field bases in the russian arctic. - global cryosphere...
TRANSCRIPT
Field bases in the Russian Arctic.
Dr Vasily SmolyanitskyArctic and Antarctic Research Institute, St.Petersburg, Russia
The First Asia CryoNet Workshop (Beijing, China, 3 to 5 Dec 2013)
Network of polar observations
NP
Tiksi hydrometeorological observatory
• NOAA Thematic Lead: John Calder, NOAA/OAR/CPO• Roshydromet Thematic Lead: Alexander Danilov,
Roshydromet/AARI and Yury Tsaturov, Roshydromet
• Coordinators of project: Alexander Makshtas (AARI) and Taneil Uttal NOAA/OAR/PSD
• Other partners: Simon Stephenson, NSF, Alexander Reshetnikov, MGO Aleksey Konoplev, “Typhoon”, Irina Repina, IFA RAS, Tuomas Laurila, FMI
Infrastructure of HMO Tiksi
Main building HMO Tiksi
Clean air facilityFlux tower
Study of surface aerosol and WRF application
“Clean air” in Tiksi area under strong inversion
Aetalometer in CAF and results of aerosol measurements March 6, 2012
Surface meteorology from large scale forecast model
WRF forecast with spatial resolution 2 km
Application of WRF allows to discriminate the wrong data of measurements
Radiation measurements in framework of BSRN (Baseline solar radiation network). Comparison with standard Russian sensors
Installation of BSRN sensors on the roof of the Main building
Installation of standard Russian sensors on the distance 120 m from the Main building
Global solar radiation in June 2011
Diffuse solar radiation in June 2011
Direct solar radiation in June 2011
Results of comparison show good agreement between data of the modern sensors of BSRN and standard Russian sensors for measurements characteristics of solar radiation
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
BSRN, W/m2
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MF
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/m2
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Delta MF19 and BSRN (W/m2)
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Cou
nts
152.04 156.25 160.42 164.58 168.75 172.92 177.08 181.25
Julian day
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W/m
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BSRN MF19
152.04 156.25 160.42 164.58 168.75 172.92 177.08 181.25
Julian Day
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W/m
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BSRN MF19
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Delta MF19 and BSRN (W/m2)
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Cou
nts
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BSRN, W/m2
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MF
19, W
/m2
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Julian day
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W/m
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M3 NIP
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Delta AT-50 and BSRN (W/m2)
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Co
unts
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AT-50, W/m2
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BS
RN
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> 0 < -2 < -7 < -12 < -17 < -22
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Юлианский день
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Юлианский день
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Глуб
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Soil temperatures
201101/04 01/05 01/06 01/07 01/08 01/09 01/10
Tem
pera
ture
(C)
-15
-10
-5
0
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10 5cm 20cm 30cm 40cm
Study of soil temperature regime in wet and dry tundra
Spatial – temporal distribution of soil temperature in wet tundra in summer 2010 – autumn 2011 on 0.2 -3.6 m (left) and 0.05 – 0.2 m (right) depths.
Soil temperature in upper layer of dry tundra in spring – autumn 2011
Drilling holes for installation of temperature sensors on the depths 0.2 - 3.6 meters
Installation for temperature measurements in deep layers
Installation for temperature measurements in upper soil layers
CH4, CO2, aerosolsCH4, CO2 emission
Methane concentration CH4
2010 01/07 01/08 01/09 01/10 01/11 01/12
Air
te
mp
era
ture
(º
C)
-80
-60
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-20
0
20
Me
tha
ne c
onc
entr
atio
n C
H4 (
ppm
)
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
Air temperature
Laptev Seafreeze
Tundrafreeze
Emissions from wetlands
Tiksi summer-autumn 2010
Carbon dioxide concentration CO2
2010 01/07 01/08 01/09 01/10 01/11 01/12
Air
tem
per
atu
re
(ºC
)
-80
-60
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Ca
rbo
n di
oxid
e co
ncen
trat
ion
CO
2 (
ppm
)
370
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Air temperature
From the Laptev Sea
Tundrafreeze
Summer CO2 minimum
local sources and sinks
Tiksi summer-autumn 2010
From northern Siberia
long-range transportseasonal increase
Methane and carbon dioxide studies in HMO Tiksi
June 2011
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Julian day
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CO
2 F
lux,
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ol/m
2 s
-4
-2
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Ta
, 0C
Exp_Flux(L) Ta(R)
August 2011
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Julian day
-1
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CO
2 F
lux,
mkm
ol/m
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Ta
, 0C
Exp_Flux(L) Ta(R)
Methane emission from valley bottom and slopes
201101/07 01/08 01/09 01/10
