feeding of calf
TRANSCRIPT
FEEDING OF CALF
DEPT OF ANIMAL NUTRITION
CoVSc & A.H., JABALPUR
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Calves are the future of dairy herd
It is said that “good animals are raised, not purchased”.
Raising calves is by far the most difficult operation in a dairy farming
enterprise
Mortality rate of calf is very high (15-35 %)
Successful calf growth & health- good management & nutrition of young
calf
For maintaining efficiency of production, 20 - 25% of cows should be
replaced with heifer-cows
Introduction
Cont.
Well grown, vigorous animals are usually those that have had
excellent care from birth
Undersized calves may be due to lack of knowledge of the
principles of scientific feeding and practices of calf rearing
Scientific rearing of calf is necessary
Higher the plane of nutrition, earlier is the onset of puberty &
quicker the return of capital
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Cont.
Feed cost : > 60% of total expenditure
Effective way of minimizing the high feed costs of calf rearing
through early weaning early rumen development
reduced milk feeding milk replacers
Whole milk would be the most natural feed for calves, but
due to its high cost, it is well replaced by calf milk replacer
(CMR)
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Practical feeding of calf
May be divided into fallowing category
feeding during last trimester of pregnancy
Pre-ruminant period- before rumen development
post ruminant period- after rumen development
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feeding during last trimester of pregnancy
Nourishment of calf should be taken care much before it is born
Extra nutrient should be given during last trimesterof gestation
Expectant dam should be provided with 15-20 kg green fodder
daily – to make colostrum rich in vit A
If green not offered, calf should be given 10000 IU vit A in its 1st
feed
Thereafter dosage may be 1000-2000 IU daily
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Pre-ruminant period- 0-3 month
Feeding during pre-ruminant stage can be divided
into fallowing steps
1. Colostrum feeding
2. Whole milk feeding
3. Skim milk
4. Calf starter
5. Milk replacer
6. Roughase – hay
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Importance of Colostrum feeding
Provide passive immunity
Laxative effect
Antitrypsin action
Excellent source of Vit A,D, & E
Excellent economic diet for both the neonates &
older calves
Contain antibacterial substances- lactoferrin,
lactoperoxidase & lysozyme
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Method of absorption of Ig from colostrum
Suckling oesophageal groove
Pinocytosis Intestine Abomasum
Starts to decline within 12 -23 hrs
Ceases on a average of 24 –36 hrs
METHODS OF FEEDING OF COLOSTRUM
NATURAL (Suckling)
ARTIFICIAL
Bottle feeding
Bucket feeding
Oesophageal tube feeding
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BIRTH WEIGHT OF CALVES (Ranjan, 1977)
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Breed Male (Kg) Female (Kg)
Hariana 24.70 22.60
HF 44.50 42.40
J 25.80 23.40
Murrah Buffaloes 36.90 31.90
H×HF 26.80 25.50
H×J 18.70 17.40
AV. DAILY GAIN IN BODY WEIGHT IN CALVES (Ranjan, 1977)
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Breed 0-3 months 3 months to 1 year
Hariana 300g 450-500g
HF 350g 600-650g
J 290g 500-550g
Murrah Buffaloes 320g 500-550g
H×HF 320g 500-550g
H×J 450-500g
NUTRIENT REQUIREMENT OF PRE-RUMINANT CATTLE & BUFFALOES (Ranjan, 1977)
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Age B. Wt. (Kg)
Daily Gain (g)
DCP (g)
TDN (Kg)
Ca (g)
P (g)
0-15 days 25 200 80 0.400 2.5 1.5
16-30 days 30 300 90 0.500 3.0 2.0
31-60 days 40 300 125 0.800 3.5 2.5
61-90 days 50 350 150 1.000 4.0 3.8
FEEDING SCHEDULE OF CALVES (0-3 months): WHOLE MILK (Mudgal, 2003)
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Age B. Wt. (Kg
Colostrum (Lit.) Milk ( Lit.)
0-5 Days Up to 30 1/10th.B. Wt.
6-90 Days 31-75 - 1/10th.B. Wt. Up to 60 Kg B. Wt.
Age B. Wt. (Kg
Colostrum (Lit.) Milk ( Lit.)
0-5 Days Up to 30 1/10th.B. Wt.
6-90 Days 31-75 - 1/10th.B. Wt. Up to 60 Kg B. Wt.
