fertilization icm-vacaria-toselli
TRANSCRIPT
The role of nutrition in the development of high density orchards in Italy
Moreno Toselli
Dipartimento Colture Arboree, University of Bologna
Objectives
• High and constant production
• High fruit quality
•Environment preservation
Foto S. Michele A. A:
features
• rate = tree request
•Avoid deficiencies and excess
• time of application according to uptake kinetics
•Maximize nutrient efficiency
N deficiency
Knowledge
• environment of cultivation (soil & climate)
Clay-Loam Sandy
Water vs N Leaching
R2 = 0.91
0
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
0 20 40 60 80
Water Flow Rate (tons/day/ha)
NO
3- N
Flo
w R
a te
(k
g/d
ay/
ha)
Sandy soil of North America
N Leaching
0
10
20
30
40
50
30-J
a n
18-F
e b
05-M
ar
19-M
ar
01-A
pr
15-A
pr
28-A
pr
13-M
a y
28-M
a y
10-J
un
24-J
un
08-J
ul
22-J
ul
05-A
ug
19-A
ug
02-S
e p
16-S
ep
30-S
ep
21-O
ct
04-N
ov
Date
NO
3- N (k
g/h a
)
kg 140.7
Knowledge
• environment of cultivation (soil & climate)
• genotype (rootstock & variety)
Tagliavini e Malaguti
100 cm
100 cm 135
cm
Root > 2mm
Tagliavini and Malaguti
Trunks Gala/M9
N 3.4 - 3.9 2.4 - 2.8 2.4 - 2.7 P 0.2 - 0.35 0.18 - 0.3 0.15 - 0.3 K 1.2 - 1.8 1.2 - 1.7 0.8 - 1.4 Ca 0.8 - 1.3 1.0 - 1.3 1.2 - 1.6 Mg 0.2 - 0.3 0.25 - 0.3 0.2 - 0.4
nutrient(%)
Petal drop1 fruit set summer
1: spur leaflets
Optimal leaf nutrient concentration in Emilia-Romagna (Fuji)
Fe 100 - 150 70 -100 70 - 95 Mn 11 - 220 15 - 45 22 - 55 Cu 13 - 40 8 - 15 8 - 16 Zn 30 - 70 28 - 50 20 - 30
nutrient(ppm)
Optimal leaf nutrient concentration in Emilia-Romagna (Fuji)
Petal drop1 fruit set summer
1: spur leaflets
1
2
3
4
0 50 100 150 200
gg. dopo la piena fioritura
N (
% S
S)
Leaf N concentration in Soth Tyrol of Italy (Golden, Fuji, and others varieties)
Fuji - Ferrara
(Stimpfl e Aichner, 2002)
Days after full bloom
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0 50 100 150 200
gg. dopo la piena fioritura
P (
% S
S)
P leaf concentration in S T of Italy (Golden, Fuji)
Fuji - Ferrara
(Stimpfl e Aichner, 2002)
Days after full bloom
0
1
2
3
0 50 100 150 200
gg. dopo la piena fioritura
K (
% S
S)
K leaf in S T of Italy (Golden, Fuji)
Fuji - Ferrara
(Stimpfl e Aichner, 2002)
Days after full bloom
Knowledge
• Environment (soil and climate)
• Nutrient request (amount and kynetics)
• Genotype (rootstock & variety)
KEY QUESTIONS
• AMOUNT OF FERTILIZER
• APPLICATION TIME
N Balance
SOURCE
•Atmospheric
•NH4+ adsorbed
•Irrigation water
•Fertilizers
LOST
•Leackage
•Volatilization
Uptaken
• Leaves
• pruning wood
• permanent wood
• Fruits
RISERVES
•OM
•Microbs
+ -
skeleton
Fruits
Fallen leaves
Pruning biomass
SOIL
(60)
(6)
(21)
(data VI yearkg N/ha)
(16)
(17)
Skeleton
Fruits
Fallen leaves
Pruning biomass
SOIL
(84)
(42)
(27)
(4)
(11)
(data VI yearkg K/ha)
Fruits
Fallen leaves
Pruning biomass
Skeleton
Soil
Ca (kg Ca/ha) in 6 years
Amount of nutrients removed by apple trees after 6 years and partitioning to tree organs
nutrient total(kg/ha)
skeleton (%)
leaves (%)
pruning%
fruits(%)
NPKCaMg
35866
435489105
3033153019
24
17
34
50
39
2122111713
2528403
29
Nutrient removed by apple (kg/ha)
Organ
Fruits
leaves
pruning
wood
others
Total
N
20
43
10
15
10
99
P
5
2.6
1.6
3.4
1.2
13.8
K
50
45
3
12
12
122 Disciplinari Provincia Trento., 1992
CaO
4
72
21
36
3
136
MgO
2
18
18
2
1
41
cherry
kiwifruit
SPECIE
Kaki
apple
Removal (kg/ha)
