) 124 14

(12ndash17) 45 70

(20ndash12)








Cancer Trends 169



Cohort Both sexes











170 Cancer Trends






1st cancer


062 076 077 060 073 092 069


092 05 (04ndash07)

-71 -45 -42 -71 -42 075 -55


-70 (-10ndash -31) 078 -90 (-13ndash -57)


Cancer Trends 171





172 Cancer Trends



Cohort Both sexes











Cancer Trends 173






1st cancer


080 079 105 065 087 096 083


082 07 (06ndash09)

-58 -72 17 -14

-46 081 -61

-60 (-19ndash70) -11 (-19ndash -34)

-10 (-19ndash17) -22 (-30ndash -15)

-50 (-17ndash63) 058 -10 (-13ndash -57)


174 Cancer Trends

Part D Conclusions

Cancer Trends 175






Cancer Trends 177


178 Cancer Trends


Cancer Trends 179






180 Cancer Trends





Cancer Trends 181






182 Cancer Trends






Cancer Trends 183



184 Cancer Trends


























Cancer Trends 185


























186 Cancer Trends



























Cancer Trends 187




















188 Cancer Trends

Appendices














Males




Cancer Trends 191








Females





192 Cancer Trends








69 003

1622 (1492ndash1752)


1485 (1127ndash1843) 1656 (1239ndash2074)

72 015

1302 (1068ndash1536)


1292 (975ndash1609) 957 (687ndash1227)

68 022

910 (742ndash1078)


34 lt01

1601 (1581ndash1620)






Males





Cancer Trends 193








Females




194 Cancer Trends









Cancer Trends 195


Bladder Age group










Bladder Age group








196 Cancer Trends


Brain Age group










Brain Age group







Cancer Trends 197


Breast Age group










198 Cancer Trends


Breast Age group










Cancer Trends 199


Cervix Age group










200 Cancer Trends


Cervix Age group







-55 lt01

233 (217ndash250)


-44 lt01

197 (180ndash213)


-43 003

172 (153ndash192)





-59 011

298 (234ndash362)


-73 001

310 (199ndash421)


-25 057

231 (136ndash325)


Cancer Trends 201















202 Cancer Trends














Cancer Trends 203







-19 042

82 (69ndash95)


-63 018

92 (76ndash108)


-31 035

93 (78ndash108)










Females 25+ years



4 030

297 (266ndash328)


86 015

467 (394ndash539)


49 010

192 (138ndash246)


-3 067

179 (173ndash185)

204 Cancer Trends






Females 25+ years



17 014

213 (200ndash226)


13 043

218 (202ndash234)


-15 059

207 (188ndash226)










22 (17ndash27) 29 (24ndash34)


25 (06ndash45) -31 026

70 (17ndash122) 34 (03ndash65) -71 048

27 (22ndash32) -10 096




Cancer Trends 205




















206 Cancer Trends











Kidney Age group









Cancer Trends 207


Kidney Age group

















25 (09ndash40) 25 (04ndash47)

-24 081

07 (01ndash49) 13 (03ndash55)

-77 055


-29 022


208 Cancer Trends









-23 006

89 (78ndash100)


-39 lt01

72 (65ndash79)


-45 010

51 (44ndash58)




Leukaemia Age group









Cancer Trends 209

Leukaemia Age group









210 Cancer Trends


Leukaemia Age group












Cancer Trends 211



















-9 017

201 (187ndash215)


-35 003

159 (146ndash172)


-26 008

129 (115ndash143)



212 Cancer Trends


Liver Age group










Liver Age group








Cancer Trends 213


Lung Age group













214 Cancer Trends


Lung Age group







979 (907ndash105) -22 lt01

111 (107ndash114)


-16 011

955 (918ndash992)


-39 003

709 (671ndash747)







