fig. 3-00. fig. 3-01 carbon skeletons vary in length carbon skeletons may have double bonds, which...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Fig. 3-00. Fig. 3-01 Carbon skeletons vary in length Carbon skeletons may have double bonds, which can vary in location Carbon skeletons may be unbranched](https://reader037.vdocuments.mx/reader037/viewer/2022110403/56649e7e5503460f94b80d13/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Fig. 3-00
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Fig. 3-01
Carbon skeletons vary in length Carbon skeletons may have double bonds,which can vary in location
Carbon skeletons may be unbranched or branched Carbon skeletons may be arranged in rings
Double bond
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Fig. 3-01a
Carbon skeletons vary in length
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Fig. 3-01b
Double bondCarbon skeletons may have double bonds,
which can vary in location
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Fig. 3-01c
Carbon skeletons may be unbranched or branched
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Fig. 3-01d
Carbon skeletons may be arranged in rings
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Fig. 3-02
Structural formula Ball-and-stick model Space-filling model
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Fig. 3-02a
Structural formula
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Fig. 3-02b
Ball-and-stick model
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Fig. 3-02c
Space-filling model
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Fig. 3-03
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Fig. 3-04
Short polymer Monomer
Dehydrationreaction
Longer polymer
Hydrolysis
(a) Building a polymer chain (b) Breaking a polymer chain
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Fig. 3-04a
Short polymer Monomer
Dehydrationreaction
Longer polymer
(a) Building a polymer chain
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Fig. 3-04b
Hydrolysis
(b) Breaking a polymer chain
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Fig. 3-05
Glucose Fructose
C6H12O6 C6H12O6
Isomers
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Fig. 3-05a
Glucose Fructose
C6H12O6 C6H12O6
Isomers
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Fig. 3-06
(a) Linear and ring structures
(b) Abbreviatedring structure
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Fig. 3-06a
(a) Linear and ring structures
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Fig. 3-06b
(b) Abbreviated ring structure
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Fig. 3-07
Glucose Galactose
Lactose
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Fig. 3-08
processed to extract
broken down into
converted to sweeter
added to foods ashigh-fructose corn syrup
Starch
Glucose
Fructose
Ingredients: carbonated water,high-fructose corn syrup,caramel color, phosphoric acid,natural flavors
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Fig. 3-09
Glucosemonomer
(a) Starch
(b) Glycogen
(c) Cellulose
Starch granules
Glycogengranules
Cellulose fibril
Cellulosemolecules
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Fig. 3-10
Oil (hydrophobic)
Vinegar (hydrophilic)
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Fig. 3-11
Fatty acid
Glycerol
(a) A dehydration reaction linking a fatty acid to glycerol
(b) A fat molecule with a glycerol “head” and three energy-rich hydrocarbon fatty acid “tails”
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Fig. 3-11a
Fatty acid
Glycerol
(a) A dehydration reaction linking a fatty acid to glycerol
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Fig. 3-11b
(b) A fat molecule with a glycerol “head” and three energy-rich hydrocarbon fatty acid “tails”
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Fig. 3-12
Saturated Fats
TYPES OF FATS
Unsaturated Fats
Margarine
Plant oils Trans fats Omega-3 fats
INGREDIENTS: SOYBEAN OIL, FULLY HYDROGENATED
COTTONSEED OIL, PARTIALLY HYDROGENATED
COTTONSEED OIL AND SOYBEAN OILS, MONO AND
DIGLYCERIDES, TBHO AND CITRIC ACID ANTIOXIDANTS
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Fig. 3-12a
Saturated Fats
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Fig. 3-12b
Unsaturated Fats
Margarine
Plant oils Trans fats Omega-3 fats
INGREDIENTS: SOYBEAN OIL, FULLY HYDROGENATED
COTTONSEED OIL, PARTIALLY HYDROGENATED
COTTONSEED OIL AND SOYBEAN OILS, MONO AND
DIGLYCERIDES, TBHO AND CITRIC ACID ANTIOXIDANTS
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Fig. 3-13
Cholesterol
Testosterone A type of estrogen
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Fig. 3-14
THG
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Fig. 3-15
MAJOR TYPES OF PROTEINS
Structural Proteins Storage Proteins Contractile Proteins Transport Proteins Enzymes
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Fig. 3-15a
Structural Proteins (provide support)
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Fig. 3-15b
Storage Proteins (provide amino acids for growth)
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Fig. 3-15c
Contractile Proteins (help movement)
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Fig. 3-15d
Transport Proteins (help transport substances)
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Fig. 3-15e
Enzymes (help chemical reactions)
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Fig. 3-16
(a) The general structure of an amino acid
(b) Examples of amino acids with hydrophobic and hydrophilicside groups
Aminogroup
Carboxylgroup
Hydrophobicside group
Hydrophilicside group
Leucine Serine
Sidegroup
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Fig. 3-16a
(a) The general structure of an amino acid
Aminogroup
Carboxylgroup
Sidegroup
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Fig. 3-16b
(b) Examples of amino acids with hydrophobic and hydrophilicside groups
Hydrophobicside group
Hydrophilicside group
Leucine Serine
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Fig. 3-17-1Aminogroup
Carboxylgroup
Sidegroup
Sidegroup