FEEDING SCHEDULE OF CALVES (0-3 months): RESTRICTED WHOLE MILK (Mudgal, 2003)
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Age Milk ( Lit.)
1st 3 Weeks 1/10th.B. Wt.
Next 2 Weeks 1/15th.B. Wt.
Gradually tapering up to 60 Days
1/20th.B. Wt.
FEEDING SCHEDULE OF COW CALVES (0-3 months): WHOLE MILK+ SKIM MILK+ CALF STARTER (Mudgal, 2003)
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Age (Days)
Calf starter(g)
Colostrum (Lit.)
Milk ( Lit.) Skim Milk ( Lit.)
0-5 - 1/10th.B. Wt. - -
6-30 - - 1/10th.B. Wt. -
31-60 125 - 1/15th.B. Wt. 1/25th.B. Wt.
61-90 250 - 1/25th.B. Wt. 1/15th.B. Wt.
FEEDING SCHEDULE OF BAFFALO CALVES (0-3 months): WHOLE MILK+ SKIM MILK+ CALF STARTER (Mudgal, 2003)
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Age (Days)
Calf Starter(g)
Colostrum (Lit.)
Milk ( Lit.)
Skim Milk ( Lit.)
0-5 - 2.0 - -
6-15 - - 2.0. -
16-30 - - 2.5 -
31-60 125 - 1/15th.B. Wt. 1/25th.B. Wt.
61-90 250 - 1/25th.B. Wt. 1/15th.B. Wt.
Practical feeding
Age Whole milk Calf starter Hay
1-3 day Colostrum @ 1/10th B.W. in 3 feed
- -
4-7 day Milk @1/10th B.W. in 3 feed - -
8-14 day Milk @1/10th B.W. - -
15-21 day Milk @1/10th B.W. A little A little
22-35 day Milk @1/15th B.W. 100 g Ad lib
Up to 2 months
Milk @1/20th B.W. 250 g Ad lib
2-3 months Milk is gradually reduced & tapered
500 g Ad lib
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Feeding schedule for calves up to 3 month of age
Age Whole milk (g) Skim milk (g) Calf starter (g) Hay (g)
1-3 day 2550 (colostrum) - - -
4-7th day 2550 - - -
2nd week 3000 - 50 200
3rd week 3250 - 100 350
4th week 3000 200 400
5th week 1500 1000 350 500
6th week - 2500 550 550
7th week - 2000 600 600
8th week - 1750 700 650
9th week - 1250 800 750
10th week - - 900 850
11th week - - 1000 1000
12th week - - 1300 1200
13th week - - 1500 1500
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Milk replacer
High cost of milk
Competition with the humans for food
Convenience and economics – drive the increase in use of milk replacers
Increased use of milk replacers – continue as long as the price differential between milk and milk replacers remains
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Need for milk replacer feeding:
Made from byproducts of the dairy industry.
Whey proteins form the major protein sources in milk
replacers, containing only milk protein.
Whey is usually much cheaper than other milk proteins
such as casein and skim milk.
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The use of high quality, lower cost ingredients makes milk
replacer a more economic choice than whole milk.
Diseases can be transmitted from cow to calf through
unpastuerized milk.
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Goals of milk replacer feeding program
Achieve optimum growth rate,
Minimize health disorders,
Stimulate and optimize rumen development,
Minimize the cost of feeding the young
calves.
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Essential properties of milk replacers:
• Nutritiously adequate.
• Easy to use, palatable and economical.
• Properly formulated
• Achieve comparable weight gain to that of whole milk.
• Supply sufficient energy, high quality protein, minerals and vitamins
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• Low in fibre , contain minimum of 22% total protein.
• Contain 10-20% fat.
• Ingredients should make a homogeneous mixture
with water.
• Must be good in consistency and remain in
suspension for some time for calf consumption.
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COMPOSITION OF MILK REPLACER
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Calf starter
It is a solid feed consisting of ground grains, oil cakes, animal protein
supplements & brans fortified with vitamins, minerals & antibiotic feed
supplements
It should contain 18%DCP OR 23-26 % CP & 75% TDN
Constituent can be altered acc to availability of feeds
Remember that calf does not grow on % of protein but rather on the amount
of protein & other nutrients
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Essential properties of calf starter
Nutritiously adequate.
Easy to use, palatable and economical.