Cancer Trends 215

Lung Age group







Melanoma Age group









216 Cancer Trends

Melanoma Age group












Cancer Trends 217


Melanoma Age group












218 Cancer Trends

Melanoma Age group









Cancer Trends 219


Myeloma Age group










Myeloma Age group








220 Cancer Trends


NHL Age group










NHL Age group









Cancer Trends 221




















222 Cancer Trends


Ovary Age group





Females 25+ years



55 023

189 (166ndash212)


-29 016

254 (202ndash305)


95 043

168 (121ndash214)


11 021

187 (181ndash194)


Ovary Age group









Cancer Trends 223


Pancreas Age group







179 (120ndash238) -10 098

150 (73ndash228) -55 084

82 (32ndash132) 118 (107ndash130) -6 030





Pancreas Age group








224 Cancer Trends


Prostate Age group









Cancer Trends 225


Prostate Age group









226 Cancer Trends


Stomach Age group












-1 091

257 (224ndash289)


-9 076

222 (163ndash280)

180 (45ndash315) 73 (25ndash211)

105 (47ndash164) 86 (38ndash133)

-20 047

111 (67ndash156)


-42 005

84 (80ndash88)



103 (63ndash142) -4 066

771 (331ndash121) -14 049

345 (45ndash645) 257 (219ndash294) -47 003


Cancer Trends 227


Stomach Age group







-34 001

265 (244ndash286)


-17 048

237 (218ndash255)


-37 001

201 (179ndash224)








-35 007

497 (439ndash555)


-32 063

502 (421ndash582)


-7 095

372 (300ndash443)

228 Cancer Trends



















Cancer Trends 229


Thyroid Age group










Thyroid Age group








230 Cancer Trends





















-13 051

233 (219ndash248)


-34 007

216 (200ndash232)


-22 020

188 (172ndash205)

Cancer Trends 231










3 087

131 (113ndash149)


10 088

196 (162ndash230)


-29 044

186 (124ndash248)


4 066

152 (139ndash165)









-1 040

124 (105ndash144)


6 083

148 (128ndash168)


-16 004

179 (152ndash206)










-3 093

254 (228ndash280)


-58 009

372 (316ndash428)


-37 037

261 (186ndash336)


37 lt01

322 (305ndash339)









35 038

287 (259ndash314)


3 063

326 (298ndash354)


23 008

347 (319ndash376)

232 Cancer Trends









Cancer Trends 233








sum sum =

( (2Var

)t

tt

wSRw )

Var(SR)



234 Cancer Trends




Cohort (t) Wt

Exposed Unexposed


2


Sum 16165 1840 8865 997







Cancer Trends 235





236 Cancer Trends

Cancer Trends 159



160 Cancer Trends














Cancer Trends 161


162 Cancer Trends


Age group







Thyroid

15+ years

1981ndash1986 165 15 (05ndash43)

11 10 (-14ndash28)

183 19 (08ndash41)

32 30 (-08ndash74)

1986ndash1991 129 13 (05ndash31)

04 00 (-12ndash21)

082 07 (03ndash13)

-11 -20 (-40ndash -05)

1991ndash1996 098 09 (03ndash24)

-01 00 (-06ndash02)

118 11 (06ndash20)

06 00 (-68ndash73)

1996ndash2001 074 06 (03ndash13)

-08 -20 (-40ndash07)

116 13 (08ndash20)

13 20 (-23ndash64)

2001ndash2004 101 10 (05ndash20)

00 00 (-21ndash19)

116 13 (08ndash21)

12 20 (-29ndash74)

P (trend) 013 026 016 034 055 070 079 057 Pooled 107 10

(06ndash14) 01 00

(-11ndash09) 118 12

(09ndash15) 10 10

(-12ndash34)


Cancer Trends 163



164 Cancer Trends













Cancer Trends 165




Age group







Ill-defined


-09 -40 (-82ndash12)

114 10 (06ndash16)

26 00 (-11ndash12)

1986ndash1991 102 12 (08ndash17)

07 50 (-08ndash11)

116 13 (09ndash18)

36 60 (-44ndash17)

1991ndash1996 131 12 (08ndash19)