So
il T
em
pe
ratu
re (
C)
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0.8Soil temperature (-5cm) CH4 emission slope (WD 70-110deg)CH4 emission valley (WD 180-225deg)
CH
4 e
mis
sio
n (
µg m
-2s-1
)
CO2 and CH4 concentrations in summer 2010 Direct measurements of CH4 emission in summer 2011
Direct measurements of CO2 emission in wet tundra in June and August 2011
Field investigations on the drifting stations “North Pole 33 - 40”
Period of operations:
Domain of operations:
Estimation of reliability of NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data on air temperatures and total
cloudiness
Why we are operating NPs ?: 1) [the only site of] year-round comprehensive/complex measurements in the Arctic Basin 2) More flexible and “friendly” for measurents in comparison with shipborne sites 3) Source of various data for validation of numerical modelled / reanalysis parameters4) Complements network of drifting buoys5) etc
submersible vehicle
Echo-sounder emitter
Echo-sounder
ADCP WHS 300Long ranger ADCP
WH LP 757
2 SBE 37SM MicroCat 3 SBE 19 profilers Current meter RCM Grid Juday
Ice thickness
Ice thickness
Unmanned plane
Radiosound
GPS and GLONAS systems for ice drift calculations
aerostat
Polygon 80x100 m for mass balance and dynamic studies
Ice thickness measurements
MAWS-420
Lidar
RadiationCarbon dioxide flux
measurements
Spectrometer “Ramses”
Snow height
Inlets of ozone,carbon dioxide, methane and radioactivity analyzers
Precipitation gauge
Overview of observations: NP-39,40 and further:
0
0.01 km
1.5 km
30 kmAerologyRadiosonde RS-92 (Vaisala, Finland)
Ozone sounding ECC-6A (Science-Pump corp, USA)
Aerostat sounding – Profile measurements of air temperature, humidity and and wind components - Sounder SmartTether (Anasphere, USA)
Standard routine meteorology Gradient meteostation with 2 loggers and visibility sensor 20 kmПолуавтоматическая метеостанция MAWS420(Vaisala, Finland)
Spectral and morphometric Investigations of snow-ice coverMulti-spectral radiometers Ramses-acc-vis,Ramses-arc-vis (TriOs Gmbh, Germany)
Investigations of gas exchange processes - Gase analyzer CO2, CH4, O3 Li-840, Li-8100 (Li-Cor, USA, Optogas 3.02ПА, 500.4С (Optek, Russia), APHA-370 (Horiba, Japan)
Meteorological observations (2012-2013…):
Actinometry Solar tracking system 2АР)Sensors CNR4, CMP21, CGR-4 (Kipp&Zonen, Netherlandes)
Pulse measurements - turbulence meter SATI-3K (Applied technologies USA)
Contentious profiling measurement of air temperature in layer 0-1000 mThermal meteorological profiler МТР5-РЕ (АТТЕХ, Russia)
1.0 km
Acoustic Doppler Current Profilervelocity extended rangeWH LR 75Workhorse Long Ranger ADCP
0 km
4 km
Depth measurement and acoustic Profiling of the ocean and bottomSediment layerEchosounder Bathy-2010
Monitoring of ice bottom layerRemotely controlled submersible Gnom
Acoustic doppler velocity profilerADCP WHS 300
Logging current meter Seaguard RCM
2 water temperature & conductivity recorders SBE 37SM MicroCat
SBE 19 plus SeaCat
Grid Geddy
Oceanographic observations (2012-2013….):
Estimation of thickness and profile of hummocksThermal drilling (Russia)
Monitoring of ice conditionsSurvey and meteorological observations using unmanned aerial vehicle UAV “ELERON" T-23 “Arctic”(«ENIKS», Russia)
Morphometric and seismic measurements Measurements of dynamic processes
Seismic meters СМ3-КВ, СН-1 (Russia)
Measurements of geographic coordinates and ice floe drift vectorSpatially distributed GLONASS and GPS sensors
Autonomous Ice mass-balance IMB buoyIce thickness and snow height Measurements in a pontIce temperature profile measurements (45 sensors), air temperature and SLP(USA)
Indirect ice thickness measurementsElectro-magnetic thickeness meter EM31-Ice (Geonics Co., Ltd., Canada)
Direct measurements of sea ice thickness, draft and snow height on ice polygone(meter and drilling equipment Hitachi, Tanaka, Kovaks)
Sea-ice observations (2012-2013…):
Study of sea ice at the drifting station “North Pole 38” in 2010 – 2013 with UAV “Eleron Т23 Arctic”
December
MarchJuly
Research station “Cape Baranova”
Re-opened in June 2013Under development
Topographic map of Severnaya Zemlya archipelago and MODIS satellite imagery
Area of the ice base is one of the least investigated regions of the Arctic Ocean. Pending the whole complex of meteorological be installed, the Ice Base “Cape Baranova” may pretend for a full partnership in the network of the International Polar Observatories, similar to Tiksi with a perspective to become a second regional station in the Russian Arctic and further as a global station in the WWW.
• Standard meteorological observations• Standard actinometrical observations• Upper atmosphere observations• Monitoring of aerosols, greenhouse gazes, pollutants
(AMAP), ozone• Spectral albedo measurements• Thermo balance and soil thermal conditions
Planned meteorological observations
• Investigations of evolution of morphometric parameters of icebergs, fast ice and drifting ice
• Observations of ice thickness using underwater TV cameras
• Mapping of sea ice parameters using UAV
Planned sea ice cover measurements
• Oceanography measurements in Shokalskij strait• Water level• Hydrochemistry• Hydrobiology (IO RAS)
Planned oceanographic measurements
• Complex land water balance investigations • Glaciological observations• Investigations and monitoring of glacial landscapes • Medical – biological investigations
Mushketov glacier 550 m
Planned polar geographic measurements
Thank you for attention !