fig. 14-00. fig. 14-01 branching evolution (results in speciation) nonbranching evolution (no new...

Fig. 14-00

Fig. 14-01

Branching Evolution(results in speciation)

Nonbranching Evolution(no new species)

PATTERNS OF EVOLUTION

Fig. 14-02

Diversity within one speciesSimilarity between different species

Fig. 14-02a

Similarity between different species

Fig. 14-02b

Diversity within one species

Fig. 14-03

VIABLE, FERTILE OFFSPRING

Hybrid breakdown

FERTILIZATION (ZYGOTE FORMS)

INDIVIDUALS OF DIFFERENT SPECIES

MATING ATTEMPT

Reduced hybrid fertility

Reduced hybrid viability

Temporal isolation

Habitat isolation

Behavioral isolation

Mechanical isolation

Gametic isolation

Prezygotic Barriers

Postzygotic Barriers

Fig. 14-03a


MATING ATTEMPT

Temporal isolation

Habitat isolation

Behavioral isolation

Mechanical isolation

Gametic isolation

Prezygotic Barriers

Fig. 14-03b

VIABLE, FERTILE OFFSPRING

Hybrid breakdown

FERTILIZATION (ZYGOTE FORMS)


Reduced hybrid fertility

Reduced hybrid viability

Postzygotic Barriers

Fig. 14-04

Temporal Isolation Habitat Isolation

PREZYGOTIC BARRIERS

Mechanical Isolation Gametic IsolationBehavioral Isolation

Fig. 14-04a

Temporal Isolation

Skunk species that mate at different times

Fig. 14-04b

Habitat Isolation

Garter snake species from different habitats

Fig. 14-04c

Mating ritual of blue-footed boobies

Behavioral Isolation

Fig. 14-04d

Mechanical Isolation

Snail species whose genital openings cannot align

Fig. 14-04e

Sea urchin species whose gametes cannot fuse

Gametic Isolation

Fig. 14-05

Hybrid BreakdownReduced Hybrid FertilityReduced Hybrid Viability

POSTZYGOTIC BARRIERS

Donkey

Mule

Horse

Fig. 14-05a

Frail hybrid salamander offspring

Reduced Hybrid Viability

Fig. 14-05b

Reduced Hybrid Fertility

Mule (sterile hybrid ofhorse and donkey)

Donkey

Mule

Horse

Fig. 14-05c

Hybrid Breakdown

Sterile next-generation rice hybrid

Fig. 14-06

Allopatric speciation Simpatric speciation

Fig. 14-07

Ammospermophilus harrisii Ammospermophilus leucurus

Fig. 14-08

Geographicbarrier

Populationsinterbreed

Time

Populationsbecomeallopatric

Populationsbecomesympatric

Populationscannotinterbreed

Reproductiveisolation:Speciation hasoccurred

Gene pools merge:No speciation

Fig. 14-09-1

DomesticatedTriticum monococcum(14 chromosomes)

Wild Triticum(14 chromosomes)

Sterile hybrid(14 chromosomes)

AA BB

AB

Fig. 14-09-2


T. turgidumEmmer wheat(28 chromosomes)



AA BB

AA BB

AB

Fig. 14-09-3



WildT. tauschii(14 chromosomes)




AA BB DD

ABD

AA BB

AB

Fig. 14-09-4



WildT. tauschii(14 chromosomes)


T. aestivumBread wheat(42 chromosomes)



AA BB DD

AA BB DD

ABD

AA BB

AB

Fig. 14-09a

Fig. 14-10

Punctuatedmodel

Graduatedmodel

Time

Fig. 14-11

Wing claw(like reptile)

Teeth(like reptile)

Long tail withmany vertebrae

(like reptile)

Feathers

Fossil Artist’s reconstruction

Fig. 14-11a

Fossil

Fig. 14-11bWing claw(like reptile)

Teeth(like reptile)

Long tail withmany vertebrae

(like reptile)

Feathers

Artist’s reconstruction

Fig. 14-12Gills

Fig. 14-13

Chimpanzee fetus Chimpanzee adult

Human adult(paedomorphic features)

Human fetus

Fig. 14-13a

Chimpanzee fetus Chimpanzee adult

Fig. 14-13b

Human adult(paedomorphic features)

Human fetus

Fig. 14-14

Fig. 14-14a

Fig. 14-14b

Fig. 14-14c

Fig. 14-14d

Fig. 14-14e

Fig. 14-15

Carbon-14 in shell

Time (thousands of years)