78 60 (-29ndash15)

118 14 (09ndash21)

38 70 (-54ndash20)

1996ndash2001 157 19 (14ndash27)

11 17 (64ndash27)

146 18 (13ndash25)

84 13 (63ndash19)

2001ndash2004 149 16 (11ndash25)

89 10 (-34ndash24)

128 13 (09ndash18)

40 40 (-07ndash81)

P (trend) 003 005 007 003 019 038 045 094 Pooled 121 13

(11ndash15) 53 70

(36ndash10) 124 14

(12ndash17) 45 70

(20ndash12)








Cancer Trends 169



Cohort Both sexes











170 Cancer Trends






1st cancer


062 076 077 060 073 092 069


092 05 (04ndash07)

-71 -45 -42 -71 -42 075 -55


-70 (-10ndash -31) 078 -90 (-13ndash -57)


Cancer Trends 171





172 Cancer Trends



Cohort Both sexes











Cancer Trends 173






1st cancer


080 079 105 065 087 096 083


082 07 (06ndash09)

-58 -72 17 -14

-46 081 -61

-60 (-19ndash70) -11 (-19ndash -34)

-10 (-19ndash17) -22 (-30ndash -15)

-50 (-17ndash63) 058 -10 (-13ndash -57)


174 Cancer Trends

Part D Conclusions

Cancer Trends 175






Cancer Trends 177


178 Cancer Trends


Cancer Trends 179






180 Cancer Trends





Cancer Trends 181






182 Cancer Trends






Cancer Trends 183



184 Cancer Trends


























Cancer Trends 185


























186 Cancer Trends



























Cancer Trends 187




















188 Cancer Trends

Appendices














Males




Cancer Trends 191








Females





192 Cancer Trends








69 003

1622 (1492ndash1752)


1485 (1127ndash1843) 1656 (1239ndash2074)

72 015

1302 (1068ndash1536)


1292 (975ndash1609) 957 (687ndash1227)

68 022

910 (742ndash1078)


34 lt01

1601 (1581ndash1620)






Males





Cancer Trends 193








Females




194 Cancer Trends









Cancer Trends 195


Bladder Age group










Bladder Age group








196 Cancer Trends


Brain Age group










Brain Age group







Cancer Trends 197


Breast Age group










198 Cancer Trends


Breast Age group










Cancer Trends 199


Cervix Age group










200 Cancer Trends


Cervix Age group







-55 lt01

233 (217ndash250)


-44 lt01

197 (180ndash213)


-43 003

172 (153ndash192)





-59 011

298 (234ndash362)


-73 001

310 (199ndash421)


-25 057

231 (136ndash325)


Cancer Trends 201















202 Cancer Trends














Cancer Trends 203







-19 042

82 (69ndash95)


-63 018

92 (76ndash108)


-31 035

93 (78ndash108)










Females 25+ years



4 030

297 (266ndash328)


86 015

467 (394ndash539)


49 010

192 (138ndash246)


-3 067

179 (173ndash185)

204 Cancer Trends






Females 25+ years



17 014

213 (200ndash226)


13 043

218 (202ndash234)


-15 059

207 (188ndash226)










22 (17ndash27) 29 (24ndash34)


25 (06ndash45) -31 026

70 (17ndash122) 34 (03ndash65) -71 048

27 (22ndash32) -10 096




Cancer Trends 205




















206 Cancer Trends











Kidney Age group









Cancer Trends 207


Kidney Age group

















25 (09ndash40) 25 (04ndash47)

-24 081

07 (01ndash49) 13 (03ndash55)

-77 055


-29 022


208 Cancer Trends









-23 006

89 (78ndash100)


-39 lt01

72 (65ndash79)


-45 010

51 (44ndash58)




Leukaemia Age group









Cancer Trends 209

Leukaemia Age group









210 Cancer Trends


Leukaemia Age group












Cancer Trends 211



















-9 017

201 (187ndash215)


-35 003

159 (146ndash172)


