Federal FundingThe Process

The New Directions

Terry A. Ring

The Argument for Science

• Good for the Workforce– Higher Pay

• Good for Quality of Life

• Good for the Economy

©2000 The Council for Chemical Research

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Life Sciences and Chemicals AreScience-driven Technologies:Science Linkage Is Increasing for US-invented Chemicals Patents

Life Sciences and Chemicals AreScience-driven Technologies:Science Linkage Is Increasing for US-invented Chemicals Patents

Economic Growth

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US R&D Funding

• Reasons for Concern– Corporate Migration

• Clothing• Manufacturing• Research Labs

– Balance of Payments– International Competitiveness

• Funding New Businesses– Venture Capital

» Startup $ drying up after the dot com bubble burst• Government Regulation

– EPA– Homeland security

• Energy Costs

Doctoral Sciences & Engineering Degrees

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Asians in Asian Institutions

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All nationalities in US Institutions

Source: Science and Engineering Doctorate Awards, 1996 and 2000, NSF; Science and Engineering Indicators,

NSB, 2002Sciences = Physics, chemistry, astronomy, earth, atmospheric, and ocean sciencesEngineering = Aeronautical, astronautical, chemical, civil, electrical, industrial, material, metallurgical, and mechanical.

SOME WORRISOME INDICATORS

• When asked in spring 2005 what is the most attractive place in the world in which to “lead a good life”1, respondents in only one of the 16 countries polled (India) indicated the United States.

• For the cost of one chemist or one engineer in the United States, a company can hire about five chemists in China or 11 engineers in India.2

• For the first time, the most capable high-energy particle accelerator on Earth will, beginning in 2007, reside outside the United States.3

• The United States is today a net importer of high-technology products. Its share of global hightechnology exports has fallen in the last 2 decades from 30% to 17%, and its trade balance in hightechnology manufactured goods shifted from plus $33 billion in 1990 to a negative $24 billion in 2004.4

• Chemical companies closed 70 facilities in the United States in 2004 and have tagged 40 more for shutdown. Of 120 chemical plants being built around the world with price tags of $1 billion or more, one is in the United States and 50 in China.

SOME WORRISOME INDICATORS

• Fewer than one-third of US 4th grade and 8th grade students performed at or above a level called “proficient” in mathematics; “proficiency” was considered the ability to exhibit competence with challenging subject matter. Alarmingly, about one-third of the 4th graders and one-fifth of the 8th graders lacked the competence to perform basic mathematical computations.6

• US 12th graders recently performed below the international average for 21 countries on a test of general knowledge in mathematics and science. In addition, an advanced mathematics assessment was administered to US students who were taking or had taken precalculus, calculus, or Advanced Placement calculus and to students in 15 other countries who were taking or had taken advanced mathematics courses. Eleven nations outperformed the United States, and four countries had scores similar to the US scores. No nation scored significantly below the United States

SOME WORRISOME INDICATORS

• In 1999, only 41% of US 8th grade students received instruction from a mathematics teacher who specialized in mathematics, considerably lower than the international average of 71%.

• In one recent period, low-wage employers, such as Wal-Mart (now the nation’s largest employer) and McDonald’s, created 44% of the new jobs, while high-wage employers created only 29% of the new jobs.

• In 2003, only three American companies ranked among the top 10 recipients of patents granted by theUnited States Patent and Trademark Office.

• In Germany, 36% of undergraduates receive their degrees in science and engineering. In China, the figure is 59%, and in Japan 66%. In the United States, the corresponding figure is 32%.

• The United States is said to have 10.5 million illegal immigrants, but under the law the number of visas set aside for “highly qualified foreign workers” dropped to 65, 000 a year from its 195,000 peak.

• In 2004, China graduated over 600,000 engineers, India 350,000, and America about 70,000.

• In 2001 (the most recent year for which data are available), US industry spent more on tort litigation than on R&D.

The Issue

Organizations Doing Things About This

• AAAS

• ACS

• APS

• MRS

• AIChE

• CCR

Types of Bills in Congress

• Authorization Bills – establish programs and polities – Can also set recommended budget levels

• E.G. NIH Doubling Bill (Contract with America), NSF Doubling Bill

• Appropriation Bills – Actual Funding

Process for FY-X• June – Memo to Agency Heads from Administration

– From OMB and OSTP– Outlines Administration Directions for the future of Science and Technology

Funding• July to Dec - Agency Discussions with OMB• February – Presidents Budget sent to Congress• March to June – Congressional Committee Hearings

– Statement of Administration Policy– House & Senate Guidelines decided by Leadership

• July to October 1 – Appropriations Bills (12) passed by House and Senate, – Conference committee to iron out differences

• Signed into Law by President• If not passed by Oct. 1

– Continuing Resolution(s)• Continue to spend at last year’s level

– Limited Funding Actions and No New Starts • Wait for new funding until Appropriation Bill is signed by President

