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DR. SHAMSUL AZAHARI ZAINAL

BADARI

DEPARTMENT OF RESOURCE

MANAGEMENT AND CONSUMER

STUDIES

FACULTY OF HUMAN ECOLOGY

UPM

HEALTH AND

ENVIRONMENT

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• By the end of this lecture, student can:

– Define what is health and environmental health

–

Determine the determinants of health

– Explain the Health Model

– Associate the ecology and human health

OBJECTIVES OF THE LECTURE

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DEFINITION 

• Health is a state of complete physical,mental and social well-being and notmerely the absence of disease or infirmity(WHO, 1946)

• Environmental health is one aspect ofpublic health that is concerned with those

 forms of life, substances, forces, andconditions in the surroundings of man

that may exert an influence on man’s heath and well-being.

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DETERMINANTS OF

HEALTH

• Hereditary or biological factors

• Medical care

• Lifestyle

• Environment

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DETERMINANTS OF

HEALTH Hereditary or biological factors

Human biology controlled by genetics

A person may healthy but have inherited condition

Hemophilia, diabetes, mental retardation, lack ofresistance to diseases

Research shows evidence traits inherited from motherand father can influence person becomes addicted toalcohol or drug

Medical care

Receive medical care during lifetime can determine ourhealth

Examples: child develops streptococcal infection –  does not get

medical care –  might develop a rheumatic heartcondition

Two main aspects of health care:

Technology –  Sophisticated equipment

Medical self help –  self examination of the skin, breast,mouth, eyes, nails.

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DETERMINANTS OF

HEALTH

• Lifestyle

 © Contributing to health status

 © A person has an excellent body but eats poorly,inactive, smokers, drinks heavily may developshealth problems quickly.

 © Lifestyle may be the easiest to control but requiremuch effort

• Environment

 © Affects people’s health more strongly than any ofother determinants.

 © Environment encompasses• Physical

• Biological

• Social

 © Many diseases related to diseases-

 ® Food poisoning

 ® Typhoid fever

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HEALTH MODEL

• Ecological Model

• Social Ecological Model

• WHO Model

• Holistic Model

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ECOLOGICAL MODEL 

Suitabletoexplaincommunicablediseases

¤Basedontheconceptofecological

balancebetween:

@Host

@Agent@Environment

¤Ecologicalbalancecanbedisturb:

@environmentchange

@ratiohumanwithhigh

susceptibilityincreaseinthepopulation.

@Numberofagentsincrease

¤Drug,sanitation,immunizationcan

beusedtoachieveecological

balance

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SOCIAL ECOLOGICAL

MODEL 

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WHO MODEL 

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WHO MODEL 

# Continuation from social ecologicalmodel

# Holistic aspect (physical, mentaland social)

# Interrelated between body, mind

and spiritual

# Combination between modern

medication and traditional from

east and west.

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HOLISTIC MODEL 

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HOLISTIC MODEL 

@ Health consist of four (5) dimensions

# Physical

# Intellectual

# Emotional# Spiritual

# Occupational

@  Proposed : Diverse of risk factors of

disease can contribute to various type

of diseases.

@ Occurs in developed countries.

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ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH

MODEL BLUM, H.L, 1981)

 

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ECOLOGY AND HUMAN

HEALTH

 

• Term ecology derived from the Greek word:

# oikos   –  house or home.

• Ecology is the study of an organism’s house.

• Many definitions of ecology, however have a

common theme.

‘    that ecology is the study of organisms and

their environment’  

• Environment includes both animate and

inanimate factors

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ECOSYSTEM CONCEPT

 

• Basic functional unit include biotic element andinteraction with their environment (abioticelement)

• Ecosystem consist of two (2) types:

# Natural ecosystem- earth, terrestrials,

aquatic

# Human made ecosystem- agriculture,aquaculture, monoculture

• Ecosystem elements

# Biotic: autrotroph, heterotroph

# Abiotic: organics substance, inorganicsubstance, climate

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ABIOTIC

• Ecological Model

• Social Ecological Model

• WHO Model

• Holistic Model

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THANK YOU