Radioactive decayof carbon-14

How carbon-14dating isused to determinethe vintageof a fossilizedclam shell

Car

bo

n-1

4 r

adio

acti

vity

(a

s %

of

livi

ng

org

an

ism

’sC

-14

to C

-12

rati

o)

100

75

0

50

25

0 5.6 50.411.2 16.8 22.4 28.0 33.6 39.2 44.8

Fig. 14-15a

Time (thousands of years)

Radioactive decay of carbon-14

Ca

rbo

n-1

4 r

ad

ioa

ctiv

ity

(as

% o

f liv

ing

org

an

ism

’sC

-14

to

C-1

2 r

atio

)

100

75

0

50

25

0 5.6 50.411.2 16.8 22.4 28.0 33.6 39.2 44.8

Fig. 14-15b-1

Carbon-14 in shell

How carbon-14 dating is used to determinethe vintage of a fossilized clam shell

Fig. 14-15b-2

Carbon-14 in shell


Fig. 14-15b-3

Carbon-14 in shell


Fig. 14-16

Fig. 14-17

Pangaea

Pre

sen

t

Pal

eozo

icC

eno

zoic

Mes

ozo

ic

251

mil

lio

n y

ears

ag

o13

565

Laurasia

Gondwana

Eurasia

IndiaMadagascar

North Americ

a

AfricaSouthAmerica

Antarctica Australia

Fig. 14-18-1

Fig. 14-18-2

Fig. 14-18-3

Chicxulubcrater

Fig. 14-19

Jaguar (Panthera onca)

Lion (Panthera leo)Tiger (Panthera tigris)

Leopard (Panthera pardus)

Fig. 14-19a


Fig. 14-19b

Tiger (Panthera tigris)

Fig. 14-19c

Lion (Panthera leo)

Fig. 14-19d

Jaguar (Panthera onca)

Fig. 14-20


SpeciesPantherapardus

GenusPanthera

FamilyFelidae

OrderCarnivora

ClassMammalia

PhylumChordata

KingdomAnimalia

DomainEukarya

Fig. 14-20aSpeciesPanthera pardus

GenusPanthera

FamilyFelidae

OrderCarnivora

ClassMammalia

PhylumChordata

KingdomAnimalia

DomainEukarya

Fig. 14-20b


Fig. 14-21

Panthera pardus

(leopard)

SpeciesGenus

Felidae

Order

Carnivora

Family

Canis

Lutra

Panthera

Mephitis

Canidae

Mustelidae

Canis lupus(wolf)

Canis latrans

(coyote)

Lutralutra

(Europeanotter)

Mephitis mephitis

(striped skunk)

Fig. 14-22

Fig. 14-23

Hair, mammaryglands

Long gestation

Gestation

Duck-billedplatypus

Iguana Outgroup(reptile)

Ingroup(mammals)

Beaver

Kangaroo

Fig. 14-24

Lizardsand snakes

Crocodilians

Saurischiandinosaurs

Ornithischiandinosaurs

Pterosaurs

Birds

Commonancestor ofcrocodilians,dinosaurs,and birds

Fig. 14-25

KingdomAnimalia

Domain Archaea Earliest organisms

Domain Bacteria

Domain Eukarya

KingdomFungi

KingdomPlantae

The protists(multiplekingdoms)

Fig. 14-26

American black bear

Eutherians (5,010 species)

Millions of years ago

Monotremes (5 species)

Marsupials (324 species)

Ancestral mammal

Reptilian ancestor

Extinction of dinosaurs

250 200 150 100 5065 0

Fig. 14-26a

Eutherians (5,010 species)

Millions of years ago

Monotremes (5 species)

Marsupials (324 species)

Ancestral mammal

Reptilian ancestor

Extinction of dinosaurs

250 200 150 100 5065 0

Fig. 14-26b

American black bear

Fig. 14-T01

Fig. 14-T01a

Fig. 14-T01b

Fig. 14-T01c

Fig. 14-T01d

Fig. 14-UN01

Postzygotic barriers Gametes Viable,fertile

offspring

Zygote

Prezygotic barriers • Reduced hybrid viability• Reduced hybrid fertility• Hybrid breakdown

• Temporal isolation• Habitat isolation• Behavioral isolation• Mechanical isolation• Gametic isolation

Fig. 14-UN02

Sympatric speciation(occurs without

geographic isolation)

Allopatric speciation(occurs after

geographic isolation)

Parentpopulation

Fig. 14-UN03

Earliestorganisms

Eukarya

Bacteria

Archaea

fig. 14-00. fig. 14-01 branching evolution (results in speciation) nonbranching evolution (no new...

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