Scudellari, 1998
pearpeachgrape
130-140
N
90-100
150-170
40-90
70-90
90-15060-100
P
15-20
10-20
15-20
10-20
5-10
10-2010-15
K
100-110
85-100
115-125
115-150
65-85
100-15065-85
Ca
200-235
90-95
100-115
120-135
135-140
110-13040-90
Mg
10-12
15-18
18-21
18-21
12-15
21-249-15
N uptake kinetics
species time % of N total uptake
grape Before full bloomFull bloom – veraison
Veraison – harvest
255025
peach Before mid MayMid May – end AugustEnd August – leaf fall
106525
plum Before AprilMay – end August
End August – leaf fall
156025
approx 90-95% of leaf N comes from N remobil ization (Neilsen et al., 1997)
Leaf N trend
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
8 29 72 94 115 143 178
Days after bloom
N (
mg /
leaf
)
pre-harvest 96
bloom97
N accumulation in Mutsu apple
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
29 72 94 115 143
Day after bloom
N (
mg /
fru
it)
pre-harvest 96
bloom 97
ns*Significance
69.134.5Late summer
60.021.6Pistillate flower
66.44.19Bud burst
End of trialMay 2008
7 days after fertilization
NUE (%)TIME OFFERTILIZATION
POTTED WALNUT
SOIL N AVAILABILITY
NO3- - N (mg kg-1) *
soil volume (0.8 m*10000 m2) / 2
Soil apparent specific weigth(1.2-1.4)
AVAILABILITY kg N/ha
Estimation of soil NO3- -N
1 ppm = 6 kg N/ha
10 ppm = 60 kg N/ha
20 ppm = 120 kg N/ha
Fruit thinning
0 1020304050607080
Dar
chin
i
Folli
Gas
parr i
Mis
eroc
c hi
Bale
lla
Gra
zian
i
Mel
andr
i
Rag
azzi
ni
Cal
dero
n i
Buba
ni
Cal
dero
n i
Mon
gard
i
Mon
tana
ri
Freg
a
Zaffa
gni n
i
N (k
g/ha
)Soil N Applied N
farm
Compost, by-productsRicycled organic waste
Compost (weight < 50)
Organic matter
Carbohydrates, proteins, fats (easily degradable)
Cellulose, hemicelluloses (degradable)
Lignin (slowly degradable)
MineralsWaterMicroorganisms
Stabilized O. M. partially humified
Minerals
Water
Microorganisms
Mix of organic compounds(weight = 100)
CO
OO
NH CO
OO
Heat
NH CO2
O2O2
H2O
NH3
COW COW MANUREMANURE
COMPOSTCOMPOST
D.W. (%)D.W. (%) 3333 8282O.M. (%)O.M. (%) 4242 4747N (% p.s.)N (% p.s.) 1.61.6 2.42.4C (% p.s.)C (% p.s.) 2727 2323C/NC/N 1717 1010Total P (% p.s.)Total P (% p.s.) 2.02.0 0.60.6Total K (% p.s.)Total K (% p.s.) 2.42.4 0.90.9
Organic fertilizer composition
Soil OM (%Soil OM (%))
Tota
l N (‰
)To
tal N
(‰)
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
1 2 3 4 5 6
Control Mineral CM spring
Compost spring Compost 5 Compost 10
TREATMENT 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 total
Control 31.8 46.3 56.4 b 38.0 b 25.7 b 69.7 44.5 49.9 353.3 b
Mineral 32.4 48.1 68.8 a 51.4 a 27.6 b 62.5 42.6 54.1 384.3 ab
Cow Manure 33.6 45.9 63.7 ab 39.8 b 32.5 ab 61.1 47.8 56.3 380.7 ab
Compost spring 32.9 50.2 60.2 ab 41.5 b 32.8 ab 62.6 49.7 53.2 383.0 ab
Compost 5 32.1 51.5 60.4 ab 40.2 b 25.6 b 62.5 47.7 54.1 370.6 ab
Compost 10 31.9 50.5 66.6 a 43.5 b 37.8 a 64.7 49.2 59.1 403.4 a
Significance n.s. n.s. ** * *** n.s. n.s. n.s. *
TREE YIELD (kg)
Bitter pit recorrence
• Genetic suskeptibility: Braeburn, Jonagold, Fuji, Stark D
• Nutrient antagonism: Ca vs K, Mg e NH4+
• Low crop load
• Adverse environmental conditions for root growth (low temp., soil moisture, drought stress, nutrient deficiency)
• High tree vigor (winter pruning, water and N high availability)
•Early or late harvest
Ca: 157 ppm
K: 8232
K/Ca: 54
Ca: 233
K: 7751
K/Ca: 34
Bitter pit in Fuji
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
N, K
& C
a re