• Properly formulated
Highly digestible
Supply sufficient energy, high quality protein, minerals and
vitamines
Low in fibre -less than 7% fiber because low level of fibrous
material benefits starter intake and calf growth
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Importance of starter
Improves the health of calves
Reduces the stress of weaning
Reduces the growth depressing factors
It reduces the chances of diarrhea in calves
Improve immune system
Help in rumen development
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COMPOSITION OF CALF STARTER (IVRI)Ingredients Percentage
Crushed barley/maize 50
G.N. Cake 30
Wheat bran 8
Fish meal/meat meal 10
Mineral mix 2
To 100 kg above mix ,following may be added:
Molasses 5-10%
Rovimix 10 g
Salt 0.5 %
Aurofac 20 g per quintal
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Ingradient Percentage
Cotton seed cake 20
Fish meal 20
Crushed maize 5o
Wheat bran 10
Another composition
GNC 30
Fish meal 10
Maize crushed 50
Rice bran 10
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Hay
Hay is also important to a calf’s diet
Start giving long, dry hay to calves at about two months of
age
Hay helps the calf’s stomach grow
It also gives the calf extra energy
Feeding dry feed is cheaper than milk
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Growing Calf: 0-3 monthsADG-500g, LW-50Kg (range: 30-70), BW: 30Kg
Requirements:LW-50Kg, DM-1.43Kg, TDN-1.60,CP-315g
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Feedstuffs Quantity DM TDN CP
Milk(4% fat), KgDM-12.80CP-3.5TDN-16.3
5.00 0.650 0.815 0.175
Starter mixture, KgTDN-80%CP-20%
1.20 1.080 0.864 0.216
Total nutrients, Kg 1.730 1.679 0.391
Growing calf: 3-6months
ADG-600g, LW-100Kg ( range: 70-130)
Requirements: LW-100Kg, DM-2.76, TDN-1.92, CP-0.440 Kg
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Feedstuffs Quantity DM TDN CP
Maize fodder, Kg20:9:68
10.00 2.00 1.36 0.18
Concentrate, KgTDN-74%CP-25%
1.20 1.08 0.80 0.27
Total nutrients, Kg 3.08 2.16 0.45
Growing calf: 3-6monthsADG-600g, LW-100Kg ( range: 70-130)
Requirements: LW-100Kg, DM-2.76, TDN-1.92, CP-0.440 Kg
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Feedstuffs Quantity DM TDN CP
Barseem fodder, Kg12:14:64
12.00 1.44 0.922 0.202
Concentrate,KgTDN 74%CP 18%
1.50 1.35 0.999 0.243
Total nutrients, Kg 2.79 1.921 0.445
Growing calf: 6-12 months
ADG-600g, LW-185Kg ( range: 130-240 kg)
Requirements: LW-185Kg, DM-4.330, TDN-2.858, CP-0.574 Kg
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Feedstuffs Quantity DM TDN CP
Maize fodder, Kg20:9:68
15.00 3.00 2.040 0.270
Concentrate, KgTDN-70%CP-23%
1.50 1.35 0.945 0.311
Total nutrients, Kg 4.35 2.985 0.581
Growing calf: 1-2 yearsADG-600g, LW-350Kg ( range: 240-460 kg)
Requirements: LW-350Kg, DM-7.98, TDN-4.982, CP-0.958 Kg
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Feedstuffs Quantity DM TDN CP
Maize fodder, Kg20:9:68
32.00 6.40 4.352 0.576
Concentrate,KgTDN 70%CP 22%
2.00 1.800 1.260 0.396
Total nutrients, Kg 8.200 5.612 0.972
Growing calf: 1-2 yearsADG-600g, LW-350Kg ( range: 240-460 kg)
Requirements: LW-350Kg, DM-7.98, TDN-4.982, CP-0.958 Kg
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Feedstuffs Quantity DM TDN CP
Barseem fodder, Kg12:14:64
50.00 6.00 3.84 0.840
Concentrate,KgTDN 70%CP 12%
2.20 1.80 1.26 0.216
Total nutrients, Kg 7.80 5.10 1.056
Growing calf: 1-2 yearsADG-600g, LW-350Kg ( range: 240-460 kg)
Requirements: LW-350Kg, DM-7.98, TDN-4.982, CP-0.958 Kg
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Feedstuffs Quantity DM TDN CP
Wheat straw, Kg90:04:44
3.50 3.150 1.386 0.126
Concentrate,KgTDN 70%CP 20%
5.50 4.950 3.465 0.990
Total nutrients, Kg 8.100 4.851 1.116
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