-26 008

129 (115ndash143)



212 Cancer Trends


Liver Age group










Liver Age group








Cancer Trends 213


Lung Age group













214 Cancer Trends


Lung Age group







979 (907ndash105) -22 lt01

111 (107ndash114)


-16 011

955 (918ndash992)


-39 003

709 (671ndash747)







Cancer Trends 215

Lung Age group







Melanoma Age group









216 Cancer Trends

Melanoma Age group












Cancer Trends 217


Melanoma Age group












218 Cancer Trends

Melanoma Age group









Cancer Trends 219


Myeloma Age group










Myeloma Age group








220 Cancer Trends


NHL Age group










NHL Age group









Cancer Trends 221




















222 Cancer Trends


Ovary Age group





Females 25+ years



55 023

189 (166ndash212)


-29 016

254 (202ndash305)


95 043

168 (121ndash214)


11 021

187 (181ndash194)


Ovary Age group









Cancer Trends 223


Pancreas Age group







179 (120ndash238) -10 098

150 (73ndash228) -55 084

82 (32ndash132) 118 (107ndash130) -6 030





Pancreas Age group








224 Cancer Trends


Prostate Age group









Cancer Trends 225


Prostate Age group









226 Cancer Trends


Stomach Age group












-1 091

257 (224ndash289)


-9 076

222 (163ndash280)

180 (45ndash315) 73 (25ndash211)

105 (47ndash164) 86 (38ndash133)

-20 047

111 (67ndash156)


-42 005

84 (80ndash88)



103 (63ndash142) -4 066

771 (331ndash121) -14 049

345 (45ndash645) 257 (219ndash294) -47 003


Cancer Trends 227


Stomach Age group







-34 001

265 (244ndash286)


-17 048

237 (218ndash255)


-37 001

201 (179ndash224)








-35 007

497 (439ndash555)


-32 063

502 (421ndash582)


-7 095

372 (300ndash443)

228 Cancer Trends



















Cancer Trends 229


Thyroid Age group










Thyroid Age group








230 Cancer Trends





















-13 051

233 (219ndash248)


-34 007

216 (200ndash232)


-22 020

188 (172ndash205)

Cancer Trends 231










3 087

131 (113ndash149)


10 088

196 (162ndash230)


-29 044

186 (124ndash248)


4 066

152 (139ndash165)









-1 040

124 (105ndash144)


6 083

148 (128ndash168)


-16 004

179 (152ndash206)










-3 093

254 (228ndash280)


-58 009

372 (316ndash428)


-37 037

261 (186ndash336)


37 lt01

322 (305ndash339)









35 038

287 (259ndash314)


3 063

326 (298ndash354)


23 008

347 (319ndash376)

232 Cancer Trends









Cancer Trends 233








sum sum =

( (2Var

)t

tt

wSRw )

Var(SR)



234 Cancer Trends




Cohort (t) Wt

Exposed Unexposed


2


Sum 16165 1840 8865 997







Cancer Trends 235





236 Cancer Trends

160 Cancer Trends














Cancer Trends 161


162 Cancer Trends


Age group







Thyroid

15+ years

1981ndash1986 165 15 (05ndash43)

11 10 (-14ndash28)

183 19 (08ndash41)

32 30 (-08ndash74)

1986ndash1991 129 13 (05ndash31)

04 00 (-12ndash21)

082 07 (03ndash13)

-11 -20 (-40ndash -05)

1991ndash1996 098 09 (03ndash24)

-01 00 (-06ndash02)

118 11 (06ndash20)

06 00 (-68ndash73)

1996ndash2001 074 06 (03ndash13)

-08 -20 (-40ndash07)

116 13 (08ndash20)

13 20 (-23ndash64)

2001ndash2004 101 10 (05ndash20)

00 00 (-21ndash19)

116 13 (08ndash21)

12 20 (-29ndash74)

P (trend) 013 026 016 034 055 070 079 057 Pooled 107 10

(06ndash14) 01 00

(-11ndash09) 118 12

(09ndash15) 10 10

(-12ndash34)