Amino acid Amino acid
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Fig. 3-17-2Aminogroup
Carboxylgroup
Sidegroup
Sidegroup
Amino acid Amino acid
Sidegroup
Sidegroup
Dehydration reaction
Peptide bond
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Fig. 3-18
Amino acid
1 510
20
15
253035
40
45
50 55
6065
70
75 8085
9095100
105
110 115
120125
129
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Fig. 3-19
Normal red blood cell
Sickled red blood cell Sickle-cell hemoglobin
(b) Sickle-cell hemoglobin
(a) Normal hemoglobin
Normal hemoglobin
1 2 3 45 6 7. . . 146
1 2 3 4 5 6 7. . . 146
SE
MS
EM
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Fig. 3-19a
Normal red blood cell
(a) Normal hemoglobin
Normal hemoglobin
1 2 3 45 6 7. . . 146
SE
M
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Fig. 3-19b
Sickled red blood cell Sickle-cell hemoglobin
(b) Sickle-cell hemoglobin
1 2 3 4 5 6 7. . . 146
SE
M
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Fig. 3-20-1
(a) Primarystructure
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Fig. 3-20-2
(a) Primarystructure
(b) Secondary structure
Aminoacids
Pleated sheet
Alpha helix
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Fig. 3-20-3
(a) Primarystructure
(b) Secondary structure
Aminoacids
Pleated sheet
Alpha helix
(c) Tertiarystructure
Polypeptide
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Fig. 3-20-4
(a) Primarystructure
(b) Secondary structure
Aminoacids
Pleated sheet
Alpha helix
(c) Tertiarystructure
Polypeptide
(d) Quaternarystructure
Protein withfour polypeptides
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Fig. 3-21
Protein
Target
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Fig. 3-22
Gene
DNA
RNA
Protein
Amino acid
Nucleic acids
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Fig. 3-23
Nitrogenous base(A, G, C, or T)
Thymine (T)
Phosphategroup
Sugar(deoxyribose)
(a) Atomic structure (b) Symbol used in this book
Phosphate
Base
Sugar
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Fig. 3-23a
Nitrogenous base(A, G, C, or T)
Thymine (T)
Phosphategroup
Sugar(deoxyribose)
(a) Atomic structure
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Fig. 3-23b
(b) Symbol used in this book
Phosphate
Base
Sugar
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Fig. 3-24
Adenine (A) Guanine (G)
Thymine (T) Cytosine (C)
Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Thymine (T) Cytosine (C)
Space-filling model of DNA
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Fig. 3-24a
Adenine (A) Guanine (G)
Thymine (T) Cytosine (C)
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Fig. 3-24b
Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Thymine (T) Cytosine (C)
Space-filling model of DNA
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Fig. 3-25
Sugar-phosphatebackbone
NucleotideBasepair
Hydrogenbond
Bases
(a) DNA strand(polynucleotide)
(b) Double helix(two polynucleotide strands)
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Fig. 3-25aSugar-phosphatebackbone
Nucleotide
Bases
(a) DNA strand(polynucleotide)
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Fig. 3-25b
Basepair
Hydrogenbond
(b) Double helix(two polynucleotide strands)
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Fig. 3-26
Phosphategroup
Nitrogenous base(A, G, C, or U)
Uracil (U)
Sugar (ribose)
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Fig. 3-27
DNA
Human cell(DNA in 46
Chromosomes)
Chromosome 2(one DNA molecule)
Section ofchromosome 2
Lactase gene
14,000 nucleotides
C at this site causeslactose intoleranceT at this site causeslactose tolerance
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Fig. 3-28
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Fig. 3-UN01
Short polymer Monomer Hydrolysis
Dehydrationreaction
Longer polymer
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Fig. 3-UN02
Large biologicalmolecules
Functions Components Examples
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Dietary energy;storage; plantstructure
Long-termenergy storage(fats);hormones(steroids)
Enzymes, structure,storage, contraction,transport, and others
Informationstorage
Monosaccharides:glucose, fructoseDisaccharides:lactose, sucrosePolysaccharides:starch, cellulose
Fats (triglycerides);Steroids(testosterone,estrogen)
Lactase(an enzyme),hemoglobin(a transport protein)
DNA, RNA
Monosaccharide
Components ofa triglyceride
Amino acid
Nucleotide
Fatty acid
Glycerol
Aminogroup
Carboxylgroup
Sidegroup
Phosphate
Base
Sugar
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Fig. 3-UN02a
Functions Components Examples
Dietary energy;storage; plantstructure
Monosaccharides:glucose, fructoseDisaccharides:lactose, sucrosePolysaccharides:starch, cellulose
Monosaccharide
Carbohydrates
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Fig. 3-UN02b
Functions Components Examples
Lipids
Long-termenergy storage(fats);hormones(steroids)
Fats (triglycerides);Steroids(testosterone,estrogen)Components of
a triglyceride
Fatty acid
Glycerol
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Fig. 3-UN02c
Functions Components Examples
Proteins
Enzymes, structure,storage, contraction,transport, and others
Lactase(an enzyme),hemoglobin(a transport protein)
Amino acid
Aminogroup
Carboxylgroup
Sidegroup
![Page 70: Fig. 3-00. Fig. 3-01 Carbon skeletons vary in length Carbon skeletons may have double bonds, which can vary in location Carbon skeletons may be unbranched](https://reader037.vdocuments.mx/reader037/viewer/2022110403/56649e7e5503460f94b80d13/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Fig. 3-UN02d
Functions Components Examples
Nucleic acids
Informationstorage DNA, RNA
Nucleotide
Phosphate
Base
Sugar
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Fig. 3-UN03
Primary structure
(sequence ofamino acids)
Secondary structure
(localized folding)
Tertiary structure
(overall shape)
Quaternary structure
(found in proteins with
multiple polypeptides)
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Fig. 3-UN04
DNAdouble helix DNA strand DNA nucleotide
Base
Sugar
Phosphategroup