mai
nin g
(%
of i
niti a
l co n
ten t
)N, K and K released by leaves
weeks Tagliavini et al., 2007
K
N
Ca
(Perring & Preston, 1974)
40
30
20
10
% fr
uit b
itte r
pit
Ca (mg/100 g FW)
50
03 5 64 7 8 9
Ca and bitter pit
n. seeds/fruit
Ca (ppm)
Mg (ppm)
K (%)
0-1 174 284 0,68
2-3 208 278 0,66
4-5 215 279 0,65
>5 223 280 0,66
Flower poll ination and fruit Ca
( Bramlage et al., 1990)
150 170 190 210 230 250 270 2900
2
4
6
8
10
12
Ca
(mg/
fruit )
June July August September October
GalaSpartanFuji
Stage Stage oneone
Recommended sprays Recommended sprays
Fruit Ca accumulationFruit Ca accumulation
Neilsen et al., 2001Neilsen et al., 2001
Pene
t ratio
n (%
)
Days after full bloom
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 1400
20
40
60
80
100
120
(Schlegel e Schöenherr, 2002)
45CaCl2 penetration in Golden D. fruit
fert i l izer Solubility (g l-1)
weight (g mol-1)
CaCl2 . 6 H2O 2790 219
Ca(NO3)2 .4 H2O 6600 236
POD
(%)
33
56
Schönherr, 2002
NH4NO3 1183 80
KH2PO4 33 136
63
95
KNO3 133 10195
At bud breack root uptake may be impaired and N storage not sufficient
Leaf age
0
24
6
8
1012
14
16
24 48 120Ore
ND
F up
take
(mg
m-2)
Apical
Basal
51
**
*
*
www.ruhr-uni-bochum.de
19%
Mg deficiency
Courtesy of Dr. Tagliavini
Pear
Sulphate (0.48g/l)
Complexed
4
7
Fertilizer
N. Treatments
Control
Mg(mg kg-1 ss)
0.38a
0.38a
0.33
0.38
0.34b
***
***
Mn(mg kg-1 ss)
864c
716b
469
631
70a
*
*
Significance
Significance
Fertigation allows the optimal fertilizer
distribution
Fertigation benefits:
Nutrient application in the soil with the highest root density
Minimize the risk of deficiency or excess
Increase mobility of nutrient such as K, P, Mg
High nutrient efficiency = low rate = low leaching rate (NO3-N)
Low costs
Low environmental impact
pepperfriends.com netafimitalia.com
Clay soil loam soil sandy soil
Fast and constant yield
• The restricted volume of soil wet by drip affect tree physiology
• High number of secondary roots and root tips with an increase of absorbing surface and root:soil interface
• Higher nutrient and water uptake efficiency
• Increse synthesis of endogenous hormons like Cytokinines and Gibberellins that promote flower differentiation (Bravdo, 2000).
Critical points
fertilizer: pure, soluble and mixable
pH: 5.5-7, higher pH = Ca and Mg salt precipitation
Sulphates react with Ca2+ to make gypsum (CaSO4), that precipitate
micronutrients (Fe & Zn) precipitate with phosphates and carbonates
Concentration of the solution <2‰
Water solubility
Fertilizer mixability
Apple fertigation(kg/ha)
APRILMAYJUNEJULYAUGUSTSEPTEMBER
total
261515108
56
2.88.42.34.94.81.8
25
1.03.08.224.332.031.5
100
005.93.01.10
10
N P K Mg
Conclusions
• Apple trees have low N requirement
• Foliar sprays (N, Ca, Mg, K) can increase nutrient efficiency
• High K requiremenet
• Fertigation increases nutrient efficiency
• Application of high quality composted organic material is recommendable
Nitrate Leaching in 1996
02
46
810
1214
21-M
a y
03-J
un
18-J
un
02-J
ul
16-J
ul
30-J
ul
13-A
ug
27-A
ug
10-S
ep
24-S
ep
08-O
c t
22-O
c t
05-N
o v
19-N
o v
03-D
e c
17-D
e c
Date
N-N
O3- (
kg/h
a) kg 51.7
Twigs
10.7
0.1
5
Shoot
3.5
0.08
3
Fruits
41.3
0.44
19
Leaves
12.2
1.64
73
Leaf applied N partit ioning
DW (g)
15N (mg/organ)
15N (%)
Total
-
2.25
100
Fertigation increases E.C., that must be <1,8dS/m
Secndary salinization, application of salts with irrigation
Salinity