Cancer Trends 163



164 Cancer Trends













Cancer Trends 165




Age group







Ill-defined


-09 -40 (-82ndash12)

114 10 (06ndash16)

26 00 (-11ndash12)

1986ndash1991 102 12 (08ndash17)

07 50 (-08ndash11)

116 13 (09ndash18)

36 60 (-44ndash17)

1991ndash1996 131 12 (08ndash19)

78 60 (-29ndash15)

118 14 (09ndash21)

38 70 (-54ndash20)

1996ndash2001 157 19 (14ndash27)

11 17 (64ndash27)

146 18 (13ndash25)

84 13 (63ndash19)

2001ndash2004 149 16 (11ndash25)

89 10 (-34ndash24)

128 13 (09ndash18)

40 40 (-07ndash81)

P (trend) 003 005 007 003 019 038 045 094 Pooled 121 13

(11ndash15) 53 70

(36ndash10) 124 14

(12ndash17) 45 70

(20ndash12)








Cancer Trends 169



Cohort Both sexes











170 Cancer Trends






1st cancer


062 076 077 060 073 092 069


092 05 (04ndash07)

-71 -45 -42 -71 -42 075 -55


-70 (-10ndash -31) 078 -90 (-13ndash -57)


Cancer Trends 171





172 Cancer Trends



Cohort Both sexes











Cancer Trends 173






1st cancer


080 079 105 065 087 096 083


082 07 (06ndash09)

-58 -72 17 -14

-46 081 -61

-60 (-19ndash70) -11 (-19ndash -34)

-10 (-19ndash17) -22 (-30ndash -15)

-50 (-17ndash63) 058 -10 (-13ndash -57)


174 Cancer Trends

Part D Conclusions

Cancer Trends 175






Cancer Trends 177


178 Cancer Trends


Cancer Trends 179






180 Cancer Trends





Cancer Trends 181






182 Cancer Trends






Cancer Trends 183



184 Cancer Trends


























Cancer Trends 185


























186 Cancer Trends



























Cancer Trends 187




















188 Cancer Trends

Appendices














Males




Cancer Trends 191








Females





192 Cancer Trends








69 003

1622 (1492ndash1752)


1485 (1127ndash1843) 1656 (1239ndash2074)

72 015

1302 (1068ndash1536)


1292 (975ndash1609) 957 (687ndash1227)

68 022

910 (742ndash1078)


34 lt01

1601 (1581ndash1620)






Males





Cancer Trends 193








Females




194 Cancer Trends









Cancer Trends 195


Bladder Age group










Bladder Age group








196 Cancer Trends


Brain Age group










Brain Age group







Cancer Trends 197


Breast Age group










198 Cancer Trends


Breast Age group










Cancer Trends 199


Cervix Age group










200 Cancer Trends


Cervix Age group







-55 lt01

233 (217ndash250)


-44 lt01

197 (180ndash213)


-43 003

172 (153ndash192)





-59 011

298 (234ndash362)


-73 001

310 (199ndash421)


-25 057

231 (136ndash325)


Cancer Trends 201















202 Cancer Trends














Cancer Trends 203







-19 042

82 (69ndash95)


-63 018

92 (76ndash108)


-31 035

93 (78ndash108)










Females 25+ years



4 030

297 (266ndash328)


86 015

467 (394ndash539)


49 010

192 (138ndash246)


-3 067

179 (173ndash185)

204 Cancer Trends






Females 25+ years



17 014

213 (200ndash226)


13 043

218 (202ndash234)


-15 059

207 (188ndash226)










22 (17ndash27) 29 (24ndash34)


25 (06ndash45) -31 026

70 (17ndash122) 34 (03ndash65) -71 048

27 (22ndash32) -10 096




Cancer Trends 205




















206 Cancer Trends











Kidney Age group









Cancer Trends 207


Kidney Age group

















25 (09ndash40) 25 (04ndash47)