– Agency shuts down

Process for FY-X• June – Memo to Agency Heads from Administration

– From OMB and OSTP– Outlines Administration Directions for the future of Science and Technology

Funding• July to Dec - Agency Discussions with OMB• February – Presidents Budget sent to Congress• March to June – Congressional Committee Hearings

– Statement of Administration Policy– House & Senate Guidelines decided by Leadership

• July to October 1 – Appropriations Bills (12) passed by House and Senate, – Conference committee to iron out differences

• Signed into Law by President• If not passed by Oct. 1

– Continuing Resolution(s)• Continue to spend at last year’s level

– Limited Funding Actions and No New Starts • Wait for new funding until Appropriation Bill is signed by President

– Agency shuts down

CCR White Paper

Agency VisitsCCR White Papers(NSF, DOE, NIH, etc)

Congressional Visits

Action Alerts

Info on Funding Status http://www.aaas.org/spp/rd/ or http://thomas.loc.gov/home/approp/app06.html

Table 2. Estimated Research by Agency          

Senate Action on R&D in the FY 2006 Budget (as of September 30, 2005)  

(budget authority in millions of dollars)          

               

      Action by Senate

  FY 2005 FY 2006 FY 2006 Chg. from Request Chg. from FY 2005

  Est. * Request Senate Amount Percent Amount Percent

Basic Research:              

Health and Human Services 15,114 15,235 15,759 524 3.4% 646 4.3%

National Institutes of Health 15,111 15,235 15,759 524 3.4% 649 4.3%

National Science Foundation 3,416 3,464 3,474 9 0.3% 58 1.7%

Department of Defense * 1,513 1,319 1,445 126 9.6% -69 -4.5%

Department of Energy 2,824 2,712 2,906 194 7.1% 82 2.9%

Office of Science 2,787 2,682 2,872 190 7.1% 84 3.0%

National Aeronautics & Space Admin.* 2,289 2,199 2,214 16 0.7% -75 -3.3%

Department of Agriculture 851 788 874 86 10.9% 23 2.7%

Department of the Interior ** 36 30 34 4 13.9% -1 -3.4%

Department of Homeland Security ** 85 112 112 0 0.0% 27 31.8%

Smithsonian ** 115 121 120 -1 -0.4% 5 4.7%

Environmental Protection Agency ** 66 70 67 -3 -3.9% 1 1.2%

Department of Commerce (NIST) 61 74 63 -11 -14.9% 2 3.9%

All Other 392 411 406 -5 -1.1% 14 3.7%

  ________ ________ ________ ________   ________  

Total Est. Basic Research 26,762 26,536 27,476 940 3.5% 714 2.7%

               

RESEARCH (basic and applied):              

Health and Human Services 28,702 28,960 29,719 759 2.6% 1,017 3.5%

National Institutes of Health 27,487 27,805 28,622 817 2.9% 1,135 4.1%

National Science Foundation 3,695 3,741 3,751 10 0.3% 56 1.5%

Department of Defense * 6,874 5,627 6,799 1,172 20.8% -75 -1.1%

Department of Energy 5,636 5,403 5,743 340 6.3% 107 1.9%

Office of Science 2,787 2,682 2,872 190 7.1% 84 3.0%

National Aeronautics & Space Admin.* 4,704 5,430 5,391 -40 -0.7% 687 14.6%

Department of Agriculture 1,944 1,731 1,907 177 10.2% -37 -1.9%

Department of the Interior ** 566 525 563 38 7.3% -3 -0.5%

Department of Homeland Security ** 493 511 511 0 0.0% 18 3.6%

Environmental Protection Agency ** 431 455 436 -19 -4.1% 5 1.2%

Department of Commerce 912 819 976 157 19.2% 65 7.1%

NOAA 536 457 581 124 27.1% 45 8.5%

NIST 368 351 386 35 9.9% 18 4.8%

Department of Transportation 457 535 471 -64 -11.9% 14 3.1%

Department of Veterans Affairs 745 748 766 18 2.4% 21 2.8%

Department of Education 186 176 177 1 0.4% -9 -5.0%

All Other 531 528 553 25 4.7% 22 4.1%

  ________ ________ ________ ________   ________  

TOTAL EST. RESEARCH 55,876 55,188 57,764 2,575 4.7% 1,888 3.4%

               

AAAS estimates of basic and applied research in FY 2006 appropriations bills.        

All figures are rounded to the nearest million. Changes calculated from unrounded figures.      

* - FY 2005 figures for DOD and NASA have been adjusted since the release of AAAS Report XXX: R&D FY 2006 to reflect

DOD FY 2005 emergency supplementals in Public Law 109-13 and the NASA May 2005 FY 2005 Operating Plan.  

** - FY 2006 Senate figures are final (House-Senate conference) funding levels.      

September 30, 2005 - AAAS estimates of Senate appropriations bills.        

These figures may be amended or rejected by the full Senate.