fews net climate change data sets and analyses: using observations to guide adaptation
DESCRIPTION
FEWS NET Climate Change Data Sets and Analyses: Using observations to guide adaptation. Gideon Galu Akhlalil Adoum Nancy Mutunga Everlyn Muchomba Abdulrahim Norein Emebet Kebebe Nigist Biru. Chris Funk Gary Eilerts Jim Rowland Jim Verdin Joel Michaelsen Libby White. Overview. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
U.S. Department of the InteriorU.S. Geological Survey
FEWS NET Climate Change Data Sets and Analyses: Using
observations to guide adaptationChris FunkGary EilertsJim RowlandJim VerdinJoel MichaelsenLibby White
Gideon GaluAkhlalil AdoumNancy MutungaEverlyn MuchombaAbdulrahim Norein Emebet Kebebe Nigist Biru
U.S. Department of the InteriorU.S. Geological Survey
Overview Upscaling What observed large scale climate changes do
we see? Downscaling
What observed local climate changes do we see?
Climate Trend Analyses Kenya, Ethiopia, Uganda, Sudan, Chad, Niger, Mali,
Burkina Faso, Senegal
Future analyses: guiding agricultural adaptation & development?
Up
Down
1Research Timeline
2002
2005
2008
2011
Climate Attribution (why?)
Climate Trend Analyses
(what? where?)
Declining ‘LongCycle’ rainsw/Phil Steffen &Alemu Asfaw
Declining Rainsin Ethiopia andGHA
Warming Indian OceanReduces rainfall in GHA
Warming Indian OceanProbably anthropogenic
Declining RainsIn Kenya
Climate changeintensifies La Ninaimpacts
Trend mapping
Upscale 1
1Declining Per Capita Cereal Production
Upscale 2•http://www.springerlink.com/content/fw645377u3587404/fulltext.pdf
1Principal Components 1 and 2
Upscale 3
War
min
g in
the
wes
tern
Pac
ific
and
Indi
an O
cean
EN
SO
-like
Var
iatio
n
http://www.springerlink.com/content/u0352236x6n868n2/http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1199/pdf/ofr2010-1199.pdf
1
PC1-PC2 disrupt water vapor transports
Upscale 4
PC1Indian-WesternPacific
PC2Central-EasternPacific
1
Precipitation in new La Niña years.
La Niña
←warming→
Upscale 5
1PC1 and PC2 time-series (smoothed)
Upscale 6Drought frequency for Central-Eastern Kenya and Southern Somalia
1Drought AND declining per capita agricultural production have contributed to the current food crisis
Upscale 7Rainfall and Ag data are for Kenya and Somalia
Drought once every six years
Drought every other yearClimate Index = PC1-PC2
U.S. Department of the InteriorU.S. Geological Survey
Dataset – Foundation - Observations The core FEWS NET data set is a collection of 1344 precipitation stations
for the GHA and Sahel A secondary set of air temperature observations is much less
dense (179) stations
Downscale 1
U.S. Department of the InteriorU.S. Geological Survey
Dataset – The FEWS NET Climatological Trend Analysis (FTA) Interpolat at-station change values
Builds on FCLIM techniques Allows for explicit calculation of interpolation standard errors Incorporates satellite data as ‘background fields’ guiding interpolations
Well-documented : ftp://chg.geog.ucsb.edu/pub/pubs/mapping_decadal_variations.pdf The book is currently being printed
Precipitation well specified Temperature is not Data set is available at:
ftp://hollywood.geog.ucsb.edu/pub/FEWSNETInformingClimateChangeAdaptationSeries/FCLIM_trends/
Downscale 2
11960-2009 Station Trends
Downscale 3 – FTA
MA M J
JJ A S
1Basically all stations indicate
rapid warming(~0.15 to 0.4°C per
decade)
Downscale 4 - FTA
1
Observed Trends
MAMJ P = Warming in IPA produces subsidence, reduced onshore moisture transports
JJAS P = Warming in IPA produces ridging across tropical Africa, reducing Congo airflows? ATL also important …
MAMJ, JJAS T = note similarityCause (?) related to subsidence warming and …
Downscale 5 - FTA
1Standard Error analysis of trend surfaces
Sigma = Trend divided by standard error
≈ signal to noise ratio
Downscale 6 - FTA
1FCLIM TS – JJAS rainfall for Ethiopia, Sudan and Northern Uganda
Downscale 7 – FCLIM TS
1Air temperatures have risen sharplymore than 1 standard deviation
Downscale 6 – FCLIM TS
1C
limat
e Tr
end
Rep
orts
12010/2011 Climate Adaptation Reports
•Kenya Complete http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3074/pdf/fs2010-3074.pdf Sudan Complete http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2011/3072/pdf/FS2011-3072.pdfEthiopia Almost CompleteUganda Almost CompleteChad Almost CompleteNiger Almost CompleteBurkina Faso Almost CompleteMali Almost CompleteSenegal Almost CompleteMozambique – temperature affects on maize phenology Complete
Openfile report on Indian-Pacific trends Complete http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1199/pdf/ofr2010-1199.pdf
Email [email protected] if interestedIn seeing/commenting on almost complete reports
1
The
Big
Pic
ture
: Shr
inki
ng R
ains
Clim
ate
Tren
d R
epor
ts 2
Emerging Risk Area?