-24 081

07 (01ndash49) 13 (03ndash55)

-77 055


-29 022


208 Cancer Trends









-23 006

89 (78ndash100)


-39 lt01

72 (65ndash79)


-45 010

51 (44ndash58)




Leukaemia Age group









Cancer Trends 209

Leukaemia Age group









210 Cancer Trends


Leukaemia Age group












Cancer Trends 211



















-9 017

201 (187ndash215)


-35 003

159 (146ndash172)


-26 008

129 (115ndash143)



212 Cancer Trends


Liver Age group










Liver Age group








Cancer Trends 213


Lung Age group













214 Cancer Trends


Lung Age group







979 (907ndash105) -22 lt01

111 (107ndash114)


-16 011

955 (918ndash992)


-39 003

709 (671ndash747)







Cancer Trends 215

Lung Age group







Melanoma Age group









216 Cancer Trends

Melanoma Age group












Cancer Trends 217


Melanoma Age group












218 Cancer Trends

Melanoma Age group









Cancer Trends 219


Myeloma Age group










Myeloma Age group








220 Cancer Trends


NHL Age group










NHL Age group









Cancer Trends 221




















222 Cancer Trends


Ovary Age group





Females 25+ years



55 023

189 (166ndash212)


-29 016

254 (202ndash305)


95 043

168 (121ndash214)


11 021

187 (181ndash194)


Ovary Age group









Cancer Trends 223


Pancreas Age group







179 (120ndash238) -10 098

150 (73ndash228) -55 084

82 (32ndash132) 118 (107ndash130) -6 030





Pancreas Age group








224 Cancer Trends


Prostate Age group









Cancer Trends 225


Prostate Age group









226 Cancer Trends


Stomach Age group












-1 091

257 (224ndash289)


-9 076

222 (163ndash280)

180 (45ndash315) 73 (25ndash211)

105 (47ndash164) 86 (38ndash133)

-20 047

111 (67ndash156)


-42 005

84 (80ndash88)



103 (63ndash142) -4 066

771 (331ndash121) -14 049

345 (45ndash645) 257 (219ndash294) -47 003


Cancer Trends 227


Stomach Age group







-34 001

265 (244ndash286)


-17 048

237 (218ndash255)


-37 001

201 (179ndash224)








-35 007

497 (439ndash555)


-32 063

502 (421ndash582)


-7 095

372 (300ndash443)

228 Cancer Trends



















Cancer Trends 229


Thyroid Age group










Thyroid Age group








230 Cancer Trends





















-13 051

233 (219ndash248)


-34 007

216 (200ndash232)


-22 020

188 (172ndash205)

Cancer Trends 231










3 087

131 (113ndash149)


10 088

196 (162ndash230)


-29 044

186 (124ndash248)


4 066

152 (139ndash165)









-1 040

124 (105ndash144)


6 083

148 (128ndash168)


-16 004

179 (152ndash206)










-3 093

254 (228ndash280)


-58 009

372 (316ndash428)


-37 037

261 (186ndash336)


37 lt01

322 (305ndash339)









35 038

287 (259ndash314)


3 063

326 (298ndash354)


23 008

347 (319ndash376)

232 Cancer Trends









Cancer Trends 233








sum sum =

( (2Var

)t

tt

wSRw )

Var(SR)



234 Cancer Trends




Cohort (t) Wt

Exposed Unexposed


2


Sum 16165 1840 8865 997







Cancer Trends 235





236 Cancer Trends

Cancer Trends 161


162 Cancer Trends


Age group







Thyroid

15+ years

1981ndash1986 165 15 (05ndash43)

11 10 (-14ndash28)

183 19 (08ndash41)

32 30 (-08ndash74)

1986ndash1991 129 13 (05ndash31)

04 00 (-12ndash21)

082 07 (03ndash13)

-11 -20 (-40ndash -05)

1991ndash1996 098 09 (03ndash24)

-01 00 (-06ndash02)

118 11 (06ndash20)

06 00 (-68ndash73)

1996ndash2001 074 06 (03ndash13)

-08 -20 (-40ndash07)

116 13 (08ndash20)

13 20 (-23ndash64)

2001ndash2004 101 10 (05ndash20)

00 00 (-21ndash19)

116 13 (08ndash21)

12 20 (-29ndash74)

P (trend) 013 026 016 034 055 070 079 057 Pooled 107 10

(06ndash14) 01 00

(-11ndash09) 118 12

(09ndash15) 10 10

(-12ndash34)


Cancer Trends 163



164 Cancer Trends













Cancer Trends 165




Age group







Ill-defined


-09 -40 (-82ndash12)

114 10 (06ndash16)

26 00 (-11ndash12)

1986ndash1991 102 12 (08ndash17)

07 50 (-08ndash11)

116 13 (09ndash18)

36 60 (-44ndash17)

1991ndash1996 131 12 (08ndash19)

78 60 (-29ndash15)

118 14 (09ndash21)

38 70 (-54ndash20)

1996ndash2001 157 19 (14ndash27)

11 17 (64ndash27)

146 18 (13ndash25)

84 13 (63ndash19)

2001ndash2004 149 16 (11ndash25)

89 10 (-34ndash24)

128 13 (09ndash18)

40 40 (-07ndash81)

P (trend) 003 005 007 003 019 038 045 094 Pooled 121 13

(11ndash15) 53 70

(36ndash10) 124 14

(12ndash17) 45 70

(20ndash12)








Cancer Trends 169



Cohort Both sexes











170 Cancer Trends






1st cancer


062 076 077 060 073 092 069


092 05 (04ndash07)

-71 -45 -42 -71 -42 075 -55


-70 (-10ndash -31) 078 -90 (-13ndash -57)


Cancer Trends 171





172 Cancer Trends



Cohort Both sexes











Cancer Trends 173






1st cancer


080 079 105 065 087 096 083


082 07 (06ndash09)

-58 -72 17 -14

-46 081 -61

-60 (-19ndash70) -11 (-19ndash -34)

-10 (-19ndash17) -22 (-30ndash -15)

-50 (-17ndash63) 058 -10 (-13ndash -57)


174 Cancer Trends

Part D Conclusions

Cancer Trends 175






Cancer Trends 177


178 Cancer Trends


Cancer Trends 179






180 Cancer Trends





Cancer Trends 181






182 Cancer Trends






Cancer Trends 183



184 Cancer Trends


























Cancer Trends 185


























186 Cancer Trends



























Cancer Trends 187




















188 Cancer Trends

Appendices














Males




Cancer Trends 191








Females





192 Cancer Trends








69 003

1622 (1492ndash1752)


1485 (1127ndash1843) 1656 (1239ndash2074)

72 015

1302 (1068ndash1536)


1292 (975ndash1609) 957 (687ndash1227)

68 022

910 (742ndash1078)


34 lt01

1601 (1581ndash1620)






Males





Cancer Trends 193








Females




194 Cancer Trends









Cancer Trends 195


Bladder Age group










Bladder Age group








196 Cancer Trends


Brain Age group










Brain Age group







Cancer Trends 197


Breast Age group










198 Cancer Trends


Breast Age group










Cancer Trends 199


Cervix Age group










200 Cancer Trends


Cervix Age group







-55 lt01

233 (217ndash250)


-44 lt01

197 (180ndash213)


-43 003

172 (153ndash192)





-59 011

298 (234ndash362)


-73 001

310 (199ndash421)


-25 057

231 (136ndash325)


Cancer Trends 201















202 Cancer Trends














Cancer Trends 203







-19 042

82 (69ndash95)


-63 018

92 (76ndash108)


-31 035

93 (78ndash108)










Females 25+ years



4 030

297 (266ndash328)


86 015

467 (394ndash539)


49 010

192 (138ndash246)


-3 067

179 (173ndash185)

204 Cancer Trends






Females 25+ years



17 014

213 (200ndash226)