1Ethiopia - Shrinking Rains across the south
Clim
ate
Tren
d R
epor
ts 3 dense
pop
emergingrisk areas?
1
Ethiopia Rainfall TransectsC
limat
e Tr
end
Rep
orts
4
1Sudan - Shrinking rains and warmingair temperatures
Clim
ate
Tren
d R
epor
ts 5
U.S. Department of the InteriorU.S. Geological Survey
Can we afford to NOT to support agricultural development?• To date, in FY11 the USG humanitarian aid to the Horn was $604 million• In 2009/2010 a 5 million dollar Worldbank project in Kenya led to
increased production of ~41,000 tons• Seed and fertilizer vouchers for 50,000 people• $122 per ton of maize
• Increasing 2011 production by 20% (472,800 tons) might cost around ~$58 million dollars• Theoretical percent hungry would drop by ~45%
• In FY2011 the US+WFP contributed ~141 million dollars in aid to Kenya, supplying 118,820 tons in aid.• Cost = $1,187 per ton
Gui
ding
Agr
icul
tura
l Dev
elop
men
t-1
1What can the early warning community contribute to the ag/pastoral development and climate adaptation communities?
Gui
ding
Agr
icul
tura
l Dev
elop
men
t-2
RemoteSensing
FoodEconomyEarly Warning
Ag/pastoral Development
• Targeting:• Where 1: Invest most in the most food insecure countries• Where 2: Smallholder farms in high potential areas• Where 3: Smallholder farms in high risk areas
• How: Must take into account climate variability/trends
1New dimensions guiding ag development for vulnerability reduction?
Gui
ding
Agr
icul
tura
l Dev
elop
men
t-3
Ag Opportunity (kg per €)
Ag
Exp
osur
e (r
ainf
all u
ncer
tain
ty)
vulne
rable
small
holde
rs
poverty reduction lower prices
vulne
rable
small
holde
rs
poverty reduction less food aid
1Guiding agricultural development for Ethiopia?
Analysis Of MODIS landcover data shows most ag expansion In south-central Ethiopia
Forest transition to crop Forest transition to crop+natural veg
Demographic inertialeads to expansion instressed & drying southern Ethiopia?
Is western Ethiopiaclimatically secure andagriculturally under-utilized?
Gui
ding
Agr
icul
tura
l Dev
elop
men
t-4
1Guiding agricultural development for Kenya?
Mean crop per drop map for Kenya (mean yield per MAMJ rainfall )
Demographic inertialeads to expansion in stressed & drying Central-eastern Kenya?
Is south-western Kenyaclimatically secure andagriculturally under-utilized?
Gui
ding
Agr
icul
tura
l Dev
elop
men
t-5
1Can we meet the MDG of halving the hungry ?
Gui
ding
Agr
icul
tura
l Dev
elop
men
t-6
2009: 32%
Increasing yieldsBy 20% reducesThe number of hungry by 45%
Decreasing yieldsby 20% increasesThe number of hungry by 38%
22%
44%
~$58 million dollars?
1Collaborative African Data Archive?G
uidi
ng A
gric
ultu
ral D
evel
opm
ent-7
• Collaborative archive not tied to a single institution• Satellite based data
• 0.05°, dekadal, continental, 1983-now• Rainfall – TARCAT + FCLIM• Vegetation – SPOT + AVHRR• Land Surface Temperatures (TIR)• PET
• Station integration• Tools for national/regional agencies to integrate data• Agencies to develop their own trend assessments
• Linked to early warning tools• SPIRITS, SERVIR, GeoWRSI, MARS Viewer, Agromet Shell
1Links to research
•Recent Drought Tendencies in Ethiopia and equatorial-subtropical eastern Africa, FEWS NET Special Report 2005 http://earlywarning.usgs.gov/adds/pubs/RecentDroughtTendenciesInEthiopia.pdf•Warming of the Indian Ocean threatens eastern and southern African food security but could be mitigated by agricultural development. Proceedings of the National Academy (2008) http://earlywarning.usgs.gov/adds/pubs/WarmingInTheIndianOceanThreatensEasternAndSouthernAfrica.pdf•Declining Global Per Capita Agricultural Capacity Production and Warming Oceans Threaten Food Security, Food Security (2009) http://www.springerlink.com/content/fw645377u3587404/fulltext.pdf•New satellite observations and rainfall forecasts help provide earlier warning of drought in Africa. The Earth Observer. http://earlywarning.usgs.gov/adds/pubs/Funk_EarthObserver_Jan_Feb09.pdf•Real-time Decision Support Systems: The Famine Early Warning System Network (2009) ftp://chg.geog.ucsb.edu/pub/pubs/RealtimeDSS_for_FEWS_NET_final.pdf•A westward extension of the warm pool leads to a westward extension of the Walker circulation, drying eastern Africa, Climate Dynamics, 2011. http://www.springerlink.com/content/u0352236x6n868n2/. IP-024695.•Mapping recent decadal climate variations in Eastern Africa and the Sahel, 2011 ftp://chg.geog.ucsb.edu/pub/pubs/mapping_decadal_variations.pdf •A Climate Trend Analysis of Kenya-August 2010, USGS Fact Sheet 2010-3074: http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3074/pdf/fs2010-3074.pdf •A Climate Trend Analysis of Sudan-July 2011, USGS Fact Sheet 2011-3072. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2011/3072/pdf/FS2011-3072.pdf