13 043

218 (202ndash234)


-15 059

207 (188ndash226)










22 (17ndash27) 29 (24ndash34)


25 (06ndash45) -31 026

70 (17ndash122) 34 (03ndash65) -71 048

27 (22ndash32) -10 096




Cancer Trends 205




















206 Cancer Trends











Kidney Age group









Cancer Trends 207


Kidney Age group

















25 (09ndash40) 25 (04ndash47)

-24 081

07 (01ndash49) 13 (03ndash55)

-77 055


-29 022


208 Cancer Trends









-23 006

89 (78ndash100)


-39 lt01

72 (65ndash79)


-45 010

51 (44ndash58)




Leukaemia Age group









Cancer Trends 209

Leukaemia Age group









210 Cancer Trends


Leukaemia Age group












Cancer Trends 211



















-9 017

201 (187ndash215)


-35 003

159 (146ndash172)


-26 008

129 (115ndash143)



212 Cancer Trends


Liver Age group










Liver Age group








Cancer Trends 213


Lung Age group













214 Cancer Trends


Lung Age group







979 (907ndash105) -22 lt01

111 (107ndash114)


-16 011

955 (918ndash992)


-39 003

709 (671ndash747)







Cancer Trends 215

Lung Age group







Melanoma Age group









216 Cancer Trends

Melanoma Age group












Cancer Trends 217


Melanoma Age group












218 Cancer Trends

Melanoma Age group









Cancer Trends 219


Myeloma Age group










Myeloma Age group








220 Cancer Trends


NHL Age group










NHL Age group









Cancer Trends 221




















222 Cancer Trends


Ovary Age group





Females 25+ years



55 023

189 (166ndash212)


-29 016

254 (202ndash305)


95 043

168 (121ndash214)


11 021

187 (181ndash194)


Ovary Age group









Cancer Trends 223


Pancreas Age group







179 (120ndash238) -10 098

150 (73ndash228) -55 084

82 (32ndash132) 118 (107ndash130) -6 030





Pancreas Age group








224 Cancer Trends


Prostate Age group









Cancer Trends 225


Prostate Age group









226 Cancer Trends


Stomach Age group












-1 091

257 (224ndash289)


-9 076

222 (163ndash280)

180 (45ndash315) 73 (25ndash211)

105 (47ndash164) 86 (38ndash133)

-20 047

111 (67ndash156)


-42 005

84 (80ndash88)



103 (63ndash142) -4 066

771 (331ndash121) -14 049

345 (45ndash645) 257 (219ndash294) -47 003


Cancer Trends 227


Stomach Age group







-34 001

265 (244ndash286)


-17 048

237 (218ndash255)


-37 001

201 (179ndash224)








-35 007

497 (439ndash555)


-32 063

502 (421ndash582)


-7 095

372 (300ndash443)

228 Cancer Trends



















Cancer Trends 229


Thyroid Age group










Thyroid Age group








230 Cancer Trends





















-13 051

233 (219ndash248)


-34 007

216 (200ndash232)


-22 020

188 (172ndash205)

Cancer Trends 231










3 087

131 (113ndash149)


10 088

196 (162ndash230)


-29 044

186 (124ndash248)


4 066

152 (139ndash165)









-1 040

124 (105ndash144)


6 083

148 (128ndash168)


-16 004

179 (152ndash206)










-3 093

254 (228ndash280)


-58 009

372 (316ndash428)


-37 037

261 (186ndash336)


37 lt01

322 (305ndash339)









35 038

287 (259ndash314)


3 063

326 (298ndash354)


23 008

347 (319ndash376)

232 Cancer Trends









Cancer Trends 233








sum sum =

( (2Var

)t

tt

wSRw )

Var(SR)



234 Cancer Trends




Cohort (t) Wt

Exposed Unexposed


2


Sum 16165 1840 8865 997







Cancer Trends 235





236 Cancer Trends

figure 66: standardised rates of stomach cancer, by